DESI GN STUDI ES FOR DI RECT CONTACT

CONDENSERS WI TH AND WI THOUT THE

PRESENCE OF NONCONDENSI BLE GAS
by
Ranga Nadi g
A di sser t at i on submi t t ed t o t he f acul t y of
The Uni ver si t y of Ut ah
par t i al f ul f i l l ment of t he r equi r ement s f or t he degr ee
Doct or of Phi l osophy
i n
Mechani cal Engi neer i ng
Depar t ment of Mechani cal and I ndust r i al Engi neer i ng
Uni ver si t y of Ut ah
December 1984
THE UNI VERSI TY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL
SUPERVI SORY COMMI TTEE APPROVAL
of a dissertation submitted bv
Ranga Nadi g
This dissertation has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by
majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. .
/
J Z -
Chairman: H arol d R . ^acobS
Robert F. Boehm
2f , f <j r 4 -
Lavar K. I ssacson
2/ Sejbt gq-
Gary My/ 5andqui st ^/
Kuan Chen
THE UNI VERSI TY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL
FI NAL READI NG APPROVAL
To the Graduate Council of The University of Utah:
I have read the dissertation o f ____Nddi g--------------------------------------- jn jts
final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are
consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables,
and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the Supervis
ory Committee and is ready for submission to the Graduate School.
<
Chairperson, Supervisory Committee
Approved for the Major Department
Cl
' X / f Sr y M. San^qui st
Chairman / Dean/
Approved for the Graduate Council
J ames L. Cl ayton / /
Dean of The Graduate School
Copyr i ght Ranga Nadi g 1984
Al l Ri ght s Reser ved
ABSTRACT
Anal yti cal model s are presented to predi ct the condensati on i n
f i l mtype di rect contact condensati on and rel ated processes. The re
l ated processes i ncl ude condensati on on a thi n f i l m f l owi ng over an
i sothermal verti cal surf ace and condensati on on tube bundl es. I n addi
ti on the ef f ects of noncondensi bl e gases on the above processes are
exami ned.
The anal ysi s i s based on conservati on l aws al one and does not use
any empi ri cal data. The theoreti cal model s devel oped are appl i cabl e
f or condensati on of a vapor on a thi n f i l mwhi ch i s the same or di f f er
ent f romthe condensate. However, the cases st udi ed are those of steam
condensi ng on a thi n f i l m of water. Val uabl e desi gn cri teri a and heat
transf er behavi our are presented whi ch provi de better i nsi ght i n de
si gni ng and understandi ng the perf ormance of di rect contact condensers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i v
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Chapter
1 I NTRODUCTI ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 CONDENSATI ON ON COOLANT J ETS AND SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. 1 I ntroducti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. 2 General Assumpti ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. 3 Physi cal Model and Mathemati cal Formul ati on . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. 4 Resul t s and Di scussi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3 CONDENSATI ON ON COOLANT J ETS AND SHEETS I N THE PRESENCE
OF A NONCONDENSI BLE GAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3. 1 I ntroducti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3. 2 General Assumpti ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3. 3 Physi cal Model and Mathemati cal Formul at i on . . . . . . . . . . 37
3. 4 Resul t s and Di scussi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4 CONDENSATI ON ON A THI N FI LM FLOWI NG OVER AN
I SOTHERMAL VERTI CAL SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4. 1 I ntroducti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4. 2 Physi cal Model and Mathemati cal Formul ati on . . . . . . . . . . 62
4. 3 Resul ts and Di scussi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5 CONDENSATI ON ON A THI N FI LM FLOWI NG OVER AN
I SOTHERMAL VERTI CAL SURFACE I N THE PRESENCE
OF A NONCONDENSI BLE GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5. 1 I ntroducti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5. 2 Physi cal Model and Mathemati cal Formul ati on . . . . . . . . . . 96
5. 3 Resul ts and Di scussi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6 CONDENSATI ON ON A FI LM FLOWI NG OVER SI NGLE AND
MULTI PLE I SOTHERMAL HORI ZONTAL TUBES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6. 1 I nt r oduct i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6. 2 Physi cal Model and Mat hemat i cal For mul at i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6. 3 Resul t s and Di scussi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
vi
NOMENCLATURE
Cp Speci f i c heat
V Di f f usi on coef f i ci ent
D Di amet er
Dh Hydr aul i c di amet er
g Accel er at i on due t o gr avi t y
Gz Gr zet z number
hf g Heat of var por i zt i on
h Heat t r ansf er coef f i ci ent
J a J akob number CpAT/ hf g
k Ther mal conduct i vi t y
L Thi ckness
M Mol ecul ar wei ght
m Mass f l ow r at e per uni t wi dt h
Nu Nussel t number
Pr Pr andt l number
P Pr essur e
q Heat f l ux per uni t ar ea
R Gas const ant
R Radi us
Re Reynol ds number m/ y
Rep Reynol ds number based on hydr aul i c di amet er UDH/ v
H
Sc Schmi dt number
T Temper at ur e
u Vel oci ty i n the x di rect i on
v Vel oci ty i n the y di recti on
w Mass f racti on of noncondensi bl e gas
x Di rect i on al ong the surf ace
y Di rect i on perpendi cul ar to the surf ace
Greek Letters
9T
3 Temperat ure gradi ent
3y
6 Boundary l ayer thi ckness
e Nondi mensi onal t emperat ure
y Absol ut e vi scosi t y
v Dynami c vi scosi t y
p Densi t y
<j> Angl e f romupper stagnati on poi nt
Subscri pts
c Condensate
D At the end of Regi on I
f Fi l m
g Noncondensi bl e gas
i I nterf ace between f i l mand condensate l i qui d
1 Li qui d
m Vel oci ty l ayer i n gas- vapor mi xture
s Speci es l ayer i n gas vapor mi xt ure
v Vapor
w Wal l
* I nterf ace between condensate and gas vapor mi xture
vi i i
I n gas vapor mi xt ur e r emot e f r om i nt er f ace
r scr i pt
Nondi mensi onal quant i t y
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wi sh to express my si ncere appreci ati on to my commi t tee chai rman,
Dr. H. R. J acobs, f or hi s suggesti ons, gui dance and encouragement duri ng
the peri od thi s work was undertaken. A speci al thanks i s extended to
Dr. R. F. Boehm, Dr. L. K. I saacson, Dr. K. Chen and Dr. G. M. Sandqui st
f or servi ng on my graduate commi ttee.
I woul d l i ke to thank the Department of El ectri cal Engi neeri ng,
Uni versi ty of Utah, f or permi t ti ng me to carry out the numeri cal com
putati ons on thei r HP 3000 computer. Deep grat i t ude i s expressed to
Wal t Howard, Manager, HP 3000 computer, f or the hel p extended i n use
of the computer.
I n thi s di ssertati on, Chapters 2 and 3 have been publ i shed by ASME
as paper numbers 84- HT- 29 and 84- HT- 28, respecti vel y. They were both
presented at the Nati onal Heat Transf er Conf erence i n August 1984,
Ni agara Fal l s, N. Y.
Chapter 6 has al so been publ i shed by ASME as paper number 8T- 3A,
under the ti tl e "Fundamental s of Two Phase Fl ow: Boi l i ng Consensat i on. "
Thi s paper was presented at the Nati onal Heat Transf er Conf erence i n
December 1984, New Orl eans, Loui si ana.
CHAPTER 1
I NTRODUCTI ON
Di r ect cont act condensat i on pr ocess have been commer ci al l y used
i n st eam power pl ant s and many chemi cal pr ocesses si nce t he ear l y 18t h
cent ur y [ 1] . I n t hese condenser s a sat ur at ed or sl i ght l y super heat ed
vapor i s br ought i nt o di r ect cont act wi t h t he cool i ng f l ui d t o condense
al l or par t of t he vapor . Typi cal l y t hese condenser s f i nd appl i cat i on
i n vacuum pumpi ng of vapor , condensat i on of st eam, pyr ol ysi s gas quench
i ng, i n pet r ol eum i ndust r i es, open f eed wat er heat er s, and t he Hel l er
Power cycl e [ 2] . Mor e r ecent l y di r ect cont act condenser s have been
suggest ed f or use i n desal i nat i on syst ems and i n al t er nat e ener gy appl i
cat i on such as sol ar and geot her mal power syst ems [ 3] .
Di r ect cont act condenser s of f er numer ous advant ages over t he
convent i onal shel l and t ube heat exchanger s. These advant ages i ncl ude
si mpl i ci t y of desi gn, l ower capi t al and mai nt enance cost s, hi gh speci f i c
t r ansf er ar eas and hi gher t r ansf er r at es. I n addi t i on, due t o t he i nt i
mat e mi xi ng of t he t wo f l ui ds, t he di r ect cont act condenser s wor k ef f ec
t i vel y under l ow t emper at ur e dr i vi ng f or ces. I n a Di r ect Cont act Conden
ser ( DCC) t he cool i ng f l ui d may be t he same or di f f er ent ( say, a hydr o
car bon condensi ng on wat er ) t han t he condensat e. I n t he f or mer case i t
i s desi r abl e t hat t he cool i ng f l ui d be as pur e as possi bl e t o ensur e
t r oubl e f r ee oper at i on of subsequent equi pment . However , i f t he cool i ng
f l ui d and t he condensat e ar e di f f er ent i t i s desi r abl e t hat t he t wo
f l ui ds be i mmi sci bl e wi t h suf f i ci ent di f f er ence i n densi t y t o f aci l i t at e
separ at i on wi t hout si zeabl e l osses i n t he hot wel l . I n addi t i on, l ow
sol ubi l i t y, no af f i ni t y t o f or m st abl e emul si ons, chemi cal i ner t ness
and st abi l i t y ar e necessar y f or economi cal and t r oubl e f r ee oper at i on.
Al t hough di r ect cont act condenser s have been desi gned and bui l t
i n numer ous ways, t hey can be cl assi f i ed i nt o t hr ee di st i nct cat egor i es.
I n a 1977 l i t er at ur e sur vey publ i shed by J acobs and Fanni r [ 4] , t he t hr ee
cat egor i es wer e named; t he bubbl e t ype, t he dr op t ype, and t he f i l m
t ype.
The bubbl e t ype of condenser s i ncl udes al l t hose syst ems wher e t he
condensi ng vapor i s i nj ect ed i nt o a cont i nuous pool or st r eam of col d
l i qui d. Thi s t ype of devi ce has been of i nt er est i n t he desi gn of open
f eed wat er heat er s and i n vapor suppr essi on syst ems f or nucl ear r eact or s
[ 5] .
The dr op t ype DCC i ncl udes al l t hose condenser s wher e t he vapor
i n t he cont i nuous medi a and condensat i on t akes pl ace on ei t her dr ops
or j et s. Typi cal of t hi s t ype of condenser i s t he st andar d bar omet r i c
condenser . Fi gur e 1. 1. 1 shows a dr op t ype di r ect cont act condenser wher e
t he vapor condenses on t he spr ay or dr ops of cool ant . Her e t he condensa
t i on i s domi nat ed by t he t r ansi ent conduct i on i n t he gr owi ng dr ops.
Fi gur es 1. 1. 2 and 1. 1. 3 i l l ust r at e t he desi gn of cur t ai n t ypes of DCC.
Her e t he cool ant f l ows under t he act i on of gr avi t y i n t he f or mof sheet s
or j et s on whi ch t he vapor condenses.
The f i l m t ype of DCC bear s a si zeabl e r esembl ance t o t he cur t ai n
t ype DCC. I n t he f i l m t ype of condenser t he cool ant i s spr ayed on a
packi ng mat er i al . The cool ant f l ows down t he packi ng i n t he f or m of a
t hi n f i l m on whi ch t he vapor condenses as i l l ust r at ed i n Fi gur e 1. 1. 4
2
COOLANT I N
VAPOR I N
CONDENSATE AND
COOLANT OUT
Fi gur e 1. 1. 1. Count er f l ow condenser .
4
| Water ir
Solid shelved
Steam
j t yPlain di sk-
and-doughnut
Fi gur e 1. 1. 2. Cascade " sol i d cur t ai n" condenser .
5
Steam
Fi gur e 1. 1. 3.
Cascade ( sheet ) t ype condenser .
6
Condensed vapor and cool i ng wat er out t o
separ at or
Fi gur e 1. 1. 4. Packed bed condenser .
Bed
bat t i ng 1
Bed -
suppor t
Packi ng
Cool i ng
wat er i n
Vapor
I
i n
An al t er nat e desi gn i s t he t r ay t ype of condenser wher e t he cool ant
f l ows over an i ncl i ned t r ay and at t he end f or ms a shor t cur t ai n as i t
moves down t o t he next t r ay. Her e t he cool ant can be t he same or di f
f er ent f r om t he condensat e as not ed ear l i er .
Occur r ences of f i l m t ype di r ect cont act condenser s ar e numer ous.
The pr i mar y exampl e i s t he condensat i on i n a shel l and t ube heat ex
changer . I n a shel l and t ube heat exchanger , t he vapor condenses on a
ver t i cal or st aggar d r ow of t ubes. I t i s obser ved t hat f or t he t opmost
t ube, t he vapor condenses on t he bar e t ube sur f ace. Subsequent l y t he
condensat e dr i ps of f t he t ube i n t he f or m of a t hi n sheet . As t he con
densat e t r avel s t he di st ance bet ween t he t ubes addi t i onal condensat i on
occur s on t he condensat e sheet . The condensat i on pr ocess occur r i ng be
t ween t he t ubes i s si mi l ar t o t hat i n a dr op t ype DCC. The pr ocess
cont i nues as t he condensat e sheet i mpi nges on t he second t ube and f l ows
ar ound i t i n t he f or m of a t hi n f i l m. The vapor condenses on t he t hi n
f i l m. Subsequent l y t he condensat e and t he f i l m dr i p of f t he second
t ube i n t he f or m of a t hi n sheet and t hus t he condensat i on pr ocess
r epeat s over t he r emai ni ng t ubes i n t he r ow. The t hi ckness of t he
f i l m or sheet i ncr eases as t he condensat i on pr oceeds down t he t ube bank.
I t i s obser ved t hat f or t he second t ube onwar d t he vapor no l onger
condenses on t he bar e t ube sur f ace; i nst ead i t condenses on a t hi n f i l m
of condensat e f l owi ng over t he t ube l eadi ng t o di r ect cont act condensa
t i on. The di r ect cont act condensat i on pr ocess occur r i ng on t he second
or subsequent t ube i n a t ube bank i s si mi l ar t o t hat occur r i ng i n a
f i l m t ype DCC. The pr i mar y di f f er ence i s t he condi t i on at t he wal l .
I n t he f or mer case, t he cool i ng f l ui d f l ows t hr ough t he t ubes makes
t he t ube wal l i sot her mal at any gi ven cr oss sect i on wher eas i n t he
7
l at er case t he packi ng mat er i al r ender s t he wal l adi abat i c.
I n deal i ng wi t h di r ect condensat i on pr ocesses so f ar i t was
assumed t hat t he condensi ng vapor was f r ee of noncondensi bl e gas. Usu
al l y t he condensi ng vapor i s mi xed wi t h var yi ng amount of noncondensi bl e
gases such as ai r , ni t r ogen or i ner t gases. Thi s i s pr i mar i l y due t o
mi cr oscopi c l eaks i n t he pr ocess equi pment and t he i nabi l i t y t o t ot al l y
st r i p t he noncondensi bl e gases f r om t he condensi ng vapor . The pr esence
of t hese noncondensi bl e gases can dr ast i cal l y r educe t he condensat i on
heat t r ansf er . For exampl e, i n condensat i on of st eam i t has been
r epor t ed t hat t he pr esence of ai r equal t o one hal f per cent by mass
can r educe t he condensat i on heat t r ansf er by over 50% [ 6] .
A r evi ew of t he l i t er at ur e r eveal s t hat al t hough di r ect con
t act condenser s have been desi gned and bui l t f or over 80 year s, ver y
l i t t l e wor k of anal yt i cal or exper i ment al nat ur e has been r epor t ed.
Thus, i t was deci ded t o devel op anal yt i cal model s t o pr edi ct t he heat
t r ansf er per f or mance and desi gn cr i t er i on f or di r ect cont act condenser s.
As t he t r eat ment of t he ent i r e f ami l y of di r ect cont act condenser s i s
wel l beyond t he scope of t hi s di sser t at i on, i t was deci ded t o r est r i ct
t he st udi es t o f i l m t ype di r ect cont act condensat i on and r el at ed pr o
cesses. Due t o t he si gni f i cant i nf l uence of noncondensi bl e gases on
condensat i on pr ocess, i t was deci ded t o est abl i sh anal yt i cal model s
t o exami ne t he ef f ect s of noncondensi bl e gas.
The f i l m t ype di r ect cont act condensat i on pr ocess was t r eat ed by
J acobs and Bogar t [ 7] i n 1980. They def i ned t he pr obl em as condensat i on
on an i mmi sci bl e f i l m f l owi ng over an adi abat i c sur f ace. Ut i l i zi ng an
i nt egr al appr oach t hey det er mi ned t he l ocal and t he aver age Nussel t
as a f unct i on of t he t her mal dr i vi ng f or ce, f al l i ng f i l m Reynol ds
number , and t he r at i os of t he t wo l i qui ds t her mal conduct i vi t i es, vi s
cosi t i es and Pr andt l number s. Thei r sol ut i on i s appl i cabl e t o t hose
i mmi sci bl e f l ui d combi nat i ons wher e t he sur f ace t ensi on al l ows t he
condensat e t o f or m a cont i nuous l ayer wet t i ng t he f i l m.
The ef f ect of noncondensi bl e gases on f i l m t ype di r ect cont act
condensat i on was t r eat ed by t he aut hor i n 1983 [ 8, 9] . An i nt egr al
appr oach was used t o anal yze t he condensat i on of a sat ur at ed vapor
i n t he pr esence of a noncondensi bl e gas, on a t hi n l ami nar f i l m of
t he same or a di f f er ent l i qui d f l owi ng down an adi abat i c pl at e. Ex
pr essi ons wer e pr esent ed f or t he aver age Nussel t number and f or t he
l engt h of pl at e necessar y f or compl et e ut i l i zat i on of t he cool i ng
capaci t y of t he f i l mas f unct i ons of i mpor t ant nondi mensi onal par amet er s
gover ni ng t he pr obl em. Thus t he basi c anal yt i cal model s wer e est abl i shed
t o pr edi ct t he condensat i on and desi gn cr i t er i on f or t he st andar d f i l m
t ype DCC.
As not ed ear i er t he condensat i on pr ocesses occur r i ng on t he second
or subsequent t ube i n a shel l and t ube heat exchanger , i n a cur t ai n
and j et t ube condenser ar e si mi l ar t o t hat i n t he f i l m t ype DCC. Thus,
i t was deci ded t o est abl i sh anal yt i cal model s t o pr edi ct t he condensa
t i on wi t h and wi t hout t he pr esence of nondensi bl e gas f or each of t he
pr ocesses r el at ed t o f i l m t ype di r ect cont act condensat i on pr ocess.
The condensat i on i n cur t ai n and j et t ype condenser s was model ed as con
densat i on on cool ant j et s and sheet s. Condensat i on on second or
subsequent t ube i n a shel l and t ube heat exchanger was f i r st t r eat ed
as condensat i on on a t hi n f i l m f l owi ng over an i sot her mal sur f ace and
subsequent l y t he anal ysi s was appl i ed t o t ube bundl es.
I n t hi s di sser at at i on, Chapt er 2 deal s wi t h condensat i on on cool ant
9
sheet s and j et s. Condensat i on on cool ant sheet s i n t he pr esence of a
noncondensi bl e i s t r eat ed i n Chapt er 3. Condensat i on on a t hi n f i l m
f l owi ng over an i sot her mal ver t i cal sur f ace i s deal t wi t h i n Chapt er 4.
The i nf l uence of noncondensi bl e gases on condensat i on on a t hi n f i l m
f l owi ng over an i sot her mal ver t i cal sur f ace i s exami ned i n Chapt er 5.
Chapt er 6 deal s wi t h condensat i on on a ver t i cal r ow of i sot her mal
t ubes. Gener al concl usi ons r el at ed t o t he f ami l y of pr obl ems t r eat ed
i n t hese pr evi ous chapt er s ar e pr esent ed i n Chapt er 7.
10
CHAPTER 2
CONDENSATI ON ON COOLANT J ETS AND SHEETS
2. 1 I nt r oduct i on
Di r ect cont act condenser s have been bui l t and used i ndust r i al l y
f or wel l over 80 year s. Hausbr and' s book [ 10] , Evapor at i on, Con
densi ng and Cool i ng Appar at us, appear ed i n i t s f i r st Ger man edi t i on
i n 1900 and was l at er t r ansl at ed i nt o Engl i sh, appear i ng i n f i ve
Engl i sh l anguage edi t i ons t hr ough 1933. Despi t e t hi s ear l y st ar t t he
devel opment of t heor y f or t he heat t r ansf er l agged gr eat l y behi nd
t hat f or sur f ace condenser s. Thi s poi nt i s emphasi zed by t he f act
t hat How' s ( 11) ar t i cl e, How t o Desi gn Bar omet r i c Condenser s, " pub
l i shed i n 1956 was si mpl y a descr i pt i on of r ul es of t humb f or desi gn
i ng equi pment .
The ar t i cl e by How descr i bes a wi de r ange of equi pment i ncl udi ng
cur t ai n and j et condenser s such as t hose shown i n Fi gur es 1. 1. 2 and
1. 1. 3. As can be seen t hese condenser s have t he cool ant i nj ect ed as a
ser i es of j et s or sol i d sheet s whi ch f al l down t hr ough a r el at i vel y
qui escent vapor . Typi cal l y t he vapor f l ows upwar d so t hat a count er
f l ow exi st s. However , t he vapor vel oci t y i s mai nt ai ned suf f i ci ent l y
l ow t hat no cool ant i s st r i pped f r om t he j et s or sheet s.
J et and cur t ai n t ype di r ect cont act condenser s have r ecei ved
consi der abl e at t ent i on i n t he USSR and Engl and ( 12) . They ar e bei ng
used t o r epl ace f eedwat er heat er s and i n t he Hel l er power cycl es. I n
1976 01i ker ( 12) not ed t hat t her e was a si gni f i cant l ack of t echni cal
dat a of even an exper i ment al nat ur e deal i ng wi t h t hei r desi gn. He
st at es t hat "t he eval uat i on of t hi s appar at us usual l y consi st s of
det er mi nat i on of a heat bal ance and t he necessar y f l ow r at es of con
densed st eam. A cal cul at i on of t he heat and mass t r ansf er i n t hose
heat exchanger s i s not made. " He t hen poi nt s out t hat pr eci se eval ua
t i on of di r ect cont act condenser desi gn i s desi r abl e.
The ear l i est t heor et i cal t r eat ment of cur t ai n and j et condenser s
i s t hat due t o Kut at el adze ( 13) . I n hi s wor k and t he subsequent wor k
of Hasson et al . ( 14, 15) i n 1964, i t was assumed t hat t he sur f ace of
t he j et , whi ch ent er ed t he vapor chamber at a t emper at ur e T0, was
suddenl y changed t o t he sat ur at i on t emper at ur e of t he vapor . The
vapor i nduced negl i gi bl e shear on t he l i qui d; t hus t he vel oci t y i n
t he j et was essent i al l y const ant . These assumpt i ons f or a l ami nar
j et al l owed f or an anal yt i cal sol ut i on i n t er ms of t he Gr aet z number .
As t he r esi st ance of t he condensat e was assumed negl i gi bl e,
t he sol ut i ons wer e appl i cabl e onl y i f t he J akob number , def i ned as
(Tsat " ^o^f g,
was i nf i ni t esi mal l y smal l . Thi s can occur i f ei t her ( Tsat - T0) +0
or i f hf g -* I f ( Tsat - T0) equal s zer o t hen no condensat i on
t akes pl ace and t he Gr aet z number
<ReDH|! Pr J V x>
r equi r ed f or compl et e condensat i on i s i nf i ni t e. I f hf g i s i nf i ni t e
wi t h ( Tsat - T0) f i ni t e, t he Gr aet z number f or compl et e ut i l i zat i on
of t he cool ant t ends t o zer o. I t i s t hus cl ear t hat t he t heor y of
12
Kut at el adze and Hasson et al . cannot be appl i ed unl ess a mor e accur at e
sol ut i on i s f i r st obt ai ned whi ch woul d def i ne wher e t hei r sol ut i ons
pr ovi de appr oxi mat e r esul t s.
Recent l y J acobs and co- wor ker s ( 7, 16, 8) at t he Uni ver si t y of
Ut ah car r i ed out anal yses appl i cabl e t o t he desi gn of packed bed
f l at pl at e ( 7) and a spher e ( 16) , and f or f l ow over a ver t i cal f l at
pl at e wi t h a noncondensi bl e gas pr esent ( 8) . The f i r st paper di f f er s
f r omt he pr esent pr obl em f or condensat i on on a sheet i n t hat t he
vel oci t y was not uni f or m. The anal yt i cal met hods shoul d t hus be
easi l y adapt ed t o t he case on condensat i on on a l ami nar sheet and
al so t o a j et . Thus i n t hi s paper we devel op a set of i nt egr al ener gy
equat i ons f or t he cool ant st r eam and t he condensat e f i l m i n or der t o
cal cul at e t he l engt h of sheet or j et necessar y t o ut i l i ze var i ous
f r act i ons of t he cool ant ' s capaci t y t o absor b heat .
