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Digital-to-analog conversion or digital-to-analog-
modulation is the process of changing one of the
characteristics of an analog signal based on the
information in a digital signal (1s and 0s).
BIT RT! is the number of bits per second.
B"D RT! refers to the number of signal
units per second that are re#uired to
represent those bits.
Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
In amplitude shift $e%ing (&')( the strength of
the carrier signal is varied to represent binar% 1
or 0.
Both fre#uenc% and phase remains constant.
In fre#uenc% shift $e%ing( the fre#uenc% of
the carrier signal is varied to represent
binar% 1 or 0.
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In phase shift $e%ing( the phase of the
carrier signal is varied to represent binar% 1
or 0.
With Binary PSK, two output phases are
possible for a single carrier frequency.
Binary input Out of phase
0 1)0
1 0
With Quadrature PSK, four output phases are
possible for a single carrier frequency.
The binary input data for QPSK are combined
into groups of called dibits.
Binary input Out of phase
00 -1*+
01 1*+
10 -,+
11 ,+
Quadrature amplitude modulation !Q"#$
means combining "SK and PSK in such a way
that we ha%e ma&imum contrast with each
bit, dibit, tribit and so on.