The Isl amic univer sity - Gaza

Faculty of Engineer ing

Civil Engineer ing Department
CHAPTER (6)
Instructor : Dr. JehadHamad
Mat Foundation
Undernormal conditions, squareandrectangular footingssuchasthosedescribed
inChapters3and4areeconomical for supportingcolumnsandwalls. However,
under certain circumstances, it may be desirable to construct a footing that
supports a line of two or more columns. These footings are referred to as
combined footings. When more than one line of columns is supported by a
concreteslab, it iscalledamat foundation. Combined footings can be classified
generallyunder thefollowingcategories::::
Intr oduction
oRectangular Footings.
oTrapezoidal Footings.
oCantilever or Strap Footings
A combined footing is usually used to support two columns of unequal
loads. Insuchacase, theresultant of theappliedloadswouldnot coincidewith
thecentroidof thefooting, andtheconsequent thesoil pressurewouldnot be
uniform.
Another casewhereacombinedfootingisanefficientfoundationsolutionis
whentherearetwointerior columnswhicharesoclosetoeachother that the
twoisolatedfootingsstresszonesinthesoil areaswouldoverlap.
The area of the combined footing may be proportioned for a uniform
settlementbymakingitscentroidcoincidewiththeresultantofthecolumnloads
supportedbythefooting.
Therearemanyinstanceswhentheloadtobecarriedbyacolumnandthe
soil bearing capacity are such that the standard spread footing design will
require an extension of the column foundation beyond the property line. In
such a case, two or more columns can be supported on a single rectangular
foundation.
Ifthenetallowablesoil pressureisknown,thesizeofthefoundationBxLcan
bedetermined.
This photo shows an example of
combined footings used in a heavy
industrial plant, wherethemachinery
loads place very large loads upon
relativelyconfinedspace.
The use of combined footings helps
spread out the loads out to the
adjacentfootingsinordertominimize
stresses in the footings and reduce
the differential settlement between
them.
A third case:: of a useful
applicationof acombinedfooting
isif one(or several) columnsare
placedrightatthepropertyline.
The footings for those columns
can not be centered around the
columns ,The consequent
eccentric load would generate a
largemomentinthefooting.
Bytyingtheexterior footingtoaninterior footingthrougha
continuous footing, the moment can be substantially
reduced,andamoreefficientdesignisattained.
Rectangular Combined Footing:::::
Geometric design of rectangular combined footing:
Rectangular Combined Footing.
Rectangular Combined Footings.
Step #1. The required design area A of a footing can be found from,
where Q1, Q2 are the loads in columns #1 and #2, and q all (net) is the net allowable
soil bearing capacity.
Step #2. Determine the location of the resultant of the column loads.
Step #3. For a uniform distribution of soil pressure under the footing, the resultant of
the column loads should pass through the centroidof the foundation. Thus,
where L =length of the foundation
Step #4. Once the length L is determined fromabove, the value of L1 can be
obtainedfrom,
Themagnitudeof L2 will beknownanddependsonthelocationof theproperty
line.
The width B
is then found from,
Trapezoidal Combined Footing
This type of combined footing, is sometimes used as an isolated spread
foundationforacolumnthatisrequiredtocarryalargeloadinatightspace.
Thesizeof thetrapezoidal footingthat will generateauniformpressureonthe
soil canbefoundthroughthefollowingprocedure.
Step #1. If the net allowable soil pressure is known, determine the area of the
footing,
Step #2. Determine the location of the resultant for the column loads,
Trapezoidal Combined Footing:
From the property of a trapezoid,
With known values of A, L, X, and L2 ,solve Eqs. to obtain B1and B2Note that, for
a trapezoid,
Cantil ever footing- Strap beam
Astrapfootingisusedtoconnectaneccentricallyloadedcolumnfootingtoan
interiorcolumn.
Thestrapisusedtotransmit themoment causedfromaneccentricitytothe
interior columnfootingso that auniformsoil pressureisgeneratedbeneath
bothfootings.
Thestrapfootingmaybeusedinsteadofarectangularortrapezoidal combined
footingif the distance between columns is large and / or the allowable soil
pressureisrelativelylargesothattheadditional footingareaisnotneeded.
Their purpose is to redistribute Excesses stresses, and possible differential settlements
between adjacent spreadfootings.
Grade Beams and Strap Footings:
) 1 Example
Find the Dimensions of the combined footing for the columns A and B that spaced
6.0m center to center, column A is 40cm x 40cm carrying dead loads of50tons and
30tons live load and column B is 40cm x 40cm carrying 70tons dead load and50 tons
live loads.
Solution
1-Find the required area:
2-Find the resultant force location (Xr):
3-To ensure uniform soil pressure, the resultant force (R) should be in the center of
rectangular footing:
Example2)
FindtheDimensionsof thetrapezoidal combinedfootingfor thecolumnsAandB
that spaced4.0mcenter tocenter, columnAis40cmx40cmcarryingdeadloadsof
80tonsand40tonsliveloadandcolumnBis30cmx30cmcarrying50tonsdeadload
and25tonsliveloads.
Solution
1-Find the required area:
2-Determine the resultant force
3-Put the resultant force location at the centroidof trapezoid to achieve
uniform soil pressure.
The censored equation is:
o For uniform soil pressure:
Example3)
Design a strap footingto support two columns, that spaced 4.0mcenter to
center exteriorcolumnis80cmx80cmcarrying1500KNandinteriorcolumnis
80cmx80cmcarrying2500KN
.
1-Find the resultant force location:
2-Assume the length of any foot, let we assume L1=2m.
3-Find the distance a:
4-Find the resultant of each soil pressure:
5-Find the required area for each foot:
Example (4):
Design a rectangular combined footing, given that fc =3.5 ksi, fy =50 ksi, qall =5 ksf
with a SF =3, Df =5 feet, the edge of column #1 is at the property line, and the
spacing between columns is 18 feet center-to-center (c.c.).
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the ultimate column loads and the soil stress at ultimate loads qult.
Step 2: Determine the footing dimensions L and B.
Step 3: Draw the shear (V) and moment (M) diagrams.
The column loads are treated as concentrated loads acting at the centers of the
columns.
Step 4: Design the strap.
Example (5):
Design a strap-footing for the following conditions, fc=3.5 ksi, fy=60 ksi, and qa=
2.5 ksf for both the footing and the strap, with a FS=4.
The edge of column 1 is placed at the property line, and the center of the columns
are 25 feet center-to-center (c.c.).
Types of Shal l ow Foundations
1. Spread Footings
2. Combined Footings
3. Continuous Footing
4. Mat Foundations
Mat Foundations:
Geometr ic and str uctural design of Mat
foundation:
& Geometr ic design (Wor king l oads):
Common Types of Mat Foundations.
Bear ing capacity of Mat Foundations:
The net allowable bearing capacity for mats constructed over granular soil deposits
can be adequately determined from the standard penetration resistance numbers.
From Eq. (5.64), for shallow foundations
When the width B is large, the preceding equation can be approximated as
Assuming Fd=1.0 , we can approximate eq6.12 and 6.13 as The following
The net allowable pressure applied on a foundation
Compensated Foundation
The net average applied pressure on soil is
For no increase in the net pressure on soil below a mat foundation, q should be
zero. Thus,
This relation for Df is usually referred to as the depth of a fully compensated
foundation.
The factor of safety against bearingcapacity failure for partially compensated
foundations (Df,Q>A)
For saturated clays, the factor of safety against bearing capacity failure
The conventional rigid method of mat foundation design can be explained step by
step:::
Conventional Rigid Method
Step 1. Figure 6.10a shows mat dimensions B,L of and column loads of Q Calculate
the total column load as
Step 2. Determine the pressure on the soil, q, below the mat at points A,B,C,..by
using the equation
The load eccentricities, ex and eyin the x and y directions can be determined by
using (x,y) coordinates:
Step 3. Compare the values of the soil pressures determined in Step 2 with the net
allowable soil pressure to determine whether
Step 4. Divide the mat into several strips in the x and y directions. (See Figure 6.10).
Let the width of any strip be B1
q <qall(net)
Step5. Drawtheshear,V,andthemoment,M,diagramsforeachindividual strip
(inthexandydirections). Forexample,theaveragesoil pressureofthebottom
stripinthexdirectionofFigure6.10ais
Now, the modified average soil reaction becomes
and the column load modification factor is
Step 6. Determine the effective depth d of the mat by checking for diagonal
tension shear near various columns.
Example (6):
For the shown mat foundation:
* Check the adequacy of the foundation dimensions.
* Calculate the modified soil pressure under the strip ABCD which is 2m width.
* Draw SFD and BMD for the strip.
Checktheadequacyof thefoundationdimensions.
1-Findthecenterofgravityofmatfooting:
The distances are taken from (x-y) axes shown in the figure.
2-Find the resultant force R:
3-Find the location of the resultant force:
4-Find the eccentricities:
5-Find M Y and M X:
6-Find the stresses:
X,Y: Distances from the point to the center of gravity
Calculate the modified soil pressure under the strip ABCD which is 2m width.
* Locate the points E and F at the middle of strip edges.
* Find the stresses at E and F and be careful that we use ultimate loads:
* Find the average stress:
We have to make adjustment for the loads as follow:
Find the modified column loads:
Find the modified soil pressure:
Multiply each column load by 0.845
Draw SFD and BMD.
Approximate Flexible Method
Intheconventional rigidmethodof design, themat isassumedtobeinfinitely
rigid. Also, thesoil pressureisdistributedinastraight line, andthecentroidof
the soil pressure is coincident with the line of actionof the resultant column
loads. (SeeFigure6.11a.) Intheapproximateflexiblemethodof design, thesoil
isassumedtobeequivalenttoaninfinitenumberof elasticsprings, asshownin
Figure 6.11b. This assumption is sometimes referred to as the Winkler
foundation. Theelasticconstant of theseassumedspringsisreferredtoasthe
coefficientofsubgradereaction,k.
To understand the fundamental concepts behind flexible foundation design,
consider abeamof widthhavinginfinitelength, asshowninFigure6.11c. The
beamissubjectedto asingleconcentratedloadQ. Fromthefundamentalsof
mechanicsofmaterials,
where and are constants and
If a foundation of width B (see Figure) is subjected to a load per unit area of q, it
will undergo a settlement ,The coefficient of subgrademodulus can be defined as
Foundations on Sandy Soils:
For foundations on sandy soils,
For rectangular foundations having dimensions of B,L (for similar soil and q),
Foundations on Clays
For foundations on clays,
For long beams,Vesic (1961) proposed an equation for estimating subgrade
reaction,namely,
For most practical purposes, Eq. (6.46) can be approximated as