1. l s - l f or l i st i ng t he f i l es as wel l as di r ect or i es t hose ar e kept i n
t he par t i cul ar wor ki ng di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #l s - l
2. l s - l a same as ' l s - l ' but by t hi s command we can al so see t he hi den f i l es. synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #l s - l a 3. l s - l i same as ' l s - l a' but i t wi l l al so shows us t he i node number of each and ever y f i l e synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #l s - l i 4. l s by t hi s command we can see onl y f i l e name not hi ng el se synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #l s 5. cl ear i t wi l l cl ear t he scr een( shor t cut ct l +l ) synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #cl ear 6. exi t t o end a cur r ent sessi on as wel l cur r ent t er mi nal l oggi ng synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] exi t 7. t ouch t o cr eat e a new empt y f i l e synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #t ouch 8. cd t o change t he wor ki ng/ pr esent di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #cd / home/ mango wher e ' / home/ mango' i s t he desi r ed di r ect or y t o be change f r om ' / r oot ' 9. cat t o vi ew t he cont ent s of a f i l e and i t i s al so used f or cr eat i ng a new f i l e wi t h some cont ent s synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #cat <f i l e name> t o vi ew f i l e cont ent s [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #cat > newf i l ename ent er , t hen you can wr i t e somet hi ng i n t he f i l e and t hen t o save t he f i l e cont ent s pr ess cl t +d t hen ent er 10. mkdi r t o make a new di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #mkdi r newdi r name you can al so cr eat e a di r ect or y at your desi r ed pat h wi t hout changi ng your pr esent wor ki ng di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #mkdi r / home/ mango/ newdi r name 11. r m t o r emove a empt y f i l e synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #r mf i l ename Page 1 Basi c Commands 12. r mdi r t o r emove a empt y di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #r mdi r di r ect or yname 13. r m[ - i / - r / - f ] t o r emove a di r ect or y wi t h i t s subdi r ect or i es as wel l as i t s f i l es t hat i s t o r emove a di r ect or y whi ch al r eady cont ai ns some f i l es i n i t synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #r m- i di r ect or y/ f i l ename - i st ands f or i nt er act i vel y - r st ands f or r ecur si vel y - f st ands f or f or cef ul l y 14. cp t o copy somet hi ng i n a dest i nat i on f i l e or di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #cp sour cepat h dest i nat i onpat h exampl e: [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #cp / home/ mango/ webmi n. r pm/ r oot / abcd i n t hi s exampl e t he webmi n. r pmf i l e wi l l be copi ed i n / r oot / abcd di r ect or y 15. mv t o move one f i l e or di r ect or y f r omone pl ace t o anot her pl ace, i t i s al so used f or r enami ng adi r ect or y or f i l e synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #mv sour ce dest i nat i on [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #mv ol df i l ename newf i l ename [ t o change t he f i l e name] 16. man t o vi ew t he mannual page of commands f or synt ax synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #man commandname 17. i nf o t o vi ew t he i nf or mat i on about any command synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #mkdi r i nf o 18. - - hel p t o vi ew t he hel p doccument s of a command synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #commandname - - hel p 19. di r t o vi ew t he subdi r ect or i es and f i l esn under t he di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #di r 20. su - t o become a super user synt ax [ mango@net t ech mango] $su - out put wi l be [ r oot @net t ech r oot #] 21. who by t hi s command you can see t he user name and t hei r i p addr esses who have l oged i n on your ser ver synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #who 22. whoami t hi s command shows your cur r ent l ogged i n t er mi nal user name synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #whoami 