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Hydropower Manual-India
Hydropower Manual-India
gH
Q
Sarkarias equation
or
D =
0 . 3
.
4 Q
+
+
=
max
min max min
max
min
min
t
t
1 .D.L.
2
t t
24.5
t
t
.D.L. t 24.5 Wt tonnes
For surface penstocks estimate volume of concrete saddles as:
V
f
=3.5 (L.D
2
)
0.82
and
Cost (C
2
) =V
f
. f
2
Where:
L = slope length of penstock (m)
D = diameter of penstock (m)
V
f
= concrete volume, footings (m
3
)
f
2
= unit price of footing concrete (Rs/m
3
)
C
2
= estimated cost of footing (Rupees)
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants/Feb 2008 12
The volume of anchor block concrete is of the same order of magnitude as
concrete saddles; therefore assume cost of anchor blocks as 66% cost of
saddles (or derive a more exact cost from detailed layouts).
1.9.10 Surge tanks
Surge tanks are required to protect long penstocks from excessive water
hammer pressure rise, to control excessive generator runaway speeds and
to contribute to system speed regulation. Alternatives to surge tanks
providing some of the benefits of surge tanks, include:
- addition of extra machine inertia (typically by adding a flywheel
to a horizontal axis unit or extra mass to a vertical axis generator).
- installing turbine bypass valves.
- pressure relief devices.
As surge tanks are expensive all options should be evaluated. Section 2.2.6
of this Standard provides guidelines for this task.
A preliminary design methodology for surge tanks is outlined below. It is
conservative.
1.9.10.1 Cross-section area of surge tank (A
s
) =
0
2
6 . 1
gcH
AL
(m
2
)
- Where : A = cross section area of upstream pipe (m
2
)
L = length of pipe, surge tank to reservoir (m)
c = head loss factor as h
L
=c.V
2
(m
-1
.s
2
)
H
0
= steady state head on turbine (m)
1.9.10.2 Highest up-surge:
In order to dimension the surge tanks it is also necessary to know the
maximum and minimum water levels that can be expected. An
approximate method is shown below that is based on Parmakians
method for balanced design (Parmakian 1960). This method provides
equations relating the following parameters from which the maximum
and minimum surge levels can be calculated:
Q
0
=initial steady state flow (m
3
/s)
A
s
=cross-section area of surge tank (m
2
)
g =acceleration due to gravity (=9.8 ms
-2
)
L =length of pipeline between forebay reservoir and surge tank (m)
A =cross section area of pipeline (m
2
)
S
A
=upswing (m)
S
B
=downswing (m)
H
0
=steady state water level in surge tank (m)
H
s
=static water level in surge tank (m)
H
f
and b
o
as defined below:
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants/Feb 2008 13
For maximum upsurge calculate:
H
f
=pipe friction loss +minor losses +
g
V
o
2
2
A L
g A
Q
H
b
s
o
f
o
/
. =
f o A
H b S . 05 . 1
89 . 0
=
Max. W.L. = H
o
- H
f
+ S
A
2 Lowest down surge:
For lowest downswing calculate
H
f
=pipe friction losses +minor losses +
g
Ve
2
2
(where Q
e
=flow demanded by turbine)
A L
g A
Q
H
b
S
e
f
o
/
. =
f B
S b S . 88 . 0
91 . 0
0
=
Minimum W.L. in surge tank =H
s
- H
f
- S
B
3 Weight of steel surge tank (W
S
):
W
s
=1.29 x 10
-4
x (HV)
0.96
(kg)
H =Height above c/l of penstock to centroid of tank (m)
V =Volume of tank cylinder (m
3
)
3.1 Powerhouse and Tailrace
Preliminary powerhouse layout requires the selection of appropriate
generating equipment and estimation of the main powerhouse dimensions.
Preliminary guidelines on unit selection and basic layout dimensions can
be obtained from IS 12800: Guidelines for Selection of Hydraulic Turbine,
Preliminary Dimensioning and Layout of Hydroelectric Power Houses.
Using these basic dimensions, preliminary powerhouse layouts can be
prepared. Alternatively, for preliminary analysis, powerhouse cost
estimates by a parametric estimating technique are satisfactory. The
RETScreen Model can be used to obtain preliminary powerhouse cost
estimates, as explained in Sub-Section 3.6 of this Standard.
3.2 Layout of Canal Falls Schemes
There are rarely more than two alternatives for development depending on
which side of the existing canal the diversion canal and powerhouse would
be located. Practical considerations regarding foundation conditions,
access and the like will probably decide the optimal arrangement. Coffer
dams are not usually needed as interconnecting canals can usually be build
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants/Feb 2008 14
during periods when the canal would be out of service for annual
maintenance. Attention must also be paid to hydraulic design to minimize
head losses. Acceleration of flow velocity through the entry is acceptable
if economically justified and compatible with flow conditions at the power
plant intake. Deceleration of flow velocity should be avoided. Layout
concepts should be based on successful designs of similar plants. Central
Board for Irrigation and Power (CBIP, 2003) gives an inventory of Indian
hydropower plants with salient data and drawings.