2. 2. Gener al Assumpt i ons
1. The vel oci t y pr of i l es i n t he j et or sheet of cool ant wi l l be
assumed uni f or m. The basi s f or t hi s assumpt i on, used pr evi ousl y by
Kut at el adze ( 13) and Hasson et al . ( 14, 15) , i s t hat t he shear i nduced
by a l ow pr essur e vapor on a movi ng l i qui d wi l l be smal l . Thi s as
sumpt i on i s one of t he cl assi cal assumpt i ons of Nussel t f or l ami nar
f i l m condensat i on on a ver t i cal pl at e.
2. The ot her assumpt i ons i nher ent i n t he Nussel t anal ysi s hol d,
i . e. ,
( a) t he t emper at ur e at t he i nt er f ace bet ween t he vapor and con
densat e i s Tsat ( no i nt er f aci al r esi st ance) ,
( b) t he f l ow i s l ami nar wi t h no sur f ace waves,
13
14
( c) t he pr oper t i es of t he l i qui d ar e const ant .
3. A f ur t her assumpt i on wi l l be made t hat t he J akob number i s
smal l . The J akob number f or t hi s paper i s def i ned as
J a - Cp ( Tsat - T0) / hf g.
The r eason f or t hi s assumpt i on i s as f ol l ows: i f we assume an ener gy
bal ance f r om wher e t he cool ant ent er s t he sat ur at ed vapor chamber t o
wher e i t s aver age t emper at ur e i s Tsat and set i t equal t o t he ener gy
r el eased by t he condensed vapor , t hen
f or a j et
PZ ^p^ ^( ^sat - Tq) uR = Uhf g 2ttR6x>00 2. 1 . 1
and f or a sheet
p U( Tsa-t - T0) L - Uhf g 5x+oo 2. 2. 2
Thus f or a j et
^x-h Cp ( Tsa-t - T0) J a
____ _ = 1___________ = 2 2 3
R 2hf 2
g
and f or a sheet
Cp ( Tsa^ - T0)
---- = i - - - - - - - - - - - - = J a . 2. 2. 4
L hf
9
I t i s cl ear t hat i f J a 0, 6XWR and 5x^oo/ L go t o zer o. Ther ef or e
an assumpt i on of a smal l J akob number means a t hi n condensat e l ayer .
For a f l ui d condensi ng on i t s own l i qui d t hi s gener al l y means t hat
Tsat - T0 i s of moder at e si ze and t her ef or e t he Nussel t assumpt i on
of const ant pr oper t i es shoul d be r easonabl e. Fur t her , t he assumpt i on
of smal l mass addi t i on suppor t s t he pr i or assumpt i on of uni f or m j et
vel oci t y, axi al l y as wel l as l at er al l y. I f t he mass addi t i on wer e
l ar ge i t woul d af f ect t he i ner t i a of t he sheet or j et . A smal l J akob
number , f or l ow pr essur e syst ems, pr ovi des f or negl i gi bl e dynami c
i nf l uences.
2. 3. Mat hemat i cal For mul at i on and Physi cal Model s
Condensat i on on a Sheet
Consi der t he sheet of cool ant shown i n Fi gur e 2. 3. 1. The col d l i
qui d t emper at ur e T0, has a t hi ckness 2L and a uni f or m vel oci t y, U. I t
ent er ed a chamber f i l l ed wi t h a qui escent sat ur at ed pur e vapor at
t emper at ur e Tsat The cool ant st ar t s t o heat up as condensat i on
occur s. The pr obl em as shown can be di vi ded i nt o t wo r egi ons. Regi on
I def i nes a r egi on wher e a t her mal boundar y l ayer devel ops i n t he
sheet , penet r at i ng f r om t he condensat e l ayer - sheet i nt er f ace t owar ds
t he wal l . Thi s r egi on, whi ch ext ends al ong t he l engt h of t he sheet
unt i l = L, can be def i ned as a t her mal ent r ance r egi on. As
t he condensat e l ayer i s t hi n and vapor shear i s smal l t he vel oci t y i n
t he condensat e l ayer wi l l appr oxi mat el y equal t hat i n t he sheet .
Beyond Regi on I l i es Regi on I I wher e t he ent i r e sheet i s heat ed. The
condensat e l ayer wi l l gr ow unt i l TC|_ = Tsat . As t hi s i ncr ease
wi l l be exponent i al , cal cul at i ons wi l l cease when ( Tsat - Tc l ) / Tsat - T0)
i s 0. 001.
I n Regi on I an ener gy bal ance f or t he cool ant sheet yi el ds
15
16
Fi gur e 2. 3. 1. Schemat i c f or condensat i on on a sheet .
L
T x J * CH U( T* ' To) cl y k*
3T,
L- 6j
9y
y=L .
For t he condensat e l ayer t he ener gy equat i on i s
L+6C
^ J P i cp u(Tsat " Tc) dy +
2. 3. 1
17
L+5,
d r
hf g ^ J pl udy = k*
9y
y=L
2. 3. 2
As t he condensat e l ayer i s t hi n and J akob number i s smal l , t he
f i r st t er m on t he l ef t si de of Equat i on 2. 3. 2 can be assumed negl i
gi bl e. Thus Equat i on 2. 3. 2 r educes t o
' fg
L+5r
d r
t J p
3TC
n wy = k
2. 3. 3
y =L .
The assumpt i on of negl i gi bl e t her mal capaci t ance of t he conden
sat e l ayer i mpl i es a l i near t emper at ur e pr of i l e acr oss i t . Thus,
Tc = Ti + (y - L) 2. 3. 4
The t her mal capaci t ance of t he sheet i s t he onl y heat si nk t o
i nduce t he condensat i on: t her ef or e f or i t a mor e gener al pr of i l e i s
necessar y. The boundar y condi t i ons ar e
9T
To = T0 and = 0 at y = L - 5^
3y
2. 3. 5
and T = T-j at y = L. These condi t i ons l ead t o
t =j i + J - 2 el 2 - 2L 6t + 2y ( - L + 6t ) + ^2]
18
2. 3. 6
The compat abi 1i t y condi t i on of t he heat f l uxes at t he i nt er f ace be
t ween t he sheet and condensat e f i l m
8TC 3T
3y 3y
y=L
2. 3. 7
y=L
l eads t o t he f ol l owi ng expr essi on f or t he i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e
Ti
T +1 T
0 2 67 sat
1 + I At
2 5,.
2. 3. 8
Def i ni ng a di mensi onl ess t emper at ur e
0 =
Tsat " Tq
2. 3. 9
nondi mensi onal i zi ng al l l engt hs wi t h r espect t o t he hydr aul i c di a
met er of t he sheet D^ = 4L, and subst i t ut i ng t he t emper at ur e pr of i l es
and expr essi on f or Tj i nt o Equat i ons 2. 3. 1 and 2. 3. 3 yi el ds
12
d6
dx
Ren Pr
H
2 6,
o 1 fit
2 + - =t-
2 6r
2. 3. 10
and
d5c2
d7
2J a 1
Pr Ren 1 , I
H 1 + 2 6C
2. 3. 11
19
Equat i ons 2. 3. 10 and 2. 3. 11 make up a set of t wo coupl ed nonl i near
f i r st or der di f f er ent i al equat i ons. The necessar y boundar y cond
i t i ons, as can be seen f r om Fi gur e 2. 3. 1, ar e 6^( x = 0) = 0 and Sc (x =
0) = 0. The equat i ons may be sol ved numer i cal l y af t er est abl i shi ng
t he val ues of t he f i r st der i vat i ves at x = 0. Conver sel y t hey can
be sol ved assumi ng a ser i es sol ut i on. I t may be shown t hat t he sol u
t i ons ar e sat i sf i ed by t he expr essi ons
Regi on I I begi ns when 5^ = L. Fr om t hi s poi nt t he ent i r e sheet
heat s up. Thus t he i nt egr al ener gy equat i on f or t he sheet becomes
The ener gy equat i on f or t he condensat e l ayer r emai ns as gi ven i n
Equat i on 2. 3. 3. The expr essi ons f or t he i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e and
t emper at ur e pr of i l e i n t he sheet change, however . For t he sheet t he
ent i r e f l ui d heat s up but t he t hi ckness t o t he cent er L i s a const ant .
The boundar y condi t i ons gover ni ng t he t emper at ur e pr of i l e i ncl ude
2. 3. 12
and
2. 3. 13
L
9T
P i U( T - T0) dy = k^ 2. 3. 14
0 y=L
y = o
2. 3. 15
y =L T& =Ti
r esul t i ng i n
20
2. 3. 16
Ut i l i zi ng t hi s pr of i l e t he f ol l owi ng expr essi on i s obt ai ned r el at i ng
t he nondi mensi onal sheet cent er l i ne t emper at ur e, condensat e and sheet
t hi cknesses.
Not e t hat at t he end of Regi on I eCL = 0 and e-j = 1/ ( 1 + 8 Sc). Thus i f
5C -> 0, 9-j at t he end of Regi on I goes t o one. Ut i l i zi ng Equat i ons
2. 3. 14, 2. 3. 16 and 2. 3. 17 t her e r esul t s
Equat i ons 2. 3. 17, 2. 3. 18 and 2. 3. 19 def i ne t he necessar y par amet er s t o
descr i be t he condensat i on i n Regi on I I . The boundar y condi t i ons f or 9-j
and Sc ar e def i ned by t hei r val ues at t he end of Regi on I .
I f we def i ne t he heat t r ansf er i n t er ms of t he t emper at ur e di f f er
ence ( Tsat - T0), t he l ocal Nussel t number i n Regi on I can be shown
t o be gi ven by
(1 - 0i )
cL = i
2. 3. 17
8SC
2. 3. 18
dx ReDH Pr (1 + 12 Sc)
The condensat e ener gy equat i on i s
dSc2 2J a
"7"" = n---- (1 -
dx Ren Pr 1
dH
2. 3. 19
21
2. 3. 20
and i n Regi on I I by
1 - 0
NuDh (x ) =
2. 3. 21
The f r act i on of cool ant capaci t y ut i l i zed can be obt ai ned by
eval uat i ng 100% x ( eavg ).
Condensat i on on a J et
The schemat i c f or condensat i on on a j et i s shown i n Fi gur e 2. 3. 2.
As can be seen t he basi c model i s t he same as f or a sheet . Ther e i s a
t her mal devel opment r egi on, Regi on I , and a r egi on wher e t he ent i r e
j et heat s up, Regi on I I . The pr i mar y di f f er ence i n t he f or mul at i on
i s i n t he f act t hat one must consi der an axi symmet r i c geomet r y. The
choi ce of coor di nat e syst em i s y i n t he j et and y ' i n t he condensat e
f i l m.
The ener gy equat i on f or t he j et i n Regi on I i s
As f or t he case of t he sheet one can assume a l i near t emper at ur e
pr of i l e i n t he condensat e l ayer
0
2. 3. 22
and f or t he condensat e l ayer , assumi ng 6C/ R << 1
2. 3. 23
22
REGI ON I
REGI ON I I
Fi gur e 2. 3. 2. Schemat i c f or condensat i on on a j et .
Tsat - T-j
Tc = Ti + ~ y '
c
2. 3. 24
23
and f or t he j et
h * T o + <T 1 - T o > 0 - y / 2 - 3 - 2 6
The compat abi 1i t y of heat f l uxes yi el ds
1
9,- = = 2. 3. 26
1 1 +2 c/ 6t
wher e 9-j = T-j - T0/ Tsat - T0 and t he l engt hs ar e nondi mensi onal i zed
wi t h r espect t o t he j et di amet er . Subst i t ut i on of Equat i ons 2. 3. 24
and 2. 3. 25 i nt o Equat i ons 2. 3. 22 and 2. 3. 23 yi el ds
d 7L 2
=* [ 0i ( - )] =----- -= 2. 3. 27
dx 1 3 6 ReD Pr 6t
H
and
dSc2 2J a
dx Pr Rep
H
(1 - 9i ) . 2. 3. 28
The boundar y condi t i ons at x = 0 as wi t h t he sheet ar e St ( 0) =
0 and Sc( 0) = 0. The gr owt h of t hese l ayer s ar e, at x = 0, of
t he f or m
5t ( x) = axf1/ 2 and 6v( x) = bx"1/ 2 . 2. 3. 29
x*0 x+0
Thus 9i ( x = 0) i s a const ant .
When t he t her mal boundar y l ayer has penet r at ed t o 5^ =R, i . e. , t he
t he cent er l i ne of t he j et , t he ent i r e j et st ar t s t o heat up. Her e t he
ener gy equat i on i n t he j et i s
24
R
d f y ai ^ z
o > (1 - R) dy - T ( y - 0) 2- 3- 30
wi t h a t emper at ur e pr of i l e of
T1 - t c L * Ti - Tc L d - ^>2 2- 3- 31
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i on 2. 3. 13, i nt o Equat i on 2. 3. 30 and nondi mensi on-
al i zi ng yi el ds
d 32
- = [ 0r i + 9-; ] = - - - - - - ( 9-j - 0r , ) 2. 3. 32
dx cL 1 ReouPr 1 cL
H
The compat abi l i t y of heat f l uxes at t he condensat e j et i nt er f ace
yi el ds
(1 - 0i )
e . - 0. = - --- 2. 3. 33
cL ' i
46r
and t he condensat e f i l m ener gy equat i on r emai ns
d6c 2 2J a
dx RenuPr
H
(1 - 0i ) . 2. 3. 34
The boundar y condi t i ons at t he st ar t of Regi on I I ar e t hose at t he
end of Regi on I . For 0C|_ t he val ue i s zer o. Thus at t he st ar t
of Regi on I I , 0-j = 1/ ( 1 + 85c ). I f 6C i s ver y smal l t hen 0-j ~ 1. I t i s
t hus cl ear t hat as J a >0 t he t emper at ur e at t he sur f ace of t he j et
appr oaches t hat used by Kut at el adze ( 13) , and Hasson et al . ( 14, 15) .
The expr essi ons f or t he l ocal Nussel t number s f or t he j et i n
Regi ons I and I I ar e t he same as gi ven f or t he sheet i n t er ms of
6-j, 5C and <5f I n addi t i on t he per cent cool ant ut i l i zat i on i s cal cu
l at ed i n t he same manner . The pr i mar y di f f er ence i s t hat f or t he
aver age cool ant t emper at ur e, 6avg i n Regi on I I ,
0avg. , = ( ecL + i ) / 2 2. 3. 35
j et
and f or t he sheet
0avq = 2/ 3 9(;L ^ 1/ 3 0-j 2. 3. 36
3sheet
25
2. 4. Resul t s and Di scussi on
Condensat i on on a Sheet
Exami nat i on of t he gover ni ng di f f er ent i al equat i ons f or t he con
densat i on on a sheet i ndi cat es t hat t he heat t r ansf er i s dependent
on t he pr oduct of RepH and Pr , and J a and x/ D^. For ver y smal l
val ues of x/ D^ a si mi l ar i t y sol ut i on exi st s, and 6C and 5t can
be expr essed as
V 1/ 2
and 2. 4. 1
h = V 1/ 2
r espect i vel y as i ndi cat ed by equat i ons 2. 3. 12 and 2. 3. 14. Thus f or
smal l val ues of x i t can be shown t hat
, t (>*eD Pr dh / x>1/ 2
Nun (x) = - - - - - - - - - D- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
H ( 3/ 4 + 2J a) l / 2 + ( 3/ 4) 1/ 2
2. 4. 2
For t he l i mi t i ng case of J a -> 0 and smal l x
1/2
2. 4. 3
whi ch i s near l y equal t o t he r esul t s of Kut at el adze ( 13) and Hasson et
al . ( 14) f or l ar ge Gr aet z number . The anal yt i cal Gr aet z pr obl em t hey
sol ve di f f er s onl y i n t he coef f i ci ent bei ng l / / i r i nst ead of 1/ / 3.
The di f f er ence woul d i ndi cat e t hat f or l ar ge Gr aet z number t he pr e
sent sol ut i on gi ves a sl i ght l y f ast er heat i ng of t he sheet t han t he
Gr aet z sol ut i on. The t wo sol ut i ons yi el d r esul t s wi t hi n 3% of each
ot her f or J akob number l ess t han 0. 05.
Al t hough i t i s usual t o pr esent cor r el at i ons of Nussel t number
f or heat t r ansf er pr obl ems, f or di r ect cont act condensat i on i t i s
mor e val uabl e t o pr esent cur ves showi ng t he per cent of cool ant ut i l i
zat i on as a f unct i on of t he hei ght of heat exchanger . For our pr obl em
of condensat i on on a sheet , per cent sheet cool ant ut i l i zat i on i s
shown i n Fi gur e 2. 4. 1 ver sus Gr aet z number f or a r ange of J akob number
of i nt er est . Al so shown on t he f i gur e ar e t he r esul t s f or t he sheet
wi t h i t s sur f ace hel d at Tsat . The cur ve shown f or t he l at t er i s
Per cent Cool ant Ut i l i zed =
The cur ve gi ven by Equat i on 2. 4. 4 appear s t o cor r espond cl osel y t o
oo
8
100%<1 - I
n=0 ( 2n + l ) 2 tt2 Gz 2. 4. 4
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

U
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
Gr aet z Number
Fi gure 2. 4. 1. Percent cool ant capaci ty ut i l i zed as a f unct i on of Graetz
number f or condensat i on on a sheet.
rv>
28
t he cur ve f or J a = 0. 10 over t he r ange of Gr aet z number f r om 5 t o 70.
Bet ween Gr aet z number s of 70 and 130 t he agr eement i s cl ose t o J a =
0. 05. Thi s f ol l ows f r om t he Nussel t number expansi on accur acy shown
by compar i son of Equat i ons 2. 4. 2 and 2. 4. 3. As can be seen f r om Fi gur e
2. 4. 1 f or a gi ven degr ee of ut i l i zat i on an i ncr ease i n J akob number r e
qui r es an i ncr ease i n cool ant sheet l engt h or a decr ease i n Gr aet z
number . For exampl e t he f i gur e shows t hat f or 80% ut i l i zat i on f or a
J akob number i ncr ease f r om 0. 01 t o 0. 2 t he Gr aet z number decr eases
f r om 32. 3 t o 24. 2. Thi s cor r esponds t o a 33% i ncr ease i n j et l engt h.
At hi gh degr ees of t her mal ut i l i zat i on of t he cool ant i t appear s
f r om t he f i gur e t hat t he cur ves conver ge; however , t hi s i s not t r ue.
A bet t er under st andi ng i s obt ai ned f r om l ooki ng at t abul at ed dat a.
Tabl e 2. 4. 1 pr esent s per cent of cool ant ut i l i zat i on f or t he J akob num
ber s shown i n Fi gur e 2. 4. 1 as wel l as f r om t he Gr aet z sol ut i on, as a
f unct i on of t he Gr aet z number .
Condensat i on on a Cyl i ndr i cal J et
For condensat i on on a cyl i ndr i cal j et as x goes t o zer o ( Gz - )
t he heat t r ansf er yi el ds t he same f or m of sol ut i on as f or t he sheet .
I n ot her wor ds t he behavi our of t he l ocal Nussel t number i s gi ven by
Equat i on 2. 4. 2 f or ar bi t r ar y J akob number and by Equat i on 2. 4. 3 f or
J akob number -0. Kut at el adze ( 13) and Hasson ( 14) agai n show t hat
2. 4. 5
whi ch i s i n excel l ent agr eement wi t h our sol ut i on.
The per cent age of ut i l i zat i on of t he cool ant f or a cyl i ndr i cal
29
TABLE 2. 4. 1
Per cent Cool ant Capaci t y Ut i l i zed f or Condensat i on
on a Sheet
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Per cent Cool ant Capaci t y Ut i l i zed
Gz Gz Sol . J a- 0. 01 J a=0. 05 J a=0. 10 J a=0. 15 J a=0. 20
78. 9 50. 8 53. 1 51. 7 50. 2 48. 8 47. 5
56. 6 59. 7 62. 9 61. 3 59. 5 57. 8 56. 3
49. 6 63. 5 67. 0 65. 3 63. 4 61. 6 60. 0
44. 1 66. 9 70. 7 68. 9 66. 9 65. 0 63. 4
39. 7 70. 0 73. 9 72. 1 70. 0 68. 1 66. 4
36. 1 72. 9 76. 9 74. 9 72. 8 70. 9 69. 2
33. 1 75. 4 79. 4 77. 5 75. 4 73. 4 71. 7
30. 6 77. 7 81. 7 79. 8 77. 7 75. 7 73. 9
28. 4 79. 8 83. 7 81. 9 79. 7 77. 8 75. 9
26. 5 81. 7 85. 5 83. 7 81. 6 79. 7 77. 9
24. 9 83. 4 87. 1 85. 3 83. 3 81. 4 79. 6
24. 4 84. 9 88. 5 86. 8 84. 8 82. 9 81. 2
22. 1 86. 4 89. 8 88. 1 86. 2 84. 4 82. 7
20. 9 87. 7 90. 9 89. 3 87. 4 85. 7 83. 9
19. 9 88. 8 91. 9 90. 4 88. 6 86. 8 85. 2
18. 1 90. 8 93. 6 92. 2 90. 5 88. 9 87. 4
17. 3 91. 7 94. 3 93. 0 91. 4 89. 8 88. 3
15. 9 93. 2 95. 5 94. 3 92. 9 91. 4 90. 0
13. 8 95. 4 97. 1 96. 3 95. 1 93. 9 92. 7
12. 1 96. 9 98. 2 97. 6 96. 6 95. 6 94. 6
10. 5 98. 1 99. 0 98. 5 97. 9 97. 1 96. 3
8. 9 99. 1 99. 6 99. 3 98. 9 98. 4 97. 8
7. 9 99. 4 99. 8 99. 6 99. 3 98. 9 98. 5
7. 4 99. 6 99. 8 99. 7 99. 5 99. 2 98. 9
6. 9 99. 7 99. 9 99. 8 99. 7 99. 6 99. 2
6. 4 99. 8 99. 9 99. 8 99. 6 99. 4
6. 2 99. 9 99. 9 99. 8 99. 7 99. 5
5. 9 99. 9 99. 9 99. 7 99. 6
5. 6 99. 9 99. 9 99. 8 99. 7
5. 3 99. 9 99. 9 99. 8
5. 1 99. 9 99. 9 99. 8
4. 8 99. 9 99. 9
4. 7 99. 9 99. 9
j et f r om t he cyl i ndr i cal Gr aet z pr obl em i s
Per cent Cool ant Ut i l i zed =
30
100% 1 - I exp (- 4Xn2/ Gz)
n=1 xn -
2. 4. 6
wher e An = t he r oot s of J 0( An) = *
Compar i son of t he cyl i ndr i cal Gr aet z pr obl em r esul t s wi t h t hose
of t he pr esent sol ut i on ar e shown i n Fi gur e 2. 4. 2 and Tabl e 2. 4. 2.
As can be seen t he cyl i ndr i cal Gr aet z sol ut i on i s i n appr oxi mat e
agr eement wi t h J a = 0. 15 at a Gr aet z number of 41 and wi t h J a = . 20
at Gr aet z number l ess t han 10.
Compar i son Bet ween Condensat i on on
a Sheet and a J et
Compar i son bet ween condensat i on on a j et and a sheet can be made
by compar i ng val ues of cool ant ut i l i zat i on shown i n Tabl es 2. 4. 1 and
2. 4. 2 and by l ooki ng at Fi gur e 2. 4. 3 whi ch shows t he ut i l i zat i on f or
J a = 0. 05. For Gz ->- t he heat t r ansf er i s t he same as al r eady not ed;
however , as can be seen f r om Fi gur e 2. 4. 3 and t he t abl es a consi der abl e
di ver gence of per cent cool ant ut i l i zed i s not ed f or Gz < 50. For a
per cent cool ant ut i l i zat i on of 99. 5% t he j et r equi r es a 41% l onger
cool ant st r eam t han t he sheet .
Our r esul t s f ur t her show t hat f or t he r ange of J akob number be
t ween 0. 01 and 0. 20 t hat t he heat t r ansf er of t he ent i r e r ange of
Regi on I i s wel l sat i sf i ed by Equat i on 2. 4. 2. For t he j et 9j var i es by
about 5% over Regi on I f or J akob number of 0. 20 but l ess t han 1% f or
J akob number of 0. 01. Thus, even f or t he j et t he sol ut i on gi ven i n
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

U
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
Gr at ez Number
Fi gur e 2. 4. 2. Per cent ut i l i zed as a f unct i on of Gr aet z number
f or condensat i on on a cyl i ndr i cal j et .