23. who ami t hi s command shows you t he l ogged i n t er mi nal number and user name and mor e det ai l ed i nf or mat i on Page 2 Basi c Commands synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #who ami 24. pwd t o vi ew t he pr esent wor ki ng di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #pwd 25. r pm- i vh t o i nt al l a r pmpackage synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #r pm- i vh packagename. r pm r pmst ands f or ' r edhat package manager ' - i st ands f or i nst al l - v st ands f or ver bose mode - h st ands f or wi t h hash si gn( #) 26. r pm- q t o quer r y about any r pmpackage synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #r pm- q packagename 27. r pm- e t o uni nst al l a r pmpackage synat x [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #r pm- e package 28. f i nd / - name t o f i nd any f i l e or di r ect or y i n l i nux f i l e syst em synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #f i nd / - name f i l ename 29. su user name t o swi t ch f r omone user t o anot her user s home di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #su mango out put wi l l be [ mango@net t ech r oot ] #cd [ mango@net t ech mango] #
30. su - user name t o swi t ch f r omone user t o anot her user user s home di r ect or y di r ect l y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #su - mango 31. user add t o cr eat e a new user synat x [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #user add user name 32. passwd t o gi ve a passwor d of a user synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #passwd t ar un out put wi l l be gi ve a passwor d f or user t ar un: ( her e you have t o t ype a passwor d f or t ar un user ) conf i r mpasswor d: ( agai n t ype t he same passwor d) 33. user del t o r emove a user f r oml i nux synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #user del t ar un Page 3 Basi c Commands 34. gr oupadd t o add a new gr oup synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #gr oupadd gr oupname 35. gr uopdel t o del et e a gr oup synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #gr oupdel gr oupname 36. chown t o change t he owner shi p of a f i l e or di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #chown owner name f i l ename exampl e: [ r oot @net t ech / ] #l s - l out put dr wxr w- r w- 2 r oot r oot 4096 Mar 11 12: 03 abcd ( per mi ssi on) ( own) ( gr oup own) ( si ze) ( name) [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #chown t ar un / abcd i n t hi s exampl e / abcd di r ect or y owner wi l l be change t o t ar un user ef f ect [ r oot @net t ech / ] #l s - l dr wxr w- r w- 2 t ar un r oot 4096 Mar 11 12: 03 abcd 37. chgr p t o change t he gr oup owner shi p of a f i l e or di r ect or y synt ax [ r oot @net t ec r oot ] #chgr p newgr oupowner name f i l ename exampl e [ r oot @net t ech / ] #l s - l dr wxr w- r w- 2 t ar un r oot 4096 Mar 11 12: 03 abcd [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #chgr p t ar un / abcd ef f ect [ r oot @net t ech / ] #l s - l dr wxr w- r w- 2 t ar un t ar un 4096 Mar 11 12: 03 abcd 38. chmod t o change t he per mi ssi on of a f i l e or di r ect or y dr wxr w- r w- 2 r oot r oot 4096 Mar 11 12: 03 abcd ( per mi ssi on) ( ownr ) ( gr pownr ) ( si ze) ( name) I N OCTAL VALUE d st ands f or di r ect i r y READ=4 r st ands f or r ead onl y per mi ssi on WRI TE=2 w st ands f or wr i t e onl y per mi ssi on EXECUTE=1 x st ands f or execut e onl y per mi ssi on dr wxr w- r w- FI RST OCTET FOR DENOTI NG THE DI RECTORY OR FI LE OR LI NK FI LE ETC. SECOND THREE OCTET FOR USER OR OWNER PERMI SSI ON ( r wx OR 7 I N OCTAL VALUE) THI RD THREE OCTET FOR GROUP PERMI SSI ON ( r w- OR 6 I N OCTAL VALUE)
FORTH THREE OCTET FOR OTHERS PERMI SSI ON ( r w- OR 6 I N OCTAL VALUE) SYNTAX [ r oot @net t ec r oot ] #chmod val ue f i l eor di r ect or yname exampl e [ r oot @net t ech / ] #l s - l dr wxr w- r w- 2 t ar un r oot 4096 Mar 11 12: 03 abcd [ r oot @net t ech / ] #chmod 402 / abcd [ r oot @net t ech / ] #l s - l dr w- - - - - w- 2 t ar un t ar un 4096 Mar 11 12: 03 abcd 40. user mod t o modi f y t he user pr of i l e Page 4 Basi c Commands synat x [ r oot @net t ech r oot ] #user mod - par amet er gr oupname user name Page 5