Table 4.9 Imperfection Factors.

Buckling Curve
Imperfection factor

a
0.21

b
0.34

c
0.49

d
0.76

Table 4.9 Reduction Factors.

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

Buckling curve
a

1.0000
0.9795
0.9258
0.9243
0.8900
0.8477
0.7957
0.7339
0.6656
0.5960
0.5300
0.4703
0.4179
0.3724
0.3332
0.2994
0.2702
0.2449
0.2229
0.2036
0.1867
0.1717
0.1585
0.1467
0.1362
0.1267
0.1182
0.1105
0.1036

1.0000
0.9641
0.9261
0.8842
0.8371
0.7837
0.7245
0.6612
0.5970
0.5352
0.4781
0.4269
0.3817
0.3422
0.3079
0.2781
0.2521
0.2294
0.2095
0.1920
0.1765
0.1628
0.1506
0.1397
0.1299
0.1211
0.1132
0.1060
0.0994

1.0000
0.9491
0.8973
0.8430
0.7854
0.7247
0.6622
0.5998
0.5399
0.4842
0.4338
0.3888
0.3492
0.3145
0.2842
0.2577
0.2345
0.2141
0.1962
0.1803
0.1662
0.1537
0.1425
0.1325
0.1234
0.1153
0.1079
0.1012
0.0951

1.0000
0.9235
0.8504
0.7793
0.7100
0.6431
0.5797
0.5208
0.4671
0.4189
0.3762
0.3385
0.3055
0.2766
0.2512
0.2289
0.2093
0.1920
0.1766
0.1630
0.1508
0.1399
0.1302
0.1214
0.1134
0.1062
0.0997
0.0937
0.0882

Table 4.11 Selection of Buckling Curve for a Cross-section.

Buckling
about axis

Cross-section

Limits

Rolled I sections

h/b > 1.2:

tf 40 mm

yy
zz

a
b

40 mm < tf 100 mm

yy
zz

b
c

h/b 1.2:
tf 100 mm

yy
zz

b
c

tf > 100 mm

yy
zz

d
d

tf 40 mm

yy
zz

b
c

tf > 40 mm

yy
zz

c
d

Hot rolled

any

Cold formed
-using fyb

any

Cold formed
-using fya

any

Generally
(except as below)

any

Thick welds and

b/tf < 30
h/tw < 30

yy
z-z

Welded I sections

Hollow section

Welded box sections

Buckling curve

c
c

U, L, and Solid Sections

any

Mekelle University.
Department of Civil Engineering.
Assignment Nr 1. Steel and Timber Structures.
For the floor system shown below, design each of the elements of the system. The floor is
composed by a Reinforced Concrete slab thickness 10 cm with screed 5 cm and finishing 2 cm.
The floor carries in addition to its own weight, loads from partitions of magnitude 3 kN/m 2 and
live load of w kN/m2.

Special notes:
1. Steel Grade is indicated for each student.
2. Secondary beams rest over compression flange of main beams.
3. Columns are fixed at the foundation level and the frames are non-sway mode. The heights
of the columns are 5.00 m.
Required:
1. Design of secondary beams.
2. Design of main beams.
3. Design of the columns with its base.
4. Design of the main beam to column connection by using bolted connection.
5. Represent the design of each member and details of joints on sketch with adequate scale.