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PERIODIC PROPERTIES
I N D E X
Topic Page No.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PERIODICPROPERTIES
1. Classificationof Elements andPeriodicityinproperties 01
2. Mendeleevs Periodic Law 03
3. Modern Periodic Law 07
4. Effective Nuclear Charge 11
5. AtomicSize 12
6. IonisationPotential 15
7. ElectronAffinity 18
8. Electronegativity 20
9. Density 27
10. Diagonal Relationship 28
11. Metallic Character 28
12. Non-metallic character 29
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Topic Page No.
13. Reactivity, Oxidationstate, Valency 29
14. Acid-base behaviour of oxides and hydroxides 30
15. Atomicvolume 30
16. Graphs of periodic properties 30
17. General Trend of different properties in the period and groups 35
18. Important facts of remember 36
19. SolvedExamples 38
20 Exercise - 1 41
Exercise - 2 46
Exercise - 3 51
Exercise - 4 55
21. Answer Key 58
22. Hints/Solution 60
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 1
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Need for classification:
It is verydifficult tostudyindividuallythechemistryof all the elements andmillions of their compounds,
hence tosimplifyand systematize the studyof chemistryof the elements and their compounds, theyare
classified into groups and periods. Earlyattempt toclassifythe elements:
Classification of Lavoiser
Elements had been classified into two major groups byLavoiser
1. Metals 2. Nonmetals
This classificationwas based on the differences in their properties.
The metal word itself can be consideredan acronyminwhich each alphabet signifies a characteristic of
these substances:
1. M=malleability. The most malleable beingAu and Pt.
sblock < pblock < dblock > fblock.
M=meltingpoint (alsoboilingpoint) of the metals ingeneral is high. Metal havingthehighest melting
point isTungsten(W) andthehighest boilingpoint is Renium(Re). Thelowest meltingpoint is of Mercury
(Hg) and it is one of the two elements in the periodic table which are liquid at 25
o
C. (The other being
Bromine).
The element havinghighest mpis W.
Element havinglowest mp andbpis He.
2. Estands for elasticity(Youngs modulus)
Eis alsofor electropositive.
Ealsofor goodconductors of Electricity. Best isAg>Cu>Au. Metals are goodconductors of electricity
and heat due to the presence of free mobile delocalized electrons.
Graphite and black phosphorous are also conductors of electricitybut not of heat.
Whenever a compound of metal is electrolysed metal always deposited at cathode while non metal at
both anode as well as cathode.
3. T=Tenacity(Tensile/ductile means elongation) Most tensile/ductileAu/Pt.
Least Pb
T=Toughness/ Hardness. Hardest is W. Exception : diamond is the hardest material ever known.
Synthetic hard materials are called abrasive. These are
CorundumAl
2
O
3
, CarborundumSiC, Borazone BN, Boroncarbide B
4
C(nonstoichiometric), Tantalum
Carbide andTungsten Carbide as hard as diamond.
4. A=Allotropy/polymorphism, shownmainlybynonmetals. Metals such as Snshowpolymorphism.
=Atomicity, Number of atoms inthemoleculeof anelement.Atomictyis verysignificant for nonmetals
because it reveals the shape of the molecules and physical properties (state) of the molecules.
A=Alloys formation.
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Alloys are homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. It mayalso have some nonmetals as well.
Everyalloyis asolidsolutionexcept thealloys of Hgwhichis asolutionof asolidintoaliquid. Thealloys
of mercuryarecalledamalgum.Alloysof metalswithat least anonmetal arecalledinterstitial compounds.
Alloys of only metals of nearly similar character are called substitutional compounds. Steel is a
homogeneous mixture. It alsois aninterstitial compound.
Purpose of alloyinga metal are:
a. To increase the utilityof the metals eg. fuse wire (Pb+Sn+Bi). It melts in boilingwater.
b. To increase the hardness.
Alloyingis propertyof metals not of nonmetals.
5. L=lustre, Shine propertyof metals. Each metal having a characteristic.
6. S=sonorous. Each metal gives special sound on beating.
Dobereiners law of traids:
It was first attempt towards classification. He arranged similar elements in a group of three elements
called triad and the atomic mass of the middle elements of the traid is approximately the arithmetic
mean of the other two.
e.g. Ca
40
Sr
87.5
Ba
137
At. wt. of Sr = 5 . 88
2
40 137
=
+
88.5 is nearly similar to 87.5 of atomic wt. of Sr.
Such a group of elements is called Dobereiners triad.
Triad of atoms Mean of first and last element
Li Na K
7 39
23
2
+
=
7 23 39
Be Mg Ca
+
=
8 40
24
2
8 24 40
Dobereiner could arrange onlya fewelements as triads and there are some such elements present in a
triad, whose atomic weights are approximatelyequal, e.g.
Fe Co Ni
Ru Rh Pd
There fore, this hypothesis was not acceptable for all elements.
Newlands law of octaves:
When the lighter elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic weights, then every eighth
element is similar to the first element in its properties, similarly as the eighth node of a musical scale
is similar to 1
st
one. e.g. Na 8
th
element resembles in their properties with Li. Similarly K the 8th
element with Na and so on.
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 3
Name of element Li Be B C N O F
7 9 11 12 14 16 19
Name of element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5
It is clear fromthe abovetablethat sodiumis theeighthelement fromlithium, whoseproperties resemble
that oflithium.
This type of classification was limiteduptoonly20 elements.
Inert gas element were not discovered till then.
Lother Meyer arrangement:
A
t
o
m
i
c
V
o
l
u
m
e
Metalloid and transition metals
Atomic Weight
Li
Be
F
Na
Mg
Cl
K
Ca
Br
Rb
Sr
I
Cs
Ba
The graphs plottingthe atomic volumes against atomic weights are known as Lothar Mayer volume
curves.
The alkali metals havehighest atomicvolumes.
Alkaline earthmetals (Be, MgCa, Sr, Ba, etc.) whichare relativelya little less electropositive. Occupy
positions on the descending part of the curve.
Halogens and the noble gases (except helium) occupypositions onthe ascending part of the curve.
Transitionelements have verysmall volumes and therefore these are present at the bottoms of the curve
Exercise
1. Lother Meyer attempt was based on plottingatomic mass vs
(A)Atomicsize (B)Atomicvolume (C) Density (D) Meltingpoint
Ans. (B)
MENDELEEVS PERIODIC LAW
(i) Mendeleevs Periodic Law - The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic
function of their atomic weight
(ii) Characteristic of Mendeleevs Periodic Table -
(a) It is based on atomic weight (b) 63 elements were known, noble gases were not discovered.
(c) 12 Horizontal rows are called periods. (d) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8
groups in mendeleevs Periodic table. (e) Each group upto VII
th
is divided intoA&Bsubgroups.
Asubgroups element are callednormal elements and Bsubgroups elements are called transition
elements. (f) The VIII
th
group was consists of 9 elements in three rows (Transition metals group).
(g) The elements belongingto same groupexhibit similar properties.
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MODIFIED MENDELEEFS PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 5
(iii) Merits or advantages of Mendeleevs periodic table -
(a) Study of elements - First time all known elements were classified in groups according to their
similar properties. So studyof the properties become easier of elements.
(b) Prediction of newelements - It gave encouragement to the discoveryof newelements as some
gapswereleft init. Sc(Scandium), Ga(Gallium), Ge(Germanium), Tc(Technetium) weretheelements
for whomposition and properties were defined byMendeleev even before their discoveries and he
left the blank spaces for themin his table.
e.g.- Blankspace at atomic weight 72 in silicon group was called Eka silicon (means properties like silicon)
and element discoveredlater was namedGermanium.
Similarlyother elements discovered after mendeleevperiodic table were.
Ekaaluminium- Gallium(Ga) Eka Boron - Scandium(Sc)
Eka Silicon- Germanium(Ge) Eka Manganese - Technetium(Tc)
(c) Correctionof doubtful atomic weights - Correctionweredone inatomic weight of some elements.
AtomicWeight =ValencyEquivalent weight.
Initially, it was foundthat equivalent weight of Be is 4.5andit is trivalent (V=3), sotheweight of Be
was 13.5 and there is no space in Mendeleevs table for this element. So, after correction, it was
found that Be is actuallydivalent (V=2). So, the weight of Be became 2 4.5 =9 and there was a
space between Li and Bfor this element in Mendeleevs table.
Corrections were done in atomic weight of elements are U, Be, In, Au, Pt.
(iv) Demerits of Mendeleevs periodic table -
(a) Positionof hydrogen- Hydrogenresembles both, thealkali metals (IA) andthe halogens (VIIA) in
properties so Mendeleev could not decide where to place it.
(b) Position of isotopes - As atomic weight of isotopes differs, theyshould have placed in different
position in Mendeleevs periodic table. But there were no such places for isotopes in Mendeleevs
table.
(c) Anomalous pairs of elements - There were some pair of elements which did not follow the
increasingorder of atomic wts.
eg. Ar and Cowere placed before Kand Ni respectivelyinthe periodic table, but havinghigher atomic
weights.
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 . 39 9 . 39
K Ar
|
|
.
|

\
|
127 5 . 127
I Te
|
|
.
|

\
|
6 . 58 9 . 58
Ni Co
|
|
.
|

\
|
231 232
Pa Th
(d) Like elements were placed in different groups.
There weresome elements like Platinum(Pt) andGold(Au) whichhave similar properties but were
placedindifferent groups in mendeleevs table.
Pt VIII Au IB
(e) Unlike elements were placed in same group.
I group
st
IA IB
Li
Na
K More reactive Cu Less reactive
Rb Alkali metal Ag Coin metal
Cs Normal elements Au Transition element
Fr
Cu, AgandAu placed inI
st
groupalongwith Na, Ketc. While theydiffer in their properties (Only
similar inhavingns
1
electronicconfiguration)
6 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 7
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
Mosley proved that the square root of frequency(v) of the rays, which are obtained froma metal on
showeringhighvelocityelectrons is proportional tothenuclear chargeof theatom. Thiscanberepresented
bythefollowingexpression.
v
= a (Zb) where Zis nuclear charge on the atomand a and b are constants.
The nuclear charge on an atomis equal to the atomic number.
Accordingtomodernperiodic law. Theproperties of elements arethe periodic functions of their atomic
numbers
Exercise
1. Whichof the followingexpressions is correct ?
(A) = a(zb) (B)
2
= a (zb)
2
(C) = a
2
(zb)
2
(D)
2
= a
2
(zb)
2
Ans. (C)
Cause of periodicity: It is due to the repetition of similar outer shell electronic configuration at a
certain regular intervals.
Structural features of the long form of the periodic table.
On the basic of the modern periodic law, a scientist named Bohr proposed a long form of periodic
table that was prepared by Rang and Warner.
(i) It consists of 18 vertial columns called groups and 7 horizontal rows called periods.
(ii) Elements of groups, 1, 2, 13 17 are called normal or representative elements.
(iii) Elements of groups 3 11 are called transition elements.
(iv) The 14 elements with atomic numbers (Z) = 58 71 (occurring after lanthanum
57
La in the periodic
table) are called lanthanides or rare earth elements and are placed at the bottom of the periodic
table. The 14 elements with atomic numbers (Z) = 90 103 (Occurring after actinium
89
Ac in the
periodic table) are called actinides and are placed at the bottom of the periodic table.
(v) The Eleven elements with Z = 93 103 (
93
Np
103
Lr) which occur in the periodic table after uranium
and have been prepared from it by artificial means are called transuranics. These are all radioactive
elements.
(vi) The elements belonging to a particular group are said to constitute a chemical family which is usually
named after the name of the first element. For example, Boron family (group 13), carbon family (group
14), nitrogen family (group 15), and oxygen family (group 16). In addition to this, some groups
have typical names. For example,
Elements of group 1 are called alkali metals
Elements of group 2 are called alkaline earth metals
Elements of group 16 are called chalcogens
Elements of group 17 are called halogens
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Elements of group 18 are called zero group or noble gases.
The long form of the periodic table contains seven periods. These are :
1st peri od (
1
H
2
He) contains only two elements. This is the shortest period.
2nd period (
3
Li
10
Ne) and third period (
11
Na
18
Ar) contain 8 elements each and are called
short periods.
4th period (
19
K
36
Kr) and 5th period (
37
Rb
54
Xe) contain 18 elements each and are called long
periods.
6th period (
55
Cs
86
Rn) contains 32 elements and is the longest period.
7th period (
87
Li ) is, however, incomplete and contains at present only 24 elements.
In yet another classification, the long form of the periodic table has been divided into four blocks (i.e.,
s, p, d and f ), depending upon the subshell to which the last electron enters.
MERITS OF LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE OVER MANDELEEFS PERIODIC TABLE
Positions of Isotopes and Isobars - Isotopes have same atomic number and the periodic table is
based on atomic numbers. Therefore, various isotopes of the same elements have to be provided the
same positioninthe periodic table. Isobars gave same atomic weights but different atomicnumbers and
therefore theyhave to be placed at different positions.
The positions of actinides and lanthanides is more clear nowbecause these have been placed in IIIB
groups and due to paucityof space, these are written at the bottomof the periodic table.
In the periodic table a diagonal line fromBtoAt separates the metals, nonmetals and metalloids from
one another. The elements like B, Si, As, Te, At, that are situated near this line are metalloids i.e. these
have characteristic of both metals andnonmetals.
The general electronic configurationof the elements remains same ingroup.
DEFECTS OF LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE
Thepositionof hydrogenis still disputable as it was there inMendeleef periodictableingroupIAas well
as IVA&VIIA.
Heliumis aninert gas but its configuration is different fromthat of the other inert gas elements
Lanthanide and actinideseries couldnot beadjusted inthe mainperiodic table and therefore theyhadto
be placed in a separate block belowthe periodic table.
CLASSIFICATION IN BLOCKS
s-block elements.
Elements of groups 1 and 2 including He in which the last electron enters the s-orbital of the valence
shell are called s-block elements. There are only 14 s-block elements in the periodic table.
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 9
p-block elements.
Elements of groups 1318 in which the last electron enters the p-orbitals of the valence shell are called
p-block elements.
d-block elements.
There are three complete series and one incomplete series of d-block elements. These are: 1st or 3d-
transition series which contains ten elements which atomic numbers 2130 (
21
Sc
30
Zn).
2nd or 4d-transition series which contains ten elements with atomic numbers 39 48 (
39
Y
48
Cd).
3rd or 5d transition series which also contains ten elements which atomic numbers 57 and 72 80
(
57
La,
72
Hf
80
Hg).
4th or 6d transition series which is incomplete at present and contains only nine elements. These are
89
Ac
, 104
Rf,
105
Ha, Unh (Unnihexium, Z = 106),
107
Ns (Neilsobohrium),
108
Hs (Hassium),
109
Mt
(Meitherium), Uun (Ununnilium, Z = 110) and Uud (Unundium, Z = 112) or Ekamercury. The element,
Z = 111 has not been discovered so far. Thus, in all there are 39 d-block elements.
f-Block elements are called inner-transition elements. In these elements, the f-subshell of the
anti-penultimate is being progressively filled up. There are two series of f-block elements each
containing 14 elements. The fourteen elements from
58
Ce
71
Lu in which 4 f-subshell is being
progressively filled up are called lanthanides or rare elements. Similarly, the fourteen elements from
90
Th
103
Lr in which 5 f-subshell is being progressively filled up are called actinides.
Illustration
1. Which of the followingis the period number of the element whose atomic number is 98
(A) 4 (B) 7 (C) 5 (D) 6
Ans. B
Sol. The electronicconfigurationof the element with atomic number 98is as follow
1s
2
, 2s
2
, 2p
6
, 3s
2
, 3p
6
, 4s
2
, 3d
10
, 4p
6
, 5s
2
, 4d
10
, 5p
6
, 6s
2
, 4f
14
, 5d
10
, 6p
6
, 7s
2
, 5f
10
The last electron enters in f orbital, so it belongs to f block in the period.
2. The nuclei of elements X, YandZhave same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
Accordingto Mendeleef periodic table, the elements X,Yand Z
(A) belongto same group and same period
(B) belongto different groups anddifferent periods
(C) belongto same group anddifferent periods
(D) are isotopes, whichdo not have different positions
Ans. D
Sol. Isotopes have same number of protons (i.e. same atomic number). So theyoccupysame position
inthe periodic table. However, due to different numbers of neutrons their atomic weights are different.
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Exercise
1. Whichof thefollowinghas the same number of electrons inits outermost shell andpenultimate shell ?
(1) Al
3+
(2) Ca
2+
(3) F

(4) N
3
Ans. 2
2. Whichof the followingstatement is not correct about theelectronic configurationof chromiumatom(Cr
with atomic number =24)?
(1) It has five electrons in 3d - sub - shell
(2) It has one electrons in 4s-orbital
(3) The principal quantumnumbers of its valence electrons are 3 and 4.
(4) It has six electrons in 3d-sub-shell
Ans. 4
TEMPORARY NOMENCLATURE
The IUPACproposed a systemfor naming elements with Z>100.
1. The names are derived byusing roots for the three digits in the atomic number of the elements and
addingthe ending-ium. The roots for the numbers are:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
2. In certain cases the names are shortened; for example, bi iumandtri iumare shortened to biumand
trium, andenn nil is shortenedto ennil.
3. The symbol for the element is made upfromthefirst letters fromtheroots whichmake upthe name. The
strange mixture of Latin and Greek roots have been chosen to ensure that the symbols are all different.
Illustration
1. Accordingto the IUPACsystemof namingelements, the symbol of the element of atomic number 121
will be
(A) Unu (B) Ubn (C) Ubu (D) Bus
Ans. (C)
Exercise
1. The IUPACname of the element with atomic number Z=109 is
(A) Unp (B) Uns (C) Uno (D) Une
Ans. (D)
Anomalous behaviour of the first element of a group:
The first element of a group differs considerably from its congeners (i.e. the rest of the elements of
its group). This is due to (i) small size (ii) high electronegativity and (iii) non availability of d-orbitals
for bonding. Anomalous behaviour is observed among the second row elements (i.e., Li to F).
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 1 1
EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE
Ina polyelectronic atom, the internal electrons repel the electrons of the outermost orbit. This results in
decrease the nuclear attraction on the electrons of the outermost orbit.
Therefore, onlya part of the nuclear charge is effective ontheelectrons of the outermost orbit. Thus, the
inner electrons protect or shield the nucleus and therebydecrease the effect of nuclear charge towards
the electrons of the outermost orbit.
Thus the part of the nuclear charge works against outer electrons, is known as effective nuclear
charge
Z * Z = o
Z*=effective nuclear charge
s =shieldingconstant and Z=nuclear charge
Ascientist named slater, determined the value of shielding constant andput forward some rules as
following.
(1) The shielding effect or screeningeffect of each electron of 1s orbital is 0.30.
(2) The shielding effect of each electrons of ns and np i.e. electron of the outermost orbit, is 0.35.
(3) The shieldingeffect of each electronof s or p orbitals of the penultimate orbit (n 1) is 0.85.
(4) Theshieldingeffect of eachelectronof s or porbital of theprepenultimateorbit (n2) andbelowthis is1.0.
Illustration
1. The screeningeffect of inner electrons of the nucleus causes
(A) Decrease inthe ionisation energy (B) Increase in the ionisation energy
(C) No effect on the ionisation energy (D) Increases in the attraction of the nucleus to the electrons
Ans. (A)
Sol. The attraction of the nucleus with the electron decreases so it becomes easyto extract the electron.
Exercise
1. The screening effect of d - electrons is -
(A) equal to the p - electrons (B) much more than p - electron
(C) same as f - electrons (D) less than p - electrons
Ans. (D)
2. The increasing order of effective nuclear charge in Na, Al, Mgand Si atoms
(A) Na < Mg < Si <Al (B) Na < Mg <Al < Si (C) Mg < Na <Al< Si (D) Na = Mg =Al = Si
Ans. (B)
Periodic Properties: Properties which are directly or indirectly related to their electronic configuration and
show a regular gradation when we move from left to right in a period or from top to bottom in a group
are called periodic properties. Some important periodic properties are atomic size, ionization energy
electron affinity, electronegativity, valency, density, atomic volume, melting and boiling points etc.
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(a) Atomic size : It refers to the distance between the centre of the nucleus of the atom to the outermost
shell containing electrons. Since absolute value of the atomic size cannot be determined, it is usually
expressed in terms of the following operational definitions.
A
X X
B
1/2 AB = r
covalent
(of element X)
F E
G H
X
H X H X
H
1/2 EF = r
van der Waals
of hydrogen in HX molecule
1/2 GH = r
van der Waals
of X in HX molecule
*
0
2
n
Z
a n
r =
(i) Covalent radius. It is defined as one-half of the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded
atoms of the same element in a molecule.
Single Bond Covalent Radius, SBCR- (a) For Homolatomic molecules
d
AA
= r
A
+ r
A
or 2r
A
r
A
=
A A
d
2

(b) For hetrodiatomic molecules while electronegativityis approx same.

d
AB
= r
A
+ r
B
For heteronuclear diatomic molecule. AB, whiledifference between the electronegativityvalues of
atomAandatomBis relativelylarger, (X
A
and X
B
) are the electron negativityinPaulingScale.
d
AB
= r
A
+ r
B
0.09 |(X
A
X
B
)| [Bond length or radius expressed in ]
where X
A
andX
B
are electronegativityvalues of highelectronegative elementAandless electronegative
element B, respectively. This formula was given byStevenson&Schomaker.
Note : Covalent radius is slightly smaller then actual radius.
(ii) VanderWaalsradius. It is defined as one-half of the distance between the nuclei of two non-bonded
isolatedatoms or twoadjacent atoms belongingtotwoneighbouringmolecules of anelement inthesolid
state.
Bydefinition, van der Waalsradius of an element is always larger than its covalent radius.
Variation of atomic radii :
(i) Across the period atomic radii decreases
(ii) Where we move from 17
th
group to 18
th
atomic radii increases the period decreases
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 1 3
Illustration
1. Calculate the bond length of CXbond, if CCbondlength is 1.54 , XXbond length is 1.00 and
electronegativityvalues of Cand Xare 2.0 and 3.0 respectively
Sol. (1) CCbond length = 1.54
r
C
=
1.54
2
= 0.77
r
X
=
1.00
2
= 0.50
(2) CXbond length
d
CX
= r
C
+ r
X
0.09 |X
X
X
C
|
= 0.77 + 0.50 0.09 |32| = 0.77 + 0.50 0.09 1 = 1.27 0.09 = 1.18
Thus CXbond length is 1.18
2. Which of thefollowingshouldbe the longest bond ?
(A) SH (B) OH (C) NH (D) PH
Ans. (D)
Sol. The atomic radius of Pis largest out of O.S.N. and P. Therefore. PHbond will be the longest one.
Exercise
1. The van der Waals radii of O, N, Cl, F and Ne increase in the order
(A) F, O, N, Ne, Cl (B) N, O, F, Ne, Cl (C) Ne, F, O, N, Cl (D) F, Cl, O, N, Ne
Ans. (C)
2. Whenever a list of radii is given, we findthat the size of the noble gases is larger than the size of their
adjacent halogens. The reason is
(A) Noble gases have a complete octet
(B) Theyhave a higher inter electronic repulsion
(C) Inhalogens it is covalent radii and in noble gases it is vander waals radii
(D) Noble gases cannot be liquified
Ans. (C)
Variation in Period :
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Z
*
1.30 1.95 2.60 3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20 5.85
n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
r
n
(pm) 123 90 80 77 75 74 72 160
(covalent) (Van der Waals)
1 4 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
BANSAL CLASSES Private Ltd. Gaurav Tower, A-10, Road No.-1, I.P.I.A., Kota-05
Ionic size. An atom can be changed to a cation by loss of electrons and to an anion by gain of
electrons. Acation is always smaller than the parent atom because during its formation effective
nuclear charge increases and sometimes a shell may also decrease. On the other hand, the size of
an anion is always larger than the parent atom because during its formation effective nuclear charge
decreases e.g..
Mg
2+
< Mg, Cl

> Cl
The size of a cationis smaller incomparison tothe size of its correspondingatom. This is because of the
fact that anatomon losing electrons/s forma cation, which has lesser number of electrons/s than the
number of proton/s. This results inincrease in the effective nuclear charge.
Size of cation
eff
1
Amount of positive charge or Z

Examples - (1) Mn > Mn

+2
> Mn
+3
> Mn
+4
> Mn
+6
> Mn
+7
(size)
(2) Pb
+2
> Pb
+4
The size of an anion is greater than the size of its corresponding atom, because the number of electrons
present in the anion gets larger than the number of protons due to gain of electron/s. This results in
decrease inthe effective nuclear charge.
Size of anion Amount of negative charge
O
0
< O
1
< O
2
Size of Isoelectronic Series
Isoelectronic ions or species are the neutral atoms, cations or anions of different elements which have
the same number of electrons but different nuclear charge e.g..
The size of the isoelectronic species depends upon their nuclear charge Greater the nuclear charge,
lesser the radii.
The ionic radii decrease moving from left to right across any period in the periodic table
Na
+
Mg
2+
Al
3+
102 pm 72 pm 53.5 pm
Size in anisoelectronic series
( )
1
Nuclear charge
No. of protons

Illustration
1. What should be the order of size of H
1
, H
+1
and H?
H
1
H
+1
H
1p 1p 1p
2e 0e 1e
Sol. H
+1
< H < H
1
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 1 5
Exercise
1. Whichof the followinghas thelargest size
(A) N
3
(B) O
2
(C) K
+1
(D) Ca
+2
Ans. (A)
2. Which one of the following is correct order of the size of iodine species?
(A) I > I

> I
+
(B) I > I
+
> I

(C) I
+
> I

> I (D) I

> I > I
+
Ans. (D)
IONISATION POTENTIAL
The energyrequiredto remove the most looselyboundelectron fromthe outermost orbit of one mole of
isolatedgaseous atoms of anelement, is calledionisationpotential (IP). This ionisationis anendergonic
or energy-absorbing process.
An electron cannot be removed directlyfroman atomin solid state. For this purpose, the solid state is
converted to gaseous state and the energyrequired for this is called sublimationenergy.
A
st
I IP

A
+1 nd
II IP

AA
+2 rd
III IP

A
+3
The energyrequiredto remove one electron froma neutral gaseous atomto convert it to monopositive
cation, is calledfirst ionisationpotential (I
st
IP). Theenergyrequiredtoconvert amonopositive cationto
a diapositive cation is called secondionisation potential (II
nd
IP) of an atom
I
st
IP < II
nd
IP < III
rd
IPbecause as the electrons go out of the atom, the ionic size goes on decreasing
and the amount of positive charge goes on increasing.
FactorsAffecting Ionisation Potential
(i) Atomic size : When the size of an atomis verylarge the electron of the outermost orbit bound to the
nucleus byweaker attractive forces. Suchan electronwill be readilyremovedfromtheatom. Therefore.
The valueof ionisationpotential will be low.
1
Ionisation potential
atomic size

(ii) Effective Nuclear Charge : Atomic size decreases with increase in effective nuclear charge because,
higher the effective nuclear charge stronger will be the attraction of the nucleus towards theelectronof
the outermost orbit andhigher will be the ionisation potential
Ionisation potential Effective nuclear charge
(iii) Shielding Effect : The electrons of internal orbits repel the electrons of the electron of the outermost
orbit due towhichthe attractionof the nucleus towards the electronof the outermost orbit decreases and
thus atomic size increases andthe value of ionisationpotential decreases.
1
Ionisation potential
shielding effect

1 6 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES

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(iv) Stability of half filledandfully filledorbitals : The atoms whose orbitals are half-filled (p
3
, d
5
, f
7
) or
fully-filled (s
2
, p
6
, d
10
, f
14
) have greater stability than the others. Therefore, they required greater
energytofor removingout electron. However stabilityof fullyfilledorbitals is greater thanthat of the
half filledorbitals
I.P.of fully filled orbitals I.P. of half filled orbitals >
(v) Penetration power : In any atom the s orbital is nearer to the nucleus in comparison to p, d and f
orbitals. Therefor, greater energyis required to remove out electron froms orbital than fromp, d and f
orbitals. Thus the decreasing order of ionisation potential of s, p, d and f orbitals is as follows
s > p > d> f
Ionisation potential penetration power
Periodic Table &Ionisation Potential
(a) Ina Period: The value of Ionisation potential normallyincrease on goingfromleft to right ina period,
because effective nuclear charge increases and atomic size decreases.
Exceptions :
In second periodionisation potential of Be is greater than that of B, and in the third period ionisation
potential of Mgis greater thanthat ofAl dueto high stabilityof fullyfilled orbitals.
Insecondperiodionisationpotential of Nis greater than Oandinthe third periodionisationpotential of
Pis greater than that of S, due to stabilityof half filledorbitals.
The increasingorder of the values of ionisation potential of the secondperiod elements is
Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
The increasingorder of the values of ionisation potential of the thirdperiod elements is
Na <Al < Mg < Si < S < P < Cl <Ar
InnerTransitionElements : Thesizeof inner transitionelements is greater thanthat of dblockelements.
Therefore the value of ionisation potential of f blockelements is smaller thanthat of d block elements
and due to almost constant atomic size of f block elements in a period the value of their ionisation
potential remains more constant than that of d block elements.
Ina Group
The value of ionisation potential normallydecreases on going fromtop to bottomin a group because
bothatomic size and shieldingeffect increase.
Exception :
The value of ionisationpotential remains almost constant fromAl to Ga in the IIIAgroup.
(B>Al , Ga > In)
IP
1
(Sn) < IP
1
(Pb)
IP
1
(In) < IP
1
(Tl)
Inthe periodictable the element havinghighest value of ionisationpotential is He.
The values of ionisationpotential of noble gases are extremelyhigh, because the orbitals of outermost
orbit are fully-filled (ns
2
, np
6
) andprovide great stability.
In a period, the element havingleast value of ionisationpotential is an alkali metal (group IA) andthat
havinghighest value is inert gas (Group0)
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 1 7
Applications of IonisationPotential
The elements havinghighvalues of ionisationpotential have lowreactivity, e.g. inert gases.
The value of ionisation potential decreases more on goingfromtopto bottomina group in comparison
to a period. Therefore, reactivityof metal increases and the atomforms a cation byloss of electron.
Ionisation potential
metal of activity Re
1

The elements havinglowvalue of ionisation potential readilylose electron andthus behave as strong
reducingagents.
Ionisationpotential
property ducing Re
1

Theelements havinglowvalue of ionizationpotential readilylose electron andthus exhibit greater

metallic property.
Ionisationpotential
1
Metallic property

The elements havinglowvalue of ionisation potential readilylose electronandthus have basic property.
Ionisation potential
1
Basic property

Illustration
1. Whichof thefollowingshouldbe the order of increasingvalues of secondionisationpotential of C
6
, N
7
,
O
8
and F
9
(A) C > N > F > O (b) C < F < N < O (C) C < F < N < O (D) C < N < F< O
Ans. (D)
Sol. The secondionisationpotential means removal of electronfroma cation
C
+1
(5e) = 1s
2
, 2s
2
, 2p
1
N
+1
(6e) = 1s
2
, 2s
2
, 2p
2
O
+1
(7e) = 1s
2
, 2s
2
, 2p
3
F
+1
(8e) = 1s
2
, 2s
2
, 2p
4
Therefore C < N < F < O
2. Which of the followingshould be correct for Z
1
and Z
2
in the following two processes
M
+
+ Z
1
M
+2
+ e

M
+2
+ Z
2
M
+3
+ e

(A)
1
2
Z
1
= Z
2
(B) Z
1
= Z
2
(C) Z
1
=
1
2
Z
2
(D) Z
1
< Z
2
Ans. (D)
Sol. Z
1
=secondionisation potential andZ
2
=Third ionisation potential.
Second ionisationpotential is always less thanthethirdionisationpotential.
1 8 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
BANSAL CLASSES Private Ltd. Gaurav Tower, A-10, Road No.-1, I.P.I.A., Kota-05
Exercise
1. Onemoleof magnesiuminthevapour state absorbed1200kJ of energy. If the first andsecondionization
enthalpies of magnesiumare750 and1450kJ mol
1
respectively, thefinal compositionof themixture is
(A) 69%Mg
+
, 31%Mg
2+
(B) 59%Mg
+
, 41%Mg
2+
(C) 49% Mg
+
, 51%Mg
2+
(D) 29%Mg
+
, 71%Mg
2+
Ans. (A)
2. The incorrect statement inthe followingis
(A) The third ionisationpotential of Mgis greater thanthe third ionisationpotential ofAl
(B) The first ionisation potential of Na is less than first I.Pof Mg
(C) The first I.P. of Al is less than the first I.P. of Mg
(D) The second I.P. of Mg is greater than the second I.P. of Na
Ans. (D)
ELECTRON AFFINITY (EA)
The energyreleased on adding up one mole of electron to one mole of neutral atom(A) in its gaseous
state to form an anion (A

) is called electron affinity of that atom. In general, electron affinity is

associated withan exothermic process.
A(g) + e

(g) , AH
eg
= E
n
When one electron adds up to a neutral atom, it gets converted to a unit negative ion and energy is
released. On adding one more electron to the mononegative anion, there is a repulsion between the
negatively charged electron and anion. In order to counteract the repulsive forces, energy has to be
provided to the system. Therefore, the value of the second electron affinityis positive.
A

(g) + e

A
2
(g) ,AH
eg
= + E
n
AH
eg
: Electrongain enthalpy
FactorsAffectingElectronAffinity
Effective Nuclear charge : When effective nuclear charge is more, then the atomic size less. Hence
EAincreases.
Electron affinity Effective nuclear charge
Atomic Size orAtomic Radius : Whenthe size or radius of an atomincreases, theelectronenteringthe
outermost orbit is more weakly attractedbythe nucleus and the value of electron affinityis lower.
1
Electron affinity
Atomic size

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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 1 9
Shielding Effect : Shielding effect is directlyproportional to atomic size and atomic size is inversely
proportional to electron affinity.
1
Electron affinity
Shielding effect

Stability of Fully-FilledandHalf-Filled Orbitals :

The stabilityof theconfigurationhavingfully-filledorbitals (p
6
, d
10
, f
14
) andhalf-filledorbital (p
3
, d
5
, f
7
)
is relativelyhigher thanthat of other configurations.
Periodic Table andElectronAffinity :
In a period, atomic size decreases with increase in effective nuclear charge and hence increase in
electronaffinity.
Exception :
On going from C
6
to N
7
in the second period, the values of electron affinity decreases in stead of
increasing. This is becausethere are half-filled(2p
3
) orbitals inthe outermost orbit of N, whichare more
stable. On the other hand, the outermost orbit in Chas 2p
2
configuration.
In the thirdperiod, the value of electron affinityof Si is greater than that of P. This is because electronic
configuration of theoutermost orbit in Patomis 3p
3
, whichbeinghalf-filled, is relativelymore stable
The values of electron affinityof inert gases are zero, because there outermost orbit has fully-filled p
orbitals.
In a period, the value of electron affinitygoes on decreases on going fromgroup IAto group IIA. The
value of electronaffinityof the elements of groupIIAis zerobecause ns orbitals arefully-filled andsuch
orbitals have no tendencyto accept electrons.
Ina Group
The values of electron affinitynormallydecrease on goingfromtop to bottomin a group because the
atomic size increases which decreases the actual force of attraction bythe nucleus.
Exceptions (E.A. 2nd period p-block element < E.A. 3rd period p-block element)
Thevalue of electronaffinityof Fis lower thanthat of Cl, because the sizeof Fis verysmall andcompact
andthechargedensityis highonthesurface. Therefore, theincomingelectronexperiences morerepulsion
incomparisontoCl . That is whythe value of electron affinityof Cl is highest in the periodic table.
The values of electronaffinityof alkali metals andalkaline earthmetals canbe regardedas zero, because
theydo not have tendencyto formanions byaccepting electron.
2 0 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
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Illustration
1. O(g) + 2e
1
O
2
(g) E = + 744.7
The reasonfor the positive value of Eis
(A) endothermic reaction (B) exothermic reaction
(C) both 1 and 2 (D)All of the above are wrong
Ans. (A)
Sol. When electron is brought near O
1
there will be repulsion between them, and therefore the energy
will be positive i.e there will be absorption of energyduring the process.
2. The increasingorder of electron affinityvalues of O,Sand Se is
(A) O < S < Se (B) S < O < Se (C) O < S > Se (D) Se < O > S
Ans. (C)
Sol. Atomic size of Se is verylarge.
Exercise
1. Theleast electronaffinityis foundin
(A) Kr (B) O (C) N (D) B
Ans. (A)
2. Of thefollowingelement of whichelectronicconfigurationwill havethehighest electronaffinity
(A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
(B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
(C) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
(D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
Ans. (C)
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The measure of the capacityor tendencyof anatomtoattract the sharedpair of electrons of the covalent
bond towards itself is called electronegativity of that atom.
Electronegativityis a relative value that indicates the tendencyof an atomto attract shared electrons
more thanthe other atombondedtoit. Therefore it does not have anyunit. Paulingwas the first scientist
to put forward the concept of electronegativity.
The numerical valueof electronegativityof anatomdepends on its ionisationpotential andelectron
affinityvalues.
Factors Affecting Electronegativity
Atomic size Electronegativityof a bonded atomdecreases with increase in its size.
1
Electronegativity
Atomic size

3 8 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES

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SOLVEDEXAMPLES
Q.1 For the element X, student Surbhi measuredits radius as 102 nm, Mr.Gupta as 113nmand Mr. Agarwal
as 100nmusingsame apparatus. Their teacher explainedthat measurements were correct bysayingthat
recorded values bythree students were
(A) Crystal, vander Waal and covalent radii (B) Covalent, crystal and vander Waal radii
(C) Vander Waal, ionic and covalent (D) None is correct
Ans. (A)
Sol. Order of radius is Vander Waals radius >Metallic radius >Covalent radius
Q.2 Which oxide of N' is isoelectronic with CO
2
-
(A) NO
2
(B) NO (C) N
2
O (D) N
2
O
3
Ans. (C)
Sol. N
2
O
Total electrons 14 + 8 = 22
CO
2
Total electrons 6 + 16 = 22
Q.3 Give the correct order of initials T(true) or F(false) for followingstatements.
(I) Top positions of Lother-Mayers atomic volume curve are occupied byAlkali metals.
(II) Number of elements presents in the fifth period of the periodic table are 32.
(III) 2
nd
I.P. of Mg is less than the 2
nd
I.P. of Na.
(IV) Ap-orbital can take maximumof six electrons.
(A) TFTF (B) TFFT (C) FFTF (D) TTFF
Ans. (A)
Sol. (II) 5s 4d 5p
Orbital 1 5 3
Total orbitals =9
Total element =18
(III) Mg
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
Na
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Na
+
attainedinert gas configuration
IE
2
of Na is greater than Mg.
(IV) p-orbital can have 2 electrons but p-subshell can have 6 electrons.
Q.4 The electronic configuration of an element is 1s
2
, 2s
2
2p
6
,3s
1
3p
3
3d
2
. The atomic number of the element
present just belowthis element in the periodic table -
(A) 36 (B) 34 (C) 33 (D) 32
Ans. (B)
Sol. At. No. = 16(S)
Next element belowthis element has atomic number =16 +18 =34
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 4 1
EXERCISE-1 (Exercise for JEE Mains)
[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
Q.1 The correct order of ionic radius is -
(A) Ce > Sm > Tb > Lu (B) Lu > Tb > Sm > Ce
(C) Tb > Lu > Sm > Ce (D) Sm > Tb > Lu > Ce [2010110651]
Q.2 The Z
eff
for
3d electron of Cr
4s electron of Cr
3d electron of Cr
3+
3s electron of Cr
3+
are in the order respectively
(A) 4.6, 2.95, 4.95, 8.05 (B) 4.95, 2.95, 4.6, 8.05
(C) 4.6, 2.95, 5.3, 12.75 (D) none of these [2010110575]
Q.3 Accordingto the Periodic Lawof elements, the Variation in properties of elements is related totheir ?
(A) Nuclear masses (B)Atomic numbers
(C) Nuclear neutron-proton number ratio (D)Atomic masses [2010112297]
Q.4 Atomic radius decreases in a period, but after halogens, the atomic radius suddenlyincreases. Thus,
inert gases has almost highest radius in a period. The explanationfor such an increase is-
(A) Inert gases has most stable configuration
(B) Inert gases do not take part in bonding
(C) Vander Walls radius is reported in case of inert gases
(D) None of these
[2010110748]
Q.5 Which one of the followinggroups represent a collection of isoelectronic species ?
(At. no. Cs = 55, Br = 35)
(A) N
3
, F

, Na
+
(B) Be, Al
3+
, Cl

(C) Ca
2+
, Cs
+
, Br (D) Na
+
, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
[2010110847]
Q.6 Consider thefollowingstatements:
I. The radius of an anion is larger than that of parent atom
II. The I.E. increases fromleft to right in a period generally
III. The electronegativityof an element is the tendencyof an isolated atomto attract an electron
The correct statements are -
(A) I alone (B) II alone (C) I and II (D) II and III
[2010110542]
Q.7 The atomicnumbers of vanadium(V). Chromium(Cr), manganese (Mn) andiron(Fe) respectively23,
24, 25 and 26. Which one of these maybe expected to have the higher secondionization enthalpy?
(A) Cr (B) Mn (C) Fe (D) V
[2010111695]
4 6 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
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EXERCISE-2 (Exercise for JEE Advanced)
[PARAGRAPH TYPE]
Paragraph for Question Nos. 1 to 2
Four elements P, Q, R&Shave ground state electronic configuration as:
P 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
Q 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
R 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
3
S 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
1
[2010111148]
Q.1 Comment which of the following option represent the correct order of true (T) &false (F) statement
I size of P < size of Q II size of R< size of S
III size of P<size of R(appreciable difference) IVsize of Q<size of S(appreciable difference)
(A) TTTT (B) TTTF (C) FFTT (D) TTFF
Q.2 Order of IE
1
values among the following is
(A) P > R > S ~ Q (B) P < R < S < Q (C) R > S > P > Q (D) P > S > R > Q
Paragraph for Question Nos. 3 to 4
The electron affinityis a inherent propertyof the atomand it depends upon several factors.
[2010111642]
Q.3 The correct electronaffinityorder is
(A) F > Cl (B) Cl > F (C) S < P (D) N > O
Q.4 Choose the incorrect statement.
(A) 1
st
I.E. ofA is equal to electron affinityof A
(B) 2
nd
electron affinityis always greater than 1
st
electron affinity.
(C) OO
2
process is endothermic
(D) Li Li
+
process is endothermic.
Paragraph for Question Nos. 5 to 7
Atoms of metals have onlya fewelectrons in their valence shells while atoms of non-metals generally
have more electrons in their valence shells. Metallic character is closelyrelated to atomic radius and
ionizationenthalpy. Metallic character increases fromtoptobottomina groupanddecreases fromleft to
right in a period. Metallic character is inverselyrelated to electronegativity.
[2010111495]
Q.5 Whichof the followinggroups contains metals, non-metals and metalloids -
(A) Group 1 (B) Group 17 (C) Group 14 (D) Group 2
Q.6 Non-metals belong to -
(A) s-blockelements (B) p-block elements (C) d-blockelements (D) f-block elements
Q.7 Considering the elements B, C, N, and Fthe correct order of their non-metallic character is -
(A) B > C > N > F (B) C > B > N > F (C) F > N > C > B (D) F > N > C > B
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 5 1
EXERCISE-3 (Miscellaneous Exercise)
Subjective Type
Q.1 Usethefollowingsystemof namingelements inwhichfirst alphabets of thedigits arewrittencollectively,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil uni bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
to write three-letter symbols for the elements with atomic number 101 to 109.
[Example : 101 is Unu....] [2010110901]
Q.2 Mg
2+
, O
2
, Na
+
, F

, N
3
(Arrange in decreasing order of ionic size) [2010110877]
Q.3 WhyCa
2+
has a smaller ionic radius than K
+
. [2010110043]
Q.4 Arrange indecreasing order of atomic size : Na, Cs, Mg, Si, Cl. [2010110195]
Q.5 Whythe first ionisationenergyof carbonatomis greater than that of boron atomwhereas, the reverse is
true for the second ionisation energy. [2010110601]
Q.6 The IEdo not followa regular trend in II &III periods with increasingatomic number. Why?
[2010110943]
Q.7 Explainwhyafewelements suchas Be(+0.6), N(+0.3) &He(+0.6) havepositiveelectrongainenthalpies
while majorityof elements do have negative values. [2010110599]
Q.8 Which bond in each pair is more polar
(a) P Cl or P Br (b) S Cl or S O (c) N O or N F
[2010110441]
Q.9 Fromamongthe elements, choose the following: Cl, Br, F, Al, C, Li, Cs &Xe.
(i) Theelement with highest electrongainenthalpy.
(ii) Theelement withlowest ionisationpotential.
(iii) The element whose oxide is amphoteric.
(iv) The element whichhas smallest radii.
(v) The element whose atomhas 8 electrons in the outermost shell. [2010110597]
Q.10 In the ionic compound KF, the K
+
and F

ions are found to have practically radii, about 1.34 each.

What do you predict about the relative covalent radii of Kand F? [2010110350]
Q.11 Which oxide is more basic, MgOor BaO? Why? [2010110301]
Q.12 The basic nature of hydroxides of group13 (III-A) decreases progressivelydownthe group. Comment.
[2010110596]
Q.13 Based on locationin P.T., which of the following would you expect to be acidic &which basic.
(a) CsOH (b) IOH (c) Sr(OH)
2
(d) Se(OH)
2
(e) FrOH (f) BrOH
[2010110868]
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ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 5 5
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-A
(IIT JEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Movingfromright to left in a periodic table, the atomic size is: [JEE1995]
(A) increased (B) decreased (C) remains constant (D) none of these
[2010112001]
Q.2 The increasingorder of electronegativityinthe followingelements: [JEE1995]
(A) C, N, Si, P (B) N, Si, C, P (C) Si, P, C, N (D) P, Si, N, C
[2010110537]
Q.3 One element has atomic weight 39. Its electronic configuration is 1s
2
, 2s
2
2p
6
, 3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
. The true
statement for that element is:
(A) Highest value of IE (B)Transitionelement
(C) Isotone with
18
Ar
38
(D) None [JEE1995]
[2010111632]
Q.4 The number of paired electrons inoxygen atomis: [JEE1995]
(A) 6 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) 32
[2010112648]
Q.5 The decreasing size of K
+
, Ca
2+
, Cl

&S
2
follows the order: [REE1995]
(A) K
+
> Ca
+2
> S
2
> Cl

(B) K
+
> Ca
+2
> Cl

> S
2
(C) Ca
+2
>K
+
> Cl

> S
2
(D) S
2
> Cl

> K
+
> Ca
+2
[2010111675]
Q.6 Whichof thefollowingoxideis neutral? [JEE1996]
(A) CO (B) SnO
2
(C) ZnO (D) SiO
2
[2010111977]
Q.7 Whichof thefollowinghas themaximumnumber of unpairedelectrons [JEE1996]
(A) Mg
2+
(B) Ti
3+
(C) V
3+
(D) Fe
2+
[2010111613]
Q.8 The following acids have been arranged in the order of decreasing acid strength. Identifythe correct
order [JEE1996]
ClOH(I) BrOH(II) IOH(III)
(A) I > II > III (B) II > I > III (C) III > II > I (D) I > III > II
[2010110900]
Q.9 Theincorrect statement amongthe followingis: [JEE1997]
(A) thefirst ionisationpotential ofAl is less thanthe first ionisationpotential of Mg
(B) the second ionisation potential of Mg is greater thanthe second ionisation potential of Na
(C) thefirst ionisation potential of Na is less thanthe first ionisation potential of Mg
(D) the third ionisation potential of Mgis greater thanthe third ionisationpotential ofAl
[2010112041]
BANSAL CLASSES Private Ltd. Gaurav Tower, A-10, Road No.-1, I.P.I.A., Kota-05
ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES 5 7
Q.20 Identifythe correct order of acidic strengths of CO
2
, CuO, CaO, H
2
O: [JEE2002]
(A*) CaO < CuO < H
2
O < CO
2
(B) H
2
O < CuO < CaO < CO
2
(C) CaO < H
2
O < CuO < CO
2
(D) H
2
O < CO
2
< CaO < CuO
[2010111496]
SECTION-B
(AIEEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.21 In which of the following arrangements, the sequence is not strictly according to the propertywritten
against it ? [AIEEE-2009]
(A) H
2
O< H
2
S < H
2
Se < H
2
Te : Increasing acidic strength
(B) HF< HCl <HBr <HI : Increasing acidic strength
(C*) NH
3
> PH
3
<AsH
3
< SbH
3
: Increasing basic strength
(D) B< C<O<N: increasingfirst ionization enthalpy
[2010113518]
Q.22 The set representing the correct order of ionic radius is [AIEEE-2009]
(A) Li
+
> Be
2+
> Na
+
> Mg
2+
(B) Na
+
> Li
+
> Mg
2+
> Be
2+
(C) Li
2+
> Na
+
> Mg
2+
> Be
2+
(D) Mg
2+
> Be
2+
> Li
+
> Na
+
[2010113569]
Q.23 The correct sequence which shows decreasing order of the ionic radii of the elements is
[AIEEE-2010]
(A) Al
3+
> Mg
2+
> Na
+
> F

> O
2
(B) Na
+
> Mg
2+
> Al
3+
> O
2
> F

(C) Na
+
> F

> Mg
2+
> O
2
> Al
3+
(D) O
2
> F

> Na
+
> Mg
2+
> Al
3+
[2010113620]
Q.24 Which one of the following orderedpresents the correct sequence of the increasing basic nature of the
givenoxides ? [AIEEE-2011]
(A) Al
2
O
3
< MgO < Na
2
O < K
2
O (B) MgO < K
2
O < Al
2
O
3
< Na
2
O
(C) Na
2
O < K
2
O < MgO < Al
2
O
3
(D) K
2
O < Na
2
O < Al
2
O
3
< MgO
[2010113671]
Q.25 The increasingorder of the ionic radii of the givenisoelectronic species is [AIEEE-2012]
(A) Ca
2+
, K
+
, Cl

, S
2
(B) K
+
, S
2
, Ca
2+
, Cl

(C) Cl

, Ca
2+
, K
+
, S
2
(D) S
2
, Cl

, Ca
2+
, K
+
[2010113722]
Q.26 The first ionisationpotential of Na is 5.1eV. The value of electron gainenthalpyof Na
+
will be:
(A*) 5.1 eV (B) 10.2 eV (C) +2.55 eV (D) 2.55 eV
[JEEMAIN-2013]
[2010113967]
Q.27 Which of the followingrepresents the correct order of increasingfirst ionization enthalpyfor Ca, Ba, S,
Se andAr?
(A) S < Se < Ca < Ba < Ar (B*) Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar
(C) Ca < Ba < S < Se < Ar (D) Ca < S < Ba < Se < Ar [JEEMAIN-2013]
[2010114018]
5 8 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
BANSAL CLASSES Private Ltd. Gaurav Tower, A-10, Road No.-1, I.P.I.A., Kota-05
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 (A) Q.2 (C) Q.3 (B) Q.4 (C)
Q.5 (A) Q.6 (C) Q.7 (A) Q.8 (D)
Q.9 (D) Q.10 (A) Q.11 (B) Q.12 (B)
Q.13 (B) Q.14 (C) Q.15 (B) Q.16 (B)
Q.17 (C) Q.18 (D) Q.19 (D) Q.20 (D)
Q.21 (D) Q.22 (C) Q.23 (B) Q.24 (C)
Q.25 (B) Q.26 (A) Q.27 (D) Q.28 (A)
Q.29 (A) Q.30 (B) Q.31 (C) Q.32 (A)
Q.33 (A)
EXERCISE-2
Q.1 (B) Q.2 (A) Q.3 (B) Q.4 (B)
Q.5 (C) Q.6 (B) Q.7 (C) Q.8 (B)
Q.9 (A) Q.10 (C) Q.11 (C) Q.12 (B)
Q.13 (D) Q.14 (A) Q.15 (A) Q.16 (C)
Q.17 (A) Q.18 (C) Q.19 (C) Q.20 (C)
Q.21 (D) Q.22 (A) Q.23 (D) Q.24 (A), (C)
Q.25 (A), (B), (C) Q.26 (B), (D) Q.27 (A), (B), (C) Q.28 (A), (C), (D)
Q.29 (A), (C), (D) Q.30 (A), (C)
Q.31 [(A) S (B) R (C) P (D) Q ] Q.32 [(A) Q, (B) S, (C) P, Q]
Q.33 [(A) Q,R; (B) P,S; (C) S; (D) Q,R ] Q.34 [(A) Q(B) P,Q,R (C) P(D) R,S ]
Q.35 [(A) Q,R (B) R (C) P (D) S] Q.36 [(A) P,Q,R (B) R,S (C) Q,R (D) P,Q ]
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 [101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
Unu Unb Unt Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une]
Q.2 [N
3
> O
2
> F

> Na
+
> Mg
2+
] Q.3 [Isoelectronic Ca
+2
(Value of Z
eff
is higher)]
Q.4 [Cs > Na > Mg > Si > Cl] Q.5 [Zeff &half filledconfig.]
Q.6 [half filled&fullyfilledorbitals] Q.7 [half filledandfullyfilledorbitals]
Q.8 [(a) PCl (b) SO, (C) NF] Q.9 [(i) Cl (ii) Cs (iii) Al (iv) F (v) Xe]
Q.10 [r
k
> 1.34 > r
F
] Q.11 [BaO]
Q.12 [False]
Q.13 [(a) basic (b) acidic (c) basic (d) acidic (e) basic (f) acidic ]
Q.14 [CaO < CO < CO
2
< N
2
O
5
< SO
3
] Q.15 [EN
1
> EN
2
]
Q.16 [5.919 ] Q.17 [1.21 ]
Q.18 [4.64 ; b = 3.28 ] Q.19 [IE
2
= 1825 kJ/mole, IE
3
=2737.5 kJ/mol]
Q.20 [3.476 eV] Q.21 [3.03(Pauling)]
Q.22 [3.8752] Q.23 [3.2]
6 0 ACC- CH-PERIODIC PROPERTIES
BANSAL CLASSES Private Ltd. Gaurav Tower, A-10, Road No.-1, I.P.I.A., Kota-05
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 [Due tolanthanide contraction; left to right atomic size decreases. ]
Q.2 [C
r
= 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
3d
5
Z
eff
=Atomic no o
s for 4s electron (valance shell e 1) 0.35 +
Penultimate shell e 0.85 +remaining e
= (1 1) 0.35 + 13 0.85 + 10
= 0 + 11.05 + 10 = 21.05
Z
eff
= 24 21.05 = 2.95
Z
eff
for 3d electron
ofor 3de = (valance shell e 1) 0.35 + remaining e
= (5 1) 0.35 + 18
= 1.4 + 18 = 19.4
= 24 19.4 = 4.6 ]
Q.3 [Atomicno.]
Q.5 [Isoelectronic species =Total no. of electrons are same ]
Q.6 [After the removal of one electron Cr acquired half filled stable d-orbital configuration ]
Q.7 [Basic characters electropositive / metallic character ]
Q.8 [Metals oxide are basic as well as theyare electropositivelyin nature ]
Q.10 [(AH
eg
)
2
is an endothermic process ]
Q.11 [Duetothehalf filledstableconfigurationof Nits ionisationpotential is maximum]
Q.12 [Correct order is B < C < O < N]
Q.13 [Correct order of IE
1
Li < B < Be < C]
Q.14 [Poorer shieldingof 5d electrons by4f electron. ]
Q.15 [
e
z
|Atomic size +]
Q.22 [r
c
+ r
F
= 1.33
r
si
+ r
F
= 1.54
----------------------
r
c
+ r
si
+ 2r
F
= 2.87
r
c
+ r
si
= 1.87
1.87 + 2 r
F
= 2.87
2 r
F
= 1.00
r
F
= .5 ]
Q.23 [Electronegativity
size atomic
1
]