CO
32
TABLE 2. 4. 2
Per cent Cool ant Capaci t y Ut i l i zed f or Condensat i on
on a J et
Gz
Per cent Cool ant Capaci t y Ut i l i zed
Gz Sol . J a=0. 01 J a=0. 05 J a=0. 10 J a=0. 15 J a=0. 20
58. 8 51. 7 53. 6 52. 6 51. 4 50. 3 49. 3
45. 5 57. 5 60. 4 59. 2 57. 9 56. 7 55. 6
37. 0 62. 5 66. 2 64. 9 63. 5 62. 2 61. 0
31. 3 66. 7 71. 1 69. 8 68. 3 66. 9 65. 7
27. 0 70. 5 75. 3 73. 9 72. 5 71. 0 69. 7
23. 8 73. 7 78. 9 77. 6 76. p 74. 6 73. 3
21. 3 76. 6 81. 9 80. 7 79. 1 77. 7 76. 4
19. 2 79. 2 84. 6 83. 3 81. 8 80. 4 79. 1
17. 5 81. 5 86. 7 85. 6 84. 2 82. 8 81. 5
16. 1 83. 5 88. 8 87. 6 86. 2 84. 8 83. 6
14. 9 85. 3 90. 4 89. 3 87. 9 86. 7 85. 4
13. 9 86. 9 91. 8 90. 7 89. 5 88. 2 87. 1
12. 9 88. 3 92. 9 92. 0 90. 8 89. 6 88. 5
12. 2 89. 6 94. 0 93. 1 91. 9 90. 9 89. 8
11. 5 90. 8 94. 9 94. 0 92. 9 91. 9 90. 9
10. 9 91. 8 95. 6 94. 8 93. 9 92. 9 91. 9
10. 1 93. 1 96. 5 95. 9 94. 9 94. 1 93. 2
9. 3 94. 2 97. 3 96. 7 95. 9 95. 1 94. 3
8. 7 95. 1 97. 8 97. 3 96. 7 95. 9 95. 2
8. 2 95. 9 98. 3 97. 9 97. 3 96. 6 95. 9
7. 4 96. 9 98. 8 98. 5 98. 0 97. 5 96. 9
6. 8 97. 7 99. 2 98. 9 98. 6 98. 2 97. 7
6. 3 98. 3 99. 5 99. 3 98. 9 98. 7 98. 3
5. 8 98. 7 99. 6 99. 5 99. 3 99. 0 98. 7
5. 4 99. 0 99. 8 99. 7 99. 5 99. 3 99. 0
5. 1 99. 3 99. 8 99. 8 99. 6 99. 5 99. 3
4. 7 99. 5 99. 9 99. 9 99. 8 99. 7 99. 5
4. 4 99. 6 99. 9 99. 8 99. 8 99. 7
4. 3 99. 7 99. 9 99. 8 99. 7
4. 1 99. 8 99. 9 99. 8
3. 9 99. 8 99. 9
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

U
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
Gr aet z Number
Fi gur e 2. 4. 3. Compar i son of cool ant capaci t y ut i l i zed f or condensat i on on
a j et and a sheet f or J a=0. 05.
GO
GJ
I on 2. 4. 2 shoul d hol d. However , t o desi gn a j et condenser
et condenser , t he ent i r e sol ut i on must be obt ai ned.
or a
CHAPTER 3
CONDENSATI ON ON COOLANT J ETS AND SHEETS I N THE
PRESENCE OF A NONCONDENSI BLE GAS
3. 1. I nt r oduct i on
When a smal l amount of noncondensi bl e gas i s pr esent i n a vapor
t he r at e of condensat i on can be appr eci abl y r educed. Thi s obser vat i on
has been made f or bot h sur f ace t ype condenser s and di r ect cont act
condenser s. Hasson et al . ( 15) i n exper i ment s wher e st eam was condens
i ng on a f an j et have shown t hat t he aver age heat t r ansf er coef f i ci ent
coul d be r educed by as much as 50 % f or a concent r at i on of one per cent
ai r i n st eam and coul d be r educed t o appr oxi mat el y 21% of t he pur e
vapor val ue f or a concent r at i on of t hr ee per cent ai r i n t he bul k st eam.
Thi s t ype of dr ast i c r educt i on has been shown by Mi nkowycz and Spar r ow
(6) t o be due t o a bui l dup of t he noncondensi bl e gas at t he l i qui d- vapor
i nt er f ace. Fur t her i t has been shown t hat an i nt er f aci al r esi st ance
i s negl i gi bl e.
Spar r ow ( 17) was t he f i r st t o f or mul at e a t heor y t o eval uat e t he
ef f ect of noncondensi bl es. Hi s st udy and ot her s ( 6, 18, 19) wer e con
cer ned wi t h condensat i on on a sol i d sur f ace. Tai t el and Tami r ( 20)
wer e t he f i r st t o t heor et i cal l y consi der t he ef f ect s of nonconden-
si bl es f or di r ect cont act condensat i on on a sheet of cool ant . Thei r
st udy negl ect ed t he added r esi st ance due t o t he condensat e f or mi ng on
t he sheet . Mor e r ecent l y J acobs and Nadi g ( 8, 9) eval uat ed t he ef f ect s
of noncondensi bl es on t he condensat i on of a vapor on an i mmi sci bl e
l i qui d f l owi ng over an adi abat i c sur f ace. I n t he pr esent anal yses
condensat i on of vapor on a l ami nar sheet and on a cyl i ndr i cal j et of
t he same f l ui d i n t he pr esence of a noncondensi bl e gas ar e t r eat ed.
Theor et i cal anal yses of t he condensat i on of a pur e vapor on j et s
or sheet s of cool ant wer e f i r st car r i ed out by Kut at el adze ( 13) . Hi s
anal yses assumed t hat t he cool ant f l owed at a uni f or m vel oci t y. The
ener gy equat i on was sol ved f or t he cool ant assumi ng t hat i t ent er ed
at a f i xed t emper at ur e bel ow t he sat ur at i on t emper at ur e of t he vapor .
The ef f ect of t he added mass due t o condensat i on was i gnor ed. Thi s
l at t er assumpt i on r educed t he pr obl em t o one si mi l ar t o t he so- cal l ed
Gr aet z pr obl em. The di f f er ence bet ween t he Gr aet z pr obl em and hi s
anal yses was t hat t he vel oci t y was uni f or m. Kut at el adze' s sol ut i on
i s st r i ct l y appl i cabl e onl y when t he heat of vapor i zat i on, hf g,
becomes i nf i ni t e. I n Chapt er 2 i t has been shown t he er r or i n compu
t i ng t he l engt h of cool ant st r eam i f Kut at el adze' s sol ut i on i s used,
was pr esent ed. For exampl e, f or a J akob number l ess t han 0. 20 t he er r or
can exceed 30% when Kut at el adze' s r esul t s ar e used. The er r or i s
caused by negl ect i ng t he ef f ect of t he added mass due t o condensat i on
even at t hese l ow val ues of J akob number .
Si nce i t i s necessar y t o consi der t he t her mal r esi st ance of t he
condensat e f or condensat i on of a pur e vapor , i t shoul d al so be i mpor
t ant when noncondensi bl es ar e pr esent i n t he vapor . Thus, t he pr esent
wor k was i ni t i at ed.
36
3. 2. Gener al Assumpt i on
1. The vel oci t i es i n t he cool ant st r eam and t he condensat e f i l m ar e
const ant . The basi s f or t hi s assumpt i on i s t hat t he shear i nduced
by a l ow pr essur e vapor on a movi ng l i qui d i s smal l .
2. The vel oci t y i n t he gas- vapor phase i s not i nf l uenced by gr avi t y
due t o t he f act t hat t he vel oci t y i n t he cool ant st r eam i s r el a
t i vel y hi gh.
3. The l i qui d- vapor i nt er f ace i s i mper meabl e t o t he noncondensi bl e
gas.
4. I nt er f aci al r esi st ance i s negl i gi bl e. Thus, t he t emper at ur e at
t he i nt er f ace bet ween t he condensat e and t he vapor - gas mi xt ur e i s
t hat of t he l ocal sat ur at i on t emper at ur e of t he vapor .
5. Axi al conduct i on i s negl i gi bl e i n t he cool ant st r eam.
6. The J akob number i s smal l ; t hus t he condensat e f i l m i s t hi n com
par ed t o t he t hi ckness of t he cool ant st r eam ( 6, 8, 9) . Fur t her , t he
pr oper t i es of t he f l ui d can be assumed const ant si nce a smal l J akob
number i mpl i es smal l t emper at ur e di f f er ence bet ween t he cool ant
and t he vapor - gas mi xt ur e ( 6, 8, 9) .
3. 3. Mat hemat i cal For mul at i on and Physi cal Model s
The basi c model s f or condensat i on on a sheet or j et i n t he pr e
sence of a noncondensi bl e gas ar e shown i n Fi gur es 3. 3. 1 and 3. 3. 2. As
can be seen t he sheet or j et i s di vi ded i nt o t wo r egi ons. Regi on I
def i nes a r egi on i n whi ch a t her mal boundar y l ayer f or ms at t he con
densat e l ayer - cool ant i nt er f ace and gr ows t owar d t he cent er l i ne. Re
gi on I I st ar t s when t he t her mal boundar y l ayer has r eached t he cool ant
cent er l i ne and cont i nues unt i l t he condensat i on ceases. Out si de t he con-
37
38
Fi gur e 3. 3. 1. Schemat i c of model f or condensat i on on a sheet
i n t he pr esence of a noncondensi bl e gas.
39
Fi gur e 3. 3. 2. Schemat i c of model f or condensat i on on a cyl i ndr i cal
j et i n t he pr esence of a noncondensi bl e gas.
densat e l ayer of t hi ckness <5C, t he vapor - gas mi xt ur e f or ms a t hi n
boundar y l ayer , <5^, i nduced by t he f l ow of l i qui d. Wi t hi n t he mi x
t ur e i s al so a speci es boundar y l ayer i n whi ch t he noncondensi bl e gas
concent r at i on var i es f r om W* at t he l i qui d- mi xt ur e i nt er f ace t o t he
f r ee st r eam val ue of W^. At t he vapor - gas condensat e i nt er f ace
t he t emper at ur e i s T*. At t he i nt er f ace bet ween t he l i qui d cool ant
and t he condensat e l ayer t he t emper at ur e i s T-j .
Regi on I Equat i ons
I n Regi on I t he ener gy equat i on f or t he cool ant i s
L
For t he sheet n i s equal t o zer o and f or t he cyl i ndr i cal
j et i t i s equal t o one. Fur t her , f or t he j et L = R whi ch i s t he
cool ant j et r adi us whi l e f or t he sheet L = L, t he hal f t hi ckness of
t he sheet as shown i n Fi gur es 3. 3. 1 and 3. 3. 2.
I n t he condensat e l ayer t he assumpt i on of a smal l J akob number
i nsur es t hat t he sensi bl e heat capaci t y of t he condensat e i s smal l
compar ed t o t he heat of vapor i zat i on and t hat t he condensat e l ayer
i s t hi n. These assumpt i ons f ur t her make t he ef f ect s of cur vat ur e
smal l i n t he condensat e l ayer f or t he cyl i ndr i cal j et ( 8, 9) , t hus t he
ener gy bal ance acr oss t he condensat e yi el ds
I n t he cool ant st r eam J acobs and Nadi g ( 8, 9) have shown t hat f or
Regi on I an assumpt i on of a quadr at i c t emper at ur e pr of i l e whi ch sat i s
f i es t he condi t i ons
Tt (L - t ) = T0
- - - (L - 6t ) = 0 } 3. 3. 3
TZ( L) = Ti
pr ovi des an excel l ent agr eement wi t h t he anal yt i cal r esul t s f or hf g
<=. I f we def i ne a new var i abl e Z, = L - y, t he t emper at ur e pr of i l e
i n t he cool ant can be r epr esent ed as
41
T* - T0 = ( ^ - T0) (1 - I ) 2. 3. 3. 4
6t
I n t he condensat e l ayer , t he assumpt i ons ut i l i zed i n devel opi ng t he
ener gy equat i on i mpl y a l i near t emper at ur e pr of i l e
Tc - ^ = ( T* - Ti ) ( ^- ^) . 3. 3. 5
6c
Ut i l i zi ng t he compat abi 1i t y of heat f l uxes bet ween t he condensat i on
and t he cool ant
9y
3Tc
9y
3. 3. 6
one can sol ve f or t he t emper at ur e Ti
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i ons 3. 3. 4, 3. 3. 5 and 3. 3. 7 i nt o Equat i ons 3. 3. 1
3. 3. 2 f or t he case of a sheet r esul t s i n
12 2 s 2 i \ A + - ^ ' ' t 2d? c2
+
dSt 2 V Pr Re ^ 0* )\ 2 6C / Sc2 dx
2 + -
2 ^c
and
d<5c2 2J a
dx Pr Ren 1 + =yt-
dH c
wher e l engt hs have been nondi mensi onal i zed wi t h r espect t o t he
dr aul i c di amet er and
T - T0
- - - - - - - - 3 '
T - T
00 10
. 3. 8
. 3. 9
hy-
3. 10
and
For a cyl i ndr i cal j et t he gover ni ng equat i ons f or 6^ and Sc ar e
43
and
d6c2 2J a
dx" Ren Pr
H
I n or der t o sol ve t he equat i ons gi ven above i t i s f i r st necessar y
t o det er mi ne t he val ue of 0*, t he nondi mensi onal sat ur at i on t emper a
t ur e at t he condensat e vapor - gas mi xt ur e i nt er f ace. Thi s of cour se
r equi r es sol vi ng f or t he concent r at i on of t he vapor at t he i nt er
f ace, whi ch i n t ur n r equi r es t he sol ut i on of t he vapor - gas moment um
and speci es equat i ons. The assumpt i on of a smal l val ue of J akob
number and smal l var i at i on i n hf g al l ows f or i nt egr at i on of t he
Cl ausi us Cl apeyr on equat i on ( 8, 9) t o yi el d
3. 3. 12
Sat ~ hf g( T00 - T0) Pv*
5* = T 7 " p 3. 3. 13
sat v
1
. OO 1
+ I n
Pw*
hf g r V
The r at i o of par t i al pr essur e of t he vapor t o t ot al pr essur e
Pv 1 - W
P 1 - W (1 - -1)
Mg
t hen al l ows f or r el at i ng t he mass concent r at i on of gas t o t he val ue
of 0*.
The i nt egr al f or ms f or t he moment um and speci es equat i ons i n t he
gas- vapor mi xt ur e, assumi ng t hat t he condensat e vapor - gas i nt er f ace
i s i mpenet r abl e t o t he gas, r educe t o ( 8, 9)
As wi t h t he ener gy equat i ons f or t he cool ant and condensat e, f or
t he cyl i ndr i cal j et n = 1 and L = R whi l e f or t he sheet n = 0 and L =
L.
The condi t i ons of no sl i p at t he condensat e vapor gas mi xt ur e
i nt er f ace, zer o vel oci t y i n t he mi xt ur e as y + and t he condi t i on
of 3u/ 3y = 0 as y * suggest t hat i n t he mi xt ur e
3. 3. 17
For t he speci es equat i on
y - L + 6C W= W*
3. 3. 18
y - L + 6C + 6S
3w
W= Wo, and = 0
3y
r esul t s i n
y - (L + 6C) 2
W- Woo = ( W* - WJ 1 - 3. 3. 19
Subst i t ut i on of Equat i ons 3. 3. 17 and 3. 3. 19 i nt o Equat i ons 3. 3. 15
and 3. 3. 16 and nondi mensi onal i zi ng r esul t s i n
d5m2
20
dx Re
H vm
pm 6C dx
45
3. 3. 20
and
d6s2 12 25s2
1+ 1 6j l + L v
dx | ReDu Sc W* - 2 6m 10 5m2
H
dx
1 - +
5r
11
Vi
6Z 1 6 j1 '
\ dfi m2
3 ^
^s
^m3 5
' dx~
O
pm *c
3 V \
10 ?rm 2 1
!i 2
dx
3. 3. 21
f or t he sheet . For t he j et t he f ol l owi ng equat i ons ar e obt ai ned
12
d5 2
m
dx
3 Pz ^m dsc?'
Re
H vm
Pm 6c dx
1 + "5m
3. 3. 22
and
d
dx
1 1 5 1 6 2
( W* - Wo,) ^( + 5C) 5S (1 - ---- - + ~
2 2 5m 10 V
) +
_ 1 16. 1 62 -
6 2 (_ . _ _ i +_
4 5 6m 10 5m2
1 _ w* - wm
( - + 5C) ( ")
w*
3. 3. 23
For bot h t he sheet and t he j et t he condi t i on of i mper meabi l i t y of t he
condensat e vapor - gas mi xt ur e i nt er f ace l eads t o
46
W.
co
W* =
dSc2
ym 5C dx
3. 3. 24
Thus, f or Regi on I , Equat i ons 3. 3. 8, 3. 3. 9, 3. 3. 13, 3. 3. 14, 3. 3. 20,
3. 3. 21, and 3. 3. 24 compl et el y def i ne t he condensat i on on a sheet i n
t he pr esence of a noncondensi bl e gas. For a cyl i ndr i cal at t he
gover ni ng equat i ons ar e Equat i ons 3. 3. 11, 3. 3. 12, 3. 3. 13, 3. 3. 16,
3. 3. 22, 3. 3. 23 and 3. 3. 24.
Regi on I I Equat i ons
Regi on I I begi ns when 6^ = L. Fr om t hi s poi nt t he ent i r e cool ant
st r eam heat s up such t hat t he cent er l i ne t emper at ur e wi l l be cont i nu
ousl y i ncr easi ng. The ener gy equat i on f or t he cool ant st r eam i n
Regi on I I i s
The t emper at ur e pr of i l e i n t he cool ant must sat i sf y t he boundar y
condi t i ons
L
0 y=L
3. 3. 25
y = 0
- - T<! * Tc
3. 3. 26
y = L T = T-j .
These condi t i ons ar e sat i sf i ed by t he expr essi on
47
T* - TcL = (Ti - Tc L) (^-)2 . 3. 3. 27
The gover ni ng equat i on and t he t emper at ur e pr of i l e f or t he condensat e
l ayer ar e t he same as t hose i n Regi on I . Usi ng t he compat abi 1i t y of
heat f l uxes at t he i nt er f ace bet ween t he or i gi nal cool ant st r eam and
t he condensat e l ayer yi el ds
1( 0* - 9-j ) 2n
r . = - - - - - - - - - - LL. 3. 3. 28
CL 8 6C
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i on 3. 3. 27 i nt o Equat i on 3. 3. 25, nondi mensi o-
nal i zi ng t he r esul t i ng equat i ons and ut i l i zi ng Equat i on 3. 3. 28 pr oduces
t he f ol l owi ng equat i ons f or t he sheet and j et , r espect i vel y
i*
48( 0* - 0.j ) 1 0* - 0n- dSc2 d0
f or - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
t he d0i Ren Pr 2 Src dx dx
s heet - - - =- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. 3. 29
dx 12 Sr + 1
32( 0* - 0^ 1 0* - 0n- d6c2 d9*
f or - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ +
t he d0i Rep Pr 2 Sc dx dx
j et = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. 3. 30
dx 8 Sr + 1 .
The ener gy equat i ons f or t he condensat e f i l ms i n t he sheet and j et
ar e expr essed i n Regi on I I as
d5"c2 2J a
f or t he sheet - - - - =- - - - - - - - ( 0* - 0i ) 3. 3. 31
dx Ren Pr 1
H
d6c2 2J a ( 0* - 0i )
and f or t he j et r - = - --- - --- 3. 3. 32
dx Re^Pr (1 + 26c ) _
? ?
The expr essi ons f or S^, W*, 6g r emai n as gi ven i n Regi on I . The i ni
t i al condi t i ons f or t he var i abl es 0^, 6C2, 9*, W*, 6m2 and 6S2 f or Re
gi on I I ar e t he condi t i ons obt ai ned at t he end of Regi on I .
Cal cul at i on of Per cent Cool ant Ut i l i zed
The mean t emper at ur e of t he cool ant i s cal cul at ed f r om t he equa
t i on
L L
Tm f pi CP u^n dy = f pi CP uT* y" dy 3- 3- 33
0 0
For Regi on I f or a sheet
48
4 _
9m = 0i 6t 3. 3. 34
and f or a j et
8 _ . . . .
9m _ ~ 9i 51(1 ~ <H) 3. 3. 35
I n Regi on I I f or a sheet
and f or a j et
ecL + ei
3m
Not e t hat t he def i ni t i on of 9 i s
T - T0
T - To
3. 3. 37
3. 3. 10
t hus, t he val ue of 6m gi ves t he f r act i on of t he cool ant s capaci t y
t o absor b t he heat gi ven up by t he condensat i on pr ocess. For di r ect
cont act condensat i on, i t i s t hi s quant i t y t hat i s i mpor t ant t o t he
desi gner r at her t han t he heat t r ansf er coef f i ci ent or l ocal val ue of
Nussel t number . The heat t r ansf er coef f i ci ent or Nussel t number ar e
onl y r epor t ed f or compar i son wi t h t he r esul t s of pr i or st udi es.
3. 4. Resul t s and Di scussi on
The gover ni ng di f f er ent i al equat i ons der i ved her ei n i ndi cat e t hat
t he pr obl em of condensat i on of a vapor on a cool ant st r eam of i t s own
Dp
l i qui d can be def i ned i n t er ms of t he DH, Pr , x/ DH, J a, Mv/ Mg, p^/ p m,
v/ vm, and Woo when a noncondensi bl e gas i s pr esent i n t he vapor .
Due t o t he l ar ge number of var i abl es, we have r est r i ct ed t he r esul t s
t o be pr esent ed i n t hi s chapt er t o par amet er s whi ch t ypi f y t he pr obl em
f or a st eam- ai r syst em. I n t hi s way we ar e abl e t o mor e easi l y compar e
our r esul t s wi t h t hose of ot her i nvest i gat or s ( 15) .
As not ed, t he pr obl em i s di vi ded i nt o t wo r egi ons. For Regi on
I , whi ch def i nes t he zone wher e a t her mal wave penet r at es t he cool ant
and moves t o i t s cent er l i ne, a si mi l ar i t y sol ut i on i s avai l abl e f or
ver y smal l val ues of "x. I n f act , f or t he pr obl em of t he sheet t he
si mi l ar i t y sol ut i on i s appl i cabl e; f or smal l val ues of t he J akob
number t he ent i r e r egi on appl i es. For t he cyl i ndr i cal j et a smal l
er r or exi st s i f t he si mi l ar i t y sol ut i on i s used t o descr i be t he ent i r e
r egi on. The si mi l ar i t y sol ut i on i s sat i sf i ed by = ax*/ 2, <5C = b x ^2,
<5m = cx1/ 2, and = dx*/ 2. These sol ut i ons i ndi cat e t hat W*, e*,
and i ar e of const ant val ue i n Regi on I . Si mi l ar r esul t s wer e
f ound by Tai t el and Tami r ( 20) , f or condensat i on i n t he pr esence of a
49
noncondensi bl e gas. The ext ent of Regi on I , as one woul d guess
f or 0i - 0* equal t o const ant s, i s a f unct i on onl y of t he hydr aul i c
di amet er of t he j et and t he val ue of t he Pecl et number . For a sheet
t he ext ent of Regi on I i s gi ven by
50
xn = 0. 083 Ren Pr 3. 4. 1
sheet H '
Thi s i s i n agr eement wi t h t he val ue obt ai ned by Tai t el and Tami r who
negl ect ed t he i nf l uence of t he condensat e l ayer .
The gover ni ng equat i ons f or t he cyl i ndr i cal j et ar e hi ghl y non
l i near and do not yi el d a si mi l ar i t y sol ut i on unl ess I T ->0. Thus,
t he ext ent of Regi on I i s dependent upon ot her par amet er s. However ,
f or J a < 0. 05, an appr oxi mat e val ue of xDj et can be obt ai ned as
t he changes i n 0-j , W* and 0* ar e smal l . The appr oxi mat e val ue i s
gi ven by
xn = 0. 146 Rep Pr . 3. 4. 2
j et H
Equat i ons 2. 2. 34 and 2. 3. 35 gi ve t he val ue of t he mean t emper a
t ur e f or Regi on I . As J a > 0, and W*, -* 0, 0-j goes t o 1. Thus f or a
sheet t he mean t emper at ur e, 0m. goes t o 1/ 3 at St = L and f or a j et
t he mean t emper at ur e, 0m, goes t o 2/ 3 at 6^ = R. The ef f ect of
t he pr esence of a noncondensi bl e i s t o l ower t he val ues of 0* and 0^,
even f or ver y smal l J akob number . Si nce t he val ue of 0m i s t he f r ac
t i on of cool ant ut i l i zed, i t i s cl ear t hat an i ncr ease i n t he val ue
of Woo wi l l decr ease t he f r act i on of cool ant ut i l i zed. Thus, i t i s
necessar y, under al l condi t i ons wher e one wi shes t o ut i l i ze a maj or
por t i on of t he cool ant capaci t y, t o car r y out t he anal yses f or Regi on
Typi cal behavi or f or e-j , 0* and e^, and W* ar e shown i n Fi g
ur es 3. 4. 1 t hr ough 3. 4. 4 as a f unct i on of x. Fi gur es 3. 4. 1 and 3. 4. 2 ar e
shown f or a vapor - gas mi xt ur e pr essur e of 2. 86 psi a and Fi gur es 3. 4. 3,
3. 4. 5 and 3. 4. 6 f or 14. 7 psi a. I t i s cl ear t hat t he ef f ect s of t he non
condensi bl e gas ar e mor e pr onounced at t he l ower pr essur e. Thi s f act
was pr evi ousl y not ed by Tai t el and Tami r ( 20) f or condensat i on on a
sheet and by Mi nkowycz and Spar r ow (6) f or t he case of condensat i on
on a cool ed pl at e. An exami nat i on of t he gover ni ng equat i ons devel oped
i n Chapt er 2 woul d i ndi cat e t hat t hi s i s due t o t he change i n t he
par amet er p/ pm wi t h pr essur e. As pr essur e decr eases t he val ue of
P/ Pm i ncr eases t hus i ncr easi ng t he i nt er f aci al concent r at i on of non
condensi bl e gas. Thi s i n t ur n l eads t o a l ower val ue of heat t r ansf er
and ext ends t he l engt h of t he cool ant st r eam necessar y t o achi eve a
gi ven cool ant ut i l i zat i on.
