avtoris stili daculia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
saqarTvelos istoria

vlasi vawaZe

iberiis samefos warmarTuli RvTaebebi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili

Ddisertacia

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori Temur Todua

Tbilisi
2009

sarCevi
gv.
Sesavali

...................................................................................................................................... 3-36

wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva ............................................................ 18-24

arqeologiuri wyaroebi................................................................................................ 25-27
epigrafikuli Zeglebi .................................................................................................... 28
sakiTxis Seswavlis istoriografia .................................................................... 29-36

Tavi 1 RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da g a .................................................. 37-48

Tavi 2

RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxisaTvis

................................................... 49-79

Tavi 3 yaraSambis vercxlis Tasze asaxuli ritualuri

siuJetebi ....................................................................................................................................... 80-93
Tavi 4 qalRvTaeba ainina da danana

..................................................................... 94-104

Tavi 5 religiuri Tu politikuri dapirispirebis

sakiTxisaTvis Zv.w. II saukunis dasawyisSi (mefe farnajomi) ................. 105-118
daskvna

.......................................................................................................................................... 119-124

literatures nusxa ............................................................................................................... 125-128

Sesavali

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs kulturul-politikuri

urTierToba hqondaT jer aqemenidur, Semdgom ki sasanur iranTan, Tumca
qarTul-iranuli istoriul-kulturuli kontaqtebis yvelaze adreuli
etapi Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebia da midiis saxelmwifosTanaa dakavSirebuli.
cnobilia, rom midielTa mier urartus samefos damxobaSi skviTebTan
erTad amierkavkasieli tomebic monawileobdnen [134,235]. midielTa da
iberielTa kulturuli kontaqtebi enobriv urTierTobebSic aisaxa [4;1120] (qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi `mefeTa cxovreba~ ki moxseniebuli unda
yofiliyo,

rogorc

midiel

mefeTa

saxelebi,

aseve

midielTa

sarwmunoebrivi warmodgenebic, razec saubari qvemoT gveqneba). midielTa

samefos damxobis Semdeg saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs urTierToba aqemenidur iranTan uwevT. cnobas amis Sesaxeb berZen istorikos herodotesTan vnaxulobT, romelic darios mefis daqvemdebarebaSi
myof xalxebSi qarTvelur tomebsac ixseniebs, kerZod XVIII satrapiaSi
Sediodnen: matienebi, sasperebi, alarodielebi; XIX satrapiaSi ki: mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi da marebi. riT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom istoriaSi, romelic Zv. w. V saukuneSia Seqmnili, arsad ar ixsenieba iberia (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo) s. janaSia Tvlida, rom herodotesTan

moxseniebuli

sasperebi

igive

iberielebi

arian

74;50], amasTan dakavSirebiT s. yauxCiSvili SeniSnavda, rom `SesaZloa es

marTlac asea, magram Tu sasperebi sxva tomia da iberebi sxva, es mainc
ar niSnavs imas, rom herodote ar icnobda mermindel iberias~-o, cota
qvemoT ki dasZens, rom `SesaZloa herodotem kargad icoda iberiis arseboba (swored am saxelwodebiT), magram ar axsenebs mas imitom, rom misi
Txrobis rkalSi ar Sediodao~ [79; 43], Cveni mxridan davZenT, rom aqemenidTa satrapiebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosazRvre qarTveluri tomebis garda, iberiis mezobeli Aarmenia da kaspiebis tomebi
Sediodnen, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aqemeniduri xelovnebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli arqeologiuri nivTebis aRmoCena am teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebis urTierTobaze unda mianiSnebdes aqemenidur iranTan. unda
gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom qarTul enaSi mravali Zvelsparsuli da avesturi elementebi SemorCa [4]

saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis SeswavlisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba VI_V saukuneebis berZeni istorikosis qsenofontis `anabasiss~

eni-

Weba. masSi qarTveluri tomebis sayofacxovrebo Taviseburebebia aRwerili: dasaxlebebi, Cacmuloba, SeiaraReba da a.S. CvenTvis `anabasisi~ gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva tomebis aqemenidur sparseTTan urTierTobis gamo. sayuradReboa isic, rom
dasavleT armeniis mmarTvels tiribazs moqiravneebad qarTveluri tomebi
xalibebi da taoxebi hyolia [Xenofont IV.12.18]. aq sagulisxmoa is, rom Tu
herodote Tavis TxzulebaSi am tomebs sparseTis morCilebaSi myofebad
ixseniebs, axla isini ubralo moqiravneebi arian, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom Zv. w. V saukunis bolos maT Tavisufleba aqvT mopovebuli [47; 58].
qsenofonti Tavis TxzulebaSi ar Sexebia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs. Qqsenofonti tiribazis morCilebaSi myof fasianebTan erTad hesperitebsac ixseniebs, [ Xenofont. VII.8 ]

romelTac g. me-

liqiSvili saspeirebTan (iberebTan) akavSirebda [44; 17]. qsenofonti saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis dasavleT da aRmosavleT armeniis Sesaxebac,
romelnic sparsTa satrapiebs warmoadgendnen. aRmosavleT armenias artaqserse II-is siZe oronti ganagebda [Xenofont. II 4, 8-9], dasavleT armenias
ki tiribazi, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom, Sesabamisad, dasaxelebul qveynebSi religiuri warmodgenebic sparsul samyarosTan iyo kavSirSi. konkretulad romeli RvTaebebi SeiZleba moviazroT am droidan `armeniis~ teritoriaze, amis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva artaqserqse II (405-361) warwera suzis sasaxlis aSenebis Sesaxeb, romelSic aqemenidTa mefes ahuramazdas gverdiT miTra da anahitic hyavs moxseniebuli, rac am ori RvTaebis
status quo-s aRdgena unda iyos zaraTuStras reformebis Semdeg [129], Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom mogviano periodis somxeTSi iranuli ardvisura-anahitis kults gansakuTrebulad scemen Tayvans (plutarqe, straboni, faustos buzandi), SesaZloa somxebSi anahitisa da miTras kultebis Tayvaniscemis gaCena ukve artaqserqse II-is droidan vivaraudoT. cnobilia, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT armeniis satrapiebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle qarTvelur tomebs emezoblebodnen, romlebsac erTmaneTTan kulturul_politikuri urTierTobebi
unda hqonodaT; am konkretuli urTierTobis safuZvelze SegviZlia viva5

raudoT, rom aqemeniduri religiis panTeonis RvTaebebi

qarTveluri to-

mebis rwmena-warmodgenebSic arsebobdnen, rac erTgvari bazisi unda yofiliyo qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis formirebisaTvis aqemeniduri religiis niadagze. sxvanairad ver avxsniT iberielTa winaqristianul rwmena-warmodgenebSi ahuramazdas, miTras, anahitis kultebis arsebobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom azos Semdgomi oTxi mefidan ors sparsuli
saxeli aqvs, pirveli farnavazia, romlis saxelic sparsulad armazs niSnavs, meore _ mefe mirvani, romlis saxelic sparsuli RvTaeba

miTradan

modis [4;474,478-499].
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle iberebs urTierToba
rom hqoniaT aqemenidebTan da icnobdnen maT tradiciebs, amis Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovan cnobas berZeni geografi straboni gvawvdis. strabonis cnobiT `dablobze cxovrobdnen iberTagan ufro metad miwaTmoqmedni. eseni
mSvidobianad arian ganwyobili, armenielTa da midielTa msgavsad ewyobian~ [Strabo. XI-II. 3] (T. yauxCiSvils

SeniSvnaSi sityvis ewyobian moyvanili

aqvs kidev sami ganmarteba _ vewyobi, vicvam, viWurvebi [78; 128 Sen: 1]), Semdeg ki armeniasa da midielebTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT: `xolo Cvevebi midielebsa da armenielebs metwilad erTi da igive aqvT, imitom rom
qveyanac maTi msgavsia~ [Strabo. XI.13.9]. amis erT-erTi mtkicebuleba isaa,
rom `sparsTa yvela siwmides scemen pativs midielebi da armenielebi~
[Strabo. XI.14.16]. berZeni geografis naSromidan CvenTvis cnobilia, romel
siwmindeebzea saubari. ase magaliTad, `armeniis satrapi sparseTis mefes
yovelwliurad ugzavnida 20000 kvics miTras dResaswaulisaTvis~ [Strabo.
XI.14.9]; `armenielebs gansakuTrebiT miaCndaT anaitidis taZrebi, romlebic
sxvadasxva adgilas iyvnen agebulni~ [Strabo. XI.14.16], anu armenielebisaTvis, strabonis mixedviT, ori mTavari sparsuli RvTaeba miTra da anahiti
yofila cnobili. midielebTan dakavSirebiT ki vigebT, rom `midielebi
mTavrebi iyvnen amaTi (anu armenielebis) da amaze uwin sparselebisac,
romelTac axla upyriaT eseni da maTi memkvidreebic aziis mpyrobelobaSi. amJamad e.w. sparsuli tansacmeli, midrekileba mSvildosnobisa da
mxedrobisadmi, mefeebis samsaxuri, samkaulebi, RmerTebis Tayvaniscema
qveSevrdomebisagan sparselebSi midielTagan gadmovida. es rom WeSmari-

tebaa, gansakuTrebiT Cans tansacmelidan [Strabo. XI. 18, 9], anu strabonisTvis cnobilia, rom aqemenidebi midielTa samefos gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen
(msgavsi varaudi jer kidev herodotesTan gvxvdeba, rodesac istorikosi
kiros II didis mier midiis samefos damxobis Sesaxeb saubrobs, sadac kirosi midielTa mefis astiagesis SviliSviladaa gamoyvanili. Sesabamisad
herodotes mixedviT aqemenidTa mosvla saxelmwifos saTaveSi midiis samefos gagrZelebad SeiZleba miviCnioT) [Her. I, 107_III]. Tu strabonis cnobas
iberTa Sesaxeb, `armenielTa da midielTa msgavsad ewyobian~, gaviazrebT,
rogorc vewyobi, vicvam, viWurvebi da am ukanasknelTa tradiciebs SevudarebT, romelsac straboni Tavis mxriv aqemenidur iranTan uvlebs paralels, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebisTvis, jer midielebTan, Semdeg _ aqemenidebTan kulturul-politikuri urTierTobis safuZvelze,

cnobilia maTi religiuri

warmodgenebic.
iberielTa winaqristianuli religiuri warmodgenebis fesvebi SesaZloa midielTa da armenielTa religiur warmodgenebSia saZebari, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, aqemenidebTan aqvT bevri saerTo. midielebTan da
aqemenidur iranTan qarTveluri tomebis urTierTobaze qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroc saubrobs. leonti mrovelisaTvis cnobilia, rogorc midiis
samefos politikuri wanamZRvarebi

(is midielebs sparselebad, nebroTis

STamomavlebad ixseniebs [61;17-18]), aseve midiel mefeTa saxelebic. leonti

mroveli sparselTa gaZlierebamde kavkasiis gadmosavlelebiT (dariali,
darubandi) xazarTa laSqrobebs aRwers. rogorc sworad aqvs SeniSnuli
m. sanaZes, `xazarTa laSqrobebis aRwerisas mematiane mis dros (VII-VIII
s.s.) kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT gabatonebuli saxelis `xazaris~ qveS gulisxmobs skviTebsa da kimerielebs, romelTa Semosevebs adgili hqonda Zv. w.
VIII-VI ss-Si~ [50; 18]. am Semosevebis realuroba, aziasa da samxreT kavkasiaSi skviTur-kimeriuli tomebis gansaxleba da aq maTi saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebis arseboba dasturdeba rogorc Zveli asurul-babilonuri,
urartuli wyaroebiTa da Zvel berZen avtorTa cnobebiT, aseve bolo xanebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monacemebiTac [127], [168], [7]. SevniSnavT
imasac, rom asuruli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, midiis samefo VII s. 70 wlebSi,
mZlavri antiasuruli moZraobis periodSi gaCnda, romelSic monawileo7

bas kimerielebi da skviTebic Rebulobdnen [118; 49-50]1, rac leonti mrovelis cnobas srulebiT Seesabameba, rameTu werilobiT wyaroSi jer saubaria `xazarTa~ gamosvlis Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki

imaze, rom `xolo mieriT-

gan ganZlierdes sparsni mier mzisa aRmosavliTgan, naTesavni nebroTisani~. wyarodan

vigebT nebroTianTa `legendaruli~ gmiris afridonis Se-

saxebac, romelic `eufla yovelsa queyanasa sparsTasa~, romelsac qarTlSi Tavisi Ze gamougzavnia: `movida qarTlad da Semusrna yovelni qalaqni da cixeni qarTlisani [60; 14-15], romelic mravali weli erisTavobda, xolo mis Semdgom `ucalo iqmnes Zeni afridonisani, rameTu iwyes
brZolad urTierTis~. amiT qarTlosianT usargebliaT da droebiT ganTavisuflebulan [60;15]. Mmematianis cnobaze afridonTan da ardam erisTavTan dakavSirebiT dazustebiT Tqma Znelia, ramdenad Seesabameba es yvelaferi istoriul realobas, Tumca `Semdgomad amissa mravalTa weliwadTa
kualad ganZlierdes sparsni da ganadidna mefe sparsTa, romelsa erqua
qekapos~ _ vkiTxulobT `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ [60; 15]. v. kovalevskaia am qekaposSi da mis memkvidreebSi midielTa mefeebis saxelebs varaudobs: faraboroti _ fraarti, qaixosro igive kiaqsari. [60; 15] [121; 62] (m. andronikaSvils gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvs qekaposis, faraborotisa da qaixosros Sesaxeb. qekaposTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari SewniSnavs, rom es am
saxelis qarTuli formaa da unda modiodes `axali sparsuli formidan
kaikabus, romelic kaikavhs-is gverdiT arsebobda [4, 507], saxels qaixosros avestur Kava. Haosrava [h], fal. Ka; Husrave, axal spars. Kqaixusrav-Tan
uvlebs paralels da saxel xosrosTan aqvs Sedarebuli[4;506], faraborotTan dakavSirebiT ki aRniSnavs, rom am saxelSi `Sahnames gmiri _ fareborzi, `Sahnames qarTuli versiebiT~ _ faremuzi qvaqaozis Ze, siauSis
Zma~ aris gadmocemuli[4;500]; faraborot-faremuzTan dakavSirebiT davZendiT, rom qarTlis cxovrebis leonti mroveliseuli teqstis arSiaze
faraborotis saxels miwerili aqvs faremuz [61; 14]. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ iranuli eposis gmirebi zepirsityvierebis gziT Semovidnen. al. xaxaniSvilis azriT, informaciis wyaro iyo `saero tradicia, xalxSi daculi ambebi Zveli droisa, is ambebi, romelic

ixileT aseve .. , ., 1961, . 49-50

erTnairad gavrcelebuli iqmneboda rogorc sparselebSi, ise qarTvelebSic~ [86; 1-2]; amave Tvalsazriss iziareben n. mari [42] da mose janaSvili
[76; 221]; k. kekeliZe fiqrobda, rom leonti mrovelis wyaros uSualod
firdousis `Sahname~ warmoadgenda [31; 18-19], Tumca m. andronikaSvilis azriT, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ arqaul nawilSi iranuli samyaro _ pirTa saxelebi _ warmodgenilia, rogorc saSualo sparsuli da uZvelesi parTuli formebiT, ise (metwilad) arabuli da axali sparsuli formebiT [43;
148-149]. g. qavTaria `mefeTa cxovrebis~ `gamosvla xazarTa~-s nawils qarTlis cxovrebaSi Sesul msoflio istoriuli ambebis umniSvnelovanes
sakiTxad miiCnevs, romliTac, mecnieris azriT, qarTuli wyaro afiqsirebs Zvel samyaroSi mimdinare procesebs. termin `xazarebSi~ mkvlevari
aseve kimereliebsa da skviTebs moiazrebs, romelTac Zv. w. VIII s-Si unda
elaSqraT kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebare vrcel teritoriaze [59;
13-15], rasac adastureben rogorc antikuri avtorebi, aseve Zvel aRmosavluri lursmuli warwerebi [118; 235-238], [99; 221-227]. g. qavTaria aRniSnavs,
rom mcire aziaSi am momTabare xalxis moxvedris gzebi kargad iyo cnobili antikuri avtorebisaTvis, romelsac zustad miuTiTebs leonti mrovelic [59; 15]. viziarebT g. qavTarias mosazrebas qekapos faraborotis
ZesTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Zv. w. VII s. I naxevarSi saTaveSi Caudga
asureTis winaaRmdeg midiis ajanyebas da gamarjvebiT daasrula is (g.
qavTarias mosazrebiT es faraboroti asuruli warwerebSi moxseniebuli
kaStriti unda iyos, romlis midiuri saxeli xSatritia, herodote ki
fraorts uwodebs [Her. I, 102]. qarTlis cxovrebaSi qekaposis Ze faraborotad aris cnobili [61; 14], [59; 16-17]). aRsaniSnavia, rom Zv. w. 653 w. skviTebma axladSeqmnili midiis saxelmwifos dapyroba SeZles, midielTa mefe ki maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa[61; 14],. es istoriuli faqti leonti mrovelisTvisacaa cnobili, romelTanac vkiTxulobT: `da Semdgomad amissa
ramdenTame weliwadTa ucalo iqmna qekapos mefe sparsTa, rameTu iwyo
brZola TurqTa~ [61; 14]. g. qavTaria SeniSnavs, rom am `TurqebSi~ qarTuli wyaro skviTebs gulisxmobs [59; 26-27]. midiis erTianobis aRdgenas da
skviTebis gandevnas, herodote kaStaritis Svilis kiaqsaris saxels ukavSirebs [Her. I, 101-102], es faqti Semonaxulia leonti mrovelTanac: `da
Semdgomad amisa, ramodenime weliwadTa ucalo iqmna qaixosro mefe da
9

iwyo brZolad TurqTa, eZiebda sisxlsa mamisa maTisasa~ [61; 15], anu qarTuli werilobiTi wyarosaTvis cnobilia, rom kaStariti, igive qekaposi,
skviTebTan brZolaSi daiRupa.
`ramodeniTame weliwadTa ucalo iqmna~, SesaZloa, herodotes cnobas
asaxavs, romlis Tanaxmadac skviTebis batonoba 28 weli gagrZelebula
[Her. I, 74]. rac Seexeba qaixosros, is midielTa mefe kiaqsari (midiurad _
uvaxStara) unda iyos, amis safuZvels gvaZlevs rogorc qaixosro saxelis gamoyvana kiaxsar-uvaxStaridan, ise leonti mrovelisa da herodotes werilobiTi monacemebis paraleluri Sedarebebic. leonti mrovelis
gadmocemiT, xazarTa (kimerielTa Tu skviTTa) Semosevis paralelurad
adgili hqonia sparselebis (midielebis) laSqrobebsac saqarTvelosa da
somxeTSi. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ aRweril xazarebisa da sparselebis
laSqrobebs Tu gavyvebiT, sakmaod saintereso suraTs vixilavT. sparsul
sakuTar

saxelebSi

aRrevebis

miuxedavad,

Txzulebis

am

monakveTSi

istoriul realobasTan sakmaod miaxloebiTaa daxatuli midiaSi arsebuli rTuli politikuri situacia. Sida uwesrigobis garda, midiasac mZime
tvirTad

awva

momTabare

tomebis

TareSi

midielTa

da

skviTTa

urTierTdapirispirebas mravali wyaro adasturebs. `qarTlis cxovrebis~

meSveobiT cnobili informaciebis Sevsebac SeiZleba. g. qavTaria leonti
mrovelis naxevrad fantastikur monaTxrobSi realur movlenebsac arCevs: `mefeTa cxovrebis~ avtors ara marto midiis saxelmwifos sagareo
politika aqvs gadmocemuli, aramed kargad aqvs daxasiaTebuli qarTvelTa cxovrebis adreuli safexurebi da urTierToba garemomcvel samyarosTan [59; 24]. m. sanaZe ki leonti mrovelis gadmocemaSi arsebul qronologiur Seusabamobebs, saxelTa damaxinjebul gadmocemas, rig SemTxvevaSi _ fantastikuri ambebis gadmocemas, imiT xsnis, rom `qarTlis
cxovreba~ iranuli istoriuli eposis, rogorc arqaul, ise axal sparsul wignier variaciebs Seicavs. mkvlevaris azriT, `mematianes sxvadasxva
epoqebSi Sesrulebuli iranuli eposis variaciebi aqvs xelT da ver amCnevs maT igiveobas, erTimeoris Semdeg, garkveuli qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT aTavsebs maT~ [51; 25-26].
leonti mroveli qaixosros mefobis Semdeg, kidev erT istoriul ambavs gviyveba, romelic babilonis mefe nabuqodonosors exeba: `da gamo10

des amas Sina Jamni mravalni. maSin nabuqodonosor mefeman warmostyuena

ierusalimi~ [61; 15-16]. Semdeg ki isev sparselebze iwyebs saubars: `Semdgomad amissa raodenTame weliwadTa aRmovida Ze sparsTa mefisa vaStaSabisi, saxeliT spandiat rvali~ [61; 16]. es vaStaSabi, besitunis kldis
warweraSi moxseniebuli viStaspi unda iyos, romelic darios I-is mamaa,
am ukanasknels qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro spandiat rvals uwodebs. leonti mrovelTan mcire qronologiur uzustobas unda hqondes adgili,
radgan midiis samefos dacema da aqemeniduri samefos xanis dasawyisi kirosis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli (romelsac Zv. w. 550-530 ww. unda emefa),
leonti mroveli ki sparselebSi `axali xanis~ dasawyiss darios viStaspis Zis saxels (imave vaStaSabis Zes, spandiat rvals) ukavSirebs. xazgasmulia isic, rom spandiat vaStaSabis Ze (anu darios viStaspis Ze) babilonSi nabuqodonosoris mefobis Semdgom modis. amdenad, `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ sparselTa istoriasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis asaxva im epoqis realur suraTs emTxveva. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom leonti mroveli istoriul Tanmimdevrobas ar arRvevs da spandiat rvalTan dakavSirebiT
SeniSnavs, rom am ukanasknelma saqarTveloSi mas Semdeg ilaSqra, rac nabuqodonosorisgan `muniT otebulni uriani movides qarTls... Semdgomad
amissa raodensame weliwadTa.~ [61; 15-16]. spandiat rvalis ( igive darios
histaspis Zis ) momdevno periodi aqemeniduri sparseTis Zlierebis xanaa.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, am periodSi sparseTma babiloni da asureTi daipyro, moxarke yvna berZenni da hromni. da maSin qarTvelni moxarke
iyvnes misdave~ [61; 16], aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobamde qarTvelebi
sparselebis moxarkeni rom iyvnen, amas qarTuli wyaroebis garda, berZeni
istorikosebic adastureben: herodote, qsenofonti, dion kasiusi, razec
zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari.
Txzulebidan Cans rom leonti mrovels sparsTa religiis Sesaxebac
hqonia warmodgena, miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi `mefeTa
cxovrebis~ avtoris interesebSi mxolod is politikuri movlenebia moqceuli, rac farnavazis gamefebas uZRoda win. erTgan mematiane ixseniebs,
rom mas Semdeg, rac qaixosro SioSis Zem `movlo yoveli somxiT da qarTli, motyuena yovelive, iavar yvna yovelni cixeni da qalaqni, da dautevna erisTavni, da aRaSena adarbadagans saxli salocavi sjulisa maTi11

sa da warvida~ [61; 15]. gacilebiT sainteresoa is adgili, sadac leonti

mroveli qarTlis teritoriaze mosaxle qarTveluri tomebis `sjulis~
Sesaxeb saubrobs: `da ipyres sjuli uborotesi yovelTa naTesavTa. rameTu col-qmrobisaTis ara uCndaT naTesaoba: da yovelsa suliersa Wamdes; saflavi ara iyo mkudarsa SesWamdes~. [61; 15].
Tan

dacul

cnobebs

gvagonebs:

kerZod,

es berZen istorikoseb-

herodotesTan

masagetebTan

dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT, rom isini `misdeven skviTuri cxovrebis wesebs~ [Her I. 215], anu TiToeuli maTgani colad erT qals irTavs, magram
qalebTan isini Tanaziarad cxovroben. elinTa gadmocemebi skviTebis
msgavsi Cveulebebis Sesaxeb, ufro masagetebs exeba. rodesac masageti
romelime qalisadmi swrafvas igrZnobs, Camohkidebs Tavis kaparWs mis etlTan da Semdeg mSvidad amyarebs masTan kavSirs [Her. I, 216]. msgavsi cnoba daculia strabonTanac [Strabo. XI, 8;6], romelTanac albanebTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT: `albanebi moxucebulebs metismetad scemen pativs,
ara marto Tavis mSoblebisa, aramed sxvebisasac; xolo micvalebulze
zrunva araa wesi, arc mogoneba. maTTan erTad flaven qonebasac~ [Strabo.
XI, IV; 8], qarTvelTa winaprebis es wes-Cveuleba zoroastrelTa rwmena-warmodgenebs gvagonebs, romelTa religia gardacvlilis damarxvas an masze
zrunvas ki ar moiTxovda, aramed ahqondaT gardacvlilis gvami sadme maRal adgilze da iq `stovebdnen~ [105; 158].
SesavalSi warmoebulma msjelobam, qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebis paralelurma Sedarebebma da arqeologiurma monacemebma
dagvanaxa, rom qarTvelTa winaprebs urTierToba uwevdaT jer midielebTan, Semdeg ki aqemenidur iranTan, am urTierTobebis paralelurad qarTveluri tomebisaTvis cnobili unda yofiliyo zoroastruli religia,
rac erTgvari bazisi unda gamxdariyo qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis
Camoyalibebis procesSi.
iberiis winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeoni winareelinisturi Tu
elinisturi qveynebis kulturasTan qarTvelTa urTierTobis erT-erTi
naTeli nimuSia. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi Semavali RvTaebebis Sesaxeb cnobebi mwiria da, zog SemTxvevaSi,
araerTgvarovani. RvTaebebis saxelebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi
qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciaSi zogierTi kerpis warmomavlo12

bisa da raobis dadgenisas garkveul sirTuleebs qmnida, Tumca mocemul

sakiTxze momuSave mecnierebi Seecadnen Taviseburi axsna moeZebnaT am
RvTaebebisaTvis, am kuTxiT mecnierTa

mosazrebebi sam nawilad SeiZleba

davyoT: 1. isini, vinc qarTul warmarTul panTeons aqemeniduri iranis

religiasTan akavSirebda; 2. vinc xeTur-xuritul religiaSi xedavda qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebTan saerTos; 3. vinc berZnul-romaul panTeonTan avlebda paralels.
Zvel sparsul religias saqarTveloSi didi tradicia gaaCnia, romelmac garkveuli roli iTamaSa qristianobamdeli iberiis samefos istoriaSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze
mosaxle qarTvelur tomebs kulturul-politikuri urTierToba jer midiasTan, Semdeg aqemenidur da sasanidur iranTan uwevda, rac gvaZlevs
safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Camoyalibebis procesSi sparsulma RvTaebebmac iTamaSes TavianTi roli. qarTlsa
da kaxeTSi aRmoCenilia zoroastrizmisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobis mimdevarTa taZrebi _ cixiagora, dedoflismindori, nekresi. warmarTuli
gadmonaSTebi mogviano periodis qarTul xalxur zRaprebsa Tu tradiciebSic gvxvdeba, xolo iberiis mosazRvre somxeTis urTierToba aqemenidebTan da qristianobis gavrcelebamde sparsuli RvTaebebis arseboba
maT panTeonSi imis maniSnebelia, rom isini iberiis samefoSic unda yofiliyvnen cnobilni.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi mocemul sakiTxze dawerilma samecniero naSromebma, statiebma, axalma arqeologiurma aRmoCenebma, eTnografiulma
kvlevam mravali aqamde ucnobi masala gamoitana dRis sinaTleze qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxsenebuli RmerTebis Sesaxeb, riTac erTgvari bazisi Seiqmna qarTvelTa winaqristianuli panTeonis Sesaxeb fundamenturi naSromis SeqmnisaTvis. aRniSnuli Temisadmi interess zrdis
isic, rom mecnierTa mosazrebebi qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi Semavali RvTaebebis Sesaxeb araerTgvarovania. Cven SevecadeT Cvens xelT arsebuli ucxouri da qarTveli mecnierebis naSromebis, uaxlesi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis, mikvleuli eTnografiuli masalis, qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze axleburi kuTxiT gangvexila war-

13

marTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis sadaurobisa da raobis sakiTxi, sakuTari

azri gamogveTqva maT Sesaxeb.
qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni bevri qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnieris kvlevis sagani iyo da rCeba kidec. am Temaze mravali samecniero naSromi qveyndeba. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sedegad mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb bevri masalaa Tavmoyrili. qarTveli mecnierebisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxda uaxlesi ucxouri literatura, romelic axlo aRmosavlur religiebs exeba. gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgens aqemenidur-sasanidur religiebze momuSave mecnierTa naSromebi, avestis wignis qarTveli mecnierebisaTvis aqamde ucnobi Tavebis Targmanebi, romelic winamdebare naSromSia gamoyenebuli.
winamdebare naSromSi SevecadeT qarTul

warmarTul panTeonSi Se-

mavali RvTaebebi ara viwro zoroastruli religiis CarCoSi, aramed Zv.

aRmosavleTis qveynebis kulturul WrilSi gangvexila. winamdebare naSromi winaqristianuli iberiis RvTaebebis axlebur xedvas warmoadgens,
romelTa erTi nawili (armazi, zadeni) axlosaa zoroastrul religiasTan (am mxriv Cveni mosazrebebi emTxveva n. maris, meliqseT begis, m. gvelesianis da sxvaTa mosazrebebs). `RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da ga~ ki
qarTveluri tomebis arian qarTlidan motanili RvTaebebia, romelTac
elinistur xanaSi axali datvirTva SeiZines; aininas paraleli anahiti
unda iyos, rogorc amas n. mari SeniSnavda, Tumca aininas Cven meore qalRvTaebasTan _ daninasTan konteqstSi ganvixilavT (CvenTvis am mxriv misaRebia gr. kapancianis mosazreba aininas da dananas wakiTxvis Sesaxeb, rogorc (ai)nina da ninada). maT kvals Cven Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi TrialeTis
kulturis

droindel

rwmena-warmodgenebSi

vxedavT

da

mesopotamiur

kulturas vukavSirebT. am or qalRvTaebas winamdebare naSromSi ori Tavi aqvs daTmobili. erTSi saubaria aininas da dananas kultebis Sesaxeb
qarTvelur tomebis rwmena-warmodgenebSi elinistur da postelinistur
xanaSi, calke Tavi ki aqvs daTmobili yaraSambSi (somxeTSi) aRmoCenil
vercxlis Tasze asaxul qalRvTaeba iSTarisadmi miZRvnil ritualur siuJets, sadac Suamdinaruli RvTaeba or Tanamdev RvTaebasTan _ ninadasa
da quliTasTan erTadaa warmodgenili. mocemuli arqeologiuri eqsponati am kuTxiT qarTul mecnierebaSi jer ar SeuswavliaT. calke qveTavi
14

eTmoba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujans, romelic, m. gvelesianis azriT,

sicruis RvTaeba drujTan unda iyos kavSirSi. es mosazreba CvenTvis misaRebia, winamdebare naSromSi is Cvens mier ufro ganvrcobilia da mravali argumentia moyvanili iTrujanis drujiseuli warmomavlobis sasargeblod. qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad Cveni mxridan moxda `mefeTa
cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebuli meoTxe farnavaziani mefis farnajomis dros
ganviTarebuli politikuri realiebis axleburi gaazreba: kerZod leonti mroveli farnajomis dros momxdari samefo gadatrialebis mizezad
religiur faqtors miiCnevda, rac Cven istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
uarvyaviT.
winamdebare naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, xuTi Tavisa da daskvnisagan.
gamoyenebuli literaturis siis garda, naSroms erTvis sailustracio
masala.
naSromis pirvel TavSi (`RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da ga~) ganxilulia qarTvelTa uZvelesi kerpebis gacisa da gaimis (gas) warmomavlobis sakiTxi, RvTaebrivi funqciebi. somxur warmarTul panTeonTan gavlebuli paralelebiT, avestis mixr-iaStebis wignis arqeologiuri masalebis, etimologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze, SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, rom
gaci da ga qarTvelTa uZvelesi RvTaebebi iyvnen. elinistur epoqaSi isini gaigivebuli iqnen sparsuli miTras Tanamdev RvTaebebTan, ris safuZvelsac qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi arsebuli informacia, RvTaebaTa
aRwerilobis struqtura da maTi funqciebis gansazRvra, aseve liTonTa
simbolikaSi oqrosa da vercxlis mzesTan da mTvaresTan gaigiveba iZleva.
naSromis meore Tavi (RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxisaTvis) RvTaeba armazisa da masTan dapirispirebuli `qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujanis~ sakiTxs eZRvneba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom armazze uamravi samecniero gamokvleva aris dawerili, Cveni kvlevis obieqti masTan dapirispirebuli
RvTaeba iTrujani gaxda, romlis warmomavlobisa da RvTaebrivi funqciebis gansazRvram dagvanaxa, rom mas bevri aqvs saerTo sicruisa da borotebis iranul RvTaeba drujTan, ahuramazdas antagonisti RvTaebis ahrimanis erT-erT msaxurTan. aseTi varaudis safuZvels iZleva ara marto
iTrujanis sparsuli warmomavloba da etimologiuri msgavseba drujTan
15

((i)Truj(ani)), aramed isic, rom ahrimanis saxelis xsenebas adreuli werilobiTi Tu epigrafikuli Zeglebi eridebian da ahuramazdas mxolod ahrimanis msaxur RvTaebebs upirispireben, Cvens SemTxvevaSi _ drujs. mocemul TavSi gamoyenebulia ara marto ucxouri da qarTuli literatura
da werilobiTi wyaroebi, aramed moxmobilia arqeologiuri, eTnografiuli, enaTmecnieruli masalebic.
mesame Tavi daTmobili aqvs farnavazis Semdgomi mefeebis saurmagisa
da mirvanis mier aRmarTuli ori qalRvTaebis kerpis aininas da daninas
sakiTxs. iqidan gamomdinare, rom am ori qalRvTaebis Zirebi winareelinisturi samyaros religiur warmodgenebSi midis, mocemuli Tavi Cven or
qveTavad davyaviT. Cven viziarebT gr. kapancianis, m. wereTlisa da s. janaSias mosazrebebs am qalRvTaebebis Sesaxeb da iSTar-ninadasTan vavlebT paralels. mocemuli RvTaebebi, savaraudod, Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi
arsebobdnen, rodesac TrialeTis kulturis matarebel tomebs axlo urTierToba hqondaT Zvel civilizaciebTan _ uris III dinastia, xeTebi, xuritebi. Cven xelT am RvTaebebis amsaxveli ori nivTi mogvepoveba, pirveli saqarTveloSi, walkis platoze, mexuTe yorRanSi napovni TrialeTis
vercxlis Tasia, meore _ somxeTSi, yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasi, romelic aseve TrialeTis didi yorRanuli kulturis matarebeli
xalxis nawarmia. Cveni kvlevis sagani es ukanaskneli gaxda, radganac masze ufro srulyofilad aris warmodgenili RvTaeba iSTarTan dakavSirebuli ritualuri msvlelobis Tu msxverplSewirvis siuJeti. qalRvTaeba
iSTari Tasis erT-erT frizze or Tanamdev qalRvTaebasTan ninadasa da
quliTasTan erTad aris gamosaxuli. mocemuli Tasi, masze asaxuli religiuri ritualisa da warmodgenili personaJebis raobis garkvevis mizniT, saqarTveloSi mecnierTa mier calke Seswavlis sagani ar gamxdara
da am mxriv Cvens mier Catarebuli kvleva mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoadgens.
winamdebare naSromis meoTxe Tavi uSualod aininas da daninas RvTaebrivi funqciebis garkvevas aqvs daTmobili: rogor moxda ainina-iSTaris
(imave nanaias, ninos) konsolireba gviandel sparsul qalRvTaeba ardvisura anahitTan. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moxmobilia paraleluri masa-

16

lebi somxuri warmarTuli panTeonidan da avestis ardvisura-iaStebis

himnebidan.
naSromis ukanaskneli, mexuTe Tavi mefe farnajomis dros momxdari
samefo gadatrialebis sakiTxs eTmoba. leonti mroveli gadatrialebis
mizezad religiur faqtors asaxelebda, Cveni mizani iyo axleburad gagveazrebina es movlena somxuri da berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze. farnajomis dros momxdari samefo gadatrialebisTvis imdroindeli politikuri viTarebidan Tu winare farnavaziani mefeebis saSinao
da sagareo politikidan gamomdinare mogveZebna axsna. amave TavSia mocemuli msjeloba RvTaeba zadenis sakiTxzec.

17

wyaroebis da literaturis mimoxilva

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Sesaxeb ZiriTad cnobebs qarTuli

werilobiTi

wyaroebi `mefeTa cxovreba~ da `moqcevai qarTlisai~ iZle-

vian. leonti mroveli pirveli qarTveli saistorio mweralia, romelic

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebisa da formirebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobebs, Tumca leonti mrovelis Txzuleba qarTvelTa winaqristianul rwmena-warmodgenebze informaciul xasiaTs atarebs da mxolod
RvTaebaTa saxelebiTa da im cnobebiT Semoifargleba, romeli mefis
dros Seiqmna esa Tu is kerpi da sad iyo is ganlagebuli. gacTan da gaimTan dakavSirebiT ki vigebT, romeli liTonisgan yofila Seqmnili maTi
kerpebi. avtori armazis sparsul warmomavlobazec migvaniSnebs. leonti
mrovelis Txzuleba mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens Zveli iberiis samefos politikuri istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac. am mxriv Cveni
kvlevis sagani azo da pirveli oTxi farnavaziani mefe gaxdnen, romelTac `moqcevai qarTlisai~ winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis formirebas miawers [92; 320-321].
leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ Semavali wminda ninos cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul TxzulebaSi daculi cnobebi winaqristianuli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb ufro mdidaria,
rameTu aq ZiriTadi aqcenti Txzulebis avtors warmarT qarTvelTa RmerTebis funqciebis gansazRvraze aqvs gakeTebuli. Tumca `mefeTa cxovrebisagan~ gansxvavebiT `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ avtori arafers ambobs aininasa da daninas kerpebis Sesaxeb da mxolod armaziT, zadeniT, gaciTa da
gaimiT Semoifargleba, romelTac Semdegi epiTetebiT amkobs `RmerTni
didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni, wvimisa momcemelni da qveynisa naSobTa gamomzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani, armaz da zaden, yovlisa dafarulisa gamomZiebelni, Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani, gaci da
gaim~ [61; 106]. wminda ninos cxovrebaSi kidev erTi axali RvTaebis saxeli
Semodis, romelic leonti mrovelTan ar ixsenieba _ es qaldevelTa
RvTaeba iTrujania, romelic armazs emtereba [61; 106-107, 91-92].
qarTvelTa warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaswavlad Zvirfas
werilobiT wyaros warmoadgens juanSeris `cxovreba vaxtang gorgasli18

sa~, sadac qarTvelTa mier cecxlTayvanismcemlobazea saubari, xolo

vaxtang gorgaslis Ze daCisTan

dakavSirebiT juanSeri wers, rom daCim

aiyvana Tavisi diswuli, gadavida kolxeTs, lopotis qveyanaSi kldovans

oRroCoRroebsa da gamoqvabulebSi, romlis mosaxleoba iyo didad mravali da nair-nairi tomebisa, romlebic cecxlsa da wyals scemdnen Tayvans [61; 200]. mocemul citataSi, Cveni azriT, saubaria cecxlisa da
wylis RvTaebebis _ atarisa da ardvisura anahitis kultebis Tayvaniscemis Sesaxeb.
wyaroTmcodneobis mniSvnelovan baziss warmoadgens `qarTlis cxovrebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciebi da nusxebi, sadac warmarTuli panTeonis
RvTaebaTa saxelebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebia SemoTavazebuli. am
mxriv Cveni kvlevis sagani gaxda mariamiseuli, anaseuli, WeliSviliseuli qarTlis cxovrebis nusxebi, qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, vaxuSti batoniSvilis `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, X saukunis
Satberdis krebuli.
informaciis simwires iberiis samefos warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaxeb erTgvarad avsebs qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzulebebi: evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba, SuSanikis wameba, wminda raJdenis wameba, sadac
moTxrobilia V-VI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi qristianobis zoroastrizmisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. qarTvelTa
warmarTuli gadmonaSTebis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania asureli mamebis
cxovrebis amsaxveli werilobiTi Zeglebis, rogorc svinaqsaruli, aseve
metafrasuli redaqciebi [70], [71], [72]. arsebuli istoriuli tradiciis
Tanaxmad asureli mamebi VI-VIII saukuneebSi movidnen qarTlSi. maT udidesi wvlili miuZRviT qarTlis eklesiis gaZlierebis saqmeSi warmarTobasTan brZolis pirvel periodSi. qristianobis brZola warmarTul gadmonaSTebTan da sparsul religiasTan kargad aisaxa daviT garejelis,
iese wilknelis, ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis da abibos nekreselis
moRvaweobis amsaxvel TxzulebebSi.
qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisa da iberiis Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis
politikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania Zveli somxuri saistorio wyaroebis Seswavlac. iqidan gamomdinare, rom qarTvel da somex
xalxs urTierToba uwevdaT jer midielebTan, Semdeg aqemenidur iranTan,
19

elinistur saxelmwifoebTan da sasanidebTan, es istoriul-kulturuli

urTierToba am ori xalxis winaqristianul religiur warmodgenebzec
unda asaxuliyo. n. o. eminisa da gr. kapancianis varaudiT somexTa winaqristianul warmarTul panTeonSi zoroastrizmis gavlena aSkaraa [166],
[125]. am kuTxiT did yuradRebas imsaxurebs movses xorenacis `somxeTis
istoria~, romelic ara marto somexi xalxis istorias mogviTxrobs, uZvelesi periodidan ax. w. V s-mde, aramed Zvirfas cnobebs iZleva somxebis
warmarTuli RmerTebis Sesaxeb. Cven gansakuTrebiT gvainteresebs Txzulebis is adgilebi, sadac avtori saqarTveloze da mis politikur situaciaze mogviTxrobs. movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoria~ erTaderTi
araqarTuli werilobiTi wyaroa, sadac qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis
RvTaeba, armazi ixsenieba, romelic somex istorikoss somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis umaRles RvTaeba aramazdTan hyavs gaigivebuli. qarTuli
warmarTuli panTeonis mTavari RvTaebis armazis sakiTxis Sesaswavlad
mniSvnelovania wminda ninos (movses xorenacTan _ nune) mier qarTlis
moqcevasTan dakavSirebuli erTi momenti, sadac qarTvelebis mier aramazdis kerpis Tayvaniscemaa aRwerili [49, II, 86].
sxva somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi _ favstos buzandi, sebeosi, agaTangelosi, egiSe vardapeti _ Tumca ar ixsenieben aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebul kerpTa Tu RmerTTa saxelebs, magram maTi naSromebi mdidaria somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis, aseve
sparsuli religiisa da mis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qristianobis Sesaxeb
informaciiT, rac erTi mxriv somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis SeswavlaSi
gvexmareba, meore mxriv ki gvaZlevs saSualebas movuZebnoT paralelebi
qarTuli da somxuri panTeonis RvTaebebs. egiSe vardapetis Txzuleba ki
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa zoroastruli religiuri warmodgenebis Sesaswavlad, sadac istorikosi mdidar informacias iZleva sparsuli dualizmisa da RvTaebebis Sesaxeb [123; 40-42].
berZeni da romaeli istorikosebis naSromebSi Tumca qarTlis (iberiis) warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebze pirdapir

araa saubari, magram

warmodgena gveqmneba saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva tomis warmarTuli tradiciebisa da mogviano periodis iberiis samefos politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli viTarebis Sesaxeb. berZen-romael
20

istorikosebTan mocemuli es informacia imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac Cveni naSromi mxolod religiuri kuTxiT ar aris SemosazRvruli
(winamdebare naSromis mexuTe Tavi Zv. w. II saukuneSi qarTlis politikur
viTarebas exeba). berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebi informacias
gvawvdian aqemeniduri iranis religiuri warmodgenebis Sesaxebac. herodoteze, qsenofontsa da strabonze naSromis Sesaval nawilSi Cven ukve
gvqonda saubari. rac Seexeba sxva istorikosebs, plutarqe Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis lukulusisa da pompeusis biografiebSi kavkasiis, kerZod,
saqarTvelosa da somxeTis Sesaxeb. lukulusis biografiaSi plutarqe
armenielebis mier anaitidis (anahitis) Tayvaniscemas ixseniebs, iberebTan
dakavSirebiT ki aRniSnavs, rom isini tigran II-is mokavSireebi iyvnen romaelebis winaaRmdeg omSi. artaqserqse II-is biografiaSi ki ahurmazdas,
miTrasa da anahitis erTad moxsenieba adasturebs varauds am sparseli
mefis dros iranSi mimdinare religiur reformis Sesaxeb.

amdenad, plu-

tarqe CvenTvis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens sparselTa da somexTa

religiuri warmodgenebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac.
gasaTvaliswinebelia romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis cnobac,
romelsac iberebTan dakavSirebiT uweria, rom isini (iberielebi) `ZvelTaganve sparselTa mefis qveSevrdomni yofilan~. berZeni polibiosis
Txzuleba mdidar informacias Seicavs Zv. w. III-II saukuneebSi elinistur
samyaroSi mimdinare politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTlis
(iberiis) samefos sagareo da saSinao politikazec unda asaxuliyo.
sxva berZen-romaeli istorikosebidan visargebleT pliniusis, gelasi
kesarielis, turnius rufiniusis, sokrates sqolastikosis, ermia sozomenis, arianes TxzulebebiT.
naSromSi gamoyenebulia Zveli sparsuli religiis wminda wignis
avestis sxvadasxva nawilebi _ asna-gaTa galobebi, hord avesta (mcire
avesta), iaStebi, videvdati _ venididebi, visparidebi, romlebic zoroastruli religiis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanesi da upirvelesi werilobiTi wyaroa.
avestis wignSi Semavali sxvadasxva nawilebi Targmnilia, rogorc inglisur, ise rusul da qarTul enebze. avestis gaTebis erTi nawilis _
asnebis pirveli Targmani qarTul enaze g. axvledians ekuTvnis. 1924
21

wels, JurnalSi `Cveni mecniereba~ daibeWda mecnieris Targmnili 29 da 30

gaTa-galobebi. 1977 w. dabeWdil iranuli poeziisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi
Sesulia g. axvledianis mier Targmnili avestis 18 gaTa-galobani (kerZod
ki, 28-32, 43-51 asnebi), romelsac Tan erTvis komentarebi da leqsikoni.
imave krebulSia Sesuli m. andronikaSvilis mier Targmnili ardvisura
anahitisadmi miZRvnili himni, romelic ardvisur iaStis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili da iaStas mexuTe galobas warmoadgens [1]. 1979 w. calke wignad
gamoica g. axvledianis `avestis gaTebi-galobani~, sadac Targmnilia avestis erTi nawili _ asnebis 17 gaTa [1].
avestis teqstebis rusulenovani Targmanebidan Cvens mier gamoyenebul iqna . . , , sadac mecniers avestis teqstebidan mocemuli aqvs asna IX nawyvetebi da fragmentebi ard iaStebidan, originalis enaze da rusuli Targmani. naSromSi
Setanilia aseve X da XIII iaStebis mcire, fragmentuli

Targmanebi [109].

avestaseuli teqstebis rusulenovani TargmanebiT ufro mdidaria i.s.

braginskis mogviano periodis naSromi, romelic tajikur da sparsul
literaturas exeba. naSromSi warmodgenilia vendidadebis wignidan pirveli sami Tavis Targmani, romelsac darTuli aqvs avtoriseuli komentarebi, aseve mocemulia asnebis pirveli Tavis (romelSic 1-27 asnamde Sedis) 9-11 Tavebis fragmentuli Targmanebi [109; 71-81], warmodgenilia sxvadasxva RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnili himnebi, maT Soris ardvisura anahitisadmi miZRvnili ardvisur iaStis sruli Targmani [110; 126, 182, 409-411]; agreTve, tiStr iaSta, mixr iaSta, fravartir iaSta, varxran iaSta, ard
iaSta; aseve zamiad iaStis mciredi fragmenti [110; 71-81].
1984 w. gamocemul wignSi ` ~ i. braginskis
Setanili aqvs bundaxSinis III Tavis mciredi Targmani, aseve XV Tavi, sadac pirveli adamianis (gaia martanis) gaCenis Sesaxebaa saubari, vendidadebis III, XVIII, XXI, XXII Tavebi, ardvisur iaStis sruli Targmani, XLIV
asna, aseve falauri literaturis erT-erTi poema `draxt asuriki~ (anu
asuruli xe). sainteresoa aseve sogdianuri literaturis ori fragmentis
Targmani, romelic V-VI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba da sadac lakonuradaa
aRwerili legendaruli gmiris rustamis brZola devebTan [110].

22

1984 welsve gamovida krebuli, romelSic Zveli aRmosavleTis mwerlobis, maT Soris iranis, brwyinvale nimuSebia Sesuli. krebulSi Sesulia avestis Semadgeneli sami wignis vendidadebis pirveli sami Tavi, asnebis

wignidan 12, 28, 29 asna, iaStebis wignidan mexuTe Tavi _ ardvisu-

ra iaStebi, mixr-iaStebi da ard iaStis 17 Tavis Targmani [136].

avestis wignis zogierTi nawilis Targmani mocemulia XX saukunis
dasawyisis

indoeli

mecnieris

jal

dastur

karseji

pavris

wignSi

` ,~ romelic 2004 w. rusul enaze

iTargmna. naSromis saTauridan gamomdinare, mecnierma avestis Tu mogviano periodis zoroastruli religiis wminda wignis mxolod is fragmentebi mimoixila, romelic misi kvlevis saTaurs exmianeboda. Tumca mkvlevaris naSromSi zoroastrul religiasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi wminda
teqstebis Targmanebsac vxvdebiT, romelic Cven interesis sagania. jal
dastur karseji pavris avestas teqstebis _ asnebis, iaStebis, bundaxSinebis _ Targmanebi xSir SemTxvevaSi fragmentulia, fragmentulia aseve
sad-daris da sad-dar bundaxSis (sasaniduri xanis farsul-sparsuli literaturis nawarmoebebi) Targmani. mkvlevars mocemul teqstTan misi
originalic aqvs darTuli. sainteresoa videvdatis, sruliad ganxiluli
gaTebis erT-erTi nawili _ datastan i meniu i kraxati, sadac saubaria
sulebis sasamarTlos Sesaxeb da sadac sroSa da raSnu ixseniebian [122;
81-94]. aseve datastan i denikis zogierTi fragmenti Cinvantas xidze mixrisa da misi ori Tanamdevi RvTaebis sroSa da raSnus gardacvlilTa
sulebis sasamarTloze [122; 99-107].
avestis zogierTi nawilis uaxlesi Targmanebi mocemulia v. kriukovas wignSi `~, sadac mecniers Targmnili aqvs avestis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli nawilis videvdatis zogierTi Tavis, kerZod V, XIV, XV,
XVII, XVIII fragardebi [128]; naSromSi aseve warmodgenilia fragmentuli
Targmanebi iaStebidan, romlebic RvTaeba miTras, vereTragnas, tiSrits,
ardvisura anahits exeba (aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iaStebis Targmnisas v. kriukova steblin kamenskis TargmanebiT sargeblobs, fragaredebis Targmani
ki avtoriseulia) [128; 252-282].
ucxoeli avtorebidan visargebleT h. humbahis zaraTuStras gaTebisa
da vendidadebis, iaStebis TargmanebiT [172].
23

aqve davsZenT, rom warmarTi qarTvelebisTvis cnobili iyo zoroastrizmis mimdevarTa wminda wignebi, risi pirdapiri miniSnebac wminda ninos cxovrebaSi, kerZod ki abiaTar mRvdelis mier Tqmul ambavSia daculi, sadac nebroTis, anu sparsTa wigni ixsenieba, romelic mefe mirians
hqonia [61; 105].

24

arqeologiuri wyaroebi

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovan wyaros

arqeologiuri Zeglebi warmoadgenen. s. makalaTiam, romelic saqarTveloSi miTras kultis arsebobas varaudobda, am iranuli RvTaebis

saqar-

TveloSi funqcionirebis erT-erT argumentad pirvelma moixmo arqeologiuri masala, kerZod _ miTras gamosaxulebiani ori eqsponati [38; 189].
mniSvnelovania i. gagoSiZis mier dedoflismindvris gaTxrebis dros sofel aradeTTan napovni oqros sakidi firfita nayofierebis qalRmerTis
gamosaxulebiT, romelsac Tavze namgala mTvare adgas. diademiT, yelsabamiTa da sayureebiT Semkuli qalRmerTis gamosaxuleba iranuli qalRvTaeba ardvisura anahitis gamosaxulebas imeorebs [13; 175]. mocemuli eqsponatis saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobis faqti unda mianiSnebdes
imaze, rom iberiis mcxovreblebisTvis cnobili iyo am sparsuli qalRvTaebis `ikonografia~.
aqemeniduri iranisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebs
Soris kulturul-politikur urTierTobebze miuTiTebs vanSi, algeTisa
da yanCaeTis samarxebSi aRmoCenili zurgSedrekili samajurebi. rogorc
il. gagoSiZe aRniSnavs: `CvenSi zurgSedrekili samajurebi unda gavrcelebuliyo aqemenianTa iranidan, sadac amgvari samajurebi Cveulebrivia
ukve Zv. w. VI saukunis bolodan. magaliTad, zurgSedrekili samajuri aRmoCnda suzianaSi, sparsul-aqemeniduri namosaxlaris pirvel fenaSi, romelic Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba, amazeve metyvelebs persepolisis reliefebze, kerZod, darios I (520-486) sasaxlis reliefebze gamosaxuli zurgSedrekili samajurebi... kavkasia amgvari samajurebis gavrcelebis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi

sazRvaria~ [11; 22].

uaxlesi samecniero gamokvlevebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze zoroastruli religiis RvTaebebis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT or naSroms
gamovyofdiT: pirveli n. yifians ekuTvnis. man erT-erT Tavis statiaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni qandakeba mimoixila, romelic xarze gadamjdari adamianis gamosaxulebas warmoadgens da romelSic mkvlevari
miTra-atiss xedavs, eqsponati mis mier Zv. w. I saukuniTaa daTariRebuli
[85]; meore naSromi m. quTaTelaZes ekuTvnis, romelmac fundamenturi
25

kvleva miuZRvna `miTras kults saqarTveloSi~. mkvlevari mimoixilavs

miTras kultis Seswavlis sakiTxs qarTul istoriografiaSi, miTras
kultis gaCenisa da ganviTarebis etapebs msoflioSi. mixr-iaStebze da
miTras reliefur, bareliefur gamosaxulebebze dayrdnobiT mecnieri ganixilavs RvTaebis simbolikasa da ikonografias. calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili miTras kultis arsebobis faqtebs saqarTveloSi da Tavmoyrili da
ganxilulia saqarTveloSi miTras kultTan dakavSirebuli mdidari masala _ gamosaxulebebi Tu

sxva arqeologiuri monacemebi. mkvlevari wm.

ninos cxovrebaSi moyvanili qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebTan

dakavSirebul citatasa (`RmerTni didni nayofTa momcemelni, soflis
mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni da qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni~) da miTras RvTaebriv funqciebs Soris avlebs paralels. mecnieri eTanxmeba k.
kekeliZisa da s. makalaTias mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom armazis
kerpis aRwerilobaSi sparsuli miTras saxe icnoba da askvnis, rom `qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi SemorCenili armazis kerpis aRweriloba,
romelic zedmiwevniT emTxveva miTrasas, gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqarTveloSi qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebisTanave, miTras kultis udidesi popularobis gamo, qristianuli eklesia am rwmenis kvalis
waSlas cdilobda. amas rom yovelTvis warmatebiT ver axerxebda, naTlad adasturebs qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi SemorCenili RvTaeba miTras aRweriloba, romelsac qarTuli saistorio tradicia armazis kerps
miawers~ [67].
zoroastrizmis panTeonis RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebis saqarTveloSi
aRmoCenis paralelurad, sainteresoa is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze araerTi sakulto nageboba arsebobs _ zoroastruli Tu cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebi. dedoflis mindvris gaTxrebis dros, i. gagoSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT, aRmoaCines sataZro kompleqsi, romelTa Soris, savaraudod, aris rogorc cecxlTayvanismcemluri, aseve ardvisura
anahitis taZrebi, romelic mecnieris mier Zv. w. II-I saukuneebiT iqna daTariRebuli [12]. cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis rigs miekuTvneba kaspis
raionSi sof. kavTisxevis CrdiloeTiT mdebare cixiagorac, romelsac g.
cqitiSvili, Semdeg ki n. maTiaSvili Zv. w. IV saukunis dasasruliT _ III
saukunis Sua xanebiT aTariRebdnen [37; 84]. z. maxaraZisa da g. narimaniSvi26

lis mosazrebiT is Zv. w. III s. dasawyisis _ Zv. w. II saukunis Suaxanebisaa

[43; 7]. aRniSnuli taZris mimdebare teritoriis gaTxrebis dros aRmoaCines aqemeniduri iranis xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txis gamosaxulebiani kapiteli, aseve sxvadasxva daniSnulebis sakulto nivTebi [52;
170-171].
g. CubiniSvili nekresis samlocvelo kompleqsSi Semaval erT-erT
darbazuli tipis taZarSi, romelic ax. w. IV saukuniTaa daTariRebuli,
warmarTul (sakulto) nagebobas varaudobda [164; 38], romelic l. WilaSvilma miTreumad miiCnia [96; 44-59]. l. WilaSvilisave xelmZRvanelobiT
1997 w. dasrulda nekresis nazverevi goris qveS, gaSlili velis centrSi
mdebare masiuri arqiteqturuli nagebobis gaTxrebi, romelic Tavisi gegmarebiT cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis formas imeorebs. mecnierma es
Zegli ax. w. I-III saukuneebiT daaTariRa [96; 60-81].
g. yifiani naSromSi `kolxeTis da iberiis warmarTuli taZrebi da
qarTuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis warmoSobis sakiTxebi~,

cec-

xlTayvanismcemlur taZrebs mimoixilavs, romelTa Sorisaa samadlo, cixiagora, dedoflis mindvris taZris kompleqsi. g. yifians cecxlis samlocvelod miaCnia ufliscixis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze, kldeSi gamokveTil sivrceSi arsebuli samlocvelo, sadac mogvianebiT qristianuli eklesia aSenda [84] (i. gagoSiZem misi Tavdapirveli struqtura
miTreumad gansazRvra [112; 1-12]). g. yifiani aqemeniduri iranis religiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli taZrebis arqiteqturul gamosaxulebebs Zveli qarTuli oqromWedlobis nimuSebSic xedavs, magaliTisTvis: axalgoris ganZis sasafeTqle sakidebi (Zv. w. IV s.), gonios ganZis oqros balTa (ax. w.
II) da xaiSis oqros sakidi (ax. w. III s.) [84; 72-83].
winamdebare naSromis III TavSi, romelic yaraSambis vercxlis Tasze
asaxul ritualur siuJets exeba, uxvadaa gamoyenebuli paraleluri arqeologiuri masalebi, rogorc axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis, ise saqarTvelosa da mezobeli xalxebis.

27

epigrafikuli Zeglebi

winamdebare naSromis III TavSi, romelic mTlianad yaraSambSi aRmoCenil vercxlis Tasze gamosaxul ritualur siuJets exeba da romelic
Cven xeTur-xuritul religiur warmodgenebs davukavSireT, arqeologiuri paraleluri masalebis garda moxmobil iqna Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebi xaTis CrdiloeT da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT arsebuli taZrebis da
sxvadasxva RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb. Cven gamoviyeneT agreTve
RvTaeba iSTaris aRweriloba, romlis Targmanebic qarTul enaze gr. giorgaZisa da ir. tatiSvilis naSromebSi SegiZliaT ixiloT [16], [57].
zoroastruli religiis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs besitunis kldeze Sesrulebuli mefe darios I-is (521-486) warwera, imave darios I warwera suecis arxidan (warwera marmarilos filaze suzasTan),
qserqses antidevuri (486-465) da artaqserqse II (405-361) warwera suzis
sasaxlis aSenebis Sesaxeb. Cven visargebleT mocemuli teqstebis rusuli
TargmanebiT,

krebuliT

. ; . . . .), Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom

mocemul krebulSi besitunis kldeze Sesrulebuli darios I warwera
arasruladaa Targmnili, sruli Targmani am warweris m.a. dandamaevs
ekuTvnis [116; 262-271].

28

sakiTxis Seswavlis istoriografia

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebul qarTvelTa warmarTuli

panTeonis Seswavlas qarTul istoriografiaSi mdidari tradicia gaaCnia.
pirveli, vinc winaqristianuli iberiis warmarTul panTeonSi Semavali
RvTaebebis raobis da sadaurobis garkvevas Seecada XVIII s. bolo _ XIX
s. I naxevris cnobili sazogado moRvawe Teimuraz bagrationi iyo, romelsac Tumca calke kvleva ar Cautarebia mocemul sakiTxze, magram Tavisi mosazreba gamoTqva da qarTvelTa warmarTuli RvTaebebi berZnulromauli miTologiis RmerTebs Seadara: `ormuz, anu armaz-iupiter, zaden anu zaden-apolon, gaim-merkuri, gaci-silovan tyis Ri~ [157; 663].
qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis Seswavlis sakiTxSi didi wvlili
miuZRviT ucxoel mecnierebsac. Teimuraz bagrationis Semdgomi periodis
mecnierebi cdilobdnen axsna moeZebnaT iberiis samefos warmarTuli
RvTaebebisaTvis. am kuTxiT pirveli gamokvleva m. broses ekuTvnis [169;
102. Sen. 2]. qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxs k. patkanovic Seexo
[148;

212-244,

270].

rusi

mkvlevari

m.

kovalevski

exeba

mazdeanuri

sarwmunoebis gamovlenis sakiTxs kavkasiis mTielTa yofaSi. iberiis samefos warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi mdgom armazis paralels ki iranul
ormuzdSi xedavs [126; 85-118]. msgavsi mosazreba gamoTqva al. xaxaniSvilmac, romlis naSromSi Semavali erT-erTi Tavi marTalia qarTuli eposis
gmiris amiranis sakiTxs exeba, magram iqve armazTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli armazi sparsuli ormuzdis gansaxiereba unda yofiliyo [163; 85-118].
1901 w. gamodis n. maris monografiuli naSromi qarTvelTa warmarTuli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb, sadac mecnieri mimoixilavs qarTul werilobiT
wyaroebSi _ ,,mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ da `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ moxseniebul
winaqristianul warmarTul panTeonSi Semaval RvTaebebs da rig maTgans
aqemenidur samyarosTan akavSirebs. [140; 3-21].
1918 w. gamosul statiaSi `qalaqi armazi _ qalaqi mcxeTa~ s. kakabaZe
armazis kerpis sakiTxsac Seexo.[27; 1-10].
1924 w. kidev erTi monografiuli naSromi gamodis, romlis avtori, m.
wereTeli zemoT naxsenebi mecnierebisgan gansxvavebiT qarTuli warmar29

Tuli panTeonis RvTaebebis iranul samyarosTan kavSirs uaryofda da xeTur panTeonTan avlebda paralels. m. wereTlis mier SemoTavazebuli es
mosazrebebi Semdeg mravalma mecnierma gaiziara [94].
germaneli

mecnieris

o.

fon

vezendokis

wignSi

Uber Georgishes

Heidentum umTavresi yuradReba warmarTobis niadagze saqarTveloSi mazdeanobis saxecvlili, qarTuli saxeobis gamorkvevas aqvs daTmobili.
[175; 92-102].
s. makalaTia, romelic RvTaeba miTras kults ikvlevda saqarTveloSi, Tavis naSromebSi qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis or RvTaebas armazs da zadens Seexo. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi mimoxilulia mecnieris naSromSi `RvTaeba miTras kulti saqarTveloSi~ da 1938 w. gamosul meore
naSromSi `jege misaronis kulti saqarTveloSi~. [38], [39].
1936 w. gamoqveynda k. kekeliZis ori statia qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli ori RvTaebis iTrujanisa da armazis Sesaxeb. man
pirvelma daukavSira iTrujani iranul cecxlis RvTaeba atrs [29; 268270], xolo kerp armazis prototipad ki sparsuli RvTaeba miTra miiCnia.
am daskvnamde igi armazisa da miTras RvTaebrivi atributebis msgavsebam
miiyvana [30].
Lleon meliqseT begi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelic Seecada qarTuli armazis saxeli, somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebis safuZvelze, somxur
aramazdTan daekavSirebina, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iranuli ahuramazdas
prototipia. meliqseT begis statia `~ erTgvari pasuxi iyo iv. javaxiSvilisa da m. wereTlisadmi, romlebmac armazis iranuli warmomavloba eWvqveS daayenes. [142; 38-45].
qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli ori qalRvTaebis aininas da daninas sakiTxs Seexo gr. kapanciani da es kerpebi xeTuri samyaros RvTaebebs inanas da ninadas daukavSira [125; 54-57].
S. amiranaSvili statiaSi `qarTuli reliefuri qandakebis uZvelesi
nimuSi~ mxolod RvTaeba armazis sakiTxs exeba. mecniers miuReblad miaCnda armazis ahuramazdasTan gaigiveba. igi armazis kerpis sakiTxs qarTuli reliefuri qandakebis erT-erT uZveles nimuSTan aRbulaxis stelasTan (Zv.w. XII X saukuneebi) mimarTebaSi ganixilavda, sadac sqematurad
warmodgenil mamakacis figuras rqis formis qimiani TavsaburiTa da sa30

tevriT, iaziliqais (mcire azia) kldeSi gamokveTili mTvaris RvTaebis

reliefs adarebda. mkvlevari askvnis, rom `aRbulaxis figura gamosaxavs
`mTvaris RvTaebas, romelsac Zvelad `armazi~ ewodeboda~, xolo mTvaris
RvTaebasTan armazis gaigivebis argumentad avestaSi daculi aRweriloba
moaqvs, sadac armazi warmogvidgeba rogorc `mebrZoli mxedari~ RvTaeba
da romelsac, misi azriT, esadageba aRbulaxisa da iaziliqais, mTvaris
RvTaebaTa ikonografia [2].
armazis sakiTxs Seexo a. boltunovac, romelmac qarTuli armazi xeTur RvTaeba arma _ armasidan warmomdgarad miiCnia [108; 228-240].
s. janaSia mokled mimoixilavs qalRvTaeba aininas, aseve gacisa da
gas sakiTxebs. [77] [78].
sruliad gansxvavebulia d. Sengelias mosazreba qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis armazisa da zadenis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,
rom misi statia uSualod `armazs~ exeba, paralelurad kerp zadenis sakiTxsac mimoixilavs. [93; 162-167].
g. meliqiSvili nawilobriv iziarebda g. wereTlis mier SemoTavazebul koncefcias qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis kavSiris Sesaxeb xeTur-mcireaziur samyarosTan. s. janaSias msgavsad, `mefeTa cxovrebaze~ dayrdnobiT, mecnierma gaci da gaimi armaz-zadenisagan gansxvavebiT, ara garedan Semotanil, aramed adgilobriv RvTaebebad miiCnia, romlebsac leonti mroveli `Zveli RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani~-s uwodebs [141;
317], rac Seexeba qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis

mTavar RvTaeba armazs,

mecnierma is mTvaris RvTaeba armass daukavSira, xolo zadenTan dakavSirebiT ki m. wereTlis mosazreba gaiziara da mc. aziur (luviur) RvTaeba
sandonTan (santaSTan) gaavlo paraleli [141; 112, 229].
m. andronikaSvili, romelic iranul-qarTul enobriv paralelebs ikvlevda, mxolod RvTaeba armazis etimologiis ganmartebiT Semoifargla.
[4; 499].
a. afaqiZe statiaSi `antikuri xanis qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni~
farTod mimoixilavda ara marto werilobiT saistorio wyaroebSi moxseniebul qarTvelTa winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs,
aramed qarTveli tomebis uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebsac. mecnieri antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi (qarTlSi) leonti mrovelze da `moqcevai qar31

Tlisa~-ze dayrdnobiT adgilobrivi panTeonis saTaveSi ara marto ucxo

warmoSobis RmerTebs, aramed `qarTvel mamaTa~ sjulis anTropomorful
RvTaebebsac varaudobs [53]. mkvlevari emxroba a.i. boltunovas mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas mTvare-RmerTis saxelis armazis xeTur-mcireaziul
samyarosTan kavSiris Sesaxeb da armazis saxeli iqauri mTvaris RmerT
armas saxelidan gamohyavs [53; 667].
qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis sakiTxs Seexo i. surgulaZec, romlis statia am Temaze Tumca 2001 wels daibeWda, magram moxsenebis saxiT
bevrad ufro adre _ 1980 wels iqna wakiTxuli. qarTuli warmarTuli
panTeonis RvTaebebidan mecnieri armazis sakiTxs exeba. mkvlevars armazis sakiTxis gasarkvevad eTnografiul masalasTan erTad arqeologiuri
masalac aqvs moSveliebuli.
i. surgulaZe ar eTanxmeba g. lorTqifaniZis mosazrebas, rom armazs
qarTlSi `mTvaris RvTaebis~ saxiT araviTari tradicia ar daxvda, uaryofs armazis ahuramazdasTan kavSirsac da wers, rom `qarTuli, eTnikuri
erToblioba formirebis procesSi iyo, bunebrivia, religiac tomobrivad
unda yofiliyo diferencirebuli (ise, rogorc eTnografiul mTaSi), dominanti ideologiuri safuZveli ar arsebobda da swored aman aiZula
farnavazi... sustad SekavSirebuli organizaciis Sesakravad SemoeRo axali saxelmwifo religia, Tanabrad ucxo da qarTvelur tomTaTvis da
amiT moespo SesaZlo Sida ideologiuri SuRlis safuZveli. amasTanave,
axali religia, Tu ki igi romelime Zlieri politikuri organizaciisagan iqneboda nasesxebi, garkveuli politikuri morCilebis aRiareba iqneboda. amitom uaryofili iqna ahuramazda da gamoiZebna ukve gadaSenebuli, mcire azielebis Zveli RvTaeba armazi, romlis ukan araviTari politikuri Zala ar idga~. rogorc mecnieri aRniSnavs: `arma-mTvarisagan
mcxeTaSi aRaraferi darCa garda saxelisa. ucxo RvTaeba, etyoba, mcxeTelTaTvis Cveuli atributebiT aRWurves, rac aseve gasagebi unda yofiliyo danarCen qarTvelTaTvisac~ [56; 38-42].
1985 w. gamoqveynda g. giorgaZis Targmani Zv. w. XIV-XIII s.s. daTariRebuli xeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebisa, romlebic sagulisxmo cnobebs Seicaven xeTur kerpTa Sesaxeb. `aRwerilobaSi~ dacul kerpTa ikonografiul da sxva monacemTa gaanalizebisas mkvlevarma moixsenia boRazqoi, e.w.
32

`mefis WiSkarTan~ arsebuli amindis (tarosis) RvTaeba TeSubis reliefuri gamosaxuleba, romelsac armazis prototipad Tvlida. `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ ki armazis, gacisa da gaimis erTad moxseniebas xeTur-xurituli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel `RvTaeba triadebis~ analogiad miiCnevs da xeTur-luviur samyaros ukavSirebs. [15; 145-157]. [16; 145-150]. (2004 w.
gamoqveynebul statiaSi `kidev erTxel armazis kerpis definiciisaTvis~
gr. giorgaZe aRniSnavda, rom `funqcionalurad armazi unda ganasaxierebdes meomar RvTaebas, amindis RvTaebis zogierTi niSnis gaTvaliswinebiT
(am mxriv is mxolod waagavs TeSubs, Tumca maTi gaigiveba ar SeiZleba),
armazi, gaci da ga adgilobrivi RvTaebebia. armazi aris `RmerTi RmerTTa~, warmarT qarTvelTa mTavari RvTaeba, panTeonis meTauri. aqve unda
gavixsenoT isic, rom gaci da ga iyvnen `RmerTebi mamaTa TqvenTa arian
qarTliT~) [17; 9].
e. koWlamazaSvili pirveli iyo, vinc armazTan dapirispirebuli qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujanis etimologiisa da raobis SeswavliT Seecada
armazis warmomavlobisa da RvTaebrivi funqciebis garkvevas. [34]
S. qurcikiZes sadisertacio naSromSi `zoroastrizmis gadmonaSTebi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa tradiciul yofaSi da kulturaSi~
iberiis samefos winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebi calke
kvlevis sagnad ar gauxdia. S. qurcikiZis disertacia kompleqsuri naSromia zoroastrizmis gadmonaSTebis Ziebisa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa tradiciul yofasa da kulturaSi. mecnieris gamokvlevaSi calke
Tavebi aqvs daTmobili rogorc zoroastrul religiur sistemaSi dakrZalvis tradicias, aseve mis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebasa da pirobebs.
calke Tavebi aqvs daTmobili agreTve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi siwminde-uwmindurobasTan dakavSirebul rwmena-warmodgenebs, romelTa
did nawils mkvlevari zoroastrul gadmonaSTad miiCnevs. sainteresoa,
S. qurcikiZis azriT, ratom SemorCa mTielTa tradiciebSi dRevandlamde
es araqarTuli, warmarTuli gadmonaSTebi: `aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis mosaxleobam mazdeanoba uSualod qarTlis samefo karis zegavleniT SeiTvisa, romlisTvisac mazdeanuri kulti qveynis politikuri
centris oficialur aRmsareblobas warmoadgenda qristianobamdel xanaSi... mTis sazogadoebaSi zoroastrizmis elementebis didi xnis manZilze
33

Semonaxva bunebrivia; es socialuri struqturebis `stabilurobam~ da

mTieli sazogadoebis socialurad nakleb diferenciulobamac ganapiroba~ [68; 317]. S. qurcikiZe mTlianobaSi iziarebs n. maris mosazrebas _ armazis ahuramazdasgan, zadenis _ iazatidan, aininas _ anahitisagan gamoyvanis Sesaxeb [68; 180]. mecnieri erTmaneTisagan mijnavs iranul da `qarTul
mazdeanobas~: `kerp-qandakebaTa dadgma RvTaebebisaTvis is Tvisebaa, rac
`qarTul mazdeanobas~ iranulisagan ganasxvavebs, xolo danarCeni RvTaebebisadmi Tayvaniscema, msxverplSewirvis adgili da wesi mTlianad eTanxmeba iranul Cveulebas [68; 178].
g. lorTqifaniZisa da n. Ciqovanis samecniero naSromSi `qarTuli
kulturis istoria~, calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili winaqristianul rwmenawarmodgenebs saqarTveloSi. mecnierTa mosazrebiT, qarTvelTa winaqristianul religiur warmodgenebSi arseboben rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve
berZnuli da mcire aziuri RvTaebebi. statiaSi sakmaod didi adgili ukavia iberiis warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs, gansakuTrebiT ki armazis
sakiTxs. zemoT xsenebuli mecnierebi uaryofen armazis ahuramazdasgan
warmomavlobas, [35; 78].

da iziareben armazis saxelis mc. aziuri mTvaris

RmerTis armas saxelidan gamoyvanas, xolo misi saxelis CvenSi gaCenas

`mcire aziidan muSqebis (mesxebi) Crdilo aRmosavleTiT gadmonacvlebas
da samxreT dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT TemSi dasaxlebas ukavSireben.~ g. lorTqifaniZisa da n. Ciqovanis varaudiT, axal
kerps qarTvelur tomebSi daxvda pirobebi qarTvelTa mama-RmerTis, mTvaris RmerTis saxiT da arma _ armas-armazi Seerqva. aqedan gamomdinare askvnian, rom `amitomac armazis aRiareba qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis
meTaurad arsebiT cvlilebebs ar warmoadgenda~-o [35; 79-80]. mc. aziidan
muSqebis Semosvlas ukavSireben aseve CvenSi kerp zadenis saxelis gaCenasac, xolo ainina da danina ki winaaziur saxelebad miaCniaT [35; 79], rac
Seexeba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujanis raobisa da sadaurobis sakiTxs,
am mxriv isini k. kekeliZis mosazrebas iziareben iTrujan-atroSanis, falauri aTroSanidan gamoyvanis Sesaxeb [35; 75-89].
g. qavTarias monografiul naSromSi mefe farnavazze, Zvel qarTul
wyaroebsa da antikuri mwerlobis monacemebze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia
farnavazis moRvaweoba epoqis politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli
34

yofis fonze. erT-erT TavSi ki mecnieri farnavazis gatarebul religiur reformasac exeba. mecnieris calke Seswavlis sagani qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebi _ armazi, gaci da ga ar gamxdara, am mxriv gr.
qavTaria iziarebs gr. giorgaZis mosazrebas [59; 102].
Tavis erT-erT naSromSi kerp armazis sakiTxs o. lorTqifaniZec Seexo da miiCnia, rom `umaRlesi RvTaeba armazi TviT saxelmwifos uzenaes
mbrZanebels ganasaxierebs. elinisturi aRmosavleTis monarq-despotTa
msgavsad, qarTlis pirvelma mefem Tavi RmerTad gamoacxada, magram elinisturi mefeebidan igi romelime berZnul RmerTs ki ar ganasaxierebda,
aramed TviT qarTvelTa uZveles da uzenaes RvTaebas, es iyo udidesi
mniSvnelobis politikuri aqti: mefis kultis daweseba qarTlis mefis xelisuflebis uzenaesobis Sesaxeb qveSevrdomTa Soris rwmenis ganmtkicebas isaxavda miznad~ [36; 251, Sen. 291-292].
bolo wlebSi fundamenturi gamokvleva armazis sakiTxze m. gvelesians ekuTvnis. mecniers Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi ganxiluli aqvs armazis, rogorc gaRmerTebuli mefis kultTan dakavSirebuli problemuri
sakiTxebi, aseve is wanamZRvrebi, romlebic mematianis lakonur ganacxads
farnavazis mier missave saxelze kerpis aRmarTvis, anu Tavisive gaRmerTebis Sesaxeb realur istoriul safuZvels uZebnis elinistur epoqaSi.
sainteresoa aseve mecnieris mier armazis kerpis garegnuli iersaxis vizualuri aRdgenis mcdeloba; mecnieris azriT, armazi gaRmerTebuli
farnavazis kultia da kavSirSia ara mTvaris RvTaeba armasTan, aramed
iranul ahuramazdasTan, bolos ki, daskvnis saxiT, armazTan dakavSirebiT dasZens, rom `farnavazis mier saxelsa zeda Tssa~ aRmarTuli kerpi
farnavazisave qandakebad vigulvoT, romelSic farnavazis epoqaSive damkvidrebuli gaRmerTebuli mefis romelime konkretul RvTaebasTan dawyvilebis tradiciisamebr, misi saRmrTo saxeliT _ armazis (ahuramazdas)
garegnuli iersaxe da Tvisebebi unda xorcSesxmuliyo [14; 122]. miuxedavad imisa, rom m. gvelesianis interesis sferoSi am SemTxvevaSi qarTul
warmarTul panTeonSi Semavali sxva RvTaebebi ar moqceula, mecnieri mainc exeba qaldevelTa RvTaeba iTrujans, romelic wm. ninos cxovrebis
mixedviT armazs mtrobda. sainteresoa mecnieris cda iTrujanis sparsuli sicruis RvTaeba drujidan gamoyvanis Sesaxeb [14; 79-80], (razec sauba35

ri vrclad qvemoT gveqneba). armazis Tanamdevi RvTaebebi m. gvelesianis

kvlevis sagani ar gamxdara, mecnieri mxolod SeniSnavs, rom gacisa da
gaimis sakiTxi qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod bundovaniao da sxva
mecnierTa mosazrebebi mohyavs gacisa da gas sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT [14;
75].

36

Tavi 1

RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da gaimi

37

qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebidan yvelaze bundovani da

gaurkveveli gacisa da gaimis etimologia da warmomavlobaa. qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi gacisa da gaimis mcxeTaSi Semoyvanas da maT qarTlSi damkvidrebas azos saxels ukavSireben: xolo ese azo warvida
arian qarTlad, mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana rva saxli da aTni saxlni
mamamZuZeTani da dajda Zuel mcxeTas da Tanahyvandes kerpni RmrTad gaci da ga [92; 320].2 rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, gaci da ga (gaimi) azos mier Seqmnili RvTaebebi ar arian; isini manamdec iyvnen qarTlis mcxovreblebisaTvis cnobili, aki moqcevai qarTlisai gacis da
gaims Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani-s uwodebs [61; 106]3. wm. ninos cxovrebaSi am kerpebis aRwerilobacaa daculi: da kualad iyo marjueniT
missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci: da marcxeniT missa udga kaci
vercxlisa da saxeli misi gaim. [61; 89-90]4 gacsa da gaims mefeTa cxovreba pirvelad,

rogorc SevniSneT, azosTan mimarTebaSi ixsenebs. amis

Semdeg maT ukve wminda ninos cxovrebis amsaxvel werilobiT wyaroSi

vxvdebiT RvTaeba armazis gverdiT, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom es kerpebi
mefe farnavazisa da Semdgomi farnavazianebis drosac unda arsebuliyo,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wminda ninos cxovrebis avtorisaTvis isini ucnobi iqnebodnen.
qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxebze momuSave mecnierTa nawili erTi azrisaa gacisa da gaimis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da isini adgi-

iqve, cota qvemoT vigebT: da ese iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTasa Sina azo, Z arian qar-

TvelTa mefisa.[92;320] leonti mrovelTan azos mcxeTaSi Semosvlamde saubaria aleqsandre makedonelis mier qarTvelebisaTvis mzis, mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavis Tayvaniscemis dawesebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTvelebma uaryves.
3

Satberdis krebulSi, wm. ninosTan dakavSirebul TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: romelni

igi RmrTad hqondes mamaTa TquenTa arian qarTliT[92; 335]

4

Tumca aqve imasac davZenT, rom qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciebSi, rodesac

azos mier gacisa da gas (gaimis) kerpTa Tayvaniscemis SemoRebis Sesaxebaa saubari, orive kerpi vercxlisad iwodeba. mariam dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebis nusxaSi vkiTxulobT: da Seqmna: orni kerpni vercxlisani

[65, 16]; igives vkiTxulobT ana dedoflise-

ul qarTlis cxovrebis redaqciaSic [62; 14]; ixileT aseve [64; 28.] aqve imasac aRvniSnavT,
rom mariam dedofliseul da ana dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebebSi, azosTan dakavSirebul TxzulebebSi kerpTa saxelebi ar ixsenieba.

38

lobriv, qarTul RvTaebebad miaCniaT. iv. javaxiSvili gacTan da gaimTan

dakavSirebiT SeniSnavda: qarTvelebs TavianTi pirvandeli samSoblodan
Tan ori uZvelesi mamapapeuli salocavi da RvTaeba kerpi moutaniaT. yvela danarCeni kerpebi mermindeli SenaZeni da aRmarTuli RvTaebebi yofilan.[74; 99]. werilobiT wyaroSi naxsenebi citata: gaci da ga kerpni mamaTa CvenTani arian qarTlidan, s. janaSias ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc
RmerTebi, romlebsac Tayvans scemdnen qarTvelTa winaprebi arian qarTlidan [77; 46]. rodesac g. meliqiSvili werda moqcevai qarTlisais
cnobaze arian qarTlidan qarTvelebis winaprebis gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb,
man gamoyo warmarTuli panTeonis ori jgufi: arian qarTlidan mosulebis RmerTebi (gaci da ga) da adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis (armazi da zadeni). [141; 39].5
mecnierTa meore nawili ki gacsa da gas axlo aRmosavlur samyaros
ukavSirebda. n. mars gaci da ga semitur RvTaebebad miaCnda, romlebic
CrdiloeT semitebSi iyo gavrcelebuli da romelTa saxelebic qarTvelebSi mwignobruli gziT gaCnda. mecnieri Seecada aexsna, rogor moxda
qarTul wyaroebSi maTi qarTul kerpebad warmoCena: ninos cxovreba maT
kerpTa mamaTa CvenTan-s uwodebs, Tumca ar miuTiTebs maT istorias.
sxva istoriuli Txzuleba avsebs am xarvezs da Cven vigebT, rom es RmerTebi mcxeTaSi saqarTvelos pirveli mefis dros gaCndnen _ qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, azos dros, romelmac ori vercxlis kerpi
_ gaci da ga Seqmna. moqcevai qarTlisai-s avtors, cxadia, aradamajereblad moeCvena aseTi monacemebi RmerTebis qarTuli warmomavlobisa da
moaxdina makedoneli mefis mier daniSnuli mmarTvelis nacionalizireba

iqve, SeniSvnaSi mecnieri akonkretebs, rom sinamdvileSi armazi da zadeni iyvnen Rmer-

Tebi mosuli mosaxleobisa (xalxisa), gaci da ga, ki ufro sarwmunoa adgilobrivebisa,

[141; 39]. gaci da ga unda vaRiaroT adgilobriv RvTaebebad (da ara armazi da zadeni).
mesxi mosulebis panTeonis Serwymaze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis panTeonTan unda miuTiTebdes is garemoeba, rom gacisa da gasTvisac iqna gankuTvnili adgili oficialur panTeonSi... moqcevai qarTlisai armazis kerpis aRweris dros aRniSnavs, rom mis marjvniv
idga qandakeba oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci, mis xelmarcxniv idga kerpi vercxlisa da
saxeli misi ga. msgavsi Serwyma panTeonSi SesaZloa asaxavs mesxuri elementis Serwymas
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan [141; 317]. ixileT aseve [147; 290]

39

[140; 23] n. mari Seecada aexsna mocemul RvTaebaTa etimologia. RvTaeba ga

mecnierma semit xalxs daukavSira da paraleli kerp astartesTan gauvlo [140; 21], romelic, misi azriT, CvenSi wignieri gziT unda Semosuliyo,
razec misi meore forma _ gaimi miuTiTebs. gaci ki asuruli RvTaeba gatis fard saxed miiCnia, radgan is berZnulSic am formiT yofila SenarCunebuli [140; 2].6
m. wereTeli, n. maris msgavsad, mcire azias ukavSirebda gacisa da gaimis warmomavlobas, Tumca, n. marisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli gaci yaTed miiCnia (es ukanaskneli sirielTa RmerTi iyo mamrobiTi sqesisa, igive mcire aziis RmerTi atisi) [94; 98]. gaimi ki, mecnieris azriT, xeTelTa RmerTi iyo, semitur panTeonSi gadasuli [94; 99-100].
gacisa da gas warmomavlobas xeTur-luviur samyaros ukavSirebda
gr. giorgaZec. qarTuli

gacis paralelad man xeTuri xaci, tarosis

RvTaeba miiCnia. xaci, iseve rogorc gaci, avtoris miTiTebiT, xeTur leqsikasa da toponimikaSic dasturdeba [15; 147-157], [16; 150]. Aaseve xeTur-xuritul samyaros daukavSira armazis marcxniv mdgomi kerpi ga (gaimi) [16;
150]. gr. giorgaZes aseTi varaudis safuZvels isic aZlevda, rom man qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebul armazis aRwerilobas mcire aziur (xeTur-xuritul) omisa da tarosis (TeSubis) RvTaebebTan mouZebna paraleli. xeTur triadaSi tarosis mcvel RvTaebad xaci ixsenieba [16; 145],
msgavsad armazis gverdiT moxseniebuli gacisa .7
Cveni varaudiT, gaci da gaimi qarTvelTa winaprebis mier motanili
RvTaebebia, romlebmac adgilobriv warmarTul panTeonSi sxva RvTaebebTan erTad myarad daimkvidres adgili. am SemTxvevaSi Cven g. meliqiSvilis mosazrebas vemxrobiT, romelmac gaci da ga adgilobriv RvTaebebad

misi es mosazreba SemdgomSi iv. javaxiSvilmac gaiziara. [75; 140-141]

g. giorgaZe Tavis am mosazrebas imiT asabuTebda, rom eqvTime mTawmindelis mcire

sjulis kanonSi qarTvelTa warmarT RvTaebaTa Soris mxolod boCi, gaci, badagon da
armaz arian moxseniebuli. Cveni mxridan SevniSnavdiT, rom mariam dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebaSi, sawinaaRmdegod eqvTime mTawmindelis cnobisa, armazis gverdiT mxolod kerpi oqrosa... gaimaa naxsenebi: da kualad iyo: marjueniT: missa: sxua kerpi oqrosa: saxiTa: kacisaTa: mdgomare da saxeli misi gaimaa romelni igi RTad uCnda ersa
[95; 71].

40

miiCnia [141; 317]. ver daveTanxmebiT n. marsa da m. wereTels, romlebic gacis saxelis gamoyvanas astartedan da yaTedan cdilobdnen, etimologiurad es, cota ar iyos, sakamaTod gveCveneba. sinamdvilesTan ufro axlosaa gr. giorgaZis versia gacis saxelis gamoyvanisa xeTur-xurituli xacidan, Tumca Zneli warmosadgenia (Tu am SemTxvevaSi gr. giorgaZis mosazrebas armaz-tarosis kerpebis aRwerilobis struqturis

igiveobis Se-

saxeb gaviziarebT) xeTur triadaSi mTavari RvTaebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli RvTaeba xaci-gaci qarTvelebSi ufro adre gaCeniliyo, vidre armazi.
ara gvgonia, am SemTxvevaSi qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi raime SecdomasTan gvqondes saqme, radganac maTTvis Tanabrad cnobilia rogorc gaci da ga, ise armazi. leonti mroveli mefeTa cxovrebaSi armazis saxels sparsul samyaros ukavSirebs [61; 25], maSin rodesac wminda ninos
cxovrebaSi gaci da gaimi

Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTan-ad iwodebian.

aRvniSnavT imasac, rom farnavazi qarTlis samefos saTaveSi azos damarcxebis Semdeg modis, am ukanasknels ki leonti mroveli muq ferebSi
gvixatavs.8 farnavazi qarTlis samefos saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg rig reformebs atarebs, romelTa Soris armazis kerpis Tayvaniscemis SemoRebacaa, anu religiuri reforma. leonti mrovelTan araferia naTqvami imaze, Seexo Tu ara farnavazis religiuri reforma azos mier Semotanil
kerpebs, mxolod wminda ninos cxovrebidan vigebT, rom gacisa da gaimis kerpebi moTavsebuli iyvnen mTavari RvTaeba armazis gverdiT da erTgvar triadas qmnidnen.9 amasTanave, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro ramdenjerme xazs usvams gacisa da gas warmoSobas da maT Seqmnas qarTvelTa
winaprebs miawers. maSasadame, azos damarcxebisa da qarTlis samefos saTaveSi farnavazis mosvlis Semdeg gacsa da gas arseboba ar SeuwyvetiaT,
SesaZloa imitomac, rom isini qarTvelTa uZvelesi RvTaebebi iyvnen da
maTi sparsuli RvTaebebiT Canacvleba ki ar moxda, aramed adgilobrivi

iyo kaci Zneli da mesisxle... da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed: yovelman qarTvelman-

man romelman povos saWurveli, mokalT igi... da ese azon maT hromTa zeda iyo mesisxle [61; 20]
9

romelsac gr. giorgaZem armazuli triada uwoda [16; 149].

41

qarTuli RvTaebebis Serwyma moxda sparsulTan.10 Tumca, marto es faqtebi ar kmara imisaTvis, rom gaci da ga adgilobriv, qarTuli warmoSobis
RvTaebebad miviCnioT, miT umetes, rom gviandel xalxur gadmocemebSi,
tradiciebSi aseTi saxelis mqone RvTaebebi ar gvxvdeba, arc imis faqtebi gagvaCnia, maTTvis rame salocavi daedgaT. saqarTveloSi ar dasturdeba toponimikuri adgilebi, romlebic gacisa da gaimis (gas) saxelTan
SeiZleba dagvekavSirebina, gansxvavebiT armazisgan, zadenisgan. leonti
mroveli am kerpebis qarTlSi damkvidrebas azos ukavSirebs da maT oqrosa da vercxlis kerpebad moixseniebs.11 wminda ninos cxovrebidan ki
maT sqessac vigebT _ isini mamakaci RvTaebebi yofilan.12
saerTaSoriso simbolikis mixedviT, liTonis simbolikaSi vercxli
mTvaresTanaa kavSirSi [161; 331-332],13 oqro ki adreul stadiaSi mzesTan
asocirdeboda. misi asociaciis gamo mzesTan oqro mamakacuri sawyisis
10

am SemTxvevaSi Cven viziarebT gr. qavTarias mosazrebas: azonis kerpebi qristianobis

gavrcelebis xanaSi iwodebodnen: Zuleni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani. leonti mrovelis

mier maTi am sityvebiT moxsenieba naTels xdis, rom azonis RvTaebani ZaliT danergil
kerpebs ar warmoadgendnen. amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom religiur reformators
farnavazs, gacisa da gaimis kanonikurobis sakiTxi ar dausvams. isini datova, oRond
maTze maRla daayena armazis kerpi. cxadia, qarTul garemoSi farTod gavrcelebuli
warmodgenebi, romelTa warmomavlobac, dasaSvebia, momdinareobda arian qarTlidan da
cnobili iyo qarTvelTa didi nawilisaTvis, azonma aiyvana umaRles rangamde [60; 45-46]
11

Tumca, qarTlis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciis mefeTa cxovrebis nawilSi orive

kerpi vercxlisad iwodeba [64; 28]; [62; 28]; [62; 14]; [65; 16]; amasTanave ana da

mariam de-

dofliseul qarTlis cxovrebis redaqciebSi, rodesac azos mier am kerpebis qarTlSi

damkvidrebazea saubari, gacisa da gaimis saxelebi ar ixsenieba _ da Seqmna kerpni vercxlisani ganwmendad [62; 14] [41;16] Satberdis krebulSi ki, rodesac azosTan dakavSirebiT am kerpebzea saubari, mxolod maTi saxelebi ixsenieba: da Tanahyvandes kerpni
RmrTad gaci da ga [92; 320]; wminda ninosTan dakavSirebul TxzulebebSi, kerpis saxelebTan erTad, vigebT imasac, Tu romeli Zvirfasi liTonebisgan iyvnen Seqmnilni: da
kualad iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci: da marcxeniT missa udga
kaci vercxlisa da saxeli misi gam, romelni igi RmrTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa
[61; 89-90].
12
13

aqedan gamomdinare, mcdari unda iyos ga-s dakavSireba qalRvTaeba astartesTan.

vercxli aris mTvaris, qalis ciuri niSani, RvTaeba artemidas _ mTvaris RvTaebis

atributi, aseve mefeTa liToni. asociaciis gamo mTvaris SuqTan, mas adareben imedis sinaTlesTan da sibrZnesTan. [161; 331-332]

42

simbolod iTvleboda[161; 122-123]. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, wminda ninos cxovreba gacs oqros mamakac kerpad warmogvidgens, rac sruliad Seesabameba
simbolikis mixedviT mis mzesTan da mamakacur sawyisTan dakavSirebas,
Tumca aqve imasac SevniSnavT, rom Tu Satberdis krebulSi, qarTlis
cxovrebis Zvel somxur Targmansa da anaseul nusxaSi gaci oqros kerpad
warmogvidgeba, mariamiseul nusxaSi oqros kerpad gaimia moxseniebuli
[65; 71].14 vaxuSti batoniSvili ki am faqts nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebda,
radganac erTgan is xazgasmiT miuTiTebda: azon... qmna kerpni didni _ gaci oqrosa da gaim vercxlisa [8; 55]. meoregan ki, rodesac armazis kerps
da mis Tanamdev RvTaebebs aRwers, ambobs: armazis imier da amier iyo gaim da gacim oqrosi da vercxlisa [8; 78].
wminda ninos cxovreba Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis gacisa da gaimis
RvTaebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb. moqcevai qarTlisais sxvadasxva redaqcia maT yovelTa dafarulisa gamomZiebelns uwodebs.15 qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmanidan ki vigebT, rom Cveni mamebis Zveli
RmerTebi, gaimi da gacimi... mzis aRmomabrwyinveblebi da wvimaTa momcemlebi da qveynis nayofTa aRmomaceneblebi [64; 103] yofilan. erTi SexedviT, gacs unda Seesabamebodes qarTlis cxovrebis am redaqciaSi daculi mzis aRmomabrwyinvebeli, magram moqcevai qarTlisais sxva nusxebSi gacisa da gaimis RvTaebrivi funqcia mxolod yovlisa dafarulis gamoZieba yofila, amasTanave, qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani,
RvTaebaTa aRweris dros, ar ixseniebs arc armazsa da arc zadens.16 qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi gacis funqciebis gasarkvevad sakmao cnobebi

14

da kualad iyo: missa: sxua kerpi oqrosa: saxiTa: kacisaTa: mdgomare da saxeli misi

gaimaa [65; 71]

15

ana dedofliseul qarTlis cxovrebaSi ki vkiTxulobT: yovlisa waruvalisa gamome-

Ziebelni, Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da gaim [62; 65]

16

sayuradReboa isic, rom qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi gaci da gaimisad-

mi yvela is frazaa gamoyenebuli, romelic sxva redaqciebSi armazTan da zadenTan mimarTebaSia gamoyenebuli. erTaderTi epiTeti, romelsac qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani gacTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi ar xmarobs soflis mpyrobelia, rac TavisTavad imas unda gulisxmobdes, rom gaci da gaimi armazis kultis SemoRebis Semdeg
umaRles RvTaebebad aRar iTvlebodnen.

43

ar moipoveba, simbolizmis mixedviT, oqros kerpis mzesTan dakavSireba,

aradamajerebelia da mis RvTaebriv funqciebs gaurkvevels tovebs, miT
umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom wminda ninos cxovreba am or
RmerTs

yovlisa dafarulisa gamomZieblebad ixseniebs, rac araviTar

kavSirSi ar unda iyos mzesTan. am sakiTxis ukeT gasarkvevad saWiroa

gacsa da gaim(ga-s)-Tan dakavSirebuli paraleluri masalebis moZieba
somxur warmarTul panTeonSi, gamomdinare iqidan, rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis: armazis, aininas paralelebs somxur aramazdSi da anaitiSi, naneSi vxedavT. aqve gvinda SevniSnoT, rom somxur warmarTul panTeonsa da somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi gacisa da gaimis
(gas) saxelis mqone RvTaebebi ar gvxvdeba. es asec unda yofiliyo, radganac gaci da gaimi (ga) Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani, anu qarTvelTa
winaprebis RvTaebebi yofilan. sanam qarTuli gacisa da gaimis paralelebis Ziebas SevudgebodeT somxur warmarTul panTeonSi, gvsurs ramdenime
sityviT SevexoT RvTaeba armazis sakiTxs, romlis gverdiTac, wminda ninos cxovrebis mixedviT, iyvnen moTavsebuli

gaci da gaimi (ga). rogorc

ukve zemoT aRvniSneT mecnierTa erTi nawili cdilobda, armazi ahuramazdasTan, tarosTan an mTvaris RvTaeba armasTan daekavSirebina, Tumca
am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis ufro sainteresoa s. makalaTias da k. kekeliZis
mosazrebebis xazgasma, radgan isini pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc Seecadnen
wminda ninos cxovrebaSi daculi armazis kerpisTvis ara marto misi etimologiis, aramed aRwerilobis struqturis mixedviT moeZebnaT paraleli, aseTad ki iranuli RvTaeba miTras mixr-iaStebSi naxsenebi aRweriloba miiCnies [38; 189].17 wminda ninos cxovrebis avtori Semdegnairad aR-

17

k. kekeliZe aRniSnavda: qarTvelebi icnobdnen miTraizms, pirveli _ imitom, rom mWid-

ro kavSiri hqondaT mcire aziis qveynebTan, II _ ahuramazda-armazis religia, gansakuTrebiT sasanidebis periodSi saxelmwifo religia iyo, III miTraizmis wes-Cveulebebi
dResac SemorCa... jer kidev n. marma aRniSna da mere germanelma mecnierma o. f. vezendokma gaimeora, rom zadeni, romelsac qarTul matianeSi yvelgan armazis Semdeg meore
adgili uWiravs da mis gverdiT vxedavT, unda iyos avestis yazata an sparsuli yazadan,
rac keTil genias niSnavs, pirvelyovlisa miTras; meore _ mazdeanobam kerpTayvanismcemloba ar icoda sazogadod, kerZod arsad ar akeTebdnen da ar sdgamdnen ahuramazdas an
armazis kerps. miuxedavad amisa, mematianis gadmocemiT, qristianobis SemoRebisas CvenSi,

44

wers RvTaeba armazs da mis Tanamdev or RvTaebas: dga kaci erTi spilenZisa, da tansa mas ecua jaW oqrosi, da Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari,
da Tualni esxnes zurmuxti da bivrili, da elTa misTa aqunda rmali
brwyinvale, viTarca elva iqceoda elTa Sin _ ukeTu vinme Seexebian, Tavi Tisi sikudilad ganwirisa. . . da kualad iyo marjueniT missa kaci
oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci da marcxeniT missa udga kaci vercxlisa, da
saxeli misi gaim [61; 89-90]. gamomdinare iqidan, rom im qveynebSi, sadac
zoroastrizmi iyo gavrcelebuli, arc akeTebdnen, arc dgamdnen ahuramazdas kerps,18 misaRebia k. kekeliZis mosazreba, rom gulubryvilo mematianem tyuilad monaTla armazis saxeliT is kerpi, romelic namdvilad
warmoadgenda miTras bareliefis gamosaxulebas[30; 351] mixr-iaStebis mixedviT:
miTras xelSi uWiravs
gurzi, romelsac asi kopi aqvs,
asi mWreli waxnagiT,
romelic meomarTa gasanadgurebladaa
mimarTuli.
es gurzi Camosxmulia oqros liTonisgan,
myari oqrosgan.
es yvelaze Zlieri da gamarjvebis
momtani iaraRia. [136; 38]
wminda ninos cxovrebidan vigebT, rom armazs elTa misTa aqunda
rmali brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da iqceoda elTa Sina. ukeTu vinme

mcxeTaSi, TiTqos idga armazis kerpi, mxedris atributiT, romelic CvenSi winaprebis
samlocvelos Seadgenda da romelic TiTqos setyvaTa da mexTatexiT Seimusra... am garemoebas n. mari da iv. javaxiSvili xsnian mazdeanobis qarTul niadagze gadagvarebiTa da
SecvliT, magram ufro axlos viqnebiT simarTlesTan, Tu vifiqrebT, rom gulubryvilo
mematianem tyuilad monaTla armazis saxeliTY is kerpi, romelic namdvilad warmoadgenda miTras gamoxatulebas. miTra yvela dRemde aRmoCenil bareliefze warmodgenilia, rogorc mxedari: mas asxia samxari, Tavze axuravs Cafxutiseburi qudi da xelSi
uWiravs alesili xanjali, romliTac is xars klavs. [30; 350-351]
18

Cven ver miviCnevT besitunis kldeze, nimrud daRis yorRanebSi aRmoCenil sarkofageb-

ze warmodgenil ahuramazdas reliefur, Tu bareliefur gamosaxulebebs kerpebad.

45

Seexebian, Tavi Tisi sikudilad ganwiris da

ityn: ... nu ukue poos vin-

me biwi da mces me maxili igi, romlisgan eSinis yovelsa [61; 89]. sulxan saba orbelianis sityvis konis ganmartebiT _ biwi _ knini rame Seryvnilebaa[55; 67]. anu mciredi siyalbea, miTra ki mixr-iaStebis mixedviT
aris RvTaeba, romelic sicrues, siyalbes aravis patiobs:
Tavs hkveTs
miTra xalxs, romlebmac is moatyua,
yovel mxares cviva Tavebi
adamianebisa, romlebmac miTra moatyues [136; 36].
amasTanave, wminda ninos cxovrebaSi aRweril RvTaeba armazs, miTras msgavsad ori RvTaeba axlavs. qarTvel mematianesTan vkiTxulobT:
da kualad iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci da
marcxeniT missa udga kaci vercxlisa da saxeli misi gaim, mixr-iaStebidan ki viciT, rom miTras ori aseTi Tanamdevi RvTaeba sroSa da raSnu
hyavda:
mis xelmarjvniv modis keTili da
samarTliani sroSam
xelmarcxniv maRali, Zlieri raSnu [136; 38].
mixr-iaStebis mixedviT, sroSa da raSnu miTras exmarebian mtris
ZlevaSi [136; 37].19 miTras xSirad gamosaxavdnen sxva ori Tanamdevi RvTaebis kautosa da kautopatis garemocvaSi, romelTac xelSi CiraRdnebi
eWiraT da dilis da saRamos varskvlavebs ganasaxierebdnen [145; 156].20 Tu
19

sroSa iranul miTologiaSi religiuri damjereblobisa da wesrigis sulia... sro-

Sa mowodebulia, raTa ukuagdos morwmuneebSi codva da daicvas isini boroti Zalebisagan... amisaTvis is SeiaraRebulia kverTxiT, SubiTa da saomari najaxiT... mogviano periodSi gavrcelda miTi sroSaze da raSnuze, rogorc miTras Tanamdev RvTaebebze, romlebic masTan erTad asamarTleben gardacvlilTa sulebs Cinvantis xidze [145; 467]
raSnu _ samarTlianobisa. miTrasTan da sroSasTan erTad gardacvlilTa sulebis erTerTi mosamarTle, romelic avlens keTil da borot qmnilebebs. amisaTvis mas saswori
uWiravs, raSnu miTras mudmivi Tanamdevia [145; 373]
20

kauto da kaotopati iyvnen amomavali da Camavali mzis ganmasaxiereblebi, rogorc

imedi da mwuxareba. kautos yovelTvis xelT epyra maRla aweuli CiraRdani, kautopates
piriqiT, Zirs daSvebuli. maT sparsuli tanisamosi ecvaT da frigiuli qudebi exuraT.[145;156]

46

k. kekeliZis mosazrebas armaz-miTras kerpebis aRwerilobis struqturis

igiveobis Sesaxeb gaviziarebT, gacisa da gaimis paraleli SesaZloa sroSasa da raSnuSi an kautosa da kautopatSi davinaxoT, Tumca aseTi saxelis matarebeli RvTaebebi qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisaTvis, werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvis, xalxuri folklorisaTvis ucnobia. miuxedavad
amisa, SesaZlebelia sroSas da raSnus RvTaebrivi funqciebis Sedareba
gacisa da gaimis RvTaebriv funqciebTan, romelTac qarTuli werilobiTi
wyaro yovlisa dafarulisa gamomZieblebs uwodebs, rac SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc marTlmsajulebi, an mosamarTleebi _ es ki sroSasa da
raSnus movaleobebSic Sedis [136; 317]. meore mxriv, paralelis gavleba
SeiZleba kautosa da kautopatTanac, romlebic amomaval mzesa da mTvares ganasaxierebdnen; Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki oqros gacis da vercxlis gaimis simbolikuri ganmartebac igivea.21 Tu Cveni mosazreba gacisa da gaimis kavSiris Sesaxeb kauto-kautopatTan an sroSa-raSnusTan sworia, ratom vawydebiT aseT winaaRmdegobas mocemuli RvTaebebis etimologiaSi?
Cveni azriT, am kiTxvaze pasuxi somxur warmarTul panTeonSia saZebari,
romelmac Tavis droze sparsuli zoroastruli panTeonis gavlena ganicada,22 Tumca, msgavsad qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisa, masSic ar
vxvdebiT sroSas, raSnus, kautosa da kautopatis saxelebis matarebel
RvTaebebs. Tumca RvTaeba mixris (imave miTras) gverdiT somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi or Tanamdev RvTaebas areg aknsa da lus ins ixsenieben [49,
w. II, T VIII].23 pirvelis saxeli iTargmneba, rogorc mzis Tvali _ is xiluli mze iyo da zendavesta ormuzdis Tvalsac uwodebda, romelic

21

TiTqos SesaZlebelia gacis an gas (gaimis) etimologiis gamoyvana kautosa da kauto-

patidan, magram es sakmaod rTulia da aradamajereblad gveCveneba. amasTanave, gas etimologia gaurkvevelia, is sityvis winsarTi unda iyos, verc gacis saxels gamoviyvanT
mocemuli RvTaebis saxelidan.
22

somxur warmarTul panTeonSi vxvdebiT ramdenime RvTaebas, romelTa etimologia Tu

RvTaebrivi funqciebi iZleva varaudis safuZvels, davukavSiroT zoroastruli panTeonis RvTaebebs, magaliTisaTvis aramazdi, vahagani, anaitidi _ zoroastrul ahuramazdas,
vereTragnas, anahits.
23

movses xorenaci wers, rom am RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebi armavirSi valarSakis mier

iqna dadgmuli. [49, w. II, T VIII]

47

udabnoebs anayofierebs, arasodes sZinavs, qveynebis mfarvelia. areg akni

aseve mamakacuri sqesis cecxlis simbolocaa [166; 27]. lus ini ki mTvarea _ qaluri sqesis cecxlis simbolo, romelsac movses xorenaci
cecxl das-ac uwodebs [49; w. II, T.8]. Cveni varaudiT, am RvTaebebs unda
Seesabamebodes miTras Tanmdevi kauto da kautopati, romlebic amomavali
dilis da saRamos ciskars ganasaxierebdnen. rogorc Cans, am ukanasknelTa RvTaebrivi funqciebi da mniSvneloba qarTuli da somxuri warmarTuli panTeonisaTvis cnobili iyo. somxur warmarTul panTeonSi maTi saxelebis somxur variants vxvdebiT _ areg akni _ aregis Tvali, xiluli
mze, lus ini _ mTvare. qarTul variantSi ki areg akns oqros kerpi gaci
unda Seesabamebodes, romelic gaciskrebasTan unda iyos kavSirSi da paralels naxulobs erTi mxriv kautosTan, meore mxriv ki areg aknTan (es
ukanaskneli ki sparsuli kautos somxuri variantia). irkveva meore kerpis
gas (gaimis) RvTaebrivi funqciac _ is mTvaris RvTaebaa, msgavsad kautopatisa da lus inisa, TumcaRa am SemTxvevaSi erTaderT damamtkicebel
sabuTad misi vercxlis kerpad da oqros kerp gacis gverdiT moxsenieba
SeiZleba miviCnioT.
qarTlSi zoroastruli panTeonis Semosvlamde, armazis amaRlebamde Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani, gaci da gaim batonobdnen qarTul
olimpoze. armazis dabadebam gaci da gaim daamcro, magram Tavis gverdiT
mainc dauTmo adgili da garkveuli funqciebic SeunarCuna [59; 108].
qristianobam

qarTlSi

damkvidrebis

Semdeg

warmarTul

kultebs

brZola gamoucxada, kerpebi da warmarTuli salocavebi mospo, maT ricxvSi gacisa da gaimisac, romelTa saxelebs Semdgomi periodis qarTuli
werilobiTi wyaroebi, saero Tu sasuliero literatura da qarTuli
xalxuri zepirsityviereba aRar ixseniebs.

48

Tavi 2

RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxisaTvis

49

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi jerac gaurkvevelia RvTaeba iTrujanis warmomavlobisa da vinaobis sakiTxi. pirvelad am saxels yuradReba mari brosem miaqcia, romelmac gamoTqva mosazreba, TiTqos iTrujani beroz qaldevelisa da sxvaTa qsisuTri unda yofiliyo [169; 102]. misi
es mosazreba Tavidanve uaryo niko marma: Znelia warmoidgino, Tu rogori saxiT, saxeli qsisuTri SeiZleba gadaqceuliyo iTrujanad? amasTanave, qsisuTri ar aris RmerTi (qsisuTri igive bibliuri noea v.v.), qarTulSi ki laparakia qaldevelTa RmerTze [140; 25]. mecnieri mivida daskvnamde, rom qaldeuri RmerTi iTrujani, SesaZlebelia, mwignobruli gziT
Semovida semituridan (siriul-arabulidan), Tumca odnav damaxinjebuli
formiT da CvenSi man saxeli iTrujani miiRo-o [140; 28-29]. aRniSnul sakiTxs Tavis droze m.wereTelic Seexo, misi sityvebiT qarTuli iTru,
aris igive arameuli yaTar, asuruli iSTar, berZnuli astarte qalRmerTi [94; 86]. ivane javaxiSvili qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis ganxilvisas RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxs ar ikvlevda, radganac... mas arc salocavi da arc kerpi hqonia saqarTveloSi: igi qaldevelTa RvTaebad iwodeba, maSasadame, is qarTul warmarTul panTeons ar ekuTvnis-o [74; 102-103].
RvTaeba iTrujanze yvelaze vrceli gamokvleva k. kekeliZes ekuTvnis,
romelmac iTrujani iranul atar-atruSanad miiCnia: radganac amas amJRavnebs Cvens wyaroebSi Senaxuli cnoba misi damokidebulebisa armazTan da fonetikuradac iqidan unda modiodes, amas ar ewinaaRmdegeba arc
aRiareba misi qaldevelTa RmerTad, arc mtroba misi armazTan [29; 125].
misi es mosazreba gaziarebuli iqna Semdgomi drois mecnierTa mier: meliqseT begi, a. afaqiZe, e. koWlamazaSvili.24 m. gvelesiani Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi armazis kerpis kulturul-istoriuli aspeqtebi RvTaeba iTrujanTan dakavSirebiT

mcirediT SemoisazRvra da gamoTqva varau-

di, rom am RvTaebaSi SesaZloa asaxuliyo sparsuli sicruis da borotebis RvTaeba druji: CvenTvis sruliad damajerebelia da logikuri iT-

24

a. afaqiZe srulebiT iziarebda k.kekeliZis mosazrebas iTrujanTan dakavSirebiT, ro-

desac werda: iTrujani iseTi stiqionis RmerTia, romlis mospobas qarTvelTa armazi
wyliT cdilobs. is soflis mpyrobelia, wvimis momcemia da cecxlis mspobeli. ixileT
aseve [142; 43] [34; 41-50]

50

rujan-atroSanis k. kekeliZiseuli identifikacia, rogorc fonetikuri,

aseve saxismetyveluri TvalsazrisiT, magram gaubedavad iTrujanis semantikaze sxva hipoTezasac wamovayenebT. Arta-s (veduri warmomavlobis
sityvaa da aRniSnavs kosmiur wesrigs, simarTles) mamad wodebuli
ahura mazda, iseve rogorc iranuli miTra, upirispirdeba antra-s, asocirebuls druh-Tan (sicrue, usamarTloba) da aris namdvili mteri mitro-drujisa (piris, SeTanxmebis gamtexi). Tu iTrujani miTro drujis (asimilaciiT iT(d)ruj) saxenacvali formaa, RvTaebaTa brZolis zemoaRniSnuli
fraza iqneba zoroastrul-dualistur dapirispirebas warmoadgens

ke-

Tilsa da borots, simarTlesa da usamarTlobas Soris? [14; 79-80].

qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro mxolod orjer ixseniebs RvTaeba iTrujanis saxels: 1) qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cueni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve mter arian: aman rame mas zeda zRua moaqcia, da aw man Suri iZia da mis mier moiwia ese [61; 92]. da 2) ese armaz qarTvelTa da
qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan yovladve mter arian: aman mas zeda zRua
Semoadgina, da man amas zeda eseviTari urva moawia, viTar aqus Cueuleba
soflis mpyrobelTa [61; 107].25 sxva, qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi an
zepirsityvieri wyaro, romelic aseTi saxelis matarebel RvTaebas icnobdes ar gagvaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZleblad migvaCnia RvTaeba iTrujanis warmomavlobisa da vinaobis garkveva, rogorc qarTuli werilobiTi wyaros, aseve somxur iranul panTeonsa da qarTul warmarTul
panTeon Soris paralelebis gavlebiTa da qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi
SemorCenili eTnografiuli Tu lingvisturi wyaroebis safuZvelze.
wm. ninos cxovrebis mixedviT armazi qarTvelTa RmerTad iwodeba,
iTrujani ki _ qaldevelTa. iTrujanis sadaurobis gasarkvevad aucilebelia ramdenime sityviT SevexoT termin qaldevels. am terminiT cnobi25

wm. ninos cxovreba-Si qaldevelTa RmerT iTrujanis da qarTvelTa RmerTis armazis

gverdigverd moxsenieba, rogorc ori soflis mpyrobeli RvTaebisa unda migvaniSnebdes imaze, rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni kargad icnobs iTrujanis saxelis mqone RvTaebas. iTrujansa da armazs Soris mudmivi mtrobaa. iTrujanis mier armazis kerpis damxobiT, am ukanasknels arseboba ar Seuwyvetia. or RvTaebas Soris brZola Cveulebrivi momentia Zveli xalxebis warmodgenebSi: zevsi kronosi, ahuramazda ahrimani, osirisi seTi da a. S.

51

lia damoukidebeli semiti mesaqonle tomebis jgufi, romelic babilonSi

saxlobda (sparseTis yuris Crd-das. napirebTan), I aTaswleulis I naxevarSi, savaraudod, arameuli warmoSobis [154; 491-492]

26

(aris meore mo-

sazreba, romlis mixedviTac maT samxreT arabuli warmoSobis tomebad

miiCnevdnen) [69; 360]. qaldevelebs icnobs rogorc Zveli aRTqma, sadac
isini xSirad babilonTan mimarTebaSi arian naxsenebi, ise Zveli qarTuli
saistorio tradiciac.
k. kekeliZe, a. afaqiZe iTrujans sparsul RvTaebad miiCneven da amis
magaliTad moyavT citata Zveli aRTqmidan, sadac sparsTa mefe dariosi
qaldevelTa mefed iwodeba [10:VI;1,XI;].27 fsevdo efremis ganZTa qvabSi
irani nebroTad, maSasadame, qaldevelTa qveynad aris moxseniebuli [65;
875]. qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi ki iTrujani erTgan qaldevelTa RmerTad aris naxsenebi [64; 85],28 cota qvemoT ki vigebT, rom iTrujani sparsTa RmerTi yofila [64; 103]. maSasadame, RvTaeba iTrujani
araqarTuli warmomavlobis yofila, konkretulad ki _ sparsTa RmerTi.
RvTaeba iTrujanis sakiTxs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT, manamde ganvixiloT qaldevelTa (anu sparsTa) RmerT iTrujanTan dapirispirebuli
RvTaeba armazi, rac dagvexmareba iTrujanis vinaobis sakiTxis garkvevaSi. rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSneT, armazis kerpis SemoRebas qarTuli werilobiTi tradicia mefe farnavazis saxels ukavSirebs: farnavaz Seqmna
kerpi didi saxelsa zeda Tissa: ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqua [61; 25]. RvTaeba armazs wminda ninos cxovrebac moixseniebs, sadac is qarTvelTa mTavar RvTaebadaa gamoyvanili soflis
mpyrobelad, romelsac qarTuli werilobiTi tradicia didTa nayofTamomcemelsac uwodebs [61; 107]. CvenTvis cnobilia am RvTaebasTan dakavSirebuli toponimikuri adgilic armazcixe ,29 romelic strabonTanac ix-

26

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vrclad ixileT . . ., e

( , I) . 1958 [119]
27

biblia, Zveli aRTqma, danieli VI; 1, XI; 1, IX; 1

28

sulxan saba orbelians qaldeveli ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc Suamdinaruli, babi-

lonis Temi [54; 701]

29

am toponimikur saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT mogvyavs g. meliqiSvilis mosazreba:

armazcixe ixsenieba ucxour wyaroebSic. straboni mas harmoZikes eZaxis, rac qar-

52

senieba, rogorc harmoZike [Strabo, XI, 3, 5]. msgavsi saxelwodebis RvTaebas

somxebic icnobdnen aramazdis saxeliT [49;II,86]. mecnierebaSi armazis vinaobis sakiTxma Tavidanve miipyro yuradReba, gamoiTqva mravali mosazreba. dava am sakiTxis garSemo dResac mimdinareobs. mecnierTa erTi nawili
mas sparsuli warmoSobis RvTaeba ahuramazdad miiCnevs, meore nawili ki
am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba da armazs xeTurluviur samyaros ukavSirebs. erT-erTi pirvelTagani, vinc armazi iranul ormuzd ahuramazdasTan daakavSira n. mari iyo, rogorc etimologiurad, qarTuli armazi
somxuri aramazdi iranuli ormizdahuramazda, aseve qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebidan gamomdinare. mecnieris azriT, ara qarTvelTa
mTavars farnavazs eZaxdnen sparselebi armazs, aramed piriqiT, RmerTi
armazisTvis SeiZleba ewodebinaT farnavazio [140; 4-5]. armazi iranulidan Semosulad miaCnda l. meliqseT begsac da fonetikurad ahuramazda
Ohrmazd Hormizd Ormizd-Tan aigivebda [142; 38].

n. maris msgavsad, mas qar-

Tuli armazi somxuri aramazdis iranuli ahuramazdasgan gamohyavda

[142; 42]. l. meliqseT begis es naSromi warmoadgens erTgvar pasuxs a.
boltunova iv. javaxiSvilisadmi, romlebmac armazis iranuli warmomavloba eWvqveS daayenes. l. meliqseT begi armazis kultSi or ZiriTad safexurs gamohyofda: I kerpTayvanismcemloba (elinistur samyarosTan siaxlovis gamo) da II cecxlTayvanismcemloba (iranul samyarosTan siaxlovis gamo) [142; 42]. xolo im faqts, rom xalxur tradiciaSi da folklorSi ar SemorCenila armazi, rogorc RmerTi an gmiri, xsnis imiT rom
armazi iyo iberiis maRali fenis religia, romelTac cecxlTayvanismcemloba miiRes [142; 45]. armazis Temas exeba m. gvelesianis sadisertacio
naSromi armazis kerpis kulturul-istoriuli aspeqtebi (armazis kerpis definiciisTvis). mecnierTa mosazrebebis urTierTSejerebisa da qarTul da ucxouri wyaroTa kvlevis safuZvelze mecnieri mivida daskvnamde, rom qarTuli armazi sparsuli ahuramazda-ormuzdia. maT (anu armazs
da aramazds v. v.) iranuli samyarodan, kerZod ahuramazdasgan warmomav-

Tuli armazcixis gadmocema Cans. pliniusTan mas hermasti ewodeboda klavdius ptolemaiosTan ki harmaktika, varianti: armasika g. meliqiSvili, mcxeTa qarTlis samefos dedaqalaqi [53; 447],

53

loba aerTianebT da rogorc mTavari RvTaebebi, apirobeben warmarTuli

saqarTvelosa da somxeTis religiur klimats [14; 48].30 qarTvel mecnier30

g. gvelesianis sadisertacio naSroms calke statia miuZRvna gr. giorgaZem, romelmac

kidev erTxel uaryo armazis ahuramazdasgan warmomavloba: m. gvelesiani saerTod uaryofs triadis arsebobas, radgan misi aRiareba gaabaTilebda zogierT mis mosazrebas
kerpisa (farnavazis) da ahuramazdas igiveobis Sesaxeb . . . ikonografiulad (kompoziciurad) armazis kerpi aSkarad triadaa_sameulia, e.i. Sedgeba RvTaebaTa sami wevrisagan
. . . samive RvTaeba ganasaxierebs erT mTlian kults, kompoziciurad igi asea gamoxatuli: centrSi mTavari RvTaeba armazi, romelsac marjvniv da marcxniv ori sxvadasxva
RvTaeba udgas _ gaci da gaim Cans, msaxuri RvTaebani . . . ahuramazdas kulti ki ikonografiulad mxolod ori sxvadasxva RvTaebisagan gamoisaxeba, romlebic kompoziciurad
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod dganan, esenia: TviTon ahuramazda da misi mowinaaRmdege ahrimaniu (ahrimani). maSasadame, kulti aSkarad dualisturia.... arcerT ZvelaRmosavlur
qveyanaSi triadebis iseTi ikonografiuli (kompoziciuri) gamosaxva, rogorc es Zvel
anatoliur triadebs axasiaTebT (e. i. SuaSi mTavari RvTaeba, mis marjvniv da marcxniv
mdgomi Tanmxlebi, ZiriTadad, msaxuri RvTaebebi) arsad ar gvxvdeba (maTSi triadebi CamoTvlilia ubralod ufros-umcrosobiT) triadebis mcire aziuri saxeoba ar aris dadasturebuli sxva Zvel aRmosavlur regionebSi [17; 8, 9]. g.giorgaZis mocemul statias
gamoexmaura m. Ggvelesiani, romelmac kidev erTxel kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena armazis
xeTur luviuri warmomavloba, ris magaliTadac moiyvana qarTuli armazis genetikuri
kavSiri somxur armazdTan da iranul ahuramazdasTan; b-ni g.giorgaZe ar aigivebs armazs TeSubTan, arc xeTur armasTan, miT ufro_ahura mazdasTan, romelTan mimarTeba
mas mxolod saxelismieri kuTxiT miaCnia dasaSvebad da Sesabamisad, misi yuradRebis
miRma rCeba warmarTuli somxeTis uzenaesi RvTaeba aramazdi, romelic somxur, berZnul, siriul, iranul werilobiT wyaroTa mixedviT makavSirebel xidad gvevlineba armazsa da ahura mazdas Soris geneturobis TvalsazrisiT . . . armaz-ahura mazdas kavSiris kuTxiT gaixsna wyaroseuli araerTi epizodi, romelTa Soris gamovyofdi armazis
dResaswauls axali wlis dResaswauls, romelic uZveles civilizaciebSi RvTaebis
korelati mefis kultTan dakavSirebul dResaswauls warmoadgenda da romelic swored aseTad mefis ahura mazdasTan Tanafardobis mauwyeblad gvevlineba iransa da
somxeTSi gamomdinare armazis dResaswaulis aRwerilobidan, sadac xazi esmeba mefe mirianisa da nana dedoflis rols saqarTveloSic; missive yuradRebis miRma darCa erTi umniSvnelovanesi momenti armazis raobis dasadgenad esaa elinisturi epoqisaTvis
damaxasiaTbeli RvTaebaTa sinkretizaciis gamovlinebis sakiTxi; rogorc erTi (ahura
mazda), ise meore (aramazdi)

RvTaeba iwodeba zevsad berZen mweralTa TxzulebebSi,

riTac aixsneba movses xorenacis, elinurad da sparsulad ganswavluli somexi istorikosis mier qarTvelTa armazis Weqa-quxilis momvlineblad (igive mexismfrqvevelad
rac zevsis sayovelTaod cnobili epiTetia) moxsenieba, rac mowmobs, rom misTvis arma-

54

Ta garda aRniSnul problemas Tavis naSromebSi ucxoeli mecnierebic

Seexnen. jer kidev k. patkanovi werda: araa Zneli armazSi davinaxoT iranelTa uzenaesi RvTaebis ahuramazdas gadakeTebuli saxeli, romelic
somxeTSi aramazdis formiT gvevlineba-o [148; 214-244, 270]. armazs ormuzd-ahuramazdad miiCnevda cnobili mkvlevari m. kovalevskic: qarTul
wyaroebSi Cven vnaxulobT araerT miTiTebas imaze, rom ormuzdis religia odesRac mTels kavkasiaSi iyo gavrcelebuli... mefe vaxtangis qarTuli qronika ixseniebs mcxeTaSi gansakuTrebuli kerpis armazis (ormuzdis) Seqmnas. . . qristianobamde saqarTveloSi iyo sakmaod vrceli periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic isini (anu qarTvelni v.v.) mazdeizmis mimde-

zi, aramazdi da ahura mazda identuri RvTaebebia. uaryo g.giorgaZis kontrargumentis

marTebuloba iranuli RvTaebis dualisturi (,ahuramazda, ahrimani) xasiaTisa, romelic
vizualurad aranairad ar aisaxeba mis ikonografiul gamosaxulebebSi; Tu saxelTa
fonetikuri siaxloviT vimsjelebT armaz_armas kavSirze, gaugebari rCeba, ratom unda
hqonoda krecionistuli funqciebi mTvaris RvTaeba arma-s, romelsac armazi garegnulad hgavs; mas, vTqvaT TeSubi, rogorc meomari, abjarosani RvTaeba, maSin aseve gaugebaria, ra kavSiri aqvs saxel TeSubs armazTan, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imaze, rom misi
rogorc amindis RvTaebis funqcia aranairad ar utoldeba armazs, romelic wyaroseuli daxasiaTebiT aris mravalfunqciani RvTaeba . . . mzad var, kiTxvis niSnis qveS davayeno armaz-ahuramazdas geneturi kavSiris marTebuloba, Tu batoni g.giorgaZe axal faqtobriv masalas warmogvidgens qarTlis triadis mTavari RvTaebis, armazis xeTurisgan
warmomavlobis sasargeblod. axal faqtobriv masalad ki ver miviCnev analebis statiaSi CarTul, TiTo mcireabzacian kontrarguments, RvTaebaTa ikonografiul da funqcionaluri niSnis ganmsazRvrels . . . Zvelbabilonur nimrudis, simiramis da Tamuzis
garda triadebia ( ahura mazda, miTra, anahita) myarad damkvidrebuli artaqserqse IIis (Zv. w. 404-395 w.w.) mefobisas iranSi, triadebia aseve somxeTSi ( aramazdi, mihri, anaiti ) da sxv; marTalia batoni g. giorgaZe sarecenzio statiaSi

ar uaryofs ZvelaRmo-

savlur religiebSi triadaTa arsebobas, magram maTgan Zvelanatoliuri triadebis gamorCeva qarTlis triadis paralelad oden kompoziciuri wyobis niSniT ( avtorisave
sityvebiT, marjvena marcxenas principiT) ar meCveneba damajereblad . . . Tu mcxeTis
triada, samive RvTaeba, rogorc b-ni g. giorgaZe miiCnevs gamoxatavs erT mTlian
kults amas saTanado Semamagrebeli argumentebi sWirdeba, ramdenadac triadis sakulto mTlianoba ver daiyvaneba mxolod maTi lokalizaciis, kompoziciuri struqturis
donemde ( wyaro ar gvaZlevs aranair sxva realias maTi arsobrivi mTlianobis Sesaxeb )
m.gvelesiani

akad. g. giorgaZis statiis kidev erTxel armazis kerpis definiciaze pa-

suxad_saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumis narkvevebi_2005. X, gv.243-252

55

varni iyvnen [126; 84-85]. msgavsi mosazreba gr. kapancianmac gamoTqva iranuli umaRlesi RvTaeba aramazdi, somxebma sasanidebamde (aqemenidebi,
parTia) SeiTvises... es aramazdi qarTvelebmac SeiTvises armazis formiT...
rogorc Cans, iranulma umaRlesma RvTaeba aramazdma Zlieri sparsuli
kulturul politikuri gavlenis wyalobiT sruliad gamodevna somxeTisa da qarTlis adgilobrivi RvTaebebi... Tumca eWvgareSea rom somxebsa
da qarTvelebs Tavisi RvTaebebic hyavdaT [125; 57].
mecnierebaSi Tavidanve gamouCnda mowinaaRmdegeebi armaz ahuramazdas identurobis versias. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc msgavsi mosazrebis safuZvlianoba uaryo, m. wereTeli iyo: qarTvelTa armazi ar aris ahuramazda, aramed mcire aziis RmerTi cisa da sinaTlis, atmosferos, wvimisa
da elWeqisa TeSubia [94; 84]. iv. javaxiSvili ki pirdapir miuTiTebda:
armazis Sesaxeb cnobebs rom sparsul ahuramazdasTan saxelis meti araferi aqvs saerTo, es ucilobelia [74; 104-109]. Tumca mecnieri ar uaryofda saqarTveloSi mazdeanobis arsebobas, magram armazis ahuramazdasTan dakavSireba arasworad miaCnda qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi
arasakmao sabuTebis gamo. aradamajereblad eCveneboda marto fonetikur
masalaze dayrdnobac [74; 105].31 a. boltunovam ganavrco iv. javaxiSvilis
mosazreba da qarTuli armazi xeTur RvTaeba arma, armas daukavSira [108;
239]. gamoiTqva varaudi, rom axladSemoyvanili RvTaeba armazi TandaTan
Seerwya iberiis adgilobrivi macxovreblebis religiur warmodgenebs,
kerZod mTvaris Zvel RvTaebas, ris gamoc misi popularoba xalxur masebSi swrafad gavrcelda da gamyarda [108; 240]. a. afaqiZe eTanxmeba armazis
dakavSirebas xeTur-mcireaziur samyarosTan da a. boltunovas msgavsad
mas xeTur-nesitur (an: xeTur-luviur) kulturas, iqauri mTvarisa da
mTvaris RmerTis armas saxels ukavSirebs [53; 667]. calke qveTavi miuZRvna armazis sakiTxs gr. giorgaZem naSromSi aTasi RvTaebis qveyana da
31

pirvel rigSi damafiqrebel garemoebas am mxriv is warmoadgens, rom qarTveli xal-

xis arc erTi Temis mexsierebasa da rwmenas armazi, viTarca RvTaeba, an gmiri anda xati, ar SerCenia, imisda miuxedavad rom Cvens ers mazdeanobis araerTi sxva naSTi aqvs
SerCenili. rogor moxda, rom sxva ufro wvrilmanic ki xalxma SeinarCuna, armazi ki
srulebiT daiviwya, Tu igi marTla IV s-Si qarTvelTa mTavar RvTaebad da kerpad iTvleboda? [74; 105]

56

pirvelma scada kerpis aRwerilobis safuZvelze daedgina misi warmomavloba. armazis aRweriloba man xeTur kerpTa aRwerilobebTan daakavSira
[16; 146-153]. armazi uaxlovdeba mcireaziur (xeTur-xuritul) omisa da
tarosis (TeSubis) RvTaebebs. masSi TiTqos Tavmoyrilia am ori anatoliuri RvTaebis Tvisebebi. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, armazs ver ganvixilavT rogorc mTvaris RvTaebas (toponimi armazi romc moiazrebodes
etimologiurad mTvared), romlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSanTvisebebi mas aSkarad ar gaaCnia. magram igi arc iranuli religiuri samyarodan aRebuli kerpia. marTalia, farnavazi axlad Seqmnil qarTlis
samefoSi marTva-gamgeobis mowyobas iranis samefos msgavsad Sesdgomia,
magram mas sakulto reformis gatarebisas (armazis kerpis Seqmnisas)
aSkarad ar miumarTavs iranuli religiuri samyarosaTvis. sparsul samyaros es kerpi mxolod da mxolod saxelwodebiT ukavSirdeba, magram esec
imitom rom, daarqva ra usaxelo kerps Tavisi saxeli farnavazis magivrad mas armaz uwoda, radgan farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva, sxva
mxriv armazis kerps iranul religiur samyarosTan araferi aqvs saerTo
[16; 149].32

32

armazTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli d. Sengelaias, ro-

melmac armazis paralelebi berZnul hermesTan gaavlo [93; 162-167], rac Cveni azriT
mcdaria, I imitom rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisaTvis cnobili iyo elinisturi
RvTaebebi apoloni, artemida da afrodita, romlebic qarTul werilobiT wyaroSic
ixseniebian. Zveli qarTuli tradicia icnobs dionises kultsac, magaliTad ZalisSi aRmoCenili abanos mozaikaze dionises gamosaxuleba mogvyavs [52; 329-332] (am SemTxvevaSi
Cven mxolod aRm. saqarTveloSi arsebul berZnul RvTaebebs ganvixilavT, rameTu das.
saqarTvelos Zveli macxovreblebisaTvis berZnuli RvTaebebi kargad iyvnen nacnobni.
amis dasturia vanis naqalaqarze gamovlenili samlocveloebi, romlebic berZeni RmerTebisadmi iyo miZRvnili). armazs rom hermesTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, amas strabonis cnobac unda adasturebdes, sadac armazcixe harmoZikedaa moxseniebuli (berZeni
geografisTvis cnobili unda yofiliyo am toponimis warmomavloba da Tu is hermess
ukavSirdeboda aucileblad mianiSnebda kidec) armazs aramazdis saxeliT somxebic icnoben, sadac es ukanaskneli mexTamtexeladaa moxseniebuli, mexismtexeloba ki, rogorc cnobilia, beZnuli miTologiis mixedviT damaxasiaTebelia umaRlesi RvTaeba zevsisaTvis da ara hermesisTvis.

57

aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla moiTxovs ufro vrclad SevCerdeT armazze. misaRebad migvaCnia m. gvelesianis mier wamoyenebuli ramdenime
argumenti, romelic armazis xeTur warmomavlobas uaryofs. ai isinic:
1. saxelis armazi iranuli warmomavloba (sparsulidan momdinareobs mefe farnavazisa da farnavazianTa dinastiis meti wili mefeebis saxelebi).33
2. CvenSi eWvs badebs marTebuloba armazis paralelTa Ziebisa qronologiurad iseT Soreul epigrafikul ZeglebSi, rogoricaa Zv. w. aR.
XIII s-is lusmuli warwerebi qalaq boRazqoidan [14; 69];
3. armazobac da aramazdobac Tvisobrivad erTi da igive dResaswaulia da orive maTgani axali wlis dadgomas, iranul navrozobas ukavSirdeba [14; 148];
mocemuli mosazrebis gasamyareblad Cveni mxridan davsZendiT rom:

4.

armazi, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaros mixedviT, umaRlesi RvTaebaa. moqcevai qarTlisai-Si epiTeti soflis mpyrobeli, Cveni azriT, gagebuli
unda iqnas ara rogorc meomari RvTaeba (armazis soflis mpyrobeloba
gr. giorgaZes gaazrebuli aqvs, rogorc RvTaebis meomruli xasiaTis damaxasiaTebeli epiTeti) [16; 148], 34 aramed RmerTTa Soris upirvelesi, umaRlesi RvTaeba. amaSi ufro metad davrwmundebiT, Tu mas somxur werilo-

33

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli

enobrivi urTierTobidan, sadac mecnieri asabuTebs qarTveli mefeebis saxelebis (farnavazi, mirvan-mirian-mirdat-miTrdat da sxvaTa) sparsulidan warmomavlobas. ixileT
aseve [140; 5] .n. mari erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila saxel
farnavazis sparsul warmomavlobaze, mefeTa cxovrebaSi arsebuli citatis safuZvelze, sadac vkiTxulobT: farnavazma Seqmna kerpi saxelad Tavisda, rameTu sparsulad
farnavazs armazs eZaxdnen da saxeli farnavazi farnavazdi miiCnia sparsuli sityva
farnadan warmomdgarad, rac brwyinvales niSnavs. qarTvel mefeTa saxelis sparsulidan
warmomavlobas miuTiTebs m. sanaZec [51; 80]. m. sanaZem qarTvelTa mefe farnavazfarsmanis saxeli iranul farnabazs daukavSira, rac qarTul TargmanSi JRers, rogorc bednieri xelis mqone (baza xels niSnavs, farna brwyinvales), xolo farnabazis zust
qarTul Sesatyvisad qarTuli xelmwife esaxeba, Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT

isic, rom

Tavis droze n. marma uaryo farnavazis farnabazukidan gamoyvana [140; 5].

34

soflis mpyrobelobis meomrul aspektad gaazrebis umarTebulobaze mosazreba

uaryofili aqvs [14; 57].

58

biT wyaroebSi moxseniebul aramazds da sparsul ahuramazdas SevadarebT. qarTuli armazi somxur wyaroebSi aramazdad moixsenieba: nunem
mospo Weqa-quxilis momvlinebeli aramazdis qandakeba [49; 86]. armazi
aramazdad ixsenieba qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSic [64;
83].35 etimologiuri

msgavsebis

garda

qarTul armazs somxur ara-

mazds iranul ahuramazdas RvTaebrivi funqciebic erTnairi hqoniaT.

moqcevai qarTlisai-s
lobT:

aha,

ese

saukunis

ra RmerTni,

340]. am

da Zuelni

SemTxvevaSi

mpyrobeli

armazis

momcemeli rom
esera,
da

queynisa,

didTa

amis

naSobTa

panTeonSi

amas

momcemeli

migvaCnia.
dasturad

armazi
mogvyavs

gamomzrdelni

da

soflis

didTa

nayofTa

sxva citata: aha,

RmerTni qarTlisani,

rom umaRlesi

RvTaebaa

armaz
epiTeti

RmerTi

man

CuenTani gaci da gaim [92;

da wminda ninos cxovreba-Si moxseniebuli

frazebi:

yovladve

mamaTa

warmar-

mpyrobeli

jan

queyniT na-

qarTul

soflis

kerpi [61; 89]; ese

vkiTxu-

da zaden, yovlisa dafarulisa

nayofTa

epiTetebad

zaden [61; 106]. armazi

Tul

armaz

RmerTni

yofila,

krebulSi

didTa nayofTa momcemelni.

yofTa gamzrdelni, qarTlisani

gamomZiebelni

Satberdis

mas rom ekuTvnis,

RmerTTa
armaz

arian:

zeda eseviTari

metyvelebs

Semdegi

armaz, romel ara ars missa gareSe sxua

qarTvelTa

mteri

amaze

da qaldevelTa

aman

mas

urva moawia,

zeda zRua

RmerTi

iTru-

Semoadgina

da

viTar

aqus Cueuleba soflis

paralelTa

Ziebisas,

sainteresoa aramazdis

daxasiaTeba

somxur

mpyrobelTa [61; 107].

armaz aramazdis
RvTaebrivi

funqciebis

yvela RmerTis

mamad,

Semqmnelad, nayofierebis
renaci

35

didebulad

da

momcemelad

qarTul armaz aramazds

wyaroebSi,

mamacad,

cisa

sadac

is

da miwis

iwodeba [165; 13]. movses

xo-

Weqa quxilis momvlinebels

uwo-

qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT armazis

ahuramazda ormizdad transformacias: ahuramazda ormizdi armazdi (armazdi aseTi formiT ixsenieba m. xorenacTan, agaTangelosTan, qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur
TargmanSi) aramazdi (qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani) aramazi [64] armazi [64].

59

debs.36 elinizmis epoqaSi iranuli panTeonis umaRlesi RvTaeba ahuramazda ormizdi iqna gaigivebuli berZnuli panTeonis umaRles RvTaeba zevsTan. elinisturi gavlenebi unda ganecada somxur warmarTul panTeonsac. movses xorenacis mixedviT, aramazdi elinistur periodSi dios-zevsTan asocirdeboda, radganac misi qandakeba somexma mefeebma RvTaeba
aramazdis mTavar taZarSi dadges [49; II 12, 14]. moviyvanT ramdenime
faqts armaz ormizdis zevs iupiterTan

sxva

igiveobis argumentad,

romelic Tavis naSromSi m. gvelesians amgvari saxiT aqvs moxmobili:

aleqsandre makedonelis mier aRmosavleTis

qveynebis

dapyrobis

Sem-

dgom persepolisSi Zvel aRmosavlur RvTaebaTa saxelze aRmarTul frataadris taZris berZnulenovan warweraSi moxseniebulia: zevs megistosi
(ormizdi), apolon heliosi (miTra), artemida aTena (anahiti) [14; 61].
1950 w. nimrud daRTan aRmoCenil erT-erT yorRanze, darTul reliefze
gamosaxul RvTaebebTan amokveTilia warwerebi, romlebic maT elinistur
iranul saxelebs gvamcnoben: zevs ormizdi, apolon miTra da a. S.
[14. 165; 44-51]. Teimuraz batoniSvilTan ki armazi (anu ormuzdi) iupiterTanaa gaigivebuli, iseve rogorc zadeni apolonTan [157; 663].37 kvlevam
36

sainteresoa movses xorenaciseuli daxasiaTeba armazaramazdisa rogorc Weqa quxi-

lis momvlinebeli RvTaebisa. berZnulromaul miTologiaSi Weqaquxilis momvlineblad zevsiiupiteri iTvleboda. zevsi ixsenieba, rogorc yvelaze Zlevamosili da udidesi RmerTi berZeni xalxisa, mama da mbrZanebeli RmerTebisa da adamianebisa (ix. [131; 35.
135; 17, 491]. SeadareT agaTangelosTan aramazdis moxseniebas, rogorc yvela RmerTis mama. zevsaramazdTan dakavSirebiT moviyvanT kidev ramdenime magaliTs movses xorenacis
somxeTis istoriidan: somexTa mefem (igulisxmeba artaSes I) eladaSi xelT igdo diosis, artemidas, aTenas, hefestosisa da afrodites qandakebebi, romlebic somxeTSi gagzavna [49; w.II, T.12] diosSi igulisxmeba berZenTa RmerTi zevsi [49; 266] cota qvemoT ki
somexTa mefe tigran II didTan dakavSirebiT vigebT: tigranma isurva bomonTa ageba...
aRamarTvina olimpiel diosis gamosaxuleba cixe-simagre aniSi, aTenasi tilSi, hefestosisa _ bagariaWSi

[49; w.II, T.14] CvenTvis cnobilia, rom aramazdis kerpi aniSi idga:

artaSesma... maJani aramazdis kerpis qurumTuxucesad daadgina aniSi [49; w.II, T.53] anis
taZari rom aramazdisadmia miZRvnili, amas agaTangelosic adasturebs [166; 38, 586, 55-60].
mocemuli sakiTxi vrclad aqvs Seswavlili m. gvelesians [14; T. II]
37

armaz aramazd zevsis identurobas aRniSnavda somexi mecnieri gr. kapancianic:

somxuri aramazdi, berZnebis gavlenis Sedegad aRiqmeboda da igivdeboda berZnul zevsTan [125 ; 58].

60

gviCvena, rom armazsa da aramazds, fonetikuri msgavsebis garda, RvTaebrivi funqciebic erTnairi hqoniaT; orive es RvTaeba msgavsebas iranul
ahuramazda ormizdTan naxulobs, es rom marTlac asea, amaze werilobiT Tu epigrafikul wyaroebSi ahuramazdas RvTaebrivi funqciebis daxasiaTebac migvaniSnebs. darios I-is warweraSi suecis arxidan ahuramazda
Semdegi epiTetebiTaa Semkuli: RmerTi didi ahuramazda, romelmac Seqmna
zeca, miwa, adamiani, romelmac Seqmna keTilismyofeli pirobebi adamianisaTvis, romelmac dariosi mefed gaxada [136; 44]; ahuramazda nayofierebisa da mesaqonleobis RvTaebacaa _ [1.] [136]38 romelmac Seqmna CvenTvis
sabedniero saqoneli [1; asna 47]; enebos mazda ahuras Sewevna Cvenda
garjaSi, vamravloT saqoneli adamiano aSas moniWebuli keTili azriT
[1; asna 47]; vin daifaravs Cems saqonels... Tu ara aSa da TviT Sen, hoi
mazdav [1; asna 50.]
avestaSi da aqemeniduri periodis epigrafikul warwerebSi ahuramazdas RvTaebrivi funqciebis gansazRvram dagvanaxa, rom armazsa da aramazds ahuramazdasTan, garda etimologiuri msgavsebisa, RvTaebrivi funqciebic saerTo aqvT. samive es RvTaeba sakuTar panTeonSi umaRlesia
soflis mpyrobeli, elinistur periodSi ki zevs iupiterTan asocirdebian; samive nayofierebis mfarvelia: didTa nayofTa gamomzrdeli
momcemeli. CvenTvis ucnobia, armazi ramdenad iTvleboda cisa da miwis
Semqmnelad, magram am mxriv somxur aramazds iranul ahuramazdasTan
es paralelic akavSirebs. ahuramazdam dariosi mefed gaxada _ armazis
pirveli moxseniebac qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi farnavazis mefed gaxdomas ukavSirdeba.39

38

iqve, , III, , ixileT aseve asna 29, avestis ga-

Ta- galobani. [1]

39

Zvel msoflioSi TiToeul mmarTvels Tavisi mfarveli RvTaeba gaaCnda da qveynis sa-

TaveSi misi mosvlis Semdeg es RvTaebac wamyvan poziciebs ikavebda panTeonSi da umaRlesi RmerTi xdeboda. msgavsi procesis momswre unda viyoT mefeTa cxovrebaSic. leonti mrovelis mixedviT, azos ori kerpis _ gacisa da gaimis Tayvaniscema SemouRia,
farnavazis mier azos Zlevis Semdeg qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi myarad mkvidrdeba
farnavazis mier SemoRebuli axali kulti armazi, romelic umaRlesi RvTaeba xdeba.
farnavazi ar spobs Zuel RmerTebs mamaTa CuenTans gacsa da gaims, aramed maT Tavis

61

arqeologiur da istoriul werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT qarTuli armazi sparsul RvTaeba ahuramazdad migvaCnia, romelic somxeTSi
aramazdis saxeliT yofila cnobili. Tu armazi ahuramazdaa, hyavs Tu
ara qarTul armazs sparsuli RvTaebis msgavsad dapirispirebuli RvTaeba (varT Tu ara qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi dualizmis momswre)? ahuramazdas SemTxvevaSi es ahrimania. Tu moqcevai qarTlisai-s avtors davujerebT, aseTi dapirispirebuli RvTaeba qarTul armazsac

hyolia

qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujani. Tu armazi ahuramazdaa, Sesabamisad, iTrujani ahrimani an masTan dakavSirebuli romelime RvTaeba unda iyos.
iTrujani rom sparsul samyaros ukavSirdeba, es cnobilia moqcevai
qarTlisai-s avtorisaTvis. aq sxva kiTxva ismis: romel iranul RvTaebas
Seesabameba iTrujani? qarTvel mecnierebSi gaziarebulia pirvelad k. kekeliZis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom iTrujani cecxlis RvTaeba atari unda yofiliyo, romelsac qarTuli werilobiTi tradicia atroSanis
saxelwodebiTac icnobs [66; 225]. is pirdapir miniSnebas xedavda moqcevai
qarTlisai-Si iTrujan iTruSanis funqciebisa da RvTaebriobis gasarkvevad: Tu mxedvelobaSi gveqneba is garemoeba, rom iTrujans armazi
emuqreba wyliT, xolo iTrujanma mas gadauxada elviTa da mexistexiT,
iTrujani unda miviCnioT iseTi stiqionis RvTaebad, romelic wyliT SeiZleba mospobil iqnes, romelic elvasTan da mexTanaa dakavSirebuli,
ese igi cecxlis RvTaebad[29; 268]. mecnieri Seecada aexsna, Tu rogor
moxda iTrujan iTruSan ataris armaz ahuramazdasTan dapirispireba, atari xom armazis Svilad iTvleboda: Cven wyaroebSi ar Senaxula
namdvili suraTi qarTuli wyaroebis... am wyaroebma ar ician arc is, rom
iTrujani iranuli RvTaebaa, arc is, rom armazic garedanaa Semosuli,
piriqiT es wyaroebi amtkiceben, rom armazi iranuli RvTaeba ki ara... qarTuli erovnuli RmerTia, isini armazis kults upirispireben iranul
kults, ase magaliTad, ninos cxovrebis Satberdul versiaSi... TiTqos armazis msaxurni sxvani arian, mzisa da cecxlis msaxurni mogvni _ sxvani...

mfarvel RvTaeba armazs uqvemdebarebs, rac unda gaviazroT, rogorc farnavazis RmerTis gamarjveba azos RmerTebze. armazi farnavazs daexmara mtris ZlevaSi, gamefebaSi,
ris Semdegac Sesabamisad, umaRlesi RvTaeba gaxda qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi.

62

leontisac hgonia, rom armazi aris erovnuli RmerTi, xolo cecxlTayvanismcemloba _ sxva, ucxo kulti. am pirobebSi Cvens wyaroebs, kidevac
rom scodnodaT, rom iTrujani iranuli RmerTia, ufleba hqondaT daepirispirebinaT is armazisTvis, rogorc erovnuli qarTuli RvTaebisaTvis.[29; 269-270] Cven ver daveTanxmebiT k. kekeliZis am mosazrebas ramdenime mizezis gamo. mecnieri aRniSnavda, rom wyaroebma ar ician arc is,
rom iTrujani iranuli RvTaebaa, arc is rom armazic garedanaa Semosuli,[29; 270] maSin rodesac amave wyaroebze dayrdnobiT qaldevelTa qveyanas sparseTTan aigivebda.[29; 268]40 armazi rom garedan Semotanili
RvTaebaa, amis Sesaxeb werilobiTi wyaroebi informirebulni arian. leonti mroveli amis Sesaxeb (anu armazi, rom araqarTuli RmerTia) pirdapir miTiTebas gvaZlevs: farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda Tissa: ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad

arma erqua [61; 25]. iT-

rujanis RvTaebrivi funqciebis gasarkvevad marto erTi citatis (aman

mas zeda zRua moaqcia) moyvana da amiT imis mtkiceba, rom iTrujani unda miviCnioT iseTi stiqionis RvTaebad, romelic wyliT SeiZleba mospobil iqnes, romelic elvasTan da mexTanaa dakavSirebuli _ ese igi, cecxlis RvTaebad aradamajereblad gveCveneba. aRniSnuli sakiTxis ukeT gasarkvevad ramdenime sityviT gvinda SevexoT saqarTveloSi cecxlis kultis arsebobis faqtebs. saqarTveloSi cecxlis kulti uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili: cecxli _ siTbosa da sinaTlis wyaro _ adreve moeqca adamianis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa da mzrunvelobis centrSi. igi, erTi
mxriv, gars ikrebda adamianebs da maTSi koleqtivizmis instinqtebis gamomuSavebis erTgvari stimulatori iyo, meore mxriv, Tavisi elvarebiT,
siTboTi, stiqiurobiT SiSs nergavda adamianSi da iwvevda Tavisadmi Tayvaniscemas [32; 176]. uZvelesi kerebi kavkasiaSi gamovlenilia adre samiwaTmoqmedo namosaxlarebze, aqedan yvelaze adrindeli _ Sulavris goraze

40

dadasturebuli kera Cans [32; 163-164].41 keriis sakulto xasiaTi ufro

rogorc naSromis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targma-

ni iTrujans sparsTa RvTaebas uwodebs.

41

mogvyavs citata imave naSromidan, Sulavris goraze dadasturebul kerasTan dakavSi-

rebiT: igi warmoadgens sacxovrebeli Senobis kedlis ZirSi Tixisagan amoyvanil iatak-

63

ikveTeba jer mtkvar-araqsis, Semdeg ki TrialeTis kulturebSi [32; 190].

cecxlis kulti (cecxlTmsaxureba) qarTvelTaTvis elinizmis epoqaSicaa
cnobili; ,,mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT, ,,aman farnajom mefeman... aRaSena
cixe zadeni... amis Semdgomad Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlis msaxurni da moguni [61; 29].42 daaxloebiT amave periods ganekuTvneba dedoflis mindorze da cixiagoraze gamovlenili sataZro kompleqsebi, romelTac mecnierebi zoroastrul taZrebTan uvleben paralelebs.43

Si Camjdar ,,kvercxiseburi~ formis keras, romelic, albaT, ,,uqrobi cecxlis~ Sesanaxad gamoiyeneboda. sameurneo kera Tu Rumelebi Sulavris goraze ezoSi, Senobis gare
kedelTan ewyoboda. kera, rogorc Cans, ukve maSin iyo ritualSi CarTuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, nacari romelsac uqrobi cecxlis Sesanaxi keridan iRebdnen, wminda iyo da
mis gareT gatanasa da gadayras eridebodnen.~ _ SeadareT

[105; 183]. Zvelad, rodesac

cecxlis anTeba siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, adamianebi cdilobdnen keriaSi marad

anTebuli, mudmivi cecxli SeenaxaT. gadasaxlebis dros nakverCxlebi qoTniT gadahqondaT... cecxlis kulti gavrcelebuli iyo indoevropelebSi, romlebisTvisac anTebuli
cecxli RvTaebrivi iyo... brahmanebi mas agnus saxeliT icnobdnen, es sityva laTinuri
ignisis, - is monaTesavea. zoroastrelebi cecxls atars uwodebdnen. isini mas
msxverpls swiravdnen. Sesawiri Sedgeboda xmeli SeSis, mSrali foTlebis an balaxisagan da mcire raodenobis cxovelis qonisagan.
42

leonti mroveli sparsTa sjuls manamdec ixseniebs, sparsTa mefe qaixosrosTan da-

kavSirebiT: da aRaSena (qaixosrom) adarbadagans saxli salocavi sjulisa maTisa [61;

15].
43

dedoflis mindvrisa da cixiagoras sataZro kompleqsSi cecxlTayvanismcemluri ta-

Zaric Sedioda[12; 64. 43; 47].

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis aSenebis TariRi farnajomis mefobis xanas emTxveva. amas sruliad Seesabameba mefeTa cxovrebaSi daculi
cnoba, rom farnajomma Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlis msaxurni da moguni. imave periodiT, Zv.w. II saukuniT

aTariRebda nazve-

rev goraze mcire bazilikis qveda fenis kuTvnil nagebobas, romelic Semdgom miTreumad gadakeTda [96; 9, 71].
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili cecxlTayvanismcemluri samlocveloebidan gamovyofdiT nekresSi arsebul cecxlTayvanismcemlur taZars, romelsac l. WilaSvili ax. w.
aR. II s-iT aTariRebda (taZris dangreva ax. w. aR IV s-is dasawyisis, qarTlSi qristianobis gavrcelebas ukavSirdeba) [96; 72].

64

qarTvelebi cecxlTayvanismcemlobas ax. w. aR IV s-Sic misdeven.

moqcevai qarTlisaiSi mirianis qarTlSi gamefebasTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT: da iyos Svili Cemi (ambobs qarse sasaniani mirianze _ v.v.) orsTave sjulsa zeda: mamaTa CvenTa cecxlismsaxurebsa da TqvenTa kerpTasa [61; 65]; da aRizarda mirian msaxurebasa mas Sina SdTa maT kerpTasa
da cecxlisasa [61; 65].44 wminda ninom ki, rodesac miiwia sanaxebsa qarTlisasa, qalaqsa mas, romelsa ewodebis urbnili... ixila erTi ucxoTa
TeslTa RmerTTa msaxuri, rameTu cecxlsa, qvaTa da ZelTa RmerTad Tayuans cemdes [61; 87].45 yuradsaRebia mirianis anderZi baqarisadmi Svilo
Cemo Seicvale bneli Cemi naTlad... da sada povne vnebani igi cecxlisani
kerpni, cecxliTa dawven da nacari Seasu romelni maT esviden [61; 130].
qarTvelTa nawili cecxlTayvanismcemlebad qristianobis miRebis Semdegac darCenilan. ai, ras gviambobs moqceva qarTlisai mirianis Semdegdroindel mefe mirdatze: Seipyres qarTvelTa mefe mirdat sparsTa... daipyres qarTli da garyunes eklesiani... da yovelTa Sina eklesiaTa qarTlisaTa cecxlismsaxurTa sparsTa aRagznes cecxli [61; 139].46
vaxtang gorgaslis dros ki, binqaran episkoposi cecxlis msaxurTa
aswavebda qarTvelTa sjulTa Tssa, aramed aravin erCda warCinebulTagani, garna wurili eri miiqcia mravali cecxlis msaxurebasa [61; 195].

44

qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi vkiTxulobT, rom miriani Tayvansscemda

xuT kerps sacecxlos maxloblad [64; 69]

45

cota qvemoT ki vigebT: xolo viTar igi moiwivnes qalaqad mcxeTad, wiaR moguTasa

idsa zeda, da dadges. mun xedvida wminda nino cecxlis msaxurTa maT erTa moguebasa
da cTomasa [61; 88] aq sainteresoa is, rom wm. nino mcxeTaSi armazis dResaswaulze midis da cecxlis msaxurTa maT erTa moguebisa da cTomisa mowme xdeba _ xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom armazis dResaswauli zoroastrul tradiciebTan iyo dakavSirebuli
da, Sesabamisad, armazi araqarTuli RvTaeba iyo.
wminda ninos cxovrebaSi sayuradReboa kidev erTi momenti; rodesac mirianma
qritianobis miRebis Semdeg mefe konstantinesTan wargzavna mociquli, konstantine da
dedamisi elene amisTs ganmxiaruldes rameTu daidastures mirian mefisagan sruliad
mowyueda sparsTa da mtkiced miReba siyvarulisa maTisa [61; 115] . sruliad mowyueda
sparsTagan, rogorc politikur, ise religiur mowyuedas unda gulisxmobdes.
46

SeadareT Semovidnen qarTls sparselebi, daangries eklesiebi da yvelgan dadges

cecxlis Tayvanismcemeli saxlebi [64; 136]

65

rodesac vaxtang gorgasali sparsTa winaaRmdeg saomrad emzadeba, Tavis

diswuls kaxeTSi agzavnis: da diswuli misi gardavides kaxeTad da Sedges evsa lopotisasa, qveyanasa mas kldiTa mizRudvilsa da iyvnes soflisa mas kacni cecxlisa da wylis msaxur da savse iyo xevi igi simravliTa kaciTa. vidre nosramde [61; 200];47 nuxpatelni uwinares iyvnen kacni warmarTni da mecisbunebisani, aramed yrusa moesra mravali maTi da
iZulebiT moenaTlna arCil igini [61;244]48 cecxlTayvanismcemlebi ixseniebian abibos nekreselis cxovrebaSic: daepyra qarTli mefesa sparsTasa
da igini elmwife iyvnes Cvensa amas sofelsa da bilwsa mas kerpTmsaxurebasa cecxlisasa mis Tayvaniscemasa da msaxurebasa aRasrulebdes maradis [70; 422. 5; 43].49 qarTlSi cecxlTayvanismcemlebi gviandel periodSic yofilan, radgan ax. w. aR VII s-is meore naxevarSi arabTagan Seviwrovebuli sparsi cecxlTayvanismcemlebis mcire nawili Tbiliss Semoexiznen abubiqar agarianma daipyra sparseTi, Sevida baRdads da mZlavrobiT daatiebina umravlesTa cecxlis msaxureba da moaqcivna sarkinozebad [61; 229]50

47

ardvisura anahiti ardv iaStebSi wminda wylebis RvTaebad moixsenieba [136]. anahiti

rom wmida wylebis RvTaebaa, amaze miniSnebas misadmi miZRvnil locvebSi araerTxel
vxvdebiT. is moixsenieba, rogorc uZlieresi mdinareTa Soris [136; ardv iaSti 2]; mas
aqeben, rogorc Zlevamosil, tanad dedofals, keTilad nazards, romlis wylebi dRe
da Rame moedinebian, is wyaluxvia ufro, vidre yvela mdinare [136;ardv iaSti 15]. cecxli-atari ki zoroastrizmis erT-erTi wminda simbolod iTvleba. xom ar aris mocemul
teqstSi laparaki imaze, rom lopotis qveynis nair-nairi tomebi icnobdnen iranul religias da Tayvans scemdnen atarisa da anahitis kultebs?
48

lopot-nuxpatelni, romlebic cecxlsa da wyals scemdnen Tayvans, rogorc Cans war-

marTebad VIIIs-is II naxevramde darCenilan.

49

da mivida maxloblad mis samsaxureblisa maTisa, daasxa wyali xeneSi igi cecxli ma-

Ti daSrita, ixileT aseve evstaTe mcxeTelis wameba , _ cecxli ara RmerT ars amiT,
rameTu cecxli kacman aRagmis da kacmanve daSritos, rameTu kaci ufal ars cecxlisa
[66; 268]. cecxlTayvanicmcemelTa da qristianTa Soris brZolisa da aRm. saqarTveloSi
sparsuli religiis Sesaxeb informacias iakob curtavelis SuSanikis wameba-Sic
vxvdebiT [66]
50es

unda momxdariyo VII s. II naxevarSi, amasTan dakavSirebiT ufro vrclad ixileT [24].

IV-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba gomis quCaze feTxanias eklesiasTan mdebare zoroastruli taZari, romelic aTeSgas saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom zoro-

66

werilobiTi

wyaroebisa

da

cecxlTayvanismcemluri

arqiteqturis

garda, qarTvelebSi cecxlis kultis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs eTnografiuli masalac. s. makalaTiam gamoikvlia iranuli ataris kultis arseboba
saqarTveloSi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom is qarTvelebSi anTar-aTaris
saxeliT unda SemorCeniliyo: megrul-afxazuri da iranuli aTari erTi
da igivea rogorc saxelwodebiT, ise maTTan dakavSirebuli rwmeniTa da
ritualebiT, maSasadame, atar-anTar-aTaris kulti qarTvelebSi imdenad
myarad yofila gamjdari, rom SemdgomSi Rrma fesvebi gaudgams samegrelosa da afxazeTis tradiciebis gadmonaSTebSi [39; 11]51 cecxlis kultma
asaxva hpova qarTul folklorSic [95; 235-236]. yvelaferi zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare ver daveTanxmebiT k. kekeliZis

mosazrebas, rom armazi

aris erovnuli qarTuli RmerTi, xolo cecxlTayvanismcemloba sxva, ucxo kultia. Tundac armazi qarTvelTa RmerTad miviCnioT, cecxlTayvanismcemloba Tu cecxlis kulti qarTvelTaTvis ucxo ar yofila. mas
Tayvans scemdnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxebi uZvelesi
droidan. sparsuli religiis gavrcelebis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iwyeba cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis ageba, iranuli atari ki
aTar _ anTaris saxiT qarTul tradiciaSi da xalxur zepirsityvierebaSic SemorCenila.
zemoT ukve vaxseneT, rom iTrujani qaldevelTa RvTaebaa, xolo
Zvel qarTul literaturul ZeglebSi irans xSirad qaldevelTa (babilonelTa) qveyanasTan aigivebdnen, maSasadame, moqcevai qarTlisaiSi
Cven mowme vxdebiT ori araqarTuli, iranuli RvTaebis brZolisa. gamomdinare iqidan, rom atari wminda cecxlia, is umaRles RvTaeba ahuramazdas ar upirispirdeba (piriqiT, is exmareba meomrebs borotebasTan brZolaSi) [132; 129]. iTrujani ki soflis mpyrobelia, mudmiv brZolaSia armaz _ ahuramazdasTan, aseTi RvTaeba ki Zv. sparsul religiaSi _ ahrimani

astruli sparsuli Temi TbilisSi mTeli Suasaukuneebis manZilze arsebobda [25; 276,
485].
51

dResdReobiTac saqarTveloSi SemorCenilia cecxlis kultTan dakavSirebuli ritua-

li, romelic aRdgomis wina dReebSi imarTeba da xalxSi Wiakokonas saxeliTaa cnobili

67

_ angro mainus saxeliTaa cnobili. mokled mimovixiloT am or RvTaebas

Soris warmoebuli brZola.
brZola keTilsa da borot sawyisebs Soris zoroastruli moZRvrebis qvakuTxedi da umaRlesi principia, romelic gamoxatavs Sexedulebas
bunebis damangrevel da amaRorZinebel Zalebs Soris brZolaze. keTili
sawyisi, avestis mixedviT, ahuramazdaa, boroti _ ahrimani. TiToeul maTgans sakuTari garemocva hyavs, pirvels gars wminda sulebi ahurebi axvevian, meores _ boroti sulebi, devebi, drujebi. keTilsa da borots Soris brZolaSi CarTulia yovelive xorcieli, sulieri da usulo _ yvelaferi ganixileba ahrimanisa da ahuramazdas qmnilebad [123; 40-42]. erTerTi miTis Tanaxmad, romelic falaur enazea SeTxzuli, angro mainu
SemoiWra samyaroSi qviani zecis qveda sferodan da daRupa misi srulyofileba. is amovida wylidan, romlis didi nawili mlaSe (mariliani) gaxda. Semdeg daeSva miwisaken da sadac SeaRwia, warmoiSva udabnoebi. Semdeg borotma sulma gaaxmo mcenareebi, mokla pirvelqmnili xari da pirveli adamiani. bolos ki Tavs daesxa meSvide qmnilebas _ cecxls da Seuracxyo is boliT da amnairad miayena ziani yvela keTil qmnilebas
[105;154].52 zemoT moyvanili citatebidan naTlad davinaxeT, rom ahuramazda da ahrimani umaRlesi RvTaebebi _ soflis mpyrobelni arian, maT Soris mudmivi brZolaa ZalauflebisTvis, rac wminda ninos cxovrebaSic
aris aRwerili.53
ahrimanis sakiTxis gasarkvevad qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi marto zemoT moyvanili citatiT ver SemovifarglebiT. rogorc naSromis
52

zoroastrelebis wminda wigni bundaxSini gvamcnobs: (ahrimani imuqreba) rom maT

sulebs (laparakia adamianebis sulebze v.v.) moakvdinebs, gaafuWebs wyals, mcenareebs,

ormuzdis cecxls da ormuzdis yvela qmnilebas [136; 5-8. 109; 37]., anu ahrimani aris
RvTaeba, romelmac ormuzdis sxva keTil qmnilebebTan erTad Seuracxyo cecxli, zoroastrelTa wminda stiqia. rogorc Cans, vinc wminda cecxls Seuracxyofs, is dagmobisa
da sikvdilis Rirsia. (gavixsenoT Tundac qarTuli hagiografiuli nawarmoebidan abibos nekreselis qmedeba, romelmac cecxli daaxSo an imave egiSe vardapetTan wminda
cecxlis daxSobis ambavi, risTvisac somxebi daisajnen)
53

SeadareT zemoT moyvanili citatebi iTrujanisa da armazis brZolas: qaldevelTa

RmerTi iTrujani da Cueni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve mter arian: aman rame mas zeda
zRva moaqcia, da aw man Suri iZia da mis mier moiwia ese.

68

dasawyisSi iqna aRniSnuli, qarTulma warmarTulma panTeonma sparsuli

gavlena ganicada, ase magaliTad, armazi _ ahuramazda,54 zadeni_ miTra_iazati,55 ainina _ anahiti.56
iranul_qarTuli panTeonis msgavs RvTaebebs somxur warmarTul panTeonSic vxvdebiT _ aramazdi, mixri, anaiti, vereTragna. Tu qarTul_somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebaTa umetesoba paralels sparsul zoroastrul RvTaebebTan naxulobs, maSin armazis antagonisti RvTaeba iTrujani raRac formiT unda SemorCeniliyo somxur warmarTul panTeonSic. amaze yuradReba jer kidev cnobilma mkvlevarma n. o. eminma gamaxvila. is ar uaryofda somxebis Zvel religiaSi dualizmis arsebobas:
umaRlesi RvTaebis armazdis saxeli TiTqmis yovel nabijze gvxvdeba, maSin rodesac mis antagonist RvTaebas ahrimans, rogorc RvTaebas, somxur
miTologiaSi versad vxvdebiT, Tumca rodesac egiSe da ezniki sparsTa
religiaze saubroben, mas angro mainud ixsenieben, es RvTaeba ki ara ukanasknel rols TamaSobda Zvel somxebSi. Zvel zendur himnebSi bneleTis
mbrZanebels gansakuTrebuli saxeli ara aqvs, is ubralod Angro mainius
(Malus Spiritus) ad ixsenieba. ahrimani misi gviani saxelwodeba iyo. besitunis da naqSi rustamis warwerebSi ahrimani am saxeliT araa dafiqsirebuli (mxolod erTgan besitunis warwerebSi ixsenieba RvTaeba ahrimani,
isic rogorc sicruis RmerTi). armazdis antagonisti RvTaebis saxelis
ararseboba somex mwerlebSi imave mizeziT unda iyos gamowveuli, ra mizeziTac sduman Zveli zenduri himnebi [166; 33]. sainteresoa, rom somxebi
Tayvans scemdnen ormuzdis gaSvebul viSaps, romelSic devebi Sesaxldnen [49; 23]. sparsuli miTologiidan CvenTvis cnobilia, rom warumatebeli Tavdasxmis Semdeg ormuzdis samefoze, ahrimanma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela da gveleSapis saxiT cidan miwaze daeSva, romlisaTvisac, m. xorenacis mixedviT, msxverplad adamianebi mihqondaT im kldeebTan, romlis Semogareni qvabulebiT iyo savse da romelSic gvelebi da morielebi binadrobdnen, es ukanaskneli ki avestis mixedviT ahrimanis qmnilebebad iT-

54

armaz _ ahuramazdaze Cven ukve gvqonda saubari.

55

zaden _ miTra iazatis sakiTxs mimovixilavT winamdebare naSromis erT-erT TavSi.

56

aininas anahitTan dakavSireba erT-erTma pirvelma n. marma scada, ix. [140; 9], [125; 57].

69

vlebian [166; 34].57

viSaps zaraTuStra ahrimans uwodebda, mis simbolos

sazizRari orfexa gveli warmoadgenda, romelic miTram zecidan dasca.58

ahrimanis arsebobis faqts Zvel somxebSi mxars uWerda gr. kapancianic da
gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom somxur dialeqtSi vxvdebiT manuk is ramdenime mniSvnelobas. alek manuk- sityvasityviT keTils niSnavs, zRaprebSi
vxvdebiT aseve oj manuk- gveli manuki, romelic keTil arsebadaa gamoyvanili (SesaZloa _ keriis mfarvelad)... SeadareT laTinuris man-es (gardacvlilTa sulebi), an iranul maniu- suli, magaliTad: ahra maniu (boroti suli) _ ahrimani, axalsparsuli ahriman, falauri ahrimani, haramani
da sxva, romelic somxur dialeqtSi aharmani _ boroti sulis saxiT unda SemorCeniliyo [125; 71].

somxebi rom marTlac icnobdnen sparsuli

warmoSobis borotebis RvTaeba ahrimans, amaze metyvelebs isic, rom iq

ahrimani viSapis saxiT arsebobda, xolo somxur zRaprebSi ki Habramani-s
saxeliT SemorCa [125; 72].
ahrimani somxeTSi viSapTan iyo gaigivebuli. msgavs miTologiur urCxuls qarTuli tradiciac icnobda, romelic qarTulma hagiografiulma
Txzulebebma da xalxurma zRaprebma Semogvinaxa veSapi_gveleSapis saxiT.59 m. andronikaSvilma qarTuli veSapi-gveleSapi Seadara avestur visapa, azidahaka, azi srvara (samive gvelis saxis urCxulis saxelebia), avestur visapahe, falaur

visapu, somxur viSapas [4; 239]. mecnieris varaudiT, azi srvara

s sityvasityviTi Targmani qarTuli gvel-veSapia [4; 230]. (azi-gvels niS-

57

warmarTi somxebi SesaZloa viSapSi Tavdapirvelad, borotebis sawyiss warmoidgen-

dnen, romelsac sikeTis sawyiss aramazds (aAhura mazda)

58

upirispirebdnen.

n. o. eminis am mosazrebas viSapTan da ahrimanTan dakavSirebiT iziarebda baroni r.

Stakelbergi, romelic aRniSnavda, rom aqemenidebis lursmul warwerebSi ahrimanis saxeli ar gvxvdeba, magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom iranelebSi dualizmi ar iyo gavrcelebuli [102; 8-9].
59

qarTuli xalxuri tradicia veSap-gveleSaps ramdenime nairsaxeobas icnobs. amiranis

Sesaxeb erT-erT eposSi sami feris gveleSaps vxvdebiT _ TeTrs, wiTelsa da Savs, romelTac amirani amarcxebs. Savi gveleSapi fSaur gadmocemaSi qarcecxlas saxeliT SemorCenila, qarTlurSi _ pircecxla, xolo svanur TqmulebebSi mis funqcias matylis
mrTveli devi asrulebs [95; 177].

70

navs). guelveSapi Tavisi aseTi formiT qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi da

hagiograful TxzulebebSi SemorCenila. aseTi saxelis mqone arsebis
erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli saxeli daculia TxzulebaSi, romelic daviT
garejelis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas exeba [63. 95; 178. 70; 231.]:60 quemo
kerZi parexiTa... wina... imyofeboda veSapi didi da sazareli, romelTa asxnes Tvalni sisxlis ferni da rqai iyo Sublsa da fanCaki friad qedsa
missa [70; 231], romelmac im irmis erT erTi nukri STanTqa, romelic DdaviTsa da lukianes RmerTma misca nugeSisacemad uZliresTa orcTa CvenTasa [70; 230]. es ambavi imiT mTavrdeba, rom veSapsa mas eca mexi da dawua igi srulad [70; 232].
veSapSi, ra Tqma unda, boroti Zala igulisxmeba. asurel mamaTa mTavari misia warmarTobasTan brZola da qristianobis damkvidrebaa61 (warmarTobaSi ki cecxTayvanismcemloba igulisxmeba).

am mxriv gamonakliss

arc daviT garejelis cxovreba unda warmoadgendes [71; 232]. somxur miTologiaSi viSapi aris urCxuli, romelic xSirad gvelis saxiTaa warmodgenili (agreTve, Weqa-quxilis an Weqa-quxilis Rrublebis)62 (SeadareT

60

mas Sina mkdr iyo veSapi didi . . . eSmaki, romeli mkdr iyo veSapsa mas Soris [71;

183-184], guelveSapi didi saSineli [72; 408]. rogorc davinaxeT daviT garejelis cxovrebis sxvadasxva redaqciaSi veSapi _ guelveSapi, sxvadasxvanairad aris moxseniebuli: I
SemTxvevaSi _ rogorc veSapi, II-Si _ veSapi, romelSic eSmaki mkdr iyo.
lia is, rom

aq xazgasmu-

veSapi bneleTis ZalebTan iyo asocirebuli da III _ guelveSapi didi sa-

Sineli, romelic azi srvaras qarTuli interpretaciaa.

61

levan WilaSvili aRniSnavda, rom ioane zedazneli, Sio mRvimeli, iese wilkneli,

abibos nekreseli, ioseb alaverdeli da sxvebi, mazdeanebis winaaRmdeg mebrZolebis rangSi Canan. am mxriv gamonakliss TiTqos daviT garejelis cxovreba unda warmoadgendes,
Tumca, levan WilaSvilis azriT, garejis qvabTa kompleqsSi mazdeanTa samlocveloebis dadasturebiT, aq Cndeba warmarTuli fena, romlis ganadgurebis Semdeg, qristian
moRvaweebs sruli SesaZlebloba eZlevaT axalnergi sarwmunoebis gasavrceleblad. mazdeanTa saritualo adgilebi daingra da moispo, nawili gadakeTda adreqristianul eklesiebad, yofili cecxlTayvanismcemlebi ki moeqcnen qristianul sarwmunoebaze. es
procesi VI saukuneSi unda dasrulebuliyo [96; 56]. Cveni azriT, am brZolas asaxavs
daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi wmindanis brZola veSapis winaaRmdeg.
62

daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi gvelveSapi bneleTis ZalebTan, eSmakTan asocirdeba.

qristianobis damkvidrebidan urCxuli (gveleSapi) warmoidgineboda rogorc boroti,

damangreveli Zala da demonuri simbolo, romelic sulier saganZuramde mimaval gzas

71

moqcevai qarTlisaiSi iTrujanis mier armazis kerpis damsxvrevis scena

aRdges dasavliT qarni da haerni, da ma sces quxilTa , miTa sazareliT, da gamoCndes Rrubelni... da meyseulad moiwia risxva igi Rrubeli,
mwared sastiki da moiRo setyva litrisa swori adgilsa mas oden zeda,
sayofelsa kerpTasa) [61; 91]. miTebis Tanaxmad, didi veSapi nTqavs mzes,
ris gamoc

mzis dabneleba xdeba [144; 394].63qristianuli miTologiis gan-

mtkicebasTan erTad xdeba veSapis modifikacia, veSapis dammarcxebeli

warmarTuli vahagni [49; I; 31, II; 8,12] Canacvlebuli iqna mTavarangelozi
gabrieliT (gabriel xreStaki). is angelozebTan erTad ebmeva veSapTan
brZolaSi, romelic Weqa-quxilis dros cdilobs borot sulebTan erTad
gadaylapos mze. angelozebs ahyavT veSapi mzemdis, romlis sxivebisagan
veSapi ferflad iqceva da iyreba miwaze [167; 164-165] (SeadareT: veSapsa
icavs. masze gamarjveba niSnavs sulis gamarjvebas kosmosze . . . drakonis dammarcxeblebi iyvnen indra, apoloni, zevsi, persevsi, miTra, herakle, (wm. giorgi) da sxv. [167;
161-166].
63

SeadareT msgavs siuJets moqcevai qarTlisaSi [61; 91]

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT aseve [95; 177-178] Savi. xangamoSvebiT es veSapi
mzes wvdeba, Caylapavs da dRe bneldeba. svanebis rwmeniT, tyve mze veSapisagan Tavs amiranis gziT aRwevs... gveleSapis mizeziT mzis dabneleba pirvelyofili warmodgenis gadmonaSTia. aseTi Sexeduleba umTavresad gavrcelebulia primitiul xalxebSi. CvenSi igi
amiranianma Semogvinaxa. msgavsi scena Semonaxulia qarTul saeklesio reliefzec _
favnisis eklesiis aRmosavleT fasadze. sarkmlis zemoT frontonis sibrtyeSi moTavsebuli didi

zomis qviSaqviT sworkuTxa filaze gamosaxulia wre da gveli. es gveli

Tu gveleSapi am wres ylapavs. eklesia IX_X saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli, reliefi XIII

s. I naxevars ganekuTvneba [52; 146-147]. TiTqmis analogiur siuJets vawydebiT Zv. iranul
miTologiaSic: aJi aris Savi Rrublebis personifikacia, romelic mzis sxivebs faravs.
zamiad iaStaSi (XIX, 37) is cecxlis RmerTis aTaris mowinaaRmdegea samefo suverenitetis simbolo farnasTvis brZolaSi [144; 50. 108; 137].

msgavs siuJets avestaSi tiStrit-

Tan dakavSirebiTac vxvdebiT, romelic dev apoSas ebrZvis, es aris brZola wvimisa
gvalvis winaaRmdeg. miTis Tanaxmad tiStriti yovel wels uaxlovdeba vourkaSas
zRvis napirebs didebuli TeTri raSis saxiT, iq mas xvdeba apoSa (gvalvis demoni) Savi
raSis saxiT, isini erkinebian erTmaneTs, tiStriti sZlevs apoSas da sdevnis mas ,
- ( VIII) [103]. Tu tiStrits saTanadod scemdnen Tayvans, tiStriti ufro Zlieri aRmoCndeboda da amarcxebda demons. Tu wlis ganmavlobaSi adamianebi arasaTanadod scemdnen Tayvans tiStrits da msxverplic cota mihqondaT, apoSa imarjvebda tiStritze da gandevnida mas ukan [ 104; 13]

72

mas eca mexi da daiwua igi sruliad). rogorc davinaxeT, iranuli ahrimani, romelic Zvel somxur miTologiaSi veSapis saxeliT iyo cnobili,
qarTvelebSi gveleSapis saxeliT gavrcelebula. brZolis scenebi, romlebSic boroti Zalebi (gveleSapi _ apoSa, aJi) keTil Zalebs (tiStriti,
atari, miTra) upirispirdebian (romlebic Zv. iranulma religiurma teqstebma Semogvinaxa) qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisTvisac (aseve xalxuri zepirsityvierebisTvis) yofila cnobili. ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi,
rom msgavs siuJetebs wminda ninos cxovrebaSi (armaz-iTrujanis dapirispireba) da daviT garejelis cxovrebaSic vnaxulobT (daviT garejelisa da gveleSapis dapirispireba).
qarTvelebisTvis cnobili rom iyo RvTaeba ahrimani, amaze metyvelebs
qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi, hagiografiul Tu saero literaturaSi SemorCenili ahrimanisadmi daqvemdebarebuli sxvadasxva demonebis saxelebi.
qarTul gveleSapze ukve visaubreT, romelsac paralelebi iranul aJi
visapa, aJi dahakasTan moeZebneba. rac Seexeba sxva demonur Zalebs: devebs,
eSmaks, drujs, romlebic ahrimanis Tanamdevi RvTaebebi arian. devebi iranul miTologiaSi keTil sulebs upirispirdebian, maT meTaurobs triada:
sicruis suli _ druji, boroti azris suli _ aka mana, boroti saqmis
(Zarcvis) _ aiSma [4]. zaratuStra maT boroti azrisgan Sobilebs uwodebs grhmasTan (devebis msaxuri _v.v.) erTad, romelic sawyisia sicruisa,
amayobisa da mzakvrobisa[1; asna 32]. am orTaveSi (anu keTilsa da borotSi _ v.v.) devebma airCies uborotesi, gadavidnen aeSmis mxares da sicocxles aavadebdnen [1; asna 30]. devi rogorc avi suli, boroti arseba
kargad aris

nacnobi qarTul zepir sityvierebaSi [63;]64 (is xSirad

gvxvdeba qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi), aseve Semonaxulia qarTul hagiog-

64

ixileT Semdegi zRaprebi: TormetTaviani mgeli, Raribi glexi da devebi da a.S.. m.

Ciqovani qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebaze dayrdnobiT, Semdegnairad aRwers devs:

uzarmazari, didi fizikuri Zalis mqone tlanqi arseba. aqvs adamianis msgavsi agebuleba, magram misgan gansxvavebiT SeiZleba iyos mravalTaviani. garedan misi sxeuli balniTaa dafaruli, saSineli Sesaxedavia da grZneulis Tvisebebi aqvs. cxovrobs tye-RreebSi, mRvimeebsa da miuval adgilebSi . . . devi avsulia. igi adamianisadmi mtruladaa ganwyobili: Wams mis xorcs, mzeTunaxavs itacebs [95; 165-166].

73

rafiaSic: maman Senman wmindani Semoisxna saxiT Tvisa, xolo Sen devni
Semoixvien [66; 228].
qarTul zepirsityvierebas SemorCa ahrimanis Tanmxlebi kidev erTi
RvTaebis saxeli _ eSma, romelic boroti geniaa da avsulTan, satanasTan
asocirdeba. qarTulSi es sityva ori saxiT aris warmodgenili: eSmaki da
ufro arqauli _ eSma. avestaSi dadasturebulia forma aeSma, zogadi
mniSvnelobiT _ avi, boroti, cofiani, mrisxane. igi warmoadgens agreTve
demonis saxels daeva (qarTuli devi) erT-erT sam uborotes sulTagans, romelic arsebobs adamianTa da cxovelTa winaaRmdeg [4; 37-38, 315317].65
yvelaferi zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, imis mtkiceba, rom moqcevai qarTlisaiSi moxseniebuli qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujani borotebis RvTaeba ahrimania, ar iqneboda swori _ amis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs
ahriman-iTrujanis fonetikuri Seusabamoba. saxeli iTrujani moqcevai
qarTlisai-s sxvadasxva redaqciebSi saxecvlili formebiTaa cnobili:
iTruj (anaseuli nusxa) _ iTrojan (WeliSviliseuli) _ iTarJan (anaseuli) _ iTrujna (maCabliseuli) _ iTruSna (Satberdiseuli) da sruliad ar Seesabameba fonetikurad ahriman _ angro mainu _ arimans. maSin
ra RvTaebaa iTrujani? Cveni azriT, iTrujanSi sicruis demoni druji
igulisxmeba (es varaudi pirvelma m. gvelesianma gamoTqva. man gaamaxvila yuradReba iTrujanisa da drujis etimologiur msgavsebaze: (i)
Truj (ani) _ druji. magram mecnieri mxolod amiT Semoifargla) [14;
79-80], romelic simarTles _ aSas66 ebrZvis. zoroastrelTa wminda wigni
morwmuneebs drujisa da drujianelTa winaaRmdeg daundobeli brZolisaken mouwodebs: akuweT drujianelni iaraRiT [1; asna 31] me var... mteri
drujianelTa, mtkice sayrdeni aSaianelTa [1; asna 43] aSaianelebs siyvaruliT unda moepyro, drujianelTa mimarT iyav ulmobeli [1; asna 47]
65

sparsuli warmomavlobis unda iyos sityva jojoxeTic, romelic somxebSi joxkis sa-

xeliT yofila cnobili da, savaraudod, sparsuli duzaxidan unda modiodes. duzax _
joxk _ jojoxeTi. duzax _ joxkTan dakavSirebiT ixileT [166; 35. 4. 39-40].
66

aSa_simarTle, yvela ahuraze umaRlesi, mazdas garda. mazdas uaxloesi mrCeveli da

misi survilis aRmasrulebeli. aSas mimdevrebi ixseniebian, rogorc aSaiani, aSaieneli

[104;15]

74

dae sZlios... mSvidobam SfoTs... rwmenam urwmunoebas... marTalma sityvam

sicrues [109; 48-49] da a.S.
rogor moxda, rom soflis or mpyrobels Soris brZolaSi armaz-ahuramazdas mowinaaRmdege drujia da ara ahrimani? rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
naqSi_rustamisa da besitunis warwerebi ahrimans ar moixsenieben,67 xolo
avestis gaTa-galobebSi bevrgan ahrimanis mimdevarTa nacvlad drujis
mimdevarT vkiTxulobT, anu ahrimani borot saqmeebs ara piradad, aramed
Tavisi msaxurebis _ boroti Zalebis _ devebisa da drujebis meSveobiT
sCadis, ase magaliTad: spoben sicocxles, TavgamodebiT cdiloben waarTvan memkvidreoba diasaxliss Tu saxlis ufross [1; asna 30] maT mihyavT saxli, sofeli, Temi da qveyana umweobisa da daRupvisaken; drujianels ar surs, aSas Semwem rom amravlos saqoneli [1; asna 32] da a.S.
vfiqrobT, qarTul werilobiT wyaroebsa Tu xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi
ahrimanis saxelis mqone RvTaebis mouxseniebloba axsnili unda iyos imave mizeziT, ra mizeziTac sduman zenduri himnebi, besitunisa da naqSi
rustamis, Tu somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi.68 amitomacaa, rom qarTuli
werilobiTi wyaro ixseniebs ara uSualod ahrimans, aramed misadmi daqvemdebarebul RvTaeba drujs (am SemTxvevaSi _ i(Truj)ans). 69

67

ahrimanis saxeli arc vendidebis wignSi gvxvdeba, Tumca iq is moxseniebulia rogorc

angro maniu anu boroti suli. I, II, [136] ixileT aseve [111, 181]
aRniSnul TavebSi saubaria, rom ahuramazda iqms keTils, qmnis qveynebs, ahrimani ki
(vendidebSi is angro mainud _ borot sulad ixsenieba) qmnis keTilis sawinaaRmdegos,
mavne qmnilebebs. ahrimanma daRupa pirveli adamiani iima, gamogzavna xari dedamiwaze, moavlina wyaldidoba, scada zaratuStras daRupva da a.S.
68

gr. kapancianis naSromSi borot sulebTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT, rom bevri moxu-

ci dResdReobiTac ki erideba satanis saxelis xsenebas (Tu xmamaRla warmoTqmas) [125;

72]. igive ram SemorCenilia dResdReobiTac qarTul soflebSi., gansakuTrebiT moxuc
xalxSi.
viSapi, ahrimani, devi, eSma-eSmaki qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg satanasTan iqna gaigivebuli, amis naTeli magaliTia daviT garejelis cxovreba, sadac erTgan gveleSapi
eSmakTanaa asocirebuli.
69

RvTaeba druji, rom qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebas SemorCa, amis Sesaxeb Tavisi

azri gamoTqva a. grenma: avestaSi drujebi araCveulebriv bumberazebad arian warmodgenilni. isini miTiuri mWedlis STamomavlebi arian[95; 59]

75

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebs, warmarTul gadmonaSTebsa da xalxur

zepirsityvierebas ahrimanis saxeli ar Semounaxavs, Tumca qarTvelebisaTvis cnobili yofila misdami daqvemdebarebuli boroti Zalebi: devi,
gveleSapi, eSma-eSmaki, druji-iTrujani. am ukanasknels wminda ninos
cxovreba soflis mpyrobelad da qarTvelTa RvTaeba armazisadmi dapirispirebulad moixseniebs. qarTvel mecnierebSi iTrujanTan dakavSirebiT saerTo azri ar arsebobs. maTi didi nawili eTanxmeba k. kekeliZis
varauds qarTvelTa iTrujanisa da iranuli ataris igiveobis Sesaxeb,
Tumca m. gvelesianis sadisertacio naSromSi gamoTqmuli iqna gansxvavebuli

mosazreba

iTrujanTan

dakavSirebiT,

romelmac

etimologiuri

msgavsebis safuZvelze is iranul sicruis RvTaeba drujs daukavSira.

Cven veTanxmebiT m. gvelesianis mier SemoTavazebul varauds. upirveles
yovlisa, iTrujani sparsuli RvTaebaa da es qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvis cnobilia, sadac qaldevelTa qveyana sparsTa qveyanasTan
asocirdeba. qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSic iTrujani erTgan qaldevelTa, meoregan ki sparsTa RvTaebad iwodeba. sparsuli RvTaebaa armazic, romelic ahumarazdasTanaa gaigivebuli, amdenad werilobiTi wyaro ori sparsuli soflis mpyrobeli RvTaebis brZolis Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs. mcdaria k. kekeliZis mosazreba, rom qaldevelTa RvTaeba
iTrujanSi, romlisTvisac soflis mpyrobelobaa damaxasiaTebeli, iranuli cecxlis RvTaeba atari unda iqnas danaxuli. arcerT werilobiT
wyaroSi atari umaRles RvTaebad (soflis mpyrobelad) ar ixsenieba, iranuli religiuri teqstebis mixedviT is ahuramazdas qveSevrdomia. ver daveTanxmebiT im mosazrebasac, rom TiTqos qarTvelebi cecxlTayvanismcemlebi ar yofilan; cecxlis kulti saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle
xalxisaTvis uZvelesi droidan yofila cnobili, cecxlTayvanismcemeli
qarTvelebis Sesaxeb leonti mroveli da wminda ninos cxovrebac mogviTxroben; qarTlSi cecxlTayvanismcemelTa arsebobis pirdapiri miniSneba cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebia, romlebsac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uarsebiaT. yuradsaRebia isic, rom atar-atroSans jer kidev ax. w. V
s-Si iakob curtaveli ixseniebs SuSanikis wamebaSi, moqcevai qarTlisais sxvadasxva redaqcia ki saxel iTrujanis sxvadasxva interpretacias
gvTavazobs da arcerT maTganSi atar-atroSani araa naxsenebi, maSin ro76

desac qarTvelebSi uaxloes periodamde, eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT

anTar-aiaTaris saxelis mqone RvTaebis arseboba dasturdeba, romelsac
s.makalaTia iranuli cecxlis RvTaeba atarTan uvlebda paralels.
iTrujani iranuli sicruis RvTaeba drujia da amis damadasturebeli masalac mogvepoveba. upirveles yovlisa esaa etimologiuri msgavseba, rogorc Cans d asos Caenacvla T, ris Sedegadac miviReT drujis qarTuli forma _ (i)Truj(ani). 70 daboloeba _ ani qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: farnavazi- ani, nebroTi-ani, amirani-ani, qristi-ani, da a.S. amdenad, qarTul werilobiT wyaroebs drujis saxeli araswori formiT SemounaxavT. vfiqrobT, rom Tavdapirvel variantSi unda yofiliyo ara iTrujani, aramed (i)Truji (mxolobiT ricxvSi) an iTrujaniani (mravlobiT
ricxvSi), SeadareT avesturi druji, drujianelni, drujianni71.

wminda

ninos cxovrebis TxzulebaSi soflis or mpyrobels Soris aRwerili

brZola Zvel iranul religiur teqstebSi arsebul dapirispirebas mogvagonebs keTilsa da borots Soris; SeadareT: tiStriti _ aJi dahakas, atari _ apoSas brZolis scenebs. iTrujani _ druji sulac araa umaRlesi
RvTaeba (soflis mpyrobeli), romelic damoukideblad SeZlebda armazahuramazdasTan dapirispirebas. aseTi, iranuli teqstebis mixedviT, ahuramazdas tyupiscali ahrimania, romlis saxelis xsenebasac zoroastruli
saero Tu religiuri teqstebi da somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi eridebian da xSir SemTxvevaSi is drujiT an sxva boroti ZaliT hyavT Canacvlebuli, an ubralod borot sulad _ angro mainud ixsenieben. xom ar varT
imave procesis momswre qarTul zepirsityvierebasa da werilobiT wyaroebSi?72 magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT daviT garejelis cxovrebis erT-erT

70

zogadad, daboloeba ani-sTan dakavSirebiT ixileT [6; 49-50, 65, 84, 88]

71

avestis gaTa-galobanis qarTul TargmanSi drujisa da aSas mimdevrebi iwodebian aSa-

ianelebad da drujianelebad. [1; asna 31, 43.] SeadareT drujiani _ (i)Trujiani.

72

al. xaxanaSvili da m. kovalevski Tvlidnen, rom sparsulma ahrimanma asaxva hpova qar-

Tul amiranSi: armazi sparsuli ormuzdis gansaxierebaa. keTil ormuzds arimani upirispirdeba. ase unda yofiliyo saqarTveloSic. amitom arimani qarTul xalxur warmodgenaSi amirans Seerwya. arimans eSmakebi emsaxurebian, eSmaki qarTul-xalxur warmarTul
sityvierebaSi ki did rols TamaSobs. amis gamo warmoudgenelia, rom maTi meTauric ar
yofiliyo qarTvelebis mier SeTvisebuli aseTi varaudis safuZvlianoba: al.xaxanaSvi-

77

redaqciaSi moxseniebuli gveleSapi (igive iranuli aJi dahaka, romelic

ahrimans eqvemdebareba) romelic eSmakTanaa gaigivebuli, ahrimani boroti
Zalaa, bneleTis warmomadgeneli, romelic ebrZvis sikeTesa da keTil arsebebs. qristianul periodSi RmerTTan dapirispirebuli Zala eSmakia _
satana, romelic cdilobs acdunos adamiani da ziani miayenos mas. eSmakis xsenebas saqarTvelos soflebSi ufrosi Taobis xalxi dResdReobiTac erideba. zoroastruli panTeonis RvTaebebTan erTad qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisaTvis dualizmic yofila cnobili, romelic am religiisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli _ es wminda ninos cxovrebaSic aisaxa, sadac soflis or mpyrobels, qaldevelTa iTrujansa da armazs Soris da-

lis azriT, xalxuri amirani Semcvlelia erTdroulad keTilisa da boroti sawyisebis,

masSi mTavaria demonuri sawyisi, Tumca aseTi RvTaeba ar dasturdeba mocemuli masalebiT. ormuzdis sapirispiro arseba saqarTveloSic ahrimani unda yofiliyo, romelic
qarTul warmodgenebSi amirans Seerwya. boroti sawyisis damadastureblad al.xaxanaSvili miiCnevs amiranis imgvar Tvisebebs, rogoricaa RvTisurCoba, pirobis darRveva, adamianebTan urCi damokidebuleba. misi azriT aq saqme gvaqvs boroti RvTaebis keTil RvTaebad qcevis SemTxvevasTan. aRniSnul mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom rogorc wesi RvTaebaTa evoluciaSi saqme gvaqvs keTil RvTaebaTa borotad qcevasTan da
ara piriqiT (magaliTad devebis, veSapebis aseTi evolucia).[68; .282-284 ] al. xaxanaSviliseul versias uaryofda m. Ciqovanic: prof. al xaxanaSvili amiranis Tqmulebis gansazRvris dros winaaRmdegobaSi gaixlarTa. misi pirveli, ZiriTadi mosazreba amiranis
boroti bunebis Sesaxeb momdevno xanis mkvlevarTa mier gaziarebul ar iqna [95; 62]
amiranis ahrimanisgan warmomavlobas iv.javaxiSvilic uaryofda Cveulebriv ase
fiqroben, viTomc amirani iranuli boroti RvTaebis saxelis ahrimanisagan yofliyo
warmomdgari, magram es azri mcdari unda iyos. sarwmunoebis istoriaSi Znelad Tu moipoveba iseTi magaliTi, rom boroti RvTaeba keTil RvTaebad iyos aRiarebuli. piriqiT,
Cveulebriv yovelTvis, rodesac eri Zvel sarwmunoebas stovebs da axals iTvisebs, Zveli sarwmunoebis keTili RvTaebani borot sulebad arian miCneulni, mag: elinebis
damonionebi borot demonebad iqcnen, keTili diva borot devad da mravali amgvari.
xolo raki amiran yvela qarTul TqmulebebSi keTil gmirad iTvleba, romelic ganuwyvetliv ebrZvis borot sulebsa da adamianis mWamel devebs, amitomac SeuZlebelia saxeli amirani swored boroti RvTaebis saxelisgan iyos warmomdgari. amasTanave, yuradRebis Rirsia, rom somxur xalxur TqmulebebSi, romelic qarTul amiranis Tqmulebis
Sesatyvisia, gmirs mheri hqvia, amitom SesaZlebelia qarTul TqmulebaSi Tavdapirveladac gmiris saxels bgera haec hqonoda da iqneb amihranad gamoiTqmeboda, rac Tavis
mxriv mihrans, amiTran_s, miTras udris [75; 198].

78

pirispireba, keTil (ahuramazda) da borot (ahrimani) Zalebs Soris mudmiv

brZolas mogvagonebs. amis pirdapir miniSnebas
Sic

wminda ninos cxovreba-

vxvdebiT: ese qarTvelTa armaz da qaldevelTa iTrujan dasaba-

miTganve mtrebi ariano.

79

Tavi 3

yaraSambis vercxlis Tasze asaxuli ritualuri siuJetebi

80

1987

w.

Semodgomaze,

somxeTis

arqeologiisa

da

eTnografiis

institutisa da muzeum erebunis mier yaraSambis samarxis (nairis raioni) CrdiloeT nawilSi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenil iqna Sua brinjaos xanis didi yorRani. gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili iqna
mdidruli samarxeuli inventari, sabrZolo iaraRi, Zalauflebis insigniebi, aseve Zvirfasi liTonisagan Seqmnili maRalmxatvruli nawarmi. paraleluri masalebis mixedviT, yaraSambis yorRani Zv. w. II aTaswleulis
dasawyisiT TariRdeba da TrialeTis kulturis areals miekuTvneba [146;
145].
samarxSi aRmoCenil inventars Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs Zveli torevtikis Sedevri, vercxlis furclisagan naWedi didebuli Tasi, romelic dafarulia sxvadasxva scenebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT.
morfologiuri niSnebi saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT misi aSkara
naTesaoba Sua brinjaos xanis, somxeTsa da amierkavkasiaSi gamovlenil
Zvirfasi liTonisagan Seqmnil TasebTan da paraleli gavavloT adreuli
periodis dasavleT mcire aziis ZeglebTan. yaraSambis Tasis yvelaze axlo analogs warmoadgens TrialeTSi, yoruRTaSis yorRanSi aRmoCenili
vercxlis Tasi.73
yaraSambis Tass gaaCnia iseTive forma da proporciebi, Sesrulebulia imave teqnikuri xerxiT, rogorc TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi. TrialeTis Tass yaraSambis TasTan anaTesavebs kompoziciis frizulad ganTavseba da horizontaluri ganviTareba.

magram, gansxvavebiT TrialeTis Ta-

sisagan, yaraSambis Tasze mocemulia 6 frizi, romelic mTlianad dafarulia rTuli kompoziciebiT (nadirobis, brZolis, sakulto ritualebis,
cxovelTa procesiebisa da sxv. scenebiT), romelSic adamianTa da cxovelTa figurebi garemoculni arian im periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
realiebiT. Tasis zemoTa frizi gamoxatavs cxovelze nadirobas, romel73

v.e. ohanesianis azriT, orive Tasi uciloblad erTi da imave mxatvrul skolas

miekuTvneba, Tumca yaraSambis nimuSi ufro ostaturadaa Sesrulebuli. formiT masTan

axlos mdgari oqros Tasebi _ TrialeTis XVII yorRanidan Sua brinjaos xaniTaa
daTariRebuli [146; 146] TrialeTis XVII yorRanis inventarTan dakavSirebiT ixileT [133;
88-92]

81

Sic monawileobs monadire ZaRliT; aqvea warmodgenili leopardebisa da

lomebisagan Semdgari procesia. meore frizi kompoziciurad Sedgeba ori
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli nawilisgan _ brZolis scena, ritualuri
dResaswauli, mesame frizi asaxavs mterze gamarjvebis scenas _ moWrili
Tavebi da iaraRi,

romelic mTavari figuris winaa Camwkrivebuli, gamar-

jvebul meomarTa erTgvar trofeis unda warmoadgendes; amave frizze

vxvdebiT alegoriul siuJets fantastikuri arsebebiT, centraluri scena
warmoadgens mtris beladis mkvlelobas. meoTxe frizi Sedgeba erTi mimarTulebiT mimavali mtacebeli cxovelebisagan _ leopardebisa da lomebisgan. mexuTe ornamentulia da bolos, Tasis Ziris damaboloebeli
frizi gadmogvcems yvela dasaxelebul mtacebel cxovels, oRond heraldikuri saxiT. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Tasze mocemulia erTiani miTologiuri siuJeti, romlis gaSifrvac dagvexmareboda ara marto im sazogadoebis warmomavlobis, aramed maTi religiuri warmodgenebis garkvevaSi.
erT-erTi pirveli, vinc yaraSambis vercxlis Tasis mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi mogvca, Tasze gamosaxuli kompoziciuri scenebi ganixila da mis semantikur axsnas Seecada, v. ohanesiani iyo. mecnieris TvalsazrisiT, Tasze mocemuli brZolis scena romelime legendaruli brZolis anarekli unda iyos, romlis xsovnac zepirsityvierebaSi SemorCa,
Semdgom ki miTologiur sferoSi iqna gadatanili da indoevropul miTologiur TematikasTanaa kavSirSi [146; 160]. eqsponats Tavis naSromSi k.
kuSnarevac exeba [134; 129-130]; qarTveli mecnierebidan mas o. jafariZe ixseniebs TrialeTis vercxlis TasTan mimarTebaSi [80; 179]; sainteresoa
Tsu-s xelovnebisa da istoriis fakultetis magistrantis n. vawaZis 2001
w. studentur samecniero konferenciaze warmodgenili Tema

TrialeTis

vercxlis Tasi da misi paralelebi, sadac mocemulia yaraSambis mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi TrialeTis vercxlis TasTan mimarTebaSi da
maTi

ZvelaRmosavluri

paralelebis

fonze

ganxilva

[22].

aRniSnuli

mkvlevarebi yaraSambis Tasis mxolod mecnierul-stilistur analizs iZlevian da zedapirulad exebian masze warmodgenil miTologiur siu-

82

Jets.74 Cven SevecadeT mocemuli Tasi am kuTxiT gangvexila, mogveZena paralelebi da warmodgenili miTologiuri siuJeti migvesadagebina axlo
aRmosavluri RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnil ritualebTan Tu gamosaxulebebTan.
TrialeTis kulturis Zeglebze Zvel aRmosavluri kulturis Zlieri
gavlena arsebiTia _ es udavo faqtia. Tumca, amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos am gavlenaTa uaRresad Taviseburi xasiaTic. TrialeTis kulturis
Zeglebi ukavSirdebian Zveli aRmosavleTis kulturis ara romelime konkretul centrs, aramed ramodenimes erTad [89; 83]; oqromWedloba dakavSirebulia mesopotamiasTan da xeTur-xuritul samyarosTan [89; 83].75 TrialeTisa da yaraSambis TasebTan formis gamosaxulebaTa Sesrulebis teqnikuri xerxebis, Tematuri Tu kompoziciuri paralelebis saxiT SeiZleba
moxmobil iqnas calkeuli magaliTebi rogorc wina aziuri, aseve kavkasiuri arqeologiuri masalebidan. siuJetis frizulad ganawileba, rogorc
es TrialeTisa da yaraSambis Tasebze gvxvdeba, gavrcelebuli iyo ZvelaRmosavlur xelovnebaSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT alebastris WurWeli uruqidan, sadac reliefuri gamosaxulebebi oTx frizadaa
ganawilebuli da warmodgenilia SiSveli figurebisagan Semdgari saritualo procesia, romelic qalRmerT inanas frontaluri figurisaken miemarTeba. sayuradReboa momijnave procesiebis sapirispiro moZraoba da
cxovelTa msgavsi procesiebi mdedri da mamri cxvrebis saxiT (Tumca
isini stilisturad gansxvavdebian aRniSnuli Tasebis gamosaxulebebisgan).76 paralelis gavleba SeiZleba biblosis, mefis axiramis sarkofag-

74

k. e. ohanesianis gamoklebiT, romelic yaraSambis Tasis ritualSi indoevropul

miTologiur

safuZvels

xedavs

da

sakmaod

vrclad

ganixilavs

am

TvalsazrisiT

yaraSambis Tasis kompoziciebs.

75

o. jafariZe aRniSnavs, rom saerTod TrialeTuri kulturis saiuveliro xelovnebis

daniSnuleba ganapiroba eTno-kulturuli kontaqtebis gaZlierebam Zvel

aRmosavlur

samyarosTan [89; 179]

76

sakulto WurWeli qalRvTaeba inanas taZridan, uruqSi. jemdeT-nasris periodi, Zv.w.III

aTasw. dasawyisi. alebastri inaxeba baRdadSi, erayis muzeumSi. [139; 63]

83

ze77 da mesopotamiur sabeWdavebze warmodgenil kompoziciebTan.78 garkveuli kompoziciuri msgavseba SeiniSneba maikopis TasTanac [3, tab. 10]. rogorc TrialeTis, ise yaraSambis vercxlis Tasebze mocemuli mjdomare
figurebis paralelad SeiZleba dasaxeldes Sumeruli gamosaxulebebi,
romlebic mxrebiT fasSi, welszemoT SiSvlebs gamosaxavdnen,79 aseve hasanlus Tasze warmodgenili mjdomare figura.80 xolo rac Seexeba am Tasebze mocemul danarCen figurebs, isini garkveul ikonografiul msgavsebas amJRavneben xeTur reliefebTan da zemoT aRniSnuli hasanlus Tasis
figurebTan. Cveni azriT, yaraSambis Tasze xeTuri gavlenebi ufro Zlieria. rigi niSnebidan gamomdinare yaraSambis Tasi ganixileba rogorc
mcire aziur-kavkasiuri kulturis nawarmi, romelmac mesopotamiuri gavlena ganicada [134; 130].
yaraSambis Tasze mocemuli siuJetebi miTologiur warmodgenebs
rom ukavSirdeba, amaze maTi axlo aRmosavluri paralelebi miuTiTeben
(razec zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari). v.sarianidis SeniSvniT: aRmosavlu-

77

biblosi, mefe axiramis sarkofagi Zv. w. XII-XI s.s. inaxeba beiruTis nacionalur

muzeumSi [174; 18]. axiramis sarkofagze warmodgenili scena siuJeturad gvagonebs TrialeTisa da yaraSambis vercxlis Tasebze mocemul kompoziciebs: ramdenime figura
maRla apyrobili xelebiT, marjvnidan marcxnisaken, mjdomare wverosani figurisaken
miemarTeba, romlis gverdiT sfinqsismagvari fantastikuri arsebaa gamosaxuli. iqve
samsxverplo, romelic TrialeTisa da yaraSambis Tasebze warmodgenil siuJetebSi
gamosaxuli

samsxverplos

msgavsia.

SeadareT

mocemuli

samsxverploebi

xamurabis

mefobis periodiT daTariRebul samfexian samsxverplos (Tu WurWels). WurWeli araa

Rrma,

aqvs

mokle

fexebi,

romlebzec

vacebia

gamosaxuli

ukangadaweuli

rqebiT.

eqsponatis ilustracia ixileT [173; Taf 4]_ eqsponati suzidanaa da inaxeba parizSi,
luvrSi.
78

ilustacia ixileT [139; 102] xurituli sabeWdavis nawili, qalRvTaeba SavuSqas

gamosaxulebiT.
79

SeadareT: sakulto WurWels qalRvTaeba inanas taZridan, uruqSi. jemdeT-nasris

periodi, Zv. w. III

aTasw. dasawyisi. alebastri. eqsponatis ilustracia ixileT [139; 63,

il 4].
80

oqros Tasi hasanludan, Zv. w. XI s. Teirani. iran-bastanis muzeumi. ilustracia

ixileT [139; 160, il 107].

hasanlus Tasze warmodgenilia miTologiuri siuJeti

ramdenime registrad, romlis erT-erTi mTavari personaJi gmiria, romelic urCxuls

amarcxebs.

84

ri xelovneba Rrmad sakultoa, gamsWvaluli miTologiuri scenebiT im

SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac frizze brZolis scenaa warmodgenili [153;
148]. igive SeiZleba iTqvas yaraSambis TasTan mimarTebaSic. Tasis II da III
frizebze gamosaxulia nayofierebasTan da omTan dakavSirebuli kompoziciebi, romlebic, savaraudod, am funqciebis mqone RvTaebis Tu RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnilad migvaCnia. mocemul frizebze mjdomare pozaSi gamosaxuli ori figura RvTaeba rom unda iyos (Tasze warmodgenili mesame
msgavsi figura, romelsac xelSi qnari uWiravs, RvTaebad ar migvaCnia,
Tu ratom, amaze qvemoT visaubrebT), amaze mianiSnebs sxvadasxva atributebi maT xelSi, maTi gamosaxvis ikonografiuli manera, romelic saerTos poulobs xeTur religiur teqstebSi dafiqsirebul RvTaebebis kerpebis aRwerilobebTan. (Tasze warmodgenili siuJeti rom xeTur sazogadoebas ukavSirdeba, amaze miuTiTebs yaraSambis kompoziciebis axlo kavSiri iaziliqais reliefTan [16; 17]. kompoziciaSi warmodgenili figurebis Cacmuloba: Wvintiani fexsacmeli, wowola qudi (III frizis erT-erT
figuraze). Cvenamde moRweulia cnobebi xaTis CrdiloeT da Crdilo_aRmosavleTiT arsebuli taZrebidan sxvadasxva RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb. am taZrebSi warmodgenilia orive sqesis RvTaebebi: qalRvTaebani,
rogorc wesi, sxedan, mamakaci RvTaebebi ki dganan (calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda). amasTanave, aRwerilobebSi Zalze xSirad dadgenilia RvTaebis atributi, rac gamoixateba RvTaebis mier orive an cal xelSi sxvadasxva sagnis dakavebiT. qalRvTaebebs, rogorc wesi, marjvena xelSi uWiravT sxvadasxva formis Tasebi, yurZnis mtevnebi da sxva nivTebi, marcxena xelSi ki _ sikeTis simbolo [16; 142-146]. mocemuli xeTi RvTaebebis zogadi aRwerilobidan gamomdinare SeiZleba paraleli gavavloT yaraSambis Tasis zemo meore da mesame frizze mocemul or RvTaebasTan, romelTac xelSi RvTaebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributebi uWiravT, savaraudod es RvTaeba Sumerul-aqaduri qalRvTaeba inana_iSTari gvgonia, ris
safuZvelsac xeTebSi daculi iSTaris (xurit. SavuSqa) aRweriloba iZleva: RvTaeba iSTari... mjdomare. mxrebze frTebi [aqvs gamosuli] marjvena
xelSi oqros Tasi [uWiravs], [marcxena xeliT] oqros sikeTe upyria. mis
qveS zeZirkvelia, movercxlili. zeZirkvelis [qveS ?] ki frTosani lomis
movercxlili gamosaxuleba Zevs. lomis frTebis marjvniv [(da) marcxniv]
85

ninaTa(da) quliTa dganan. isini vercxlisaa, maTi Tvalebi mooqrovilia.

frTosani lomis qveS xis zeZirkvelia. erTi muWa dRiuri puri, Rvinis
erTi Tasi gamomwvari Tixisagan, qalRmerTebs _ ninaTasa (da) simRera
iSTars ekuTvnis.81 iSTaris es aRweriloba axlos dgas yaraSambis vercxlis Tasis II frizze mocemuli RvTaebis aRwerilobasTan, romlis ukanac ori sxva, komblebiT SeiaraRebuli RvTaebaa. mTavari RvTaebis win
vxedavT oTxi adamianis(romelTac xelSi sasmisebi upyriaT, iseve rogorc centralur personaJs) da erTi irmisgan Semdgar procesias, romlebic centraluri figurisken miemarTebian. mocemuli kompozicia nayofierebisa da nadirobis RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnil saritualo msvlelobas
unda warmoadgendes _ amaze miuTiTebs mTavari figuris win meZebari ZaRlis gamosaxuleba, romelic nadirobasTan unda iyos kavSirSi82 da iremi,
romelic nayofierebasTan asocirdeba [32; 190-193. 90; 9-29]. ritualuri
procesiis marjvena mxares vxedavT kidev erT figuras _ xelSi arfismagvari sakravi uWiravs, romelic procesiisagan TiTqmis ganyenebulad dgas,
Tumca xeTuri RvTaebebisadmi dakavSirebuli saritualo teqstebidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom is mTavari RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil musikas unda
asrulebdes83 (mocemuli personaJi musikosi (qurumi) unda iyos, romelic

81

teqstiT visargebleT [57; 34].

SeadareT RvTaeba iSTari . . . qalRvTaeba, mjdomare.

mxrebidan [frTebi gamosdis]; marjvena xelSi oqros Tasi [upyria, marcxena xelSi] aqvs
oqros sikeTe [_ raRac simbolo] mis qvemoT sayrdenia, movercxlili, [romlis qveS]
devs

lomis

gamosaxuleba,

qalRvTaeba niniTa (da)

movercxlili.Alomis

frTebis

marjvniv

[da

marcxniv]

qalRvTaeba quliTa dganan, isini vercxlisaa maTi Tvalebi

mooqrulia . . . [16; 140]

82

ZaRlis kavSirze nadirobasTan Zv. msoflios xalxebisa da qarTvelTa miTologiaSi

vrclad ixileT [23; 68-100].

83

msxverplSewirvas

(xeTebSi)

musikalur

instrumentze

dakvra

mohyveboda

xolme.

yvelaze xSirad ritualebis dros ukravdnen instrumentze, romelic aRiniSneboda

logogramiT

qalRvTaeba inanas instrumenti. arsebobda inanas instrumentis ori

saxeoba: xuncinari da ippicinari, romelTagan zomiT erTi ufro didia. xuncinari da

ippcinari warmoadgenda arfis magvar simebian sakravs. isini iyo qalRvTaeba inanas
simebiani sakravebi da masze xeTur ritualebSi Cveulebriv ukravdnen musikosisa da
momRerlis titulebis matarebeli msaxurebi, romlebic xeTebis taZrebis personalSi
Sediodnen.

praqtikulad

arc

erTi xeTuri rituali

ar

imarTeboda

instrumentis

86

RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulze ritualur musikas asrulebs). aRniSnuli figura RvTaeba rom ar aris, amis safuZvels gvaZlevs is, rom
iSTaris gamosaxuleba arfismagvari sakraviT xelSi CvenTis araa cnobili. xeTuri teqstebis Tanaxmad iSTar-SavuSqasadmi miZRvnil simRerebs,
rogorc wesi, momRerlebi asrulebdnen. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT q. samuxas iSTaris saSemodgomo sadResaswaulo ritualis aRwerilobidan erT
fragments: mefe-dedofali svamen RvTaebas

(RvTaebis Tass an mis sim-

boloebs) momRerali xuridan (qanesidad) xaTurad mReris

mRerian da musikalur sakravebze ukraven) LU.mes halliyares

LU.mes GALA
mRerian iSTa-

ris didi instrumentis (= qnaris) TanxlebiT.84 yaraSambis Tasze warmodgenili musikosis msgavs gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT Zvel aRmosavlur reliefebzec.85 mTavari RvTaeba iSTaris ukan gamosaxuli ori

figura,

romlebsac xelSi komblebi uWiravT, iSTaris Tanmdev RvTaebebad niniTad da quliTad migvaCnia, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi mis gverdiT gamoisaxebodnen.86

gareSe [100; 70, 72] ixileT aseve suraTi [100, sur 8] reliefi zinJiridan musikosebi
lirebiT (arfebiT) _ SeadareT am reliefze mocemuli arfismagvari sakravi Tasis II
frizze musikosis xelSi dakavebul instruments.
84

teqstiT visargebleT [57; 26]. mefe-dedoflis mier RvTaebis dalevas mohyveboda an

Tan axlda musikalur sakravebze dakvra da simRera. rogorc xeTuri teqstebidan Cans,
xeTuri dResaswaulebis Catarebas yovelTvis Tan axlda musika. musikos-momRerlebi
sadResaswaulo
gvxvdebian

ritualebis

isini

teqstebSi

aqtiuri

monawileni

msxverplis

iyvnen.

SewirvasTan

da

gansakuTrebiT
sakulto

xSirad

trapezTan

dakavSirebiT [57; 28].

85

musikosi. terakotuli reliefi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisi. inaxeba Cikagos

aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutSi. reliefze warmodgenilia skamze mjdomi figura

_profilSi, Tavze mWidrod momdgari naxevarsferuli qudi axuravs, xelSi arfismagvari
sakravi uWiravs (romlis msgavsic yaraSambis Taszea gamosaxuli). figuras mkafiod
gamokveTili saxis nakvTebi aqvs, acvia grZeli, xalaTismagvari samosi, romlis qvemoTac
SiSveli fexis terfebi mouCans [139; 81, . 55].
86

Zvel aRmosavlur reliefebSi, romlebic Zv. w. II aTaswleulis II naxevriT TariRdeba

niniTa da quliTa iSTaris gverdiT gamoisaxebodnen [57; 34].

teqstSi, romelic TuTxalia IV mier qusunasTan dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba,
CamoTvlil RvTaebaTa Soris iSTarTan erTad niniTa da quliTac arian moxseniebuli
[57; 163-164].

87

Tasis meore frizze RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili saritualo

msvlelobi-

sa da mTavari figuris ikonografiuli gadmocema, xeTebis xelovnebaSi

da werilobiT wyaroebSi daculi RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesabamisad,
gvafiqrebinebs, rom mocemul mTavar personaJSi RvTaeba iSTari unda davinaxoT. am RvTaebis

gamosaxulebebs imeorebs yaraSambis vercxlis Tas-

sze mocemuli centraluri figuris

ikonografiuli gamosaxuleba _

marjvena xelSi sasmisiT, Tanmdevi ori RvTaebiT niniTaTi da quliTaTi,

musikosi arfismagvari sakravi instrumentiT. saritualo procesiaSi iremicaa CarTuli, romelic inana_iSTaris wminda cxovelia da nayofierebasTan asocirdeba. RvTaebis win ZaRlis gamosaxva iSTaris nadirobasTan
kavSirs usvams xazs.87 am yvelafridan gamomdinare, Tasis II frizis centralur nawilze warmodgenili procesia nayofierebisa da nadirobis
RvTaeba inana-iSTarisadmi miZRvnil sadResaswaulo ritualad migvaCnia.
III frizze warmodgenili ori sabrZolo epizodis SuaSi moTavsebuli mjdomare figuris gamosaxuleba mocemul kompoziciaSi unda miuTiTebdes imaze, rom is mTavari personaJia, romelic sabrZolo scenebTanaa
kavSirSi. mis win Camwkrivebuli moWrili Tavebi da sabrZolo trofei unda iyos. ver daveTanxmebiT v. ohanesians, romelmac es figura jalaTis
gamosaxulebad miiCnia [146; 152]. centraluri figuris xelSi culisa da
mzis diskos (Tu sikeTis simbolos) arseboba da misi semantikuri paralelebi xeTur saritualo teqstebSi dacul RvTaebaTa kerpebis aRwerilobebTan, ufro mis RvTaebriobaze mianiSnebs, vidre adamianurobaze. Cven es
figura e.w. Zaxilis iSTarad migvaCnia: RvTaeba iSTari Zaxilisa. oqros
qandakeba, mdgomare mamakaci, mxrebidan frTebi gamosdis. marjvena xelSi
oqros sikeTe aqvs[16; 140-141]. Tasze gamosaxuli RvTaebisagan gansxvave-

87

aq rom marTlac ZaRlis gamosaxulebaa, es azri pirvelma v. ohanesianma gamoTqva [146;

149].
ZaRlis

msgavs

gamosaxulebas

vxvdebiT

Tasis

zeda

frizzec,

romelzec

mocemulia nadirobis scena _ monadire mSvildisriT, mis ukan ki ZaRlia. zemoTa

frizis centraluri scena aris nadiroba taxze. mSvildosans romelic marjvena fexsaa
dayrdnobili, mSvildi aqvs daWimuli. isari mimarTulia taxis drunCisaken, romelsac
Tavi aqvs daxrili da eSvebi mouCans. monadiris ukan ZaRlia gamosaxuli yelsabamiT
[146; 147]

88

biT, Zaxilis iSTari fexze mdgomarea. Tumca mcire aziuri iSTari orbunebovani RvTaeba iyo mdedrisa da mamris TvisebebiT [137; 303], amdenad
misi gamosaxva mjdomare pozaSi Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rom mocemul figuraSi iSTari davinaxoT. miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom iSTaris xurituli saxelwodeba SauSqa _ nawarmoebia sityvidan iaraRi [145; 636].

gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebul epi-

TetebSi is iSTar meomradac moixsenieba [137; 595]. xeTur _ xuritul religiur teqstebSi araerTxel moixsenieba misi iaraRi, is exmareba xaTusili III-s mtris ZlevaSi [137; 194-204].88 mis qmrebs Soris moixsenieba qiSis
mfarveli RmerTi meomari zababa [144; 510]. cnobilia aseve, rom enqim inana
(igive iSTari) ngrevisa da brZolebisadmi siyvaruliT daajildova [144;
510].89 RvTaebis win Camwkrivebuli moWrili Tavebi da sabrZolo iaraRi,
88

xaTusili III_is avtobiografia

imis gamo,. rom iSTari, Cemi qalbatoni, Cemdami keTilis myofelia, me Cems mzeras

mamacurad mivmarTavdi mtruli qveynebisadmi. CemTan iyo warmateba iSTarisa da me

vZlevdi axal-axal mtrul qveynebs [137; 196]
erTi

mxriv

iSTari

siyvarulis

mfarvelia,

xolo

meore

mxriv

omis

qalRmerTi, romelsac yovelTvis gamarjveba moaqvs, mSvidobianobis dros ki monadireTa

RvTaebaa, rogorc qalRmerTi mSvildisrisa da kaparWisa [88; 114].
iSTaris Cveulebrivi xurituli saxeli _ SauSqa _ nawarmoebia sityva iaraRidan.
xurit-xeTuri iSTaris gamosaxulebas, rogorc SeiaraRebuli meomrisas, ukavSireben
berZnul miTs amazonkebze, [137; 303], [145; 636].
iSTar-SavuSqa

qalRmerTad

rCeba

imisagan

damoukideblad,

qalRmerTad aris gamosaxuli, Tu abjarasxmul mrisxane

ilustraciisTvis

ixileT

[101],

miTologiuri

igi

siyvarulis

omis RvTaebad [57; 125].

siuJeti

aqaduri

gliptkiidan.

britaneTis nacionaluri muzeumi. londoni _ eqsponatze gamosaