Bi ging k thut s 1

Bin son Ks Ng Vn Bnh

Trang 1
CHNG 1 : CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1 H thng cc s v h thng tng t:
- H thng k thut s ( digital system) l tp hp cc thit b c thit k iu
khin cc i lng vt l c din t di dng s tc l nhng i lng ch c th c
gi tr ri rc.
VD: ng h s, my tnh in t s, my vi tnh, b iu khin n giao thng.
- H thng tng t (analog system) l tp hp cc thit b c thit k iu
khin cc i lng vt l biu din dang tng t, tc l nhng i lng c th thay i
trong mt khong gi tr lin tc.
VD: bin tn hiu u ra ca loa ca my thu, my thu bng t, my thu hnh,
* u im k thut s:
- H thng s d thit k: khng i hi gi tr hiu in th hay cng dng in
chnh xc, ch quan tm n dy in p m chng ri vo ( cao hay thp ).
- Thng tin lu tr d dng: vic lu tr khng cn phc tp m nh vo mt mch
chuyn chuyn dng, mch ny kho thng tin v gi nguyn t trong khong thi gian
yu cu.
- Tnh chnh xc v tin cy cao: trong cc h thng s c th iu khin nhiu con
s tng thm chnh xc khi c yu cu bng cch kt ni thm nhiu mch in
swtitch. Cn trong h thng tng t chnh xc thng b gii hn nm trong khong 3
s hoc 4 s bi v gi tr ca in p v dng in ph thuc trc tip vo cc gi tr cc
phn t mch in.
- Cc hot ng c th lp trnh d dng, rt d dng thit k cc h thng s m cc
hot ng cc h thng c iu khin bi mt tp lnh gi l chng trnh. H thng
tng t cng c th lp trnh c nhng s a dng v phc tp ca cc thao tc b gii
hn.
- Cc mch int t s t b nh hng nhiu: v mc in p ca h thng s khng
quan trng v tn hiu nhiu khng ln gy nh hng n s phn bit mc high
v low.
- Nhiu mch in c th tch hp trn 1IC: thc ra s pht trin vt bc ca cng
ngh IC ( Integrated circuit) cng mang li nhiu thun li cho mch tng t, nhng do
mch tng t kh phc tp v li s dng nhng thit b khng c hiu qu kinh t nn
khng th t c kt qu mc tch hp cao nh mch s.
* Nhng hn ch ca k thut s:
- Hu ht cc i lng vt l trong t nhin l cc tn hiu tng t v chnh nhng
i lng ny thng l u vo v u ra c mt h thng theo di, kim tra, x l v
iu khin.
- s dng k thut s iu khin cc i lng ny vi tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra
u l tng t cn thc hin 3 bc sau:
Chuyn i cc tn hiu v tng t sang dng tn hiu s.
X l d liu s theo yu cu.
Chuyn i d liu s sang dng tn hiu tng t.



Bi ging k thut s 1
Bin son Ks Ng Vn Bnh
Trang 2









y l s khi ca mt h thng iu khin nhit
1.2 Cc h thng s :
- C rt nhiu h thng s c s dng trong k thut s, cc h thng s th6ng
dng nht l: h thp phn (docimal), nh phn (binasy), bt phn (octal), thp lc phn
( hexadecimal).
1.2.1 H thp phn: bao gm 10 con s hoc nhng k hiu
K hiu: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Trng s ca mi ch s trong 1 s thp phn nh sau:
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
, 10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
trong du " ," l du chm thp phn.
VD: s 258,9 =(2. 10
2
) +(5.10
1
) +(8. 10
0
) +(9. 10
-1
)
Trong s thp phn th:
" S tn cng bn tri l s c gi tr ln nht MSD ( Most Significant Digit)
" S tn cng bn phi l s c gi tr nh nht LSD ( Least Significant Digit)
1.2.2 H nh phn : gm c 2 ch s :0 v 1, k s nh phn gi l bit (binary digit). C
s h nh phn hay gi l c s 2.
VD: cho 1 s nh phn 1100,1102 c minh ho nh hnh v:
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
2
-1
2
-2
2
-3

1 1 0 0, 1 1 0

MSB du phy nh phn LSB

Gi tr tng ng vi s thp phn:
1100,1102 =1. 23 +
trong h thng s nh phn:
Mi con s (0 hoc 1) c gi l bit ( 0 hay 1)
Bit tn cng bn tri l bit c gi tr ln nht MSB ( Most Significant bit)
Bit tn cng bn phi l bit c gi tr nh nht LSB ( Least Significant bit)
Cch m s nh phn: minh ho cch m ta dng mt s nh phn 4 bit trnh by nh
bng sau:




Chuyen oi
tng t sang
Thit
b o
x l d
liu s

Chuyen oi so
sang t ng t
Nhit
(tng t)
tng t ADC s s DAC

iu chnh nhit
Bi ging k thut s 1
Bin son Ks Ng Vn Bnh
Trang 3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
Thp phn tng ng
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 1 3
0 1 0 0 4
0 1 0 1 5
0 0 1 1 7
1 0 0 0 8
1 0 0 1 9
1 0 1 0 10
1 0 1 1 11
1 1 0 0 12
1 1 0 1 13
1 1 1 0 14
1 1 1 1 15
1.3 Cch biu din i lng nh phn:
- Bit 0: din t trng thi khng c in (0ff)
- Bit 1: din t trng thi c in (on)

Thanh phan Trang thai 1 Trang thai 0
Xung i en
5v



0v
Cong tac




Bong en




1.4 Truyn d liu ni tip v song song
1.4.1 Truyn ni tip: l ch s dng 1 ng truyn v truyn trnh t tng bit 1

0 1 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3
1.4.2 Truyn song song: l truyn mi bit trn mt ng truyn v tt c cc bit c
truyn ng thi

Vi s nh phn 4 bit nh trn c 2
4
=16 trng
thi khc nhau v s thp phn tng ng ln
nht l : 2
4
- 1 =15.
Vy vi mt s nh phn n bit th
S thp phn tng ng ln nht 2
n
-1
S trng thi 2
n
.

Mch
A
Mch
B

A3
Mch A A2
A1
A0
B3
B2 Mch B
B1
B0
Bi ging k thut s 1
Bin son Ks Ng Vn Bnh
Trang 4


1.5 Mch c nh v mch khng nh:
- Khi mt tn hiu a ti ng vo, ng ra s thay i trng thi, trng thi ny vn
khng thay i khi tn hiu ng vo khng cn > c tnh nh.
- Khi mt tn hiu a ti ng vo, ng ra s thay i tng ng vi ng vo, v khi
tn hiu vo khng cn th tn hiu ra tr v trng thi ban u > khng c tnh nh.




1.6 My tnh s :
My tnh l mt h thng phn cng thc hin cc php ton i s, iu khin d
liu dng nh phn v thc hin cc chng trnh x l.
S khi ca h thng my tnh







- Khi nhp: thng qua khi my chng trnh v d liu c a vo h thng
my tnh v a vo khi b nh lu tr khi cn. Thng tin thng c a vo khi
nhp thng qua bn phm, bng t hoc a t , scanner
- Khi b nh: dng lu tr cc lnh v cc d liu nhn t khi nhp, n cung
cp thng tin n khi xut.
- Khi iu khin: khi ny ly cc lnh t b nh, c chc nng iu khin v thc
hin cc lnh.
- Khi s hc : tt c cc tnh ton s hc v quyt nh logic c thc hin t khi
ny, sau kt qu c gi ti khi b nh lu tr.
- Khi xut: khi ny mang d liu t b nh gi ra mn hnh hin th, my
in

Mch in
khng nh
Mch in
c nh
Khi
s hc
Khi
B nh
Khi
iu khin
Khi
xut
Khoi
nhap
n ngi
iu khin
T ngi
iu khin