Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CH 02
CH 02
)
! It is predicted that carbonate ion concentrations
will decline by 40% by the year 2100
! This is a concern because organisms that build
coral reefs or shells require carbonate ions
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.24
CO
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O " H
2
CO
3
H
2
CO
3
" H
+
+ HCO
3
!
H
+
+ CO
3
2!
" HCO
3
!
CO
3
2!
+ Ca
2+
" CaCO
3
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.UN04
[CO
3
2
!
] (mol/kg of seawater)
C
a
l
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
(
m
m
o
l
C
a
C
O
3
/
m
2
d
a
y
)
220 280 260 240
20
10
0
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.UN05
Neutrons (no charge)
determine isotope
Protons (+ charge)
determine element Electrons (! charge)
form negative cloud
and determine
chemical behavior
Nucleus
Atom
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.UN06
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.UN07
Ice: stable hydrogen
bonds
Liquid water:
transient hydrogen
bonds
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.UN08
Acids donate H
+
in
aqueous solutions.
Bases donate OH
!
or accept H
+
in
aqueous solutions.
Basic
[H
+
] < [OH
!
]
Neutral
[H
+
] = [OH
!
]
Acidic
[H
+
] > [OH
!
]
14
0
7
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.UN09