I n Regi on I I t he ent i r e cool ant st r eam heat s up. Thus, t he r at e
of condensat i on decr eases. The decr ease i n condensat i on r at e br i ngs
l ess noncondensi bl es t o t he condensat e- vapor gas i nt er f ace whi ch al l ows
e* and 9-j t o i ncr ease. Event ual l y W* decr eases t o t he f r ee st r eam
val ue W. The decr ease i n W* l eads t o a " r ecover y of t he heat t r ansf er
coef f i ci ent " above t hat f or a pur e vapor at l ar ge val ues of x i n Regi on
I I . However , t he l engt h of cool ant st r eam necessar y t o achi eve a
gi ven degr ee of cool ant ut i l i zat i on f or condensat i on i s gener al l y
l ar ger t han t hat f or a pur e vapor even t hough W mi ght mi ght become
ext r emel y l ar ge. J acobs and Nadi g (8) have i ndi cat ed t hat f or conden
sat i on on an i mmi sci bl e t hi n f i l m t hat i t i s possi bl e f or a maxi mum
val ue of cool ant st r eam l engt h t o occur . Fur t her i ncr ease i n t he
51
I I .
Fi gur e 3. 4. 1. Condensat i on of a sheet . 9*, 9i , 9m, W* as a f unct i on of X,
P = 2. 89 psi a.
X
Fi gur e 3. 4. 2. Condensat i on on a j et . 0*, 0i , em, W* as f unct i on of X,
p = 2. 89 psi a.
cn
co
X
Fi gur e 3. 4. 3. Condensat i on on a sheet . 9*, 9- j , 9m, W* as a f unct i on of X,
P = 14. 7 psi a.
c_n
-P*
Fi gur e 3. 4. 4. Condensat i on on a j et . G*, e- j , em, W* as a f unct i on of X,
P = 14. 7 psi a.
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

U
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
Gr aet z Number
Fi gur e 3. 4. 5. Condensat i on on a sheet . Per cent ut i l i zed as
a f unct i on of Gr aet z number .
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

U
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
STEAM AIR SYSTEM
P = 2 .89 Psia; At =50 F
Gr aet z Number
Fi gur e 3. 4. 6. Condensat i on on a j et . Per cent ut i l i zed as a
f unct i on of Gr aet z number .
cn
^>i
val ue of W, woul d l ead t o a decr ease i n t he l engt h r equi r ed f or a
gi ven degr ee of ut i l i zat i on. Al t hough f or t he pr esent pr obl em we
di d not obser ve t hi s behavi or , exami nat i on of t he gover ni ng equat i ons
woul d i ndi cat e t he possi bi l i t y as Pv/ P t ends t o zer o.
For t he case of st eam- ai r , Tabl es 3. 4. 1 and 3. 4. 2 i ndi cat e t he
r at i o of Gr aet z number wi t hout noncondensi bl es t o t hat wi t h nonconden-
si bl es pr esent as a f unct i on of W*, and J akob number f or t he t wo
pr essur es i l l ust r at ed i n Fi gur es 3. 4. 1 t hr ough 3. 4. 4. These r esul t s
ar e al so shown i n Fi gur es 3. 4. 5 and 3. 4. 6. The exper i ment al dat a of
Hasson et al . ( 15) f or condensat i on on a sheet wer e car r i ed out at
t he t wo pr essur es shown i n Tabl e 3. 4. 1. He cl ai ms accur acy of 35%.
For Woo = 0. 01 hi s exper i ment s woul d i ndi cat e a r at i o of Gr aet z number
of 1. 8 f or ef f ect i vel y compl et e condensat i on. Tabl e 3. 4. 1 i ndi cat es
a val ue of 1. 826 f or 90% ut i l i zat i on at p = 2. 89 psi a and AT =
75F. At t he hi gher pr essur e hi s AT woul d be appr oxi mat el y 142F.
Ext r apol at i on of t he dat a i n Tabl e 3. 4. 1 woul d yi el d at r at i o of Gr aet z
number of 1. 65. These val ues ar e wel l wi t hi n hi s exper i ment al spr ead
and i ndi cat e good agr eement .
58
59
TABLE 3. 4. 1.
Condensat i on on a Sheet
%
Ut i 1.
Pr essur e
Psi a
Woo
Rat i o of Gr aet z Number
AT=25F AT=50F aT=75F AT=100F
60 14. 7 0. 005 1. 047 1. 089 1. 107 1. 168
70 14. 7 0. 005 1. 050 1. 091 1. 139 1. 177
80 14. 7 0. 005 1. 060 1. 103 1. 153 1. 198
90 14. 7 0. 005 1. 080 1. 129 1. 173 1. 220
60 14. 7 0. 01 1. 117 1. 179 1. 235 1. 356
70 14. 7 0. 01 1. 121 1. 191 1. 293 1. 384
80 14. 7 0. 01 1. 131 1. 217 1. 316 1. 428
90 14. 7 0. 01 1. 168 1. 266 1. 368 1. 473
60 14. 7 0. 05 1. 632 2. 117 2. 797 3. 702
70 14. 7 0. 05 1. 720 2. 259 3. 008 3. 863
80 14. 7 0. 05 1. 848 2. 470 3. 223 4. 102
90 14. 7 0. 05 2. 042 2. 708 3. 479 4. 334
60 14. 7 0. 1 2. 567 3. 860 5. 556 7. 764
70 14. 7 0. 1 2. 824 4. 235 6. 079 8. 203
80 14. 7 0. 1 3. 185 4. 479 6. 624 8. 781
90 14. 7 0. 1 3. 749 5. 380 7. 249 9. 316
60 2. 98 0. 005 1. 185 1. 383 1. 622 1. 956
70 2. 89 0. 005 1. 213 1. 413 1. 686 2. 021
80 2. 98 0. 005 1. 244 1. 472 1. 747 2. 090
90 2. 98 0. 005 1. 291 1. 542 1. 826 2. 150
60 2. 89 0. 01 1. 397 1. 865 2. 448 3. 274
70 2. 89 0. 01 1. 446 1. 921 2. 573 3. 395
80 2. 89 0. 01 1. 516 2. 035 2. 693 3. 513
90 2. 89 0. 01 1. 615 2. 180 2. 842 3. 597
60 2. 89 0. 05 3. 596 6. 698 10. 840 16. 309
70 2. 89 0. 05 3. 962 7. 263 11. 672 16. 838
80 2. 89 0. 05 4. 439 7. 997 12. 357 17. 460
90 2. 89 0. 05 5. 088 8. 818 13. 108 17. 885
60 2. 89 0. 1 7. 573 14. 944 24. 508 36. 916
70 2. 89 0. 1 8. 582 16. 426 26. 606 38. 387
80 2. 89 0. 1 9. 884 18. 322 28. 444 40. 164
90 2. 89 0. 1 11. 798 20. 507 30. 420 41. 398
60
TABLE 3. 4. 2.
Condensat i on on a J et
%
Ut i 1.
Pr essur e
Psi a Woo
Rat i o of Gr aet z Number
AT=25F AT=50F aT=75F AT=100F
60 14. 7 0. 005 2. 000 1. 698 1. 444 1. 268
70 14. 7 0. 005 2. 042 1. 822 1. 480 1. 282
80 14. 7 0. 005 2. 000 1. 924 1. 713 1. 554
90 14. 7 0. 005 1. 872 1. 883 2. 148 2. 261
60 14. 7 0. 01 2. 451 1. 981 1. 667 1. 536
70 14. 7 0. 01 2. 620 2. 219 1. 840 1. 744
80 14. 7 0. 01 2. 634 2. 505 2. 324 2. 384
90 14. 7 0. 01 2. 481 2. 620 3. 059 3. 392
60 14. 7 0. 05 5. 333 5. 226 6. 019 7. 339
70 14. 7 0. 05 6. 282 6. 603 7. 653 8. 974
80 14. 7 0. 05 6. 911 7. 724 9. 074 10. 357
90 14. 7 0. 05 6. 955 8. 074 9. 728 11. 063
60 14. 7 0. 1 10. 549 11. 849 13. 704 15. 232
70 14. 7 0. 1 12. 211 13. 877 15. 653 16. 987
80 14. 7 0. 1 13. 178 14. 848 16. 750 18. 080
90 14. 7 0. 1 13. 205 14. 632 16. 550 17. 926
60 2. 89 0. 005 2. 393 1. 638 1. 940 4. 657
70 2. 89 0. 005 2. 707 1. 858 2. 892 6. 862
80 2. 89 0. 005 3. 238 2. 583 4. 029 8. 387
90 2. 89 0. 005 3. 613 3. 943 5. 093 8. 387
60 2. 89 0. 01 3. 120 2. 556 4. 429 9. 989
70 2. 89 0. 01 3. 748 3. 440 6. 034 12. 215
80 2. 89 0. 01 4. 722 4. 757 7. 346 13. 308
90 2. 89 0. 01 5. 510 6. 477 8. 410 3. 156
60 2. 89 0. 05 12. 784 14. 208 17. 870 23. 589
70 2. 89 0. 05 15. 070 16. 534 19. 720 25. 090
80 2. 89 0. 05 16. 743 18. 314 20. 917 25. 536
90 2. 89 0. 05 17. 032 19. 577 21. 692 24. 994
60 2. 89 0. 1 26. 765 27. 057 29. 648 34. 143
70 2. 89 0. 1 29. 014 29. 589 31. 613 35. 590
80 2. 89 0. 1 30. 158 30. 981 32. 685 36. 018
90 2. 89 0. 1 29. 609 31. 319 32. 899 35. 278
CHAPTER 4
CONDENSATI ON OF A PURE VAPOR ON AN
I SOTHERMAL VERTI CAL PLATE
4. 1 I nt r oduct i on
Lami nar f i l m condensat i on f i nds appl i cat i ons i n t r i ckl i ng t ype
cool i ng t ower s, packed and wet t ed wal l t ower s f or r ect i f i cat i on and
gas absor pt i on and i n var i ous t ypes of cool er s and evapor at or s. Nussel t
[ 22] was t he f i r st t o anal yze t he pr obl em of l ami nar f i l m condensat i on
i n 1916. He assumed a l i near t emper at ur e pr of i l e i n t he condensat e
f i l m, negl ect ed t he vapor shear and t he i nt er f aci al r esi st ance. Over
t he year s numer ous i nvest i gat or s have deal t wi t h t he same pr obl em
exami ni ng each of t he assumpt i ons made by Nussel t . Roshnow [ 23] t r eat ed
t he pr obl em i n 1956 i ncl udi ng t he sensi bl e heat of condensat i on.
Spar r ow and Gr eg [ 24] used a si mi l ar i t y t r ansf or mat i on t o sol ve t he
boundar y l ayer equat i ons. Chen [ 25] consi der ed t he ef f ect of dr ag due
t o an i ni t i al l y st agnant vapor .
Al t hough si zeabl e wor k has been done on l ami nar f i l m condensat i on,
ver y l i t t l e wor k has been r epor t ed on di r ect cont act condensat i on on
t hi n f i l m. Thus, i t was deci ded t o anal yze t he pr obl em of condensat i on
of a pur e vapor on a t hi n f i l m f l owi ng over an i sot her mal ver t i cal sur
f ace.
A sur vey of l i t er at ur e r eveal s t hat t her e ar e t wo pr i or wor ks r e
por t ed whi ch bear sl i ght r esembl ence t o t he pr esent pr obl em. Mur t y and
Sast r y [ 26] deal t wi t h t he pr obl em of condensat i on on a t hi n f i l m
f l owi ng over an i ncl i ned i sot her mal pl at e. They assume t hat t he i ncom
i ng f i l m i s at t he same t emper at ur e as t he pl at e. However , i n t he
pr esent pr obl em, t he i ncomi ng f i l m t emper at ur e i s assumed t o l i e be
t ween t he pl at e t emper at ur e and t he sat ur at i on t emper at ur e of t he
vapor . Anot her si t uat i on of i mpor t ance i s when t he i ncomi ng f i l m
t emper at ur e i s t he same as t he sat ur at i on t emper at ur e of t he vapor .
The assumpt i on t hat t he i ncomi ng f i l m t emper at ur e i s not t he same as
t he pl at e t emper at ur e l eads t o an ent i r el y di f f er ent anal ysi s t han
t hat of Ref er ence 26.
J acobs and Bogar t [ 7] t r eat ed t he pr obl emof condensat i on on a t hi n
f i l m f l owi ng over an adi abat i c ver t i cal pl at e. Thei r wor k i s r el at ed t o
t he heat t r ansf er behavi or i n packed bed condenser s used i n geot her mal
appl i cat i ons. The pr esent pr obl em i s di f f er ent as t he ver t i cal pl at e i s
i sot her mal i nst ead of bei ng adi abat i c. I n t he pr esent pr obl em t he i so
t her mal sur f ace act s as t he heat si nk i nst ead of t he cool i ng capaci t y
of t he f i l m l eadi ng t o an al t oget her di f f er ent anal ysi s.
4. 2 Physi cal Model and Mat hemat i cal For mul at i on
Case 1 Tw < Tn < T<;a^
Fi gur e 4. 2. 1 shows t he physi cal model . The f i l m wi t h a mass f l ow
r at e mf and T0 f l ows down t he ver t i cal i sot her mal pl at e. The f i l m i s
subj ect ed t o a pur e sat ur at ed vapor at a t emper at ur e Tsa. I t i s assumed
t hat t he J akob number Cp( Tsat - Tw) / hf g i s smal l . Thi s condi t i on
ensur es t hat t he condensat e f i l m i s t hi n and does not measur abl e
accel er at e t he f i l m. As Tw < T0, a t her mal boundar y l ayer , 6j , gr ows
f r om t he wal l t owar ds t he edge of t he f i l m. As T0 < Tsat a second
62
63
Fi gur e 4. 2. 1. Physi cal model f or condensat i on of a pur e vapor
on an i sot her mal pl at e when T <T <T
r w o sat
t her mal boundar y l ayer , 62, gr owi ng f r om t he edge of t he f i l m t owar ds
t he wal l . Al ong t he l engt h of t he pl at e at X = Xp t he t wo t her mal
boundar y l ayer s meet such t hat 6} + 62 = 6f . The r egi on 0 < X < Xp
i s def i ned as Regi on I . Beyond Regi on I l i es Regi on I I . Her e t he t em
per at ur e of t he f i l m decr eases as a whol e due t o t he wal l bei ng hel d
at a l ower t emper at ur e.
Regi on I
The mass f l ow r at e i n t he f i l m i s
64
.6f
mf = Pf
/ u
f dy
4. 2. 1
wher e
Uf =
_
vf
Sf y -
2 J
4. 2. 2
whi ch l eads t o
3m^.v n 1/3
- 9Pf -I. 4. 2. 3
The i nt egr al f or m of t he ener gy equat i on f or t he boundar y l ayer <$i i s
dx
f Pf Cpf uf (Ti - T0) = - kf -I
0 8y W = 6f
4. 2. 4
For t he boundar y l ayer 62 i t i s
For t he condensat e boundar y l ayer t he ener gy equat i on i s
The boundar y condi t i ons gover ni ng t he t emper at ur e pr of i l e i n boundar y
l ayer ar e
Ti = Tw at y = 0
Ti = T0 at y =
3Ti
--- = 0 at y = .
3y
These condi t i ons l ead t o
The boundar y condi t i ons gover ni ng t he t emper at ur e pr of i l e T2 ar e
T2 = Tj at y = 6f
aT 4. 2. 9
T2 =Tq; - - - = 0 at y = 6^ - 62 .
9y
These condi t i ons l ead t o
4. 2. 6
T1 - To - ( Tw - To) 0 -
4. 2. 8
66
T2 - To * <Ti - To> ( l - ^
4. 2. 10
The negl i gi bl e t her mal capaci t ance of t he condensat e l ayer i ndi cat es a
l i near t emper at ur e pr of i l e
y - f
Tc * T1 + <Tsat - Ti )
4. 2. 11
The vel oci t y i n t he condensat e l ayer i s assumed t o be const ant and equal
t o t he edge vel oci t y of t he f i l m.
uc = uf
y = 6f 2vf 4. 2. 12
The compat i bi l i t y of heat f l uxes at t he i nt er f ace 6f
3T2
97
y = 5f ojr y = f
9y
4. 3. 13
l eads t o t he f ol l owi ng expr essi on f or t he i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e.
To + ; ^ Tsat
2 6 r
1 + 1 2
4. 2. 14
2 6 ,
Def i ni ng a nondi mensi onal t emper at ur e
I - To
Tsat " Tc
4. 1. 15
t he nondi mensi onal i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e becomes
67
1 <5^
2 5C
0. =- - - - - - - - - . 4. 2. 16
1 _
1 69
1+- =2-
2 6 r
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i ons 4. 2. 2 and 4. 2. 8 i nt o Equat i on 4. 2. 4 and
nondi mensi onal i zi ng t he l engt h t er m by ( vf 2/ g) l / 3 l eads t o
d6l 3 36
dx Pr f ( 6f - ( ) ^i )
4. 2. 17
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i ons 4. 2. 2 and 4. 2. 9 i nt o Equat i on 4. 2. 5 and non-
di mensi onal i zi ng t he l engt h t er ms by ( vf 2/ g) l / 3 yi el ds
d6 2 2 T 2 ( 72 L T 2x 1_
9 - P r f 2 ( f ' 10 2 ) 9i dx 4- 2>18
dx
( Sf 2 - 1Q 522)
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i ons 4. 2. 12 and 4. 2. 11 i nt o Equat i on 4. 2. 6 and
and nondi mensi onal i zi ng l eads t o
d6c2 4 J a
dx 3/ 2/ 3 Pr f Ref 2/ 3
(1 0-j) . 4. 2. 19
Ut i l i zi ng t he expr essi on f or 0-j f r om Equat i on 4. 2. 16, Equat i ons 4. 2. 19
becomes
d6 2 4 J a 1
c
dx 32/ 3 Pr f Ref 2/ 3 l 52 4. 2. 20
1+ _
2 6r
J c
Equat i ons 4. 2. 17, 4. 2. 18 and 4. 2. 20 def i ne t he condensat i on i n Regi on I .
The boundar y condi t i ons as can be seen f r om t he f i gur e ar e 6^( 7 = 0)
= 0; S2( x = 0) = 0; 6"c( ^ =0) =0. The di f f er ent i al equat i ons can be
sol ved numer i cal l y af t er est abl i shi ng t he val ue of t he f i r st der i vat i ves
at 7 = 0. For ext r emel y smal l val ues of x i t can be shown t hat
68
4. 2. 21
$1 = a-^
62 = a2 x ^2
Tc = a3 ^1/2 *
The Regi on I ends when 5] + 62= 6f .
Regi on I I
Regi on I I begi ns when S] + 6 2 =6f . Fr om t hi s poi nt onwar ds t he i so
t her mal pl at e at t emper at ur e Tw act s as t he heat si nks i nst ead of t he
cool i ng capaci t y of f i l m. As a r esul t t he t emper at ur e i n t he f i l m de
cr eases .
At t he end of Regi on I l et
61= Li ; ^2=^2
and
Li Lo
c, ; Co 4. 2. 22
1 6f ^ 6 2
such t hat c^ + C2 = 1.
I n t he begi nni ng of Regi on I I an i nf l exi on poi nt occur s at y = 6^
9T
wher e t he sl ope = 0. Ther ef or e i t i s necessar y t o anal yze t he heat
t r ansf er i n t wo zones 0 < y < and l\<y < Sf .
The ener gy equat i on f or t he f i l m i s
69
s / uf Ti * =
kf
P f C,
Pf
r 9Ti
3Ti
1
L 9y
y = Li
9y
y = 0 J
J f or 0 < y < Lj_
4. 2. 23
and
6f
d f f
dx J Uf
To dy =
kf
P f CP
Pf
f or Lj < y < 5f
[
9T2
9y
9T2
J
4. 2. 24
The boundar y condi t i ons gover ni ng t he t emper at ur e pr of i l e i n 0 < y < l\
ar e
Tl = Tw at y = 0
9T1 _ ^
Ti = Tb;
9y
6 ( x) at y = Lj 4. 2. 25
These condi t i ons l ead t o
Ti =T W * 2 ( Tb - Tw + ^ T ) I -
w o ' T \
<Tb - T + 6Li ) - j ^r
4. 2. 26
The boundar y condi t i on gover ni ng t he t emper at ur e pr of i l e i n Lj <y < 5f
ar e
T2 = Tb (x) ;
9y 4. 2. 27
T2 = Ti at y = 6f .
These condi t i ons l ead t o
f y - L f
T2=Tb - e ( y - Li ) + ( Ti - Tb + bL2) - - - - -
' i L2 J ' 4. 2. 28
The condensat e l ayer t emper at ur e pr of i l e r emai ns as
70
Tc - Ti + (Tsat ' Ti ) t ~
4. 2. 29
The compat i bi l i t y of heat f l uxes at t he i nt er f ace 5f l eads t o t he f ol
l owi ng expr essi on f or t he nondi mensi onal i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e
1-2 - 0 1-2 Sc + 20b 6c
2 6C +I 2
4. 2. 30
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i ons 4. 2. 2 and 4. 2. 26 i nt o Equat i on 4. 2. 23 and nondi -
mensi onal i zi ng t he l engt h t er ms by ( v^2/ g) ^3 l eads t o
Ci
El
10
<% + Cl 5f
b ew ^ P^l ^f
dx dx
Pr f C1 5f \ 3
10
4. 3. 31
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i ons 4. 2. 28 and 4. 2. 2 i nt o Equat i on 4. 2. 24 and nondv
mensi onal i zi ng l eads t o
d0L de do,
" ^ 5f h? + M3
2 0i - 6b + e L2
dx Pr f ( l - q) sf 4 4. 3. 32
wher e
2 l c2 C1
(l - J l )
2 4 15
m2 =
2 Ci ^- 3
(i - )
6 2 12
ci c2 ( 1 . f i ) + d - ci ) c_z_
20
The condensat e l ayer ener gy equat i on r emai ns t he same as Equat i on
4. 2. 19.
Equat i ons 4. 2. 31, 4. 2. 32, and 4. 2. 19 descr i be t he condensat i on
i n Regi on I I . The i ni t i al condi t i ons ar e e = 0 and 613= 0 at t he
begi nni ng of Regi on I I . The val ue of 6C i s t hat obt ai ned at t he
end of r egi on I .
Case B Tw < Tn = Tqat
Fi gur e 4. 2. 2 shows t he physi cal model f or condensat i on on an i so
t her mal ver t i cal pl at e when t he i ncomi ng f i l m t emper at ur e i s at t he
sat ur at i on t emper at ur e. The f i l mwi t h a mass f l ow r at e, mf , ent er s cham
ber cont ai ni ng a pur e sat ur at ed vapor . As t he f i l m t emper at ur e i s
gr eat er t han t he t emper at ur e of t he pl at e a t her mal boundar y l ayer
gr ows f r om t he wal l out war ds t owar ds t he edge of t he f i l m. As T0 =
Tsat no condensat i on occur s. The r egi on wher e t he t her mal boundar y
l ayer gr ows i s cal l ed Regi on I . Regi on I comes t o an end when
= Sf . Fr om t hi s poi nt onwar ds t he f i l m- edge t emper at ur e decr eases
as a r esul t condensat i on occur s. Thi s r egi on wher e t he f i l m edge t em
per at ur e decr eases i s def i ned as Regi on I I .
Regi on I
The ener gy equat i on and t he vel oci t y pr of i l e r emai n t he same as
Equat i ons 4. 2. 5 and 4. 2. 2, r espect i vel y. However , t he t emper at ur e
pr of i l e changes. The boundar y condi t i ons gover ni ng t he t emper at ur e
pr of i l e i n boundar y l ayr 5]_ ar e
72
Fi gur e 4. 2. 2. Physi cal model f or condensat i on of a pur e vapor
on an i sot her mal pl at e when Tw<T0=Tsaf
Tl = Tw at y = 0
73
4. 2. 34
1
These condi t i ons l ead t o
y 2
Tl - Tsat = ( Tw - Tsat ) (1 - )
61 4. 2. 35
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i ons 4. 2. 2 and 4. 2. 34 i nt o Equat i on 4. 2. 5 and non-
Equat i on 4. 2. 37 def i nes t he heat t r ansf er i n Regi on I . I t can be sol ved
numer i cal l y af t er est abl i shi ng t he val ue of t he f i r st der i vat i ve at
x = 0. The i ni t i al val ue as can be seen f r om Fi gur e 4. 2. 2 i s ( x=0)
= 0. For ext r emel y smal l val ues of x i t can be shown t hat
Regi on I comes t o an end when = 6f .
Regi on I I begi ns as t he f i l m edge t emper at ur e at y = Sf dr ops be
l ow t he sat ur at i on t emper at ur e of t he vapor . As a r esul t condensat i on
begi ns and a t hi n l ayer , 6C, devel ops on t he edge of t he f i l m.
The boundar y condi t i ons gover ni ng t he t emeper at ur e pr of i l e i n t he
f i l m ar e
di mensi onal i zi ng t he l engt h t er ms by ( vf 2/ g) ^3 l eads t o
36
4. 2. 36
dx
Regi on I I
74
Tf = Tw at y = 0
9Tf q
Tf = Ti and - - - - - - - - = - 3 at y = 6f - 4. 2. 38
i i 3y k 1
The condi t i ons l ead t o
Tf = Tw + {2(T-j - Tw) + 3 5f } 7 - - f (Ti - Tw) + 6 Sf1 ^
sf I ( sf
4. 2. 39
The t emper at ur e pr of i l e i n t he condensat e l ayer r emai ns as Equat i on
4. 2. 11. The compat i bi l i t y of heat f l uxes at t he i nt er f ace y = 5f l eads
t o t he f ol l owi ng expr essi on f or t he i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e
Ti _ Tsat + g6c
4. 2. 40
Def i ni ng a nondi mensi onal t emper at ur e
T - Tw
0 = - - - - - - - - - 4. 2. 41
Tsat ~ Tw
t he nondi mensi onal i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e can be expr essed as
0-j = 1 + 3 Sc 4. 2. 42
wher e
_ B( vf 2/ g) 1/ 3
3 = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4. 4. 43
( Tsat ' Tw) *
The gover ni ng di f f er ent i al equat i on f or t he condensat e l ayer r e
mai ns t he same as Equat i on 4. 2. 19.
dSc
dx
J a ( l - 9i )
32/ 3 ^ 7 7 3
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i on 4. 2. 42 i nt o Equat i on 4. 2. 44 yi el ds
d~6C 2 J a J
dx
The ener gy equat i on f or t he f i l m i s
5- f Sf Uf Tf dy - i l _
dx J f f Pf c
0 TLpf
p Tf 3Tf
-1
L
<
<I
I
0
7

h
ay
y=0-
75
4. 2. 44
4. 2. 45
4. 2. 46
Subst i t ut i ng Equat i ons 4. 2. 1, 4. 2. 39, 4. 4. 42 i nt o Equat i on 4. 2. 46
and nondi mensi onal i zi ng yi el ds
d3_
dx
30 ( l + 8( 6C + 6f ) ) 8 J a B2
Pr f 5f 4 + ( 3Ref ) 2/ 3 Pr f
( 4 Sc + g6f ) 4. 2. 47
Equat i ons 4. 2. 42, 4. 2. 45 and 4. 2. 47 descr i be t he condensat i on i n
Regi on I I . The i ni t i al condi t i ons ar e e = 0 and 5C = 0 at t he begi nni ng
of Regi on I I .
Heat Tr ansf er Expr essi ons
A heat t r ansf er coef f i ci ent can be def i ned as
h( x) =
8T
ay
y=o
( Tsat " Tw)
f r omwhi ch t he l ocal Nussel t number can be def i ned as
4. 2. 48
M h( x) ( vf 2/ g)1/ 3
Nu( x) =- - - - - - - - - 1- - - - - - - - - -
K
Case A Tw < Tn < Tc;at
The heat t r ansf er coef f i ci ent f or Regi on I i s
- 2( TW - T0)k
( Tsat V 1
3Ti
b___
K
8y
y = 0
( ^sat '
Tw)
The l ocal Nussel t number i n Regi on I i s
OQ
Nuj (7) = - w
(1 - 0W) 6i
Subst i t ut i ng t he expr essi on f or 6i f r om Equat i on 4
4. 2. 48 becomes
29
Nu> w =
f r omwhi ch an aver age Nussel t number i n Regi on I can
. 3ew
NUl (1 - 0w) ai x1/ 3
Regi on I comes t o an end at X = Xq when 6]_ + 62
t he expr essi ons f or and 62 f r om Equat i on 4. 2. 21, t he
t i on i s obt ai ned whi ch def i nes t he ext ent of Regi on I .
al + a2 XD ^ = 5f *
The l ocal Nussel t number i n Regi on I I i s gi ven by
4. 2. 49
4. 2. 50
4. 2. 51
- . 2. 21, Equat i on
4. 2. 52
be evaul at ed as
4. 2. 53
= Sf . Ut i l i zi ng
f ol l owi ng equa-
4. 2. 54
76
The aver age Nussel t i n Regi on I I i s expr essed as
f * - -
Nu j i = J Nu j j (x) dx
*D
(x - x q)
The aver age Nussel t number over Regi ons I and I I i s
Nu = Nuj + Nu j j (x - xD)
x
Case B Tw < Tn = Tsa^
The l ocal heat t r ansf er coef f i ci ent i n Regi on I i s
2k
h( x) =
61
The l ocal Nussel t number i n Regi on I i s expr essed as
2
Nuj (x) =
' 61
Ut i l i zi ng t he expr essi on f or 6^ f r om Equat i on 4. 2. 37,
4. 2. 59 becomes
f r omwhi ch an aver age Nussel t number over t he l engt h of Regi on
expr essed as
4. 2. 56
gi ven by
4. 2. 57
gi ven by
4. 2. 58
4. 2. 59
Equat i on
4. 2. 60
I can be
78
Ni J j = _1/ 3 4. 2. 61
al x
Regi on I comes t o an end when = 6f . Ut i l i zi ng t he expr essi on
f or <5i f r om Equat i on 4. 2. 37 t he f ol l owi ng equat i on i s obt ai ned t o
def i ne, Xp, t he ext ent of Regi on I :
6f 3
~X[) = ( ) . 4. 2. 62
al
The l ocal Nussel t number i n Regi on I I i s gi ven by
20-j + 3 6f
Nu11 ( x) = -------------------- 4. 2. 63
6f
The aver age Nussel t number i n Regi on I I can be eval uat ed as
P -
Nuj i -J Nu j j (x) dx
*D
(x - xD)- - - - - 4- 2- 64
The aver age Nussel t number i n Regi ons I and I I i s gi ven by
_ Nui xD + Nun (x " XD)
Nu = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 4. 2. 65
4. 3 Resul t s and Di scussi on
Case A Tw < Tn < Tqat
Exami nat i on of t he gover ni ng di f f er ent i al equat i on i ndi cat es t hat
t he condensat i on i n Regi on I i s dependent on t he Reynol ds number , t he
Pr andt l number and t he J akob number . I n Regi on I f or smal l val ues of
x si mpl e expr essi ons coul d be obt ai ned f or t he coef f i ci ent s of 6^,
79
62 and 6C i ndi cat ed i n Equat i on 4. 2. 21 They ar e
' 36 ~| 1/3
(SRe^r)1/ 3 Pr j J
I" 24 ~| l / 2
L( 3Ref )2//3 Pr ^H
4. 3. 1
i f 1
a3 ~ 2 I 2 32 +
Regi on I comes t o an end when
6i + 62 = 6f 4. 3. 2
The ext ent of Regi on I , Xq, can be det er mi ned af t er sol vi ng t he
gover ni ng di f f er ent i al equat i ons. Al t er nat el y i t can be eval uat ed
ut i l i zi ng t he pr of i l es i ndi cat ed i n Equat i on 4. 2. 21. Subst i t ut i ng
t he pr of i l es f or fi j , 62 f r om Equat i on 4. 2. 21 and t he val ues of a^
and a2 f r om Equat i on 4. 3. 1 i nt o Equat i on 4. 3. 2 yi el ds
The above equat i on has t o be sol ved numer i cal l y t o obt ai n t he val ue
of X[). Mor eover i t i s cl ear t hat t he ext ent of Regi on i s onl y a f unct i on
of t he Reynol ds number and t he Pr andt l number of t he f i l m.
The aver age Nussel t number i n Regi on I i s gi ven by
- 3 0W
36 ~j l / 3_ 1/ 3
77T~ XD
1/2 1/2
4. 3. 3
4. 3. 4
I n addi t i on t o t he Reynol d, Pr andt l , J akob number s, condensat i on i n
Regi on I I i s dependent on a f our t h par amet er : t he t emper at ur e of t he
pl at e. I n Regi on I I , si mpl e expr essi ons coul d not be obt ai ned f or t he
l ocal or aver age Nussel t number ; t hus t hey had t o be eval uat ed numer i
cal l y.
I t i s i mpor t ant t o det er mi ne t he l engt h of t he pl at e over whi ch
t he aver age Nussel t number i s t o be cal cul at ed. I t has been r epor t ed
[ 27] t hat f or sur f ace condensat i on t he aver age f i l m heat t r ansf er co
ef f i ci ent on a t ube wi t h di amet er , d, has t he same magni t ude as t he
aver age f i l m heat t r ansf er coef f i ci ent on a ver t i cal pl at e wi t h hei ght
x = 2. 5 d. The t ube di amet er s of i nt er est l i e bel ow one i nch whi ch
cor r esponds t o an equi val ent nondi mensi onal hei ght of t he pl at e of
1000. Thus t he aver age Nussel t number was cal cul at ed over t he hei ght
of t he pl at e t o a maxi mum of x = 1000.
Fi gur e 4. 3. 1 pr esent s t he nondi mensi onal i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e,
9-j , as f unct i on of t he di st ance al ong t he pl at e f or di f f er ent t em
per at ur es of t he i ncomi ng f i l m. As expect ed i n Regi on I , as T0 i ncr eases
T-j i ncr eases. However , i n Regi on I I , f or a gi ven Tw, a l ar ger T0 r esul t s
i n a shar per decr ease i n 9-j . Thi s i s pr i mar i l y due t o t he l ar ger heat
f l ux at t he wal l r esul t i ng f r om a l ar ger t emper at ur e di f f er ence acr oss
t he f i l m. The f ast er depl et i on of t he heat at t he wal l l eads t o a shar p
er decr ease i n 9i .
Fi gur e 4. 3. 2 pr esent s t he nondi mensi onal i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e,
pl at e f or di f f er ent t emper at ur es of t he wal l . I n Regi on I , 9-j r emai ns
t he same f or each of t he wal l t emper at ur es. Thi s i s due t o t he f act t hat
condensat i on i n Regi on I i s dependent onl y on t he cool i ng capaci t y of
t he f i l m and i ndependent of t he wal l t emper at ur e. However i n Regi on
80
X
Fi gur e 4. 3. 1. I nt er f aci al t emper at ur e as a f unct i on of X f or di f f er ent
J a. Tsat =600R, Tw=500R.
00
X
Fi gur e 4. 3. 2. Nondi mensi onal i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e as a f unct i on of X f or
di f f er ent J a*. Tsat =600R, To=570R.
I I t he pl at e wal l mai nt ai ned at l ow t emper at ur e act s as t he heat si nk.
As a r esul t 0-j decr eases. As expect ed f or l ower wal l t emper at ur es
t her e i s a shar per decr ease i n 0-j i n Regi on I I . Fur t her mor e i t i s
not i ced t hat i n t he begi nni ng of Regi on I I f or a shor t di st ance 0-j
i ncr eases i nst ead of decr easi ng. Thi s can be at t r i but ed t o t he f act
t hat i n t he begi nni ng of t he Regi on I I , t he i nf l uence of t he wal l i s
not f el t i mmedi at el y by t he i nt er f ace. The di st ance bet ween t he poi nt s
A and B i s t he di st ance r equi r ed f or t he i nt er f ace t o f eel t he ef f ect
of t he pl at e wal l . Thi s di st ance i s st r i ct l y a f unct i on of t he hydr o
dynami cs of t he f i l m.
Fi gur e 4. 3. 3 shows t he var i at i on of 0-j wi t h X f or di f f er ent Rey
nol ds number s of t he f i l m. For l ow f i l m vel oci t i es t he i nt er f aces ar e
si gni f i cant l y af f ect ed by t he l ow wal l t emper at ur e. As a r esul t t her e
i s a shar per decr ease i n 0^. However , f or a l ar ger Reynol ds number
( >100) t her e i s l i t t l e decr ease i n 0-j i n Regi on I I . I n f act t he l ow
t emper at ur e wal l seems t o have ver y l i t t l e ef f ect on t he i nt er f aci al
t emper at ur e.
Fi gur es 4. 3. 4 t hr ough 4. 3. 6 pr esent t he i nt egr at ed aver age Nussel t
number as a f unct i on of x f or di f f er ent i ncomi ng f i l m t emper at ur es, wal l
t emper at ur es and Reynol ds number s. The r esul t s agr ee wi t h t he expect ed
t r ends. For exampl e, a l ower wal l t emper at ur e l eads t o a l ar ger t emper
at ur e di f f er ence acr oss t he f i l m l eadi ng t o a hi gher heat t r ansf er at
t he wal l . I t i s t o be not ed t hat a hi gher heat t r ansf er at t he wal l
does not necessar i l y mean a hi gher condensat i on r at e. For exampl e consi
der t he case of a hi gh Reynol ds number s. For a hi gh Reynol ds number t he
i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e r emai ns f ai r l y hi gh and does not decr ease si g
ni f i cant l y i n Regi on I I . Thi s l eads t o a hi gh t emper at ur e di f f er ence
83
X
Fi gur e 4. 3. 3. Nondi mensi onal i nt er f aci al t emper at ur e as a f unct i on of X f or
di f f er ent Reynol ds number s. Tsat =600R, To=570R, Tw=500R.
00
o 200 400 _ 600 800 1000
X
Fi gur e 4. 3. 4. I nt egr at ed aver age Nussel t number as a f unct i on of X f or
di f f er ent J a. Tsat =600R, Tw=500R.
X
Fi g u r e 4. 3. 5. I n t e g r a t e d a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r as f u n c t i o n o f X f or
d i f f e r e n t J a* . T $ a t =600 R, To =570 R.
CO
cr>
o 200 400 600 800 1000
X
Fi g u r e 4. 3. 6. I n t e g r a t e d a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r as a f u n c t i o n o f X f or
d i f f e r e n t Re y n o l d s number s . T . =600 R, T =570 R,
T =500 R. s a 0
w
0 0
I
ac r o s s t h e f i l m l e a d i n g t o a hi gh heat t r a n s f e r at t h e wa l l . Ho we v e r , a
l ar ge i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e l eads t o a l ow t e mp e r a t u r e d r i v i n g f o r c e
f or c o n d e n s a t i o n l e a d i n g t o r e d u c e d c o n d e n s a t i o n r at e. The heat t r a n s
f er at t h e wal l i s b e i n g t r e a t e d as i t i s t hi s q u a n t i t y t h a t has been
r e p o r t e d i n o t h e r t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e r i me n t a l wor k s .
Cas e B Tw < Tn = Tq
Ex a mi n a t i o n of t he g o v e r n i n g d i f f e r e n e t i a l Eq u a t i o n 4 . 2 . 3 6 i n d i
c at es t h a t t he heat t r a n s f e r i n Re g i o n I i s d e p e n d e n t on t he Pr andt l
n u mb e r and t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e f i l m. Eq u a t i o n 4 . 2 . 3 s t at e s t hat t h e
t h i c k n e s s of t he f i l m i s s t r i c t l y a f u n c t i o n of t he Re y n o l d s n umber .
I t has been s hown t h a t i n Re g i o n I t h e t her mal b o u n d a r y l a y e r gr o wt h
c an be e x p r e s s e d as
<$1 = a^ x * / 3 . 4 . 3 . 5
On e v a l u a t i n g t he v al ue of aj at x : 0 i t was f ound t o be
36 1/ 3
a^ = [ - - - - - - - ] . 4 . 3 . 6
* Pr f Sf
Fr o m Eq u a t i o n 4 . 2 . 3 an e x p r e s s i o n c an be o b t a i n e d f o r t h e n o n d i
me n s i o n a l t h i c k n e s s of t h e f l m.
l f = ( 3 Re f ) 1 / 3 4 . 3 . 7
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n 4 . 3 . 7 i nt o 4 . 3 . 6 y i e l d s
a x = 2 . 9 2 2 Pr f " ! / 3 Re f " I / 9 . 4 . 3 . 8
The e x t e n t of Re g i o n I i s d e t e r mi n e d as
88
89
5^ 3_ ( 3 Re f ) 4 / 3 Pr f
4. 3. 9
36
Ut i l i z i n g t h e a b o v e e x p r e s s i o n s f or aj and Xq t he a v e r a g e Nu s
s el t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I c an be o b t a i n e d as
3
No s i mp l e e x p r e s s i o n s c o u l d be o b t a i n e d f or t h e l oc al or a v e r a g e
Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I I . Th u s , t h e y h ad t o be e v a l u a t e d u s i n g n u m
er i c al t e c h n i q u e s .
Fi g u r e 4 . 3 . 7 s hows t he v a r i a t i o n of t he n o n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a
c i al t e mp e r a t u r e wi t h t he d i s t a n c e a l o n g t he p l at e i n Re g i o n I I . For
l ow Re y n o l d s n umber s t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e i n 0-j as x i n
c r e a s e s . Ho we v e r , f or hi gh Re y n o l d n u mber s , wh i c h l ead t o hi gh f i l m
v e l o c i t i e s , t h e n o n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e d e c r e a s e s v er y
s l o wl y wi t h x. Th us , t he c o n d i t i o n s i n Re g i o n I I ar e al mo s t t he s ame
as i n Re g i o n I . I t a p p e a r s t hat t h e wal l ma i n t a i n e d at a l ow t e mp e r a
t u r e has i n s i g n i f i c a n t ef f ec t on t he i n t e r f ac i al t e mp e r a t u r e i . Th e
p r e s e n t p r o b l e m was a n a l y z e d u t i l i z i n g a l i n e a r t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n
t he f i l m. For a l ar ge Re y n o l d s n u mb e r t h e f o l l o wi n g e x p r e s s i o n was o b
t a i n e d f or t he i n t e g r a t e d Nu s s e l t n umber s ov er Re g i o n s I and I I
x
Th e a b o v e e x p r e s s i o n does not c o n t a i n t h e J a k o b n u mb e r i n d i c a t i n g
t hat at h i g h e r Re y n o l d n u mb e r s t he i n t e g r a t e d a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i s
i n d e p e n d e n t of t he wal l t e mp e r a t u r e .
4 . 3 . 1 0
= 0 . 0 2 8 Re f Pr f + 0 . 6 9 3 Re f " 1/ 3 ( x - x D) 4. 3. 11
X
Fi g u r e 4. 3. 7. No n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n o f X
f o r d i f f e r e n t Re y n o l d s number s .
Fi g u r e 4 . 3 . 8 p r e s e n t s t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e n o n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a
c i al t e mp e r a t u r e wi t h t he d i s t a n c e a l o n g t h e p l a t e f or d i f f e r e n t t e mp e r
at ur es of t h e wa l l . Th e r es ul t s f o l l o w t h e e x p e c t e d t r e n d s . A l ower wal l
t e mp e r a t u r e r es ul t s i n a f a s t e r r emov al of heat at t h e wal l l e a d i n g t o
a f a s t e r d e c r e a s e i n e- j .
Fi g u r e 4 . 3 . 9 p r e s ent s t he i n t e g r a t e d a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r as
f u n c t i o n of x f or d i f f e r e n t Ref . As n o t e d e a r l i e r f or a l o we r Re y n o l d s
n u mb e r t he i n t e r f ac i al t e mp e r a t u r e dr ops f as t e r a l o n g t he l engt h of
t h e pl at e. As a r es ul t t h e heat f l ux at t h e wal l d e c r e a s e s l e a d i n g t o
a l ower a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I I . Ho we v e r , i n Re g i o n I a
h i g h e r Re y n o l d s n u mb e r l eads t o a l o we r Nu s s e l t n umber .
Fi g u r e 4 . 3 . 1 0 p r e s e n t s t h e i n t e g r a t e d a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r as a
f u n c t i o n of x f or d i f f e r e n t wal l t e mp e r a t u r e s . I t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t at
h i g h e r Re y n o l d s n u mb e r ( =100) t h e c u r v e s f or ( Ts a^ - T w ) = 25, 50, 75 F
f al l on t h e s a me c ur v e. Th i s i s i n a g r e e me n t wi t h Eq u a t i o n 4 . 3 . 1 1 wh i c h
s t at es t hat at h i g h e r Re y n o l d s n u mb e r s t h e a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i s i n
d e p e n d e n t of t h e wal l t e mp e r a t u r e .
91
Fi g u r e 4. 3. 8. No n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n o f X
f o r d i f f e r e n t J a* . T s a =600 R.
Nu
X
Fi g u r e 4. 3. 9. I n t e g r a t e d a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r as a f u n c t i o n o f X f or
d i f f e r e n t Re y n o l d s number s . T s a ^. =600 R.
CO
X
Fi g u r e 4 . 3. 10. I n t e g r a t e d a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r as a f u n c t i o n o f of X f or
d i f f e r e n t J a* . T . =600 R.
s at
CHAPTER 5
CONDENSATI ON ON A THI N FI L M FL OWI NG OVER A
VERTI CAL I SOTHERMAL PL ATE I N PRESENCE
OF A NONCONDENSI BL E GAS
5. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n
I t i s wel l k nown t hat t h e p r e s e n c e of a s mal l a mo u n t of n o n c o n d e n
s i b l e gas i n t h e c o n d e n s i n g v a p o r c an d r a s t i c a l l y r ed u c e t h e c o n d e n s a
t i o n heat t r a n s f e r . To u n d e r s t a n d t he a b o v e p h e n o me n o n s ev er al i n v e s t i
gat or s hav e d e al t wi t h t he p r o b l e m of l a mi n a r f i l m c o n d e n s a t i o n on an
i s o t h e r ma l v er t i c al s ur f ac e. Sp a r r o w and Li n [ 17] we r e t he f i r s t t o
f o r mu l a t e a t h e o r y t o p r e d i c t t h e ef f e c t s of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas es on
l a mi n a r f i l m c o n d e n s a t i o n . Ut i l i z i n g a s i mi l a r i t y t r a n s f o r ma t i o n t hey
s o l v e d t h e c o u p l e d c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n s of heat , mas s and mo me n t u m
t r a n s f e r . They hav e s hown t hat f or c o n d e n s a t i o n of s t eam, a ma s s
f r a c t i o n of ai r equal t o hal f a pe r c e n t c an r educ e t he c o n d e n s a t i o n
heat t r a n s f e r by ov er 50%. Mi n k o wy c z and Sp a r r o w [ 6 ] s t u d i e d t he
s ame p r o b l e m i n 1969. Ho wev er , t h e y e x a mi n e d t he e f f e c t s of i n t e r
f ac i al r es i s t a n c e , f r ee c o n v e c t i o n due t o t e mp e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s , mas s
and t her mal d i f f u s i o n and v a r i a b l e p r o p e r t i e s . They c o n c l u d e d t h a t t he
e f f e c t s of i n t e r f a c i a l r e s i s t a n c e and t her mal d i f f u s i o n we r e n e g l i g i b l e .
They f u r t h e r poi nt out t hat t he ef f e c t s of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas es ar e
a c c e n t u a t e d at l o we r p r e s s u r e s . Ro s e [ 19] d e al t wi t h t he s a me p r o b l e m
u t i l i z i n g an i nt egr al a p p r o a c h . Al - Di wa n y [ 28] p e r f o r me d e x p e r i me n t a l
s t u d i e s on l a mi n a r f i l m c o n d e n s a t i o n i n t h e p r e s e n c e of a n o n c o n d e n s i b l e
gas . I n al l of t he a b o v e s t udi es i t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t t he p r e s e n c e
of a s mal l a mo u n t of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas d r a s t i c a l l y r e d u c e d t he c o n d e n
s a t i o n heat t r a n s f e r .
Al t h o u g h s i z e a b l e wor k of e x p e r i me n t a l and a n a l y t i c a l n a t u r e has
been r e p o r t e d on t he ef f e c t s of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas es on c o n d e n s a t i o n
on bar e s u r f a c e s , l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n has been f o c u s e d on t he ef f e c t s
of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas es on di r ec t c ont ac t c o n d e n s a t i o n p r o c e s s e s .
Thus , i t was d e c i d e d t o a n a l y z e t he e f f ec t s of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas es
on c o n d e n s a t i o n on a t hi n f i l m f l o wi n g ov er an i s ot her mal v er t i c al
s u r f a c e .
The onl y wo r k r e p o r t e d t hat i s c l os e t o t he p r o b l e m i s c o n d e n s a t i o n
on an i mmi s c i b l e f i l m f l o wi n g o v e r an a d i a b a t i c v er t i c al s u r f a c e [ 9]
wh i c h was t r e a t e d by t h e a u t h o r i n 1983. The p r e s e n t p r o b l e m i s d i f
f e r e n t as t he v er t i c al s u r f a c e i s i s ot her mal i n s t e a d of b e i n g a d i a b a t i c .
I n t h e p r e s e n t p r o b l e m t h e i s ot h e r ma l wal l ac t s as t h e heat s i nk , l e a d
i ng t o an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t heat t r a n s f e r p e r f o r ma n c e . Ho we v e r , t he
b as i c me t h o d of a p p r o a c h t o t h e p r o b l e m r ema i n s t he s ame.
5. 2 Phy s i c al Model and Ma t h e ma t i c a l Fo r mu l a t i o n
Cas e A Tw < Tn < T<;at
The b a s i c model f or c o n d e n s a t i o n on a t hi n f i l m f l o wi n g o v e r an
i s o t her mal v er t i c al p l at e i n t he p r e s e n c e of a n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas i s
s hown i n Fi g u r e 5. 2. 1. The f i l m wi t h a ma s s f l o w r at e mf and a t e mp e r a
t u r e T0 f l ows down a v er t i c al i s o t her mal f l at pl a t e . I t e n t e r s a c h a mb e r
f i l l e d wi t h a v a por c o n t a i n i n g a s mal l f r a c t i o n of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas .
I t i s a s s u me d t hat t he p r e s s u r e i n t he c h a mb e r i s s u f f i c i e n t l y l ow
96
97
Regi on I
Regi on I I
Fi g u r e 5. 2. 1. Phy s i c al model f or c o n d e n s a t i o n on a t h i n f i l m
f l o wi n g o v e r an i s o t her mal p l a t e i n t he p r e s e n c e
o f a n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas wh e n T <T <T
3 w o s at
98
and t he J a k o b nu mb e r , Cp (T - T0 ) / hf g, i s s mal l . Thi s a s s u r e s t h a t t he
c o n d e n s a t e l a y e r i s t hi n. I t i s a s s u me d t hat t h e e f f e c t s of s u p e r h e a t
i ng, t her mal d i f f u s i o n and d i f f u s i o n t h e r mo ar e n e g l i g i b l e [ 6 ] . Fl u i d
p r o p e r t y v a r i a t i o n s ar e r e t a i n e d onl y i n t h o s e pl ac es wh e r e t h e y pl ay
an es s e n t i a l r ol e i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e t r a n s p o r t p r o c e s s e s .
Thi s p r o b l e m as s h own i n Fi g u r e 5. 2. 1 c an be d i v i d e d i nt o t wo r e
gi ons . Re g i o n I de f i n e s a r egi on wh e r e t he t her mal b o u n d a r y l ay er s
ar e d e v e l o p i n g . As T0 > Tw , a t her mal b o u n d a r y l ay er , 6j , gr ows f r om
t h e wal l t o wa r d s t he edge of t he f i l m. As T > T0 , t he v a p o r c o n d e n s e s
on t he e d g e of t he f i l m. As a r es ul t a s e c o n d t her mal b o u n d a r y l ay er
gr ows f r o m t h e e d g e of t he f i l m t o wa r d s t he wa l l . At a p oi nt a l o n g t h e
l engt h of t he pl at e, Xq, t he t wo b o u n d a r y l ay er s meet . The r egi on
0 < X < Xq i s d e f i n e d as Re g i o n I . I n Re g i o n I i n a d d i t i o n t o t he
c o n d e n s a t e l ay er , t h er e ar e mo me n t u m and s pec i es b o u n d a r y l ay er s ,
wh i c h ar e br o u g h t about t he by p r e s e n c e of t he n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas .
Re g i o n I I begi ns when t he t wo t her mal b o u n d a r y l ay er s S\ and 62
me e t s uc h t hat + 62 = 5f. Fr o m t hi s poi nt on wa r d s t he e n t i r e f i l m
c ool s down. The i s o t her mal p l at e ac t s as t he heat s i nk i n s t e a d of t he
c o o l a n t c a p a c i t y of t h e f i l m.
Re g i o n I
The ma s s f l o w r at e per uni t wi d t h f or t he f i l m i s
Pf Uf dy
5. 2. 1
0
wh e r e
99
9 r , y -i
u f = [ 6 f y - ]
Vf 2
5.2.2
Ut i l i z i n g Eq u a t i o n s 5. 2. 1 and 5. 2. 2, t h e r e ar e o b t a i n e d
6f =
" 3 mf
- Uf
1/ 3 v 2 1/ 3
( L )
g
5 . 2. 3
The i nt egr al f o r m of e n e r g y e q u a t i o n f or b o u n d a r y l a y e r i s
- f
dx J
Pf uf Cp f (Tl - T0 ) dy = - k f
9Ti
9y
y = o
5 . 2 . 4
and f or t he b o u n d a r y l ay er S2 , t he e n e r g y e q u a t i o n i s
O f
J Pf u f Cp f ( T2 - T0 ) dy = k f
8T 2
6 f 62
9y
y = 6 f.
5 . 2. 5
As t he J a k o b n u mb e r i s s mal l , t he e n e r g y e q u a t i o n f or t h e c o n d e n s a t e
l a y e r i s
- f
dx J
5 f + 5 c
y = 5
f .
5 . 2. 6
Th e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s g o v e r n i n g t he t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n b o u n d a r y
l ay er 6 ^ ar e
Ti = Tw at y = 0
9T
Tl = T ; i = 0 at y = Si
1 u 3y
5. 2. 7
Th e s e c o n d i t i o n s l ead t o
100
Tl - T 0 = ( Tw - T 0 ) ( 1 - 7 - )
1 5.2.8
The b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s f or t h e t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n b o u n d a r y l a y e r
62 ar e
3T
^7
0 at y = 5f - 62
T 2 = Ti at y = 5 f . 5 . 2 . 9
Th e s e c o n d i t i o n s l ead t o
5f - y
t 2 - To ' <T1 - To> I 1 - '
5 . 2 . 1 0
As t he c o n d e n s a t e l ay er i s t hi n i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s u me a l i n e a r
t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e . Th e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s are
T c = T-j at y = Sf
Tc = T* at y = 6C + <5f
5. 2. 11
Th e s e c o n d i t i o n s l ead t o
y ~ ^ f
Tc = Ti + ( T - T i > < - T - f )
5. 2 . 1 2
The c o mp a t i b i l i t y of heat f l u x e s at t h e i n t e r f a c e 6f
Hi
ay
y = sf
dTr
= k f &
f ay
y = sf
5. 2. 1 3
l eads t o t he f o l l o wi n g e x p r e s s i o n f or t he i nt er f ac i al t e mp e r a t u r e
101
1
2
Ti =
1 +
De f i n i n g a n o n d i me n s i o n a l t e mp e r a t u r e
T - T
0 = - - - - - Q-
Tcc . Tr
t he n o n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e c an be e x p r e s s e d as
1 5-
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n s 5 . 2. 8 and 5. 2. 2 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5. 2
n o n d i me n s i o n a l i z i ng t he l en g t h t e r m by ( v f 2/ g ) ^ 3 l eads t o
_ 3
d 6i _ __________ 36______
dx Pr f ( f - TO ^ l )
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n s 5. 2. 2 and 5. 2 . 1 0 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5. 2
n o n d i me n s i o n a l i z i n g t he l engt h t e r m by ( v ^ ^ / g ) ^ 3 y i e l d s
24 _ o ~f~2 1
- 25 ( Sf - ^ 2_) I. _ H l
d 6 2 2 _ Pr f 10 ' T T dx
d F " - 10 2 2 )
5. 2 . 1 4
5. 2 . 1 5
5 . 2 . 1 6
. 4 and
5. 2. 17
. 5 and
5 . 2 . 1 8
Th e v e l o c i t y i n t h e c o n d e n s a t e l a y e r i s equal t o t h e e d g e v e l o c i t y
of t he f i l m
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n s 5. 2. 1 9 and 5. 2. 12 i nt o Eq u a t i o n and non-
The c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n s t o be s a t i s f i e d i n t h e gas v a p o r b o u n d
ar y l a y e r ar e t he c o n s e r v a t i o n of ma s s f or t h e mi x t u r e , c o n s e r v a t i o n of
s p e c i e s of one of t he c o mp o n e n t s and t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n of e n e r g y a nd mo
me n t u m. As t he e n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d due t o c o n d u c t i o n and c o n v e c t i o n i n t h e
g a s - v a p o r r egi on i s v er y s mal l r e l a t i v e t o t hat l i b e r a t e d as l a t e n t
heat , t he v a p o r e n e r g y e q u a t i o n wi l l not be c o n s i d e r e d .
The l oc al c o n c e n t r a t i o n of gas and v apor i s e x p r e s s e d i n t e r ms
of t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e ma s s f r a c t i o n s Wg and Wv
p = p v + Pg ; Wv + Wg = 1 .
As Wv and Wg ar e d e p e n d e n t on e a c h ot he r , one of t h e m c an be e l i m
i na t e d f r o m t he p r o b l e m. I n t hi s a n a l y s i s Wg i s r e t a i n e d and i t s s u b
d i me n s i o n a l i z i n g t h e l en g t h t e r ms by ( v ^ ^ / g ) ^ 3 r es ul t s i n
d ^ 2
dx
5 . 2 . 2 0
Ut i l i z i n g Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2. 16, Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 2 0 bec o me s
dS 2 4 J a
__ c = _____ _____
9 *
5 . 2 . 2 1
c
5 . 2 . 2 2
s c r i p t i s d r o p p e d . The par t i al p r e s s u r e of t he v a p o r and t he t ot al p r e s
s ur e ar e r e l a t e d by t h e e x p r e s s i o n
PV 1 - W
103
P 1 - W ( 1 - Mv / Mg ) 5. 2. 23
As t h e J a k o b n u mb e r i s s mal l and t h e p r e s s u r e a c r o s s t h e b o u n d a r y
l a y e r i s a s s u me d t o be c o n s t a n t , t he v a r i a t i o n i n h f i s s mal l . Un d e r
9
t h e a b o v e a s s u mp t i o n s t h e Cl a u s i u s Cl a p r e y o n Eq u a t i o n c an be i n t e g r a t e d
rPv dP r s h f Q d T
J ~ = J* R ^
P * T
r v 1
5. 2. 2 4
wh e r e T and Ts ^ ar e t h e s a t u r a t i o n t e mp e r a t u r e s of t h e v a p o r c o r r e s
p o n d i n g t o t h e par t i al p r e s s u r e Pv * and Pv ^ , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Upon p e r f o r mi n g t h e i n d i c a t e d i n t e g r a t i o n i n Eq u a t i o n 5. 2 . 2 4 , an
e x p r e s s i o n i s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e b e t we e n t h e c o n
d e n s a t e and t h e gas v a p o r b o u n d a r y l ay er s .
T* =
Ts c
g
wh e r e u t l i z i n g Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 2 3
, . R P\ / OQ
1+ ^ V 7 5. 2. 2 5
1 - w, ~| ] l - W* ( 1 - Mv / Mg )
P
1v
Pv* 1 1 - wM (l - - v) l - w*
1 Mg
5. 2. 2 6
I n t e r ms of t h e n o n d i me n s i o n a l t e mp e r a t u r e Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 2 5 i s gi v en as
104
- I n T
Q
R
hf ( Too - Tq )
n
P yoo
b *
r V
1 +
Tgoo R Py 00
n
P *
V
5. 2. 27
The c o n s e r v a t i o n e q u a t i o n s f or ma s s , mo me n t u m and s p e c i e s ar e
3u 3 V
- - - - - - - - - - - 1- - =
0
3x 3y
3u 3u 32u
u + V

= v ?
3x
ay ay
3w 3w 32W
u + V

= D 2
3x
ay 3y
The i nt egr al f or m of e q u a t i o n s
5 . 2 . 2 8
s pe c i e s ar e
- f
dx J
sf + 6c + s m
f + 6C
9 p d SC 3n
u^ dy + u_ - ur V* = - v
J c dx c 3y
y = Sf + 6C
5. 2. 29
d _
dx J
6f + sc + 6m
u ( W - WJ dy + u c ( W* - WJ ^
5f + s c
* 3W
ur V ( W - WJ = - D
C ' a>/ gy
y = Sf + S( 5 . 2 . 3 0
As q u a d r a t i c p r o f i l e s f or v e l o c i t y and c o n c e n t r a t i o n h a v e been r e
p o r t e d t o y i e l d good r es ul t s i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o s a t i s f y t he f o l l o wi n g
b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s :
u = u c ; W = W* at y = Sf + Sc
105
u - 0 ; = 0 at y = 6f + 6r + 6m
3y
3W 5. 2. 31
W = Woo i = 0 a t y = 6f + 6 r + 6c .
3y
3u
Thes e c o n d i t i o n s l ead t o t h e f o l l o wi n g p r o f i l e s f or v e l o c i t y and c on-
c ent r at i on
u c 2
u = ~2 [ 6f + 6C + 6m - y ]
5. 2 . 3 2
W* - Woo
w - Wro = ( - - - - - ) [ 6f + 6 + 6 - y ] 2 .
6S2 5 . 2 . 3 3
The c o n s e r v a t i o n of ma s s at t h e i n t e r f a c e 6f + 6C l eads t o
Sf + 6r
d f a r d6 i
dx J P f u c dy = [ ou - - pv]
6f 6f + 6C '
5 . 2 . 3 4
The i n t e r f a c e b e t we e n t h e c o n d e n s a t e and t he gas v a p o r mi x t u r e i s
i mp e r me a b l e t o t h e n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas . Ther e f o r e ,
d 6 , 3w
^ p gu 77 p gv ) +D ^ = 0 .
dx ^ y = 6f + 6C 5. 2. 3 5
Co mb i n i n g e q u a t i o n s 5 . 2 . 3 4 and 5. 2. 3 5 and e l i mi n a t i n g v * r es ul t s i n
Pc d 6r 2ZP W* - W
u_ = - - - - - - - - - - - - 5. 2. 3 6
pi C dx W* 6S
As t h e J a k o b n u mb e r i s s mal l t h e t her mal d r i v i n g f or i s r e l a t i v e l y
s mal l . Th e r e f o r e e q u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 3 6 c an be r e d u c e d t o
106
Pc
d 5 c
dx
7T (
W
2D W
)
5. 2. 37
Thi s y i e l d s an e x p r e s s i o n f or t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t he n o n c o n d e n s i b l e
gas at t h e i n t e r f a c e Sf + 6C. No n d i me n s i o n a l i z i n g Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 3 7 y i e l d s
W* =
2/ 3 v f 5s d 5c 2
1 - Re / 7-3 Pr f - I s r = - =
8 Voo 5C dx
5 . 2 . 3 8
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n s 5. 2 . 3 2 and t he e x p r e s s i o n f or v f r o m Eq u a t i o n
5 . 2 . 3 4 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 2 9 y i e l d s
r 2
dS
dx"
40
m
( 3 Re f ) 2/ 3 Z I
Voo
5 f d<sc 2
Poo d *
5 . 2 . 3 9
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n 5. 2. 3 3 and t he e x p r e s s i o n f or v f r o m Eq u a
t i o n 5. 2. 3 5 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5. 2. 3 0 and n o n d i me n s i o n a l i z i n g y i e l d s
24 W
dS 2
dx ( 3 Re f ) 2 / 3 s r W* m
( 0 . 5 - 0 . 2 I s ) d 6 m
6m dx
J 2
s
1
1 ___
1
* s 2l ^ d w*
Woo
L 2
m
10
V J
d) T -1
5C 3 5 2
( i ~ + - r ? )
m 10 V
5. 2 . 4 0
Eq u a t i o n s 5. 2 . 1 7 , 5. 2 . 1 8 , 5. 2 . 2 1 , 5 . 2 . 3 9 and 5 . 2 . 4 0 d e f i n d t he c o n d e n s a
t i on i n Re g i o n I . They c an be s o l v e d n u me r i c a l l y a f t e r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e
v al ues of t he f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e s at x = 0. As c an be s een f r o m t h e f i g u r e
t he i ni t i al c o n d i t i o n s ar e 6i ( x =0 ) =0 ; 52( x =0 ) =0 ; 6c ( x =0 ) =0 ; 6m( x =0 ) =0 ;
and Ss ( x =0) =0. Al t e r n a t e l y , t h e y may be s ol v ed a s s u mi n g a s er i es of
s o l u t i o n . I t ma y be s hown t h a t t he s o l u t i o n s ar e s a t i s f i e d by t he e x
p r e s s i o n s
107
51
= aj x l / 3 +
62
= a2
1( 1/ 2
+ .
C
= a 3 x l / 2 +
= a 4
T l / 2
+ .
= a5
x l / 2 + .
5. 2. 41
The s o l u t i o n s f or Re g i o n I e n d s wh e n 61 + 62 = 6f .
Re g i o n I I
Re g i o n I I begi ns wh e n 5] _ + 62 = <Sf - Fr o m t hi s poi nt o n wa r d s t he
i s o t h e r ma l p l a t e ac t s as t h e h e a t s i nk .
At t h e end of Re g i o n I l et
6i =T* i ; 62= L2
and
C1 =
Sf
. r - _C
, t o -
6f 5 . 4 . 4 2
s uc h t h a t c j + C2 = 1 .
I n t h e b e g i n n i n g of Re g i o n I I an i n f l e x i o n p oi nt o c c u r s at y = L] , ;
8T
wh e r e t h e s l o p e = 0. Th e r e f o r e t h e heat t r a n s f e r i n Re g i o n I I i s
9y
a n a l y z e d i n t wo z ones ; 0 < y < and < y < 6f .
The e n e r g y e q u a t i o n f or t he f i l m i s
d f 1 t a k f T 9T1
r j uf Ti dy =
pf Cpf L 9y |y = L
3Ti
3y
,]
5 . 2 . 4 3
108
f or 0 < y < l \
and
i f ' uf T2 d y . ^ f ^ l - >J l
dx J T 2 p _ r n . L3y
1
>f c Pf | y = 6 f
y =
5.2.44
f or Li < y <6f .
The b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s f or t h e t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n 0 < y < L\
ar e
Ti = Tw at y = 0
9T1 _ q
T1 = Tb
ay
5 . 2 . 4 5
Thes e c o n d i t i o n s l ead t o
i L l ) y
2 Lj
T1 T + 2 <Tb - Tw + ^ - < Tb - Tw +
5. 2 . 4 6
The b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s g o v e r n i n g t h e t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n Lj < y < <5f
ar e
T2 = Tb ( x) ; l i = - 1 = - p ( x ) at y = Li
D ay k 1
12 = T-j at y = 6f = Li + L 2
5. 2. 47
Thes e c o n d i t i o n s l ead t o
y - L l '
T2 = Tb - p ( y - Li ) + ( Ti - Tb + gL2 ) ( - - - )
L 2 2 5 . 2 . 4 8
The c o n d e n s a t e l a y er t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e r emai ns as
( y - <5f )
TC = T-j + ( T* - Ti ) - - - - - _
c
109
4.2.49
The c o mp a t i b i l i t y of heat f l ux es at t he i n t e r f a c e 6f l eads t o t he
f o l l o wi n g e x p r e s s i o n f or t he n o n d i me n s i o n a l i nt er f ac i al t e mp e r a t u r e
01 =
0 * L 2 + 2 0 b 6C - e L 2 6c
2 5c + L 2 5.2.50
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n s 5.2.2 and 5.2.46 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5.2.43 and
n o n d i me n s i o n a l i z i n g t he l engt h t e r ms by (vf2/g)l/3 l eads t o
I - 1 c ,
3 5 ]
3 * l ,
-1 10 J
+ ci Sf
-8 jet - 0W+ ec]_ Sf J
^ ' I 3 ( 5 - u
dx dx
5.2.51
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n s 5.2.2 and 5.2.48 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5.2.44 and
n o n d i me n s i o n a l i z i n g t he l eng t h t e r ms by ( v f ^ / g ) ^ 3 l eads t o
M
d 0 i
dB
d 0.
[<-
0b + 0 L 2
1 dx - ^ 5 f dx + M3 dx Pr f ( 1_ Ci ) ^ 4
5.2.52
wh e r e
2Ci Co , c 1% c 22 (1 - c x ) c 23
= 1 2 (1 - _ i ) + L 1 -
2 4 15
5.2.53
m2
clc22 (i . fl) + cj?_ (1 " Cl) ^2
6 2 12 20
4
C1C0 . c i Cg ( 1 - c x ) c 2 '
2 4 10
M3 = H A (1 - l i
The c o n d e n s a t e l ay er e n e r g y equat i o n , t he mo me n t u m and s pec i es
e q u a t i o n i n t h e gas v a p o r r egi on r emai n t he s ame as Eq u a t i o n s 5 . 2. 20,
5 . 2 . 3 9 and 5 . 2. 40, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Thus Eq u a t i o n s 5 . 2. 51, 5. 2 . 5 2 , 5 . 2. 20, 5. 2. 39 and 5. 2 . 4 0 d e f i n e
t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n i n Re g i o n I I . The i ni t i al c o n d i t i o n s ar e p and 65
= 0. The i ni t i al v al ues f or Sc , 6m, <5S ar e t h os e o b t a i n e d at t he end
of Re g i o n I .
Case B Tw < Tn = Tc;gf
Fi g u r e 5. 2. 2 s hows t h e phy s i c al model f or c o n d e n s a t i o n on a v e r t i
cal i s o t h e r ma l p l a t e i n t h e p r e s e n c e of a n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas wh e n i n c o m
i ng f i l m i s at t h e s ame t e mp e r a t u r e as t h e s a t u r a t i o n t e mp e r a t u r e of t he
v apr . As t h e f i l m t e mp e r a t u r e i s t h e s ame as t he s a t u r a t i o n t e mp e r a t u r e ,
no c o n d e n s a t i o n t a k es pl ac e. Ho we v e r , as t h e f i l m t e mp e r a t u r e i s g r e a t e r
t h a n t h e t e mp e r a t u r e of t h e pl at e, a t her mal b o u n d a r y l ay er gr ows f r om
t h e wal l t o wa r d s t he edge of t he f i l m. The r egi on wh e r e t he t her mal
b o u n d a r y l a y e r d e v e l o p s i s c a l l e d as Re g i o n I . Re g i o n I c o mes t o en d wh e n
61 = Sf . Fr om t hi s p oi nt o n wa r d t h e f i l m e d g e t e mp e r a t u r e d e c r e a s e s .
As t he f i l m e d g e t e mp e r a t u r e i s l es s t han t he s a t u r a t i o n t e mp e r a t u r e ,
c o n d e n s a t i o n t a k e s pl ac e. Du e t o t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas ,
i n t he gas v a p o r z one, a mo me n t u m and s p e c i e s b o u n d a r y l a y e r ar e e s t a b
l i s hed. The r egi on wh e r e t he f i l m edge t e mp e r a t u r e dr ops l e a d i n g t o
c o n d e n s a t i o n i s t e r me d as Re g i o n I I .
Re g i o n I
The i nt egr al f o r m of t h e e n e r g y e q u a t i o n f or t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r 6^
and t he v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e r ema i n t he s a me as Eq u a t i o n s 5 . 2 . 2 and 5. 2. 4.
Ho we v e r , t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s f or t he t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e c h a n g e t o
110
I l l
Fi g u r e 5. 2. 2. Phy s i c al model f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n on a t h i n f i l m
f l o wi n g o v e r an i s ot h e r ma l v e r t i c a l p l a t e i n
t he p r e s e n c e of a n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas wh e n
" * w<"*' o- " ' " sat .
112
Tl = Tw at y = 0
= 0 at y = l _i .
5 . 2 . 5 4
Thes e c o n d i t i o n s l ead t o
Tl - Ts at = ( Tw - Ts a t ) (1 - - )
61 5. 2. 55
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n s 5 . 2 . 5 4 and 5 . 2. 2 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2. 4 and
Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 5 5 d e s c r i b e s t he heat t r a n s f e r i n Re g i o n I . I t c an
be s o l v e d n u me r i c a l l y a f t e r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e v a l u e of t he f i r s t d e r i v a
t i v e at x = 0. Fo r e x t r e me l y s mal l v al ues of x i t c an be s hown t hat
Re g i o n I c omes t o an en d wh e n 6} = 6f .
Re g i o n I I
Re g i o n I I begi ns as t he f i l m edge t e mp e r a t u r e at y = 6f dr ops
b e l o w t he s a t u r a t i o n t e mp e r a t u r e of t he v apor . As a r es ul t , c o n d e n s a t i o n
b egi ns . A c o n d e n s a t e l ayer , Sc , f or ms on t h e e d g e of t h e f i l m. Du e t o t h e
p r e s e n c e of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas i n t he c o n d e n s i n g v a p o r a s e p a r a t e mo me n
t u m and s p e c i e s e q u a t i o n s ar e e s t a b l i s h e d i n t he gas v apor r egi on.
The b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s f or t h e t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n t h e f i l m ar e
n o n d i me n s i o n a l i z i n g t he l engt h t e r ms by ( v f 2/ g ) ^ 3 l eads t o
36
5 . 2 . 5 6
dx
5. 2 . 5 7
113
Tl = Tw at y = 0
3 Ti q
T x = ^ ; ! = - - = " 6 at y = 5f
Thes e c o n d i t i o n s l ead t o
T1 - Tw+ C2<Ti - V + % ] f f -td, - T ) + M f ] ^ .
The e n e r g y e q u a t i o n f or t h e f i l m i s
k f
r i i i -
! I i
-
p f c
Pf
L 9y | y =Sf
9y
y =o-
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2. 2 and 5 . 2 . 5 8 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5. 2,
n o n d i me n s i o n a l i z i n g t h e l engt h t e r ms by ( v ^ / g ) 1^ l eads t o
d
dx
46 i + o ^ f
wh e r e
T - T,
0 =
w
Too - Tu
3 ( v f 2/ g ) 1/ 3
( Too - Ty^J
5. 2 . 5 8
5 . 2 . 5 9
5 . 2 . 6 0
59 and
5. 2. 61
5 . 2 . 6 2
The t e mp e r a t u r e i n t h e c o n d e n s a t e l a y e r r emai ns as
114
y - 6 f
Tc = T, + ( T* - T i ) ( ?) .
c 5. 2. 6 3
The c o mp a t i b i l i t y of heat f l ux es at t he i n t e r f a c e y = 6f l eads
t o t he f o l l o wi n g e x p r e s s i o n f or t he n o n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r
a t u r e 0 -j .
0-j = 0 * + g <5C . 5. 6. 6 4
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 6 4 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5. 2. 61 y i e l d s
_ _ 30 _ _ d0 * _ dSr
dB n - ' 4 [ 0* + 0 ( 5f + 6C) ] - 4 - 4 6 S
__ = Pr f 6 f i t , j x (j x
dx
_ 7 _
4 ^ C + Q 5 f
8 5 . 2 . 6 5
Th e c o n d e n s a t e e n e r g y e q u a t i o n r e ma i n s as
d Sc _ 2 __ J a 0* ~ 0 .j
dx 3 2/ 3 Re f 2 / 3 Pr f 6 C ' 5. 2. 6 6
Su b s t i t u t i n g Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 6 4 i nt o Eq u a t i o n 5. 2 . 6 6 y i e l d s
d 5 r 2 J a _
~ - 9 / t ?/ "3 3 5. 2. 67
dx 3 2/ j Re f ' P r f '
The n o n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f ac i al t e mp e r a t u r e , 0* , at y = 5f + 5 C r emai ns
as
115
^ V s -
s
n
Pv
- T0 hf Pv *
___________________9________
i ?T Pv
1 + __ n
5. 2. 6 8
hf
Pv *
wh e r e
Pv
00 _
" 1 - W -I
00
pi - W* ( 1 - Mv / Mq ) - |
PV* L l - (1 - Mv / Mg ) J

1 1 - w
5. 2. 6 9
Th e i n t e r f a c i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas r e ma i n s as
Wo o
W*
1
32/ 3 2/ 3 v f p j d 6,
- - - Ref _ L 6c _1 6 S
4 v _ . dx
5 . 2 . 7 0
The g o v e r n i n g d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s f or c o n s e r v a t i o n of mo me n t u m and
s p e c i e s i n t he gas v a p o r mi x t u r e r emai n as
d 6 2
m _
40
dx ( 3 Re f ) 273 v f
- 1 0 6- S
P o o dx
5. 2. 71
d s 2
dx
24 Wo
( 3 Re f ) 2 / 3 Sr w*
Vo,
A I ^s_ \ d 5m^
* 7 2 " 5 * m d *
2 622 1 6 C 1 S 2 dw*
( I - ^ - 9'
( w* - Woo) 2 6m 10 6m dx
3 4 4 )
^ m 10 ^ m
5. 2. 7 2
116
Heat Tr a n s f e r Ex p r e s s i o n s
A heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t c an be d e f i n e d as
, 9T
h ( x ) = k
y =o
5 . 2 . 7 3
( T . - T w)
The l oc al Nu s s e l t n u mb e r c an be d e f i n e d as
h ( x ) ( v f 2 / g ) 1/ 3
Nu (T) = - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - .
k 5 . 2 . 7 4
Cas e A Tw < Tn < Tqa ^
Su b s t i t u t i n g f or h( x ) , t h e l oc al Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I b e
c omes
29, .
N. . ( x) = - - - - - W- - - .
( 1 - ew) 6i
5 . 2 . 7 5
Su b s t i t u t i n g t h e e x p r e s s i o n f or f r om Eq u a t i o n 5. 2. 41 t he l oc al
Nu s s e l t n u mb e r bec omes
5. 2 . 7 6
pa
N ( x ) = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t t t
U ( 1 - 9w) a i x 1 / 3
f r o m wh i c h an a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I c an be c a l c u l a t e d as
Nu t = - ^ - - - - - - - r n- . 5. 2. 77
1 (1 - 0w) ai x 1/ 3
The l oc al Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I I i s gi v en by
117
5 . 2 . 7 8
The a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I I i s e x p r e s s e d as
NUI I =J_Nu I I dx
' XD
5 . 2 . 7 9
( x - x D)
wh e r e
Xq i s t he e x t e n t of Re g i o n I .
The a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t ov er t he e n t i r e l engt h of Re g i o n s I and I I
Cas e B Tw < Tn - Ts
The l oc al Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I i s gi v en by
2 . 0
Nu ( x) 5. 2. 81
61 .
Su b s t i t u t i n g f or 6^ t he l oc al Nu s s e l t n u mb e r c an be e x p r e s s e d as
f r o m wh i c h an a v e r a g e Nus s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I c an be c a l c u l a t e d
i s g i v en by
Nu = Nuj xD + Nu n ( x - XD)
5 . 2 . 8 0
x
Nu ( x) = _1/ 3
ai x
5. 2 . 8 2
118
as
3
5.2.83
The l oc al Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I I i s gi v en by
20-j + 3 5f
Ni i j j ( x) =
5. 2. 8 4
The a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I I i s c a l c u l a t e d as
r x -
Nun - J - ^un (x) dx
5. 2 . 8 5
The ov er al l a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r o v e r Re g i o n s I and I I i s gi v en
wh e r e x q i s t h e e x t e n t of Re g i o n I .
I n t h e pr e s e n t a n a l y s i s t he ov er al l a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i s
t h e q u a n t i t y of p r i me i mp o r t a n c e .
5. 3. Re s u l t s and Di s c u s s i o n
Cas e A Tw < Tn < T<;at
Ex a mi n a t i o n of t h e g o v e r n i n g d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s i n d i c a t e s t hat
c o n d e n s a t i o n i n Re g i o n I i s d e p e n d e n t on e i g h t n o n d i me n s i o n p a r a me t e r s .
They ar e
Nu r xD + Nuj j ( x - x D)
Nu = - - - - - - - - - -
x
5. 2 . 8 6
119
5. 3. 1
Al t h o u g h t he e q u a t i o n s d e r i v e d ar e v a l i d f or al l f l u i d s y s t e ms of
i n t e r e s t , i t was d e c i d e d t o r e s t r i c t t he s t udy t o t hat of s t e a m c o n
d e n s i n g on a t hi n f i l m of wa t e r . The r eas on f or t hi s r e s t r i c t i o n i s
t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of o t h e r l i t e r a t u r e s f or s t e a m- a i r s y s t ems .
I t was o b s e r v e d t h a t s i mp l e e x p r e s s i o n s c o u l d be o b t a i n e d f or t he
c o e f f i c i e n t s of 6^ and 62 as i n d i c a t e d i n Eq u a t i o n 5. 2. 41. They ar e
No s i mp l e e x p r e s s i o n s c oul d be o b t a i n e d f or t he c o e f f i c i e n t s of 6C,
Sm and 5 S . Thus t hey had t o be e v a l u a t e d n u me r i c a l l y . They we r e
d e t e r mi n e d t o a hi gh p r e c i s i o n u s i ng t he Me i n b a c k s u b r o u t i n e , Hy br d l
[ 29] , d e v e l o p e d at t h e Ar g o n n e Na t i onal L a b o r a t o r y , Ch i c a g o , I l l i n o i s
The s u b r o u t i n e f i nds t he z er os of a s y s t e m of N n o n l i n e a r f u n c t i o n s i n
n v a r i a b l e s by a mo d i f i c a t i o n of t he Powel l h y b r i d me t h o d . The u s e r
mu s t p r o v i d e a s u b r o u t i n e wh i c h c a l c u l a t e s t he f u n c t i o n s . The J a c o b i a n
i s t h e n c a l c u l a t e d by a f o r wa r d d i f f e r e n c e a p p r o x i ma t i o n .
Ut i l i z i n g t he e x p r e s s i o n s f or 61 and 62 f r om Eq u a t i o n s 5. 2. 41 and
t h e v al ues of t he c o n s t a n t s a^ and a 2 f r om Eq u a t i o n 5. 3. 2, t he f o l l o wi n g
e x p r e s s i o n i s o b t a i n e d f or Xp t h e e x t e n t of Re g i o n I .
The a b o v e e q u a t i o n has t o be s o l v e d n u me r i c a l l y t o o b t a i n t h e ex -
5 . 3 . 2
,1/2 1/2
5 . 3 . 3
120
t ent of Re g i o n I . I t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t t he ex t e n t of Re g i o n I i s d e
p e n d e n t on t h e Pr andt l n u mb e r and t h e Re y n o l d s n u mb e r of t he f i l m. The
a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n u mb e r i n Re g i o n I i s g i v en by
I n a d d i t i o n t o e i g h t p a r a me t e r s n o t e d i n Eq u a t i o n 5. 3. 1, c o n d e n s a
t i o n i n Re g i o n I I i s d e p e n d e n t on t he n o n d i me n s i o n a l t e mp e r a t u r e of
t he v er t i c al pl at e. No s i mp l e e x p r e s s i o n s c o ul d be o b t a i n e d f or t he
l oc al or a v e r a g e Nu s s e l t n umber s i n Re g i o n I I ; t hus t hey had t o be
e v a l u a t e d n u me r i c a l l y . As n ot ed i n t he p r e v i ous c h a p t e r i n s e c t i o n
4. 3, t h e ma x i mu m n o n d i me n s i o n a l l e n g t h of t he p l a t e of i n t e r e s t ov er
wh i c h c o n d e n s a t i o n heat t r a n s f e r i s e x a mi n e d i s 1000.
The p r e s e n c e of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e g a s es i n t h e c o n d e n s i n g v a p o r l eads
t o c o mp l e x t r a n s p o r t p r o c e s s e s . Thus t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e s e p r o c e s s e s one
has t o e x a mi n e t he b e h a v i o r of t he i n t e r f ac i al c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t he
n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas , i t s ef f e c t on t h e i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e and t he
Nu s s e l t n u mb e r .
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 1 p r e s e n t s t he c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t he n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas
at t he i n t e r f a c e Sf + Sc as a f u n c t i o n of t he d i s t a n c e al ong t he
p l a t e f or d i f f e r e n t i n c o mi n g f i l m t e mp e r a t u r e s . I t i s o b s e r v e d t hat a
l o we r T0 l eads t o a hi gh W* i n Re g i o n I . Thi s c an be e x p l a i n e d as
f ol l ows . A l o we r T0 p r o v i des a h i g h e r t e mp e r a t u r e d r i v i n g f o r c e f or c o n
d e n s a t i o n . As a r es ul t mo r e v apor and n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas ar e d r awn
t o wa r d s t he i n t e r f a c e Sf + Sc . To c o u n t e r b a l a n c e t hi s i n c r e a s e d i n f l o w
of t he n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas , a h i g h e r o u t f l o w i s r e q u i r e d wh i c h r es ul t s
- 3 e w
5 . 3. 4
X
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 1. I n t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e qas as a f u n c t i o n
of X f o r d i f f e r e n t J a. T , =600 R, T =500 R.
s at w
r o
i n a h i g h e r W* . I n Re g i o n I I t h e r e i s onl y a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n W* .
Thi s i s i s due t o t he s mal l d i f f e r e n c e be t we e n T0 and Tw . For a
l a r g e r T0 , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas , W* , i s s mal l
i n Re g i o n I . Ho we v e r , i n Re g i o n I I t h e r e i s a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e
i n W* . Thi s i s due t o t he l a r g e r d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n T0 and Tw wh i c h
l eads t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r c o o l i n g of t he i n t er f ac e.
Fi g u r e 5 . 3. 2 p r e s e n t s W* as a f u n c t i o n of x f or d i f f e r e n t Tw .
I t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t W* i s i n d e p e n d e n t of Tw i n Re g i o n I . Thi s i s due
t o t h a t f ac t t h a t t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n i n Re g i o n I i s d e p e n d e n t onl y on t he
c o o l i n g c a p a c i t y of t h e f i l m. But i n Re g i o n I I as t h e wal l t e mp e r a t u r e
d e c r e a s e s , W* i n c r e a s e s . A l ower Tw l eads t o a f a s t e r c o o l i n g of t he
i n t e r f a c e at 6f + 6C. Thus t he t her mal d r i v i n g f or c e i nc r eas es , l e a d
i ng t o a h i g h e r W* . Thi s p h e n o me n o n has been o b s e r v e d i n s ev er al s t u d i e s
on s u r f a c e c o n d e n s e r s [ 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 ] . As n ot ed i n t h e pur e v a p o r c as e,
f or a s h o r t - d i s t a n c e i n Re g i o n I I , W* d e c r e a s e s i n s t e a d of i n c r e a s i n g .
Thi s p h e n o me n o n c an be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e d e l a y e d i n f l u e n c e of t h e c ol d
wal l on t h e i n t er f ac e.
Fi g u r e 5 . 3. 3 s hows t h e v a r i a t i o n of W* wi t h x f or a d i f f e r e n t Re y
no l ds nu mb e r . I t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t f or a l a r g e r Re y n o l d s n u mb e r t h e r e i s
a l e s s e r b u i l d up of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas es .
An i n c r e a s e i n t he i nt er f ac i al c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e
gas es , W* , d e c r e a s e s t he s a t u r a t i o n t e mp e r a t u r e of t h e v apor , T* , at
t he i n t e r f a c e Sf + 6C. Thi s i n t ur n l eads t o a s ma l l e r t e mp e r a t u r e
T- j , at t he i n t e r f a c e y = <5f . Thi s p h e n o me n o n i s o b s e r v e d i n Fi g u r e
5 . 3 . 4 wh i c h p r e s ent s t he n o n d i me n s i o n a l i nt er f ac i al t e mp e r a t u r e 9j
as a f u n c t i o n of x f or d i f f e r e n t T0 . A l ower T0 l eads t o a h i g h e r W*
wh i c h i n t ur n d r a s t i c a l l y r educ es 0 -j . Thi s p h e n o me n o n i s f u r t h e r ob-
122
0 . 7
0. 6
W* 0. 5
200
400
600
X
800
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 2. I n t e r f a c i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas a f u n c t i o n
o f X f o r d i f f e r e n t J a* . T s a t =600 R, T o =570 R.
1000
r o
co
0 200 400 600 800 1000
X
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 3. I n t e r f a c i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas as a f u n c t i o n
o f X f or d i f f e r e n t Re y n o l d s number s . T . =600 R, T =570 R,
T =500 R. s a t 0
w
r o
-p*
200 400 _ 600 800 1000
X
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 4. No n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n o f X f o r
d i f f e r e n t J a. T s a t =600 R, Tw=500 R.
rv>
c_n
o b s e r v e d i n Fi g u r e s 5. 3. 5 and 5. 3. 6 wh i c h pr e s e n t 0-j as a f u n c t i o n
of x f o r d i f f e r e n t wal l t e mp e r a t u r e s and Re y n o l d s n u mb e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
I n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d c l e a r l y t he e f f e c t s of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas
on c o n d e n s a t i o n heat t r a n s f e r i t i s i mp o r t a n t t o e x a mi n e t he v a r i a t i o n
of t h e r at i o of t he Nu s s e l t nu mb e r s f or c o n d e n s a t i o n wi t h and wi t h
out n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas wi t h o t h e r p a r a me t e r s . Fi g u r e 5. 3. 7 p r e s e n t s
t he r a t i o of Nu s s e l t nu mb e r s as a f u n c t i o n of x f or = 0 . 0 1 , T0 =
570 R and Tw = 520 R. I t i s o b s e r v e d t hat f or a s hor t d i s t a n c e i n
Re g i o n I I , t h e r at i o i s g r e a t e r t han one. I n al l of t he p r e v i o u s
a n a l y t i c a l s t u d i e s on b a r e s u r f a c e , i t has been r e p o r t e d t hat t h e r at i o
of Nu s s e l t numb e r s i s l es s t h a n one. I n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e u n u
s ual b e h a v i o r i n t he p r e s e n t pr obl em, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e x a mi n e t he
t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n t h e f i l m. Fi g u r e 5 . 3 . 8 and 5 . 3. 9 p r e s e n t t he
t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s i n t he f i l m f or c o n d e n s a t i o n wi t h and wi t h o u t t he
p r e s e n c e of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas r e s p e c t i v e l y , a f u n c t i o n of x. For
t h e pur e v a p o r c as e i t i s o b s e r v e d t hat i n t he b e g i n n i n g of Re g i o n I I
t h e t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e ex i s t s i n t wo s e p a r a t e s hapes . A c o n v e x p r o
f i l e i s 0 < y < Li and a c o n c a v e q u a d r a t i c p r o f i l e i s < y < Sf wi t h
t h e s l ope b e i n g z er o at Y = Lj . Thi s i s i n a g r e e me n t wi t h t he b o u n d a r y
c o n d i t i o n s i n Eq u a t i o n s 5 . 2 . 4 5 and 5 . 2 . 4 6 . Mo r e o v e r , i t i s n o t i c e d t hat
t h e c o n v e x p r o f i l e has mo r e hei g h t . Thi s i s due t o t h e c o mp a r a t i v e l y
l ar ge 0 -j ( r e s u l t i n g f r om t he a b s e n c e of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas ) . Af t e r a
s h o r t d i s t a n c e i nt o Re g i o n I I t he e n t i r e p r o f i l e i n 0 < y < Sf b e c o me s
c o n c a v e . Fu r t h e r t he s l o p e of t h e p r o f i l e at y = 0 d e c r e a s e s . As we p r o
c eed f a r t h e r i nt o Re g i o n I I t he c o n c a v i t y d e c r e a s e s . The t e mp e r a t u r e
p r o f i l e g r a d u a l l y t ends t o a l i n e a r s hape. Mo r e o v e r , t he s l o p e at y =
0 s t ar t s t o i n c r e a s e . Thus , i t i s o b s e r v e d t hat as we p r o c e e d i n t o Re-
126
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 5. No n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n of X f or
d i f f e r e n t J a* . T s a t =600 R, To =570 R.
X
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 6. No n d i me n s i o n a l i n t e r f a c i a l t e mp e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n of X
f or d i f f e r e n t Re y n o l d s number s . T . =600 R, T =570 R,
T =500 R. s at 0
w
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 7. Ra t i o o f Nu s s e l t n u mb e r s f or c o n d e n s a t i o n wi t h and wi t h o u t
t h e p r e s e n c e o f n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas as a f u n c t i o n o f X.
y
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 8. Te mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n t he f i l m at d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f X.
Pur e v a p o r c as e.
CO
o
y
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 9. Te mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n t he f i l m at d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f X
i n t he p r e s e n c e of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas .
gi on I I t h e s l o p e at y = 0 f i r s t d e c r e a s e s and t hen i n c r e a s e s . Th e s ame
b e h a v i o u r i s n o t e d i n Fi g u r e 5 . 3 . 9 f or n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas b e i n g p r e s e n t ,
wi t h one e x c e p t i o n . Th e v al ue of 9-j i s mu c h l ower . Thi s i s due t o
p r e s e n c e of t h e n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas i n t he c o n d e n s i n g v apor .
Fi g u r e 5 . 3 . 1 0 p r e s e n t s t he t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n t h e b e g i n n i n g of
Re g i o n I I f or c o n d e n s a t i o n wi t h and wi t h o u t t he p r e s e n c e of t he n o n c o n
d e n s i b l e gas . I t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t t he s l ope of t h e p r o f i l e at y = 0
i s t he s ame f or bot h c as es . Fi g u r e 5 . 3 . 1 0 p r e s e n t s t he t wo p r o f i l e s
at x = 122. I t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e s l o p e of t he p r o f i l e wi t h n o n c o n
d e n s i b l e gas es at x = 0 i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t f or t h e pur e v a p o r c as e.
Th i s i s du e t o t h e l a r g e r c o n v e x i t y of t he l a t e r c ur v e. Fi g u r e s 5 . 3. 11,
5 . 3. 12, and 5 . 3 . 1 3 p r e s e n t t he t wo p r o f i l e s at x = 272, 472 and 672
r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t i s o b s e r v e d t hat at x = 272 t h e t wo s l o p e s ar e a l mo s t
t he s ame. Ho we v e r , f o r x > 272, t he s l o p e at y = 0 f o r t he pur e v apor
c a s e e x c e e d s t h a t f or t he n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas c as e. Thi s b e h a v i o u r of t he
t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e l eads t o t he r at i o of Nu s s e l t n u mb e r s i n Fi g u r e 5 . 3. 7
g r e a t e r t h a n 1 .
Fi g u r e s 5. 3 . 1 4 , 5. 3 . 1 5 , 5. 3. 16, and 5. 3 . 1 7 s h o w t h e v a r i a t i o n of
t h e r at i o of Nu s s e l t n umber s f or c o n d e n s a t i o n wi t h and wi t h o u t t he
p r e s e n c e of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas wi t h x f or d i f f e r e n t i n c o mi n g f i l m
t e mp e r a t u r e , wal l t e mp e r a t u r e s , Re y n o l d s n u mb e r and f r ee s t r e a m c o n
c e n t r a t i o n of n o n c o n d e n s i b l e s .
Cas e B Tw < T n < T s at
Wh e n t h e i n c o mi n g f i l m t e mp e r a t u r e i s t h e s ame as t h e s a t u r a t i o n
t e mp e r a t u r e of t he v apor , no c o n d e n s a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e i n Re g i o n I .
Eq u a t i o n 5 . 2 . 5 6 d e s c r i b e s t h e heat t r a n s f e r i n Re g i o n I . Th e d e v e l o p -
132
1.00
Fi g u r e 5. 3. 10. Co mp a r i s o n o f t e mp e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i n t h e f i l m f o r c o n d e n s a t i o n
wi t h and wi t h o u t t he p r e s e n c e o f n o n c o n d e n s i b l e gas at
X=7 2 . 6 4 , at t he b e g i n n i n g o f Re g i o n I I .
y
Figure 5.3.11. Comparison of temperature profile in the film for condensation
with and without the presence of noncondensible gas at
X=122.
y
Figure 5.3.12. Comparison of temperature profile in the film for condensation
with and without the presence of noncondensible gas at X=272.
CO
cn
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y
Figure 5.3.13. Comparison of the temperature profile in the film for condensation
with and without the presence of noncondensible gas at X=472.
Co
cn
200 400
600 800 1000
X
Figure 5.3.14. Ratio of average Nusselt numbers for condensation with and
without the presence of noncondensible gas as a function
of X for different Ja. T ,=600 R, T =500 R, W =0.01,
Ref=100. sat " "
I-
CO
X
Figure 5.3.15. Ratio of average Nusselt number for condensation with and
without the presence of noncondensible gas as a function
of X for different Ja*. T t=600 R, T =570 R, W =0.01,
Ref=100.
Nu
Nu,
200 400 600 800 1000
X
Figure 5.3.16. Ratio of average Nusselt numbers for condensation with and
without the presence of noncondensible gas as a function
of X for different Reynolds numbers.
TW =500 R, To=570 R.
Ts a r 600R
CO
lO
1.10
Nu
Nu,
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
200 400 600 800 1000
Figure 5.3.17. Ratio of Nusselt numbers for condensation with and without
the presence of noncondensible gas as a function of X for
different W^. T sat=600 R, To=570 R, Ref=100.
O
fil = al * 5.3.5
For small values of x, a^ can be calculated from Equation 5.2.56
as
141
ment of the thermal boundary layer is described by
36 1/3 1/3
81 ' [6fPrf] C(3Ref)2/3 nf] . 5 -3 '6
The extent of Region I is evaluated by solving Equation 5.2.55.
Alternately it can be defined as
/<Sf\ 1/3 5 3 7
XD -(-1 ) 5 - 3 - 7
al
Thus the average Nusselt number in Region I can be expressed as
NuI = a A / 3 = 36 1/3 4/3 1/3
I D C , -i/o 1 t-f3Rp ^ pr 3 5.3.8
(3Ref)^/ Prf ^ Ref'36 Frf .
As Region II begins the film edge temperature drops below the sat
uration temperature of the vapor. As a result condensation begins. This
leads to a build up of noncondensible gas at the interface y = 6f + 6C.
Figure 5.3.18 presents the interfacial concentration of noncondensible
gas, W*, as a function of x for different wall temperatures. It is seen
that as the wall temperature decreases there is a sharper decrease in
k*. This phenomenon can be explained as follows. A lower wall tempera
ture leads to a faster cooling of the interface at y = 6f + 5C . This
leads to an increase in the thermal driving force (Tsato6 - T*) for
X
Figure 5.3.18. Interfacial concentration of noncondensible gas as a function
of X for different ja*. Tsat=600 R, ^=0.01.
t*
ro
condensation. As a result more vapor and noncondensible gas are drawn
towards the interface <5f + 5C. To counterbalance this increase in the
inflow of the noncondensible gases, a higher outflow is required which
results in an increase in the concentration of the noncondensible gas,
W*, at the interface 6f + <SC.
Figure 5.3.19 presents the interfacial concentration of nonconden
sible gas a function of x for different Reynolds. A low Reynolds
number indicates a lower film velo city. Thus the walls cools the
interface faster leading to an increase in W*. It is obvious that a
higher free stream concentration of noncondensible gas would lead to
a higher interfacial concentration W*. This is readily seen in Figure
5.3.20 which prsents W* as a function of x for different Wo,.
Figures 5.3.21 through 5.3.23 present the interfacial temperature
9 -j as a function of x for different wall temperatures, Reynolds num
bers and free stream concentration of noncondensible gas. For all cases
0-j is equal to one in Region I, but it decreases in Region II. For
high Reynolds numbers as seen in Figure 5.3.22 there is no appreciable
decrease in 0-j. It was observed that at high Reynolds numbers the cold
wall did not have significant effect on the interfacial temperature.
Thus it can be concluded at high Reynolds numbers that neither the
wall temperature nor the condensible gases have a significant effect on
the interfacial temperature.
Figures 5.3.24, 5.3.25, 5.3.26 present the ratio of the Nusselt
numbers for condensation with and without the presence of the noncon
densible gas as a function of x for different wall temperatures, Rey
nolds numbers and the free stream concentration of noncondensible gas
respectively.
1 143
Figure 5.3.19. Jnterfacial concentration of noncondensible gas a function of
X for different Reynolds numbers. T ,=600 R, T =550 R,
W =.0.01. sat w
-fs
0 200 400 600 800 1000
X
Figure 5.3.20. Interfacial concentration of noncondensible gas a function
of X for different W^. T sa.j.=600oR,
tn
1.0
0.8
9.
i
0.7 ~
0.6
0.5 --------------1
0
Figure 5.
200 400 600 800 1000
3.21. Nondimensional interfacial temperature as a function of X
for different Ja*. T = .=600 R, U -0.01, Re*=100.
sat oo f
4*
CT1
X
Figure 5.3.22. Nondimensional interfacial temperature as a function of X for
different Reynolds numbers. T .=600 R, T =550 R, W =0.01.
sat w oo
4a.
'vl
Figure 5.3.23. Nondimensional interfacial temperature as a function of X
for different W . T ,=600 R, T =550 R, Re,=100.
00 sat w T
o 200 400 600 800
X
Figure 5.3.24. Ratio of Nusselt numbers for condensation with and without
noncondensible gas a function of X for different Ja*.
T .=600 R, U =0.01.
sat
1000
1.2
1. 0
Nu 0.8
Nu,
0. 6
0.4
_L
200 400 _ 600
X
800 1000
Figure 5.3.25. Ratio of Nusselt numbers for condensation with and without
noncondensible gas a function of for different Reynolds
numbers. T +=600 R, T =550 R, W =0.01. ~
sat W 00 in
o
Figure 5.3.26. Ratio of Nusselt numbers for condensation with and without
noncondensible gas as a function of J for different W .
T a+=600 R, T =550 R, Re-=100. *
S a t W T
In all of the cases it is observed that in the beginning of Re
gion I the ratio of Nusselt numbers is greater than one. Far away
into Region II the ratio drops to a value less than one. In order
to understand this behavior it is necessary to examine the tempera
ture profile in the film. Figure 5.3.27 presents the temperature
profile in the film at different locations in Region II. In the be
ginning of Region II at x = 55 the temperature profile is in the form
of a quadratic. However, as x increases the profile, it tends to assume
a linear profile. However, such a behavior is not observed in the
case of condensation with noncondensible gas. At different values of
x, the profile remains quadratic, as seen in Figure 5.3.28. This is
due to the rapid decrease in e-j due to the presence of noncondensible
gas. It is observed that the profiles for condensation with and with
out the noncondensible gases will be same at the beginning of Region I.
Figure 5.3.29 presents the two profiles at x = 155. It is observed that
due to a lower 0j, the slope of the profile at y = 0 for the non
condensible gas is greater than that for the pure vapor case. Figures
5.3.30 and 5.3.31 present the two profiles at x = 255 and 755 respec
tively. At x = 255 the two slopes at y = 0 are almost equal. However,
at x = 755, the slope at y = 0 for the pure vapor case is higher than
that for the case with noncondensible gas. This is due to the rapid
suppression of the interfacial temperature. In the latter case, this
results from the presence of the noncondensible gas.
152
1.0
Figure 5.3.27. Nondimensional^ temperature in the film as a function of Y
at different X location. T sa^.=600 R, RW=550 R.
Figure 5.3.28. NondimensionaJ_ temperature in the film as a function of Y
at different X locations. T .=600 R, T =550 R, W =0.01,
Ref=50. sat w
cn
-P*
Y
Figure 5.3.29. Nondimensional temperature in the film as a function of Y
at x=155. Tsat=600 R, TW =550 R, Ref=50, W^O.Ol.
1
5
5
Y
Figure 5.3.30. Nondimensional temperature in the film as a function of Y
at x=255. Tsat=600 R, Tw=550 R, Ref=50, W^O.Ol.
CJ1
cn
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y
Figure 5.3.31. Nondimensional temperature in the film as a function of Y
at x=455. Tsat=600 R, Tw =550 R, Ref=50, 1^=0.01.
U1
CHAPTER 6
CONDENSATION ON A THIN FILM FLOWING OVER SINGLE AND
MULTILE HORIZONTAL ISOTHERMAL TUBES
6.1 Introduction
Since the pioneering work of Nusselt (22) numerous studies have
been made of the problem of film condensation on flat plates and on
tubes. In Nusselt's original analytical work the vapor was assumed
to be quiescent, saturated, and free of noncondensibles. Further,
he assumed that the thermal capacitance of the condensate film was
negligible, the shear induced by the vapor was vanishingly small and
that the interfacial resistance was also negligible. Beginning with
Roshenow (23) the assumptions made by Nusselt were examined one at
a time. Sparrow and co-workers (6,24,30) reported the influence of
all of these assumptions for flow over a flat plate. Their results
indicated that for a pure saturated vapor at low pressure, excluding
liquid metals, the model of Nusselt was sufficient.
For a horizontal circular tube, the only analytical studies in
addition to that of Nusselt (22) for laminar film condensation were
due to Sparrow and Gregg (30) and Chen (31). The solution of Reference
(30) was obtained by utilizing the boundary layer equation and casting
the problem in terms of similarity variables. Of course, for a gra
vity driven flow of condensate a similarity solution does not exist
except near the upper stagnation point. Chen (31) used an integral
boundary layer approach in which the governing equations were used to
evaluate the temperature and velocity profiles. Chen's solution was
cast in terms of two parameters which were essentially the Jakob
number and the Jakob number divided by the Prandtl number. For these
"two" parameters becoming vanishingly small his solution resulted in
the identical results to those obtained by Nusselt (22). He showed
that the Nusselt's solution did not hold for liquid metals. However,
this fact had been previously indicated by Roshenow (23), Koh
(32) and Sparrow and co-workers (6 ) for flat plate studies.
For the case of condensation on a vertical row of tubes, Chen
(31) has been the only one to offer an improvement to Nusselt's theory,
although experimental studies have been made by several investigators.
The experimental results (33,34) have generally shown much higher
heat transfer rates than predicted by either Nusselt or Chen. The
phenomenon has been attributed to splashing and nonuniform spilling,
both of which are difficult to predict. These effects as well as
vapor velocity over the tubes and the possible effects of waves on
the condensate film could all attribute to the difference between the
experimental results and the theory for a quiescent vapor.
Chen, in developing his theoretical model for multiple tube
laminar film condensation, assumed that the Ja/Pr was vanishingly
small and that the condensate leaving the first or upper tube was
at a temperature only slightly below the saturation temperature. By
the time it reached the second tube he assumed that it would have
reached the saturation temperature. Thus, condensation on the second
tube would not start until a thermal boundary layer penetrated the
film of fluid that had dripped from the upper tube. His results
159
indicate that the average heat transfer for n tubes is higher than
that of Nusselt and is dependent on the Jakob number, but is indepen
dent of the tube spacing due to his assumptions about the temperature
of the condensate when it reaches the second and subsequent tubes.
In the present analysis we evaluate the heat transfer to the falling
sheet between the subsequent tubes as well as that for each tube and
thus are free of Chen's assumption as to the condensate temperature
as it falls onto the lower tubes. Our analysis reduces to that of
Chen's for large tube pitch where his assumption would be realistic.
6.2 Physical Model and Mathematical Formulation
Model for the Second or a Subsequent Tube
The physical model for the second or a subsequent tube is shown
in Figure 6.2.1. A liquid sheet at temperature T0 and mass flux mf im
pinges without splashing on top of the horizontal tube and flows over it
due to gravity. The Reynolds number for the sheet is such that the re
sulting film remains thin and laminar. The tube wall is held at a tem
perature Tw and the film is surrounded by a quiescent saturated vapor
at temperature Tsat . Two possible cases are encountered. If the
tube above is at a large distance above the tube being considered
it is possible that T0 = Tsat. Since Tw < Tsat a thermal boundary
layer will grow outward from the tube wall until it is of thickness
equal to that of the film. At this point the film surface temperature
Tj will drop below Tsat, and condensation will commence. It is
this situation that was analyzed by Chen (31) except that he assumed
that the distance it would take for the thermal boundary layer to
grow from the wall was negligible. A more general situation would
160
161
I
/
Region II
Figure 6.2.1. Physical model for condensation on second
or subsequent tube.
apply when the tube pitch (distance between tubes) is small. For
this case Tsat > T0 > Tw . As shown in Figure 6.2.1 condensation will
be initiated immediately (at <j>0). A thermal boundary layer, 63,
will grow into the film from the interface at the same time as a
thermal boundary layer, 5j, grows outward from the tube wall. Until
the two boundary layers meet the only condensation will be that which
occurs due to the heat capacitance of the film. The distance along
the tube at which the two boundary layers meet, + <$2 = <Sf, is called
<j>l and the region where only the film capacitance influences the
condensate layer, Sc , growth is called Region I. From the end of
Region I until the film and condensate leave the tube is referred to
as Region II. In this region the primary driving force for the con
densation is the heat sink due to the wall being held at Tw . When
the sheet is at a temperature T0, below Tsat, condensation will
occur along its entire length. However, in our model we assume per
fect mixing when it impinges on the tube under consideration; thus,
we consider the condensation to initiate at ^0 . In our analyses
we assume that the film and condensate layer are laminar and free of
surface waves. Further, we employ the remainder of the assumptions
used by Nusselt, constant properties, negligible shear induced by the
vapor, etc. These assumptions limit the analysis to low pressure
and to the Jakob number ^Pf(Tsat - being smal1.
Utilizing the above assumptions the following analyses can
be made for Regions I and II.
Region I
For the film which is due to the impinging sheet conservation of
mass gives
162
The momentum equation, using Nusselt's assumptions, yields
thus
g sin* y ,
uf = ------ [6f y - ]
vf 2
, 3mf 1/3 .vf ,1/3 . -1/3
6f = [--- 1 ( ) sin
uf 9
6 .2.2
6.2.3
The integral form of the energy equation for the thermal boundary
layer growing from the wall is
R d<t> / Pf Uf CPf ^T1 ' V dy ~ " kf
3Ti
3y
y~o
6.2.4
and for the thermal boundary layer growing from the interface it is
-6f
iij uf cpf <t2 - To ) kf
6f 52
il2
ay
6.2.5
y-fif
The energy equation for the condensate layer assuming negligible
thermal capacitance for this newly growing layer is
hfg
R d<|>
6f+6c
J P c uc dy = k f 6 .2.6
ly=5f
In the two thermal boundary layers growing in the film we assume
quadratic temperature profiles which satisfy the temperature condi
tions at the edges and the temperature gradient at 6^ or <S2 . The
164
resulting profiles are
Tl - T0 = (Tw - T0 ) (1 - y )2
6.2.7
and
6 .2.8
The assumption of negligible thermal capacitance of the condensate
layer implies a linear temperature profile
In the above equations Tj is the interfacial temperature between
the film and the condensate layer. Compatibility of heat fluxes at
the condensate layer-film interface leads to
In Region I the condensate layer will be extremely thin as compared
to 6f; thus we will assume that the velocity in this layer will be
that obtained from Equation 6.2.2 evaluated at y = 6f. This in fact
assumes that the film is negligibly accelerated or decelerated due to
the increased mass. This assumption is reasonable for Tsat > T0 > Tw
as we have previously assumed that ^pf (Tsat - Tw )/hfg < < 1 and
6.2.9
T0 + 1/2 62/6c Tgat
6.2.10
1 + 1/2 62/6C
thus, Cpf (Tsat - T0 )/hfg < Cpf (Tsat - Tw )/ hfg < < 1.
Defining a dimensionless temperature
165
e =
T - To
Tsat ~ T0
6 .2.11
the interfacial temperature becomes
0 i =
1/2 52/Sc
1 + 1 / 2 J 2/c >
6 . 2.12
where the bar indicates nondimensionalizing with respect to the char
acteristic length (vf2/g)l/3 . Substituting the appropriate tempera
ture and velocity profiles into Equations 6.2.4, 6.2.5 and 6.2.6 and
nondimensionalizing the terms yields, respectively,
d6 72 R
dcf) L-Pry sin<t> tancj) 3
3Sf3 2 8,-1
tan* 3 6f ' 5 J '
v (2 6f - 7 l)
b
6.2.13
d6:
dcf>
- 2622 (6f2 - )
LPrf sin<j> c T 10 6-j d(f>
2 S2
3 tan<j> 10
6o2 ))] * (Sf2 -
10
So2 )
6.2.14
and
dcf>
Ja R sin-1/3* 2 5,
32/3 Ref2/3 Prf (1 + 1/2 62/ 6c) 3 tan*
6.2.15
Equations 6.2.12-6.2.15 describe the condensation in Region I. The
166
necessary boundary conditions as can be seen from Figure 1 are
S l U = <t>o) = fi2U = <f>o) = 0 and 6c(')> = <t>o) = * The equations may
be solved numerically after first establishing the values of the first
derivatives of <f> = <|>0 . For very small values of - 4>0 it can be shown
that
After the two thermal boundary layers have merged, 6 ^+6 2= Sf,
the entire film heats up. An inflection point occurs in the tempera
ture profile at y/Sf = Sj / Sf . For <j> = + <t>i this inflection point
results in 9T/3y at y/6f = 6]_/6f equal to zero. The inflection persists
at larger values of <|> although the slope is no longer zero. In order
to most easily deal with this situation the integral energy equation
for the film is best solved in two parts, i.e., y/6f < 61 (<j0 + 4i)/
Sf = Cj and < y/Sf < 1 .
The energy equation for the film can be written as
s1 = a j U - 4>0 )1/3 +
2 = a2 (<j> - 4>q ) ^2 +
Sc = - <t>0 ) +
6.2.16
The solution for Region I ends when i + 62 = Sf.
Region II
6.2.17
1 d 6f k.p 3To 9To
6.2.18
The temperature profile to be used in Equation 6.2.17 must satisfy
the conditions:
167
y = 0 Ti = Tw
8Tj 9T2
y = Ci Sf Tl = Tb = t2 , --- = = - e(<J>) 6.2.19
ay 3y
These conditions lead to
PCI Sf y
Tl = Tw + 2(Tb - Tw + )
2 Ci Sf
- ( Tb - Tw + BCi 6f) ( : )2 6.2.20
Ci Sf *
For T2 the boundary conditions in y are:
3T2
y = Cl Sf T2 = Tb - - = 3 .
9y
y = Sf T2 = Ti
These lead us to
T2 = Tb - B(y - Ci Sf) + (T-j - Tb + 3Sf (1
(y - Ci Sf) 2
- Ci ) ) [ ( T T 7 7 n 7 ] 6 -2 ' 21
In addition the velocity profile in the film and condensate becomes
g sin* y2
uf = - ---- -[(Sf + Sc) y - 6 .2.22
vf 2
for 0 < y < Sf + Sc .
Utilizing the temperature and velocity profiles given in Equations
6.2.19-6.2.21, and Equations 6.2.17 and 6.2.18 yield the following
nondimensional equations respectively
168
[5/3 - 3/5 CX] db 1 Ci Sf 0 _ dg
------------- - ------------ + d Sf
[1/3 - Cj/10] dtj> 3 tan<j> dct>
8
R [0b - 9W + B C 1 5 f]
Prf q 3 Sf4 sin<|>( 1/3 - C1/10)
6.2.24
and
d9b M 3 d9-j 1 BSf dg
M2 d(j> M2 d<j> 3 tan<j> d<(>
R
Prf Sf4 (l - Cj)
i-j - 9b + p Sf(l - Cj)
6.2.25
where
Mi = (Cl - - ^ ) 2 (1 - C!) + (1 - C i ) 3 ^
M2
M3
= (C1 - - -
2 (1 - Cj)
+ (1 - Ci) ---
6 1 120
= (Cl - -ir-)
c / (1 - Cn )
11 3
+ (1 - Ci)
3 1 20
6.2.26
The compatabi1ity of heat fluxes at the condensate layer-film
interface leads to
sf(i - q ) (1 - gsc ) + 29b sc
2SC + (1 - Cl) Sf
6.2.27
The condensate energy equation is
The solution of Equations 6.2.2-6.2.28 will define the condensation
in Region II. The boundary conditions for this region are those at
the end of Region I; i.e.,
0b * 0 , 3 = 0 ,
6C = Sc , 9|_ = 9|_ _
()> = (j>o + * 1 (j) - <f>o + <|>1
Heat Transfer Coefficient
The purpose of a heat transfer coefficient is to define the
surface area needed to provide a given amount of condensation or
temperature rise in the coolant. Thus, for the current problem it is
necessary to define the heat per unit area as:
q" - h(<}>) (Tsat - Tw ) - + kc ^
3T
y=o
6.2.30
which yields
2k (T0 - Tw )
hj(c}>) = ---------- in Region I 6.2.31
51 Tsat _ Tw
and
2k(Tb - Tw + pCi <5f/2)
h tt (<{>) = ----------------------- in Region II . 6.2.32
Ci f(Tsat - Tw )
The average heat transfer coefficient is
_ J o+'tl <l>o+<t,l+<f>2
h = [J hj(<j)) d<f> +J hjj (()>) d<}> ] / (<j)i + <j>2) . 6.2.33
+ A
Condensation on the upper most tube, as shown in Figure 6.2.2, in
a vertical row of horizontal tubes can be analyzed by the theory of
Nusselt (22) or Chen (31). The condensate leaving the upper tube is
hypothesized here as falling as a continuous sheet until it impinges
on the second tube. While the condensate traverses the distance to the
second tube condensation occurs on the sheet. Jacobs and Nadig (21)
have recently solved the problem of condensation on such a sheet. If we
assume that the fluid in the sheet becomes well mixed as it impinges on
the second tube the model developed earlier in this paper is applicable
for the analysis of the heat transfer as the fluid layer flows around
the tube. If the condensate leaving the second tube again falls as
a sheet and impinges on the third tube and so on, we find that the
heat transfer for multiple tubes can be analyzed by repeatedly using
the model of Jacobs and Nadig for condensation on a falling sheet and
the present model. In the analysis the mean temperature of the fluid
leaving a tube and impinging on the next is successively changed in
the models as one works downward through the row of tubes.
Since all of the heat transfer must ultimately be absorbed by
the coolant, it is only necessary to evaluate the average heat trans
fer coefficient on the surface of each successive tube, add them
together and divide by the total number of tubes in the vertical row
in order to determine the average heat transfer coefficient for that
number of tubes. The theory of Nusselt is used for the first tube's
h and the present analysis is used for the successive tubes. The
model of Jacobs and Nadig (21) is only used to determine the value of
T0 for each tube. This value will depend on the tube spacing as
170
Condensation on a Vertical Row of Tubes
171
Figure 6.2.2. Physical model for condensation on multiple tubes.
well as the Jakob number and Prandtl number and Reynolds number of
the condensate sheet.
172
6.3. Results and Discussion
. Examination of the governing differential equations indicates
that for values of <f> approaching <j>0, simple expressions could be ob
tained for the coefficients of S2 and 6C indicated in Equation
6.2.16. They are:
ai [
36R
Prf sin<|>0 Sf
1/3
r 24R ,
ap [ . p]
d Prf sin<t>0 Sf^
1/2
1 1 / 1 16 Ja R_______
a3 [. _ a2 + _ _.a2 + _ _ _ ^
6.3.1
Thus for small values of <t - <j>0
\ = ax (<j) - <}>0 )1/3 + ...
<$2 ~ a2(<t) $o ^ ^
53 = a^C* - <t>0 ) +
6.3.2
Using these functions for starting values the governing equations
were solved numerically using a standard Runga-Kutta algorithm on a
Hewlett-Packard 3000 minicomputer. The average heat transfer coeffi
cient was then determined as indicated in Equations 6.2.31-6.2.33.
After solving the governing equations the solutions were applied
to the solution of the multiple tube problem as indicated previously.
Calculations made in this paper correspond to the experimental work
of Young (33). In these experiments the wall temperature was kept
constant, the tube pitch was two diameters and the outside tube dia
meter was 0.375 inches, - 9 5 mm. For these conditions Figure 6.3.1
shows the ratio of the presently determined average heat transfer
coefficient to that reported by Nusselt (22) for 0.04 < Ja < 0.20. It
is clear that Nusselt's solution is in increasing error as the number
of tubes in a vertical row increases. Further there is a weak depend
ence on Ja with the error increasing as Ja increases. The results
shown in Figure 6.3.1 are well correlated by the expression,
[1 + 0.103 Ja >212(n - l)1/2] . 6.3.3
^nun
Figures 6 .3.2-6.3.5 show the comparison of the present model with
the experimental results of Young (33). In addition, the results of
Chen's (31) analysis are also shown. Although the present analysis
shows a definite improvement over that of Chen the experimental data
are generally higher than we predict. The relatively close tube
spacing can lead to high vapor velocities as has been pointed out
by Fujii et al. (35). For close tube spacing they note that it is
unlikely that the falling condensate sheets will accelerate to the
degree that considerable splashing will occur as has been argued by
some investigators. However, surface waves and partially "drop-wise"
condensation as well as appreciable vapor velocity could induce higher
heat transfer rates. They argue that the latter is the primary reason
why the heat transfer is higher than would be predicted by a model
such as developed herein.
If the tube pitch is large the falling condensate sheet between
173
1.2
nun
VI
t*
1.25
Young et al.(33)
Chen (31)
Present theory
nun
1.00
0.75
0.0 0.05
1
0.10
Ja
0.15
0.20
Figure 6.3.2. Ratio of average heat transfer coefficient over two tubes to
that obtained from Nusselt1s analysis as a function of Jakob
number.
0.05 0.10 0.15
Figure 6.3.3. Ratio of average heat transfer coefficient over three tubes
to that obtained from Nusselt's analysis as a function of
Jakob number.
cn
Figure 6.3.4. Ratio of average heat transfer coefficient over four tubes
to that obtained from Nusselt's analysis as a function of
Jakob number.
Figure 6.3.5. Ratio of average heat transfer coefficient over five tubes to
that obtained from Nusselt's analysis as a function of Jakob
number.
tubes will accelerate to a high velocity and the condensate sheet will
become thinner. Both of these effects will make T0 approach Tsat- Thus,
Chen's solution should become applicable. However, Chen neglects the
distance needed to establish the thermal boundary layer moving outward
from the wall. He requires the same temperature profile as for conden
sation on a single tube. A high velocity in the film will, of course,
make it thinner and increase the heat transfer coefficient, yet the
established temperature profile reduces it. These effects together
make his heat transfer increase at a faster rate than ours as Jakob
number increases when applied to a pitch ratio of two. However, at
low values of Jakob number Chen's analysis yields significantly lower
values of hn .
179
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1. Rai, V.C., and Pinder, K.L., "Direct Contact Condensation of Steam
in a Packed Column with Immiscible Heat Transfer Agents,"
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 2, 1974, pp.
170-174.
2. Bokay, A. and Jaszay, T., "High Performance Jet Condensers for
Steam Turbines," Proceedings of the Sixth International Heat
Transfer Conference, Vol. 2, August 1978, pp. 61-65.
3. Joseph, K., Source Book on the Production of Electricity from
Geothermal Energy, U.S. Department of Energy Publication,
March 1980, pp. 413-417.
4. Jacobs, H.R. and Fanner, H., "Direct Contact Condensers - - A Liter
ature Survery," Energy Development Administration, Report No.
DEE/1523-3, February 1977.
5. Kudo, A.E. and Equsa, T.T.,"Basic Studies of Vapor Suppression,"
Proceedings of the Fifth International Heat Transfer Confer
ence, Vol. 3, September 1974, pp. 221-225.
6 . Minkowycz, W.J. and Sparrow, E.M., "Condensation Heat Transfer in
the Presence of Noncondensibles, Interfacial Resistance, Su
per heating, variable Properties and Diffusion," International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 9, 1966, pp. 1125-1144.
7. Jacobs, H.R. and Bogart, J.A., "Condensation on Immiscible Falling
Films," Paper No. 80-HT-110, ASME National Heat Transfer Con
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