3.3 Layout of Dam Toe Schemes.
As for plants at canal falls, practical consideration of site characteristics,
foundations, access and the like will probably determine the optimal
arrangement. Occasionally original designs will include provision for
addition of a power plant. Layout concepts should be based on successful
designs of similar projects. Design of cofferdams and other protective
works must be done with equal care as these works form an integral part
of a successful project. Examples of successful designs can be found in
CBIP (2003).
3.4 Determination of Capacity and Energy Benefits.
For run-of-river hydro schemes average energy benefits are determined by
integration of the project flow duration curve (FDC) using the net head
appropriate for each flow class. For isolated or stand alone projects firm
energy is of greater interest. Indian practice is to base firm energy
determinations on the Q
90%
flow from the FDC. For this exercise it is
convenient to express hydraulic losses as a function of Q
2
.
Normally,
maximum head loss is normally found to be between 2% and 10% of gross
head. Energy output should be expressed in mean kWh per year. Firm
capacity should be calculated based on the capacity that can be produced
with Q
90%.
Firmcapacity, firm energy and mean energy should all be
referenced to the transmission, or distribution line, voltage as appropriate.
3.5 Benefits and Economic Evolutions
The determination of benefits and economic evolution should be carried
out in accordance with Sections 1.4, 1.6 and 1.7 of the Standard. For
isolated SHP the capacity providing the least cost of energy should be
selected. For grid connected plants the optimum capacity should be based
on benefit-cost analysis using appropriate incremental costs for energy and
capacity. These values should be selected in consultation with the
responsible State or Central Government authority.
3.6 RET Screen
RET Screen is a computer model developed by the Government of
Canada, Department of Natural Resources and available freely over the
internet at www.retscreen.net. The model is available in several languages,
including Hindi. The purpose of the model is to compute costs and
benefits, including greenhouse gas analysis, for small scale run-of-river
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants/Feb 2008 15
projects. While originally intended as a tool for preliminary studies
utilizing mainly map data, the latest version now allows the engineer to
enter work quantities and unit costs against a comprehensive list of work
items.
The program is setup in Excel and comprises four screens, as below:
3.6.1 Energy Data Model
Input Data: H, Q
p
, Q
r
, H
L
, gen, transformer losses and parasitic losses
and hydrologic & equipment parameters as calculated in Screens 2 and 3.
Output: Annual energy production.
3.6.2 Hydrology
Input Data: Flow duration curve (FDC).
Output: FDC and load duration curve (LDC) in tabular and graphic
formats.
3.6.3 Equipment
Input : Type of turbine.
Output : Estimated turbine efficiency curve.
The program calculates the energy benefits which are reported in Screen 1,
using hydrology and equipment data from Screens 2 and 3.
3.6.4 Cost Analysis
Two options are offered: detailed cost analysis or formula costs.
Input:
Choose the method that is most suitable for cost analysis (detailed or
formula) then select economic parameters in accordance with Section 1.7
of the Standard.
If the detailed analysis is chosen, the engineer will have to provide
quantities and units costs for the list of work items contained in the
program. The list allows inclusion of additional items one for each
division of the work list.
If the formula analysis method is chosen cost components are determined
from parametric equations for each structure. Data comprise characteristic
parameters (geometry, flow or capacity) for each structure. Overall data
requirements are much less in this option. For preliminary design and
planning studies the utility of this option is enhanced if the model is first
bench marked (on calibrated) against recent projects and escalation factors
and main unit prices adjusted to fit.
The currency for all cost and financial calculations are input in this screen,
along with the applicable conversion rate Rs per Canadian $ 1.00.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants/Feb 2008 16
Output: Capital cost estimate
3.6.5 Financial Summary
Input : Financial parameters
Output : Project costs and savings
Results of financial analyses
Cost of power.
3.7 Provision for Future Expansion
The engineer should think about the possibility of future expansion and
consider providing features that would facilitate such work in the future.
Such provisions could include addition of a branch in a penstock, pre-
excavation of the foundation of a future unit and the like. An appropriate
structural addition could greatly simplify expansion of the plant in the
future with significant savings in cost and schedule.
3.8 References
Indian Standards Cited
IS 12800 (Part 3)
Guidelines for Selection of Hydraulic Turbine,
Preliminary Dimensioning and Layout of Surface Hydroelectric Power
Houses.
Other References
Waterhammer Analysis
J . Parmakian,
Dover Publishers (1963)
Hydroelectric Power Stations in Operation in India, CBIP (2003)
RET Screen International:
Clean Energy Project Analysis Software
Natural Resources Canada
Ottawa
Website: www.retscreen.net
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants/Feb 2008 17
3.9 Examples of Project Layouts:
FIGURE: 1.4.1 KEDERNATH MINI HYDEL
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AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Layout Of Small Hydro Plants/Feb 2008 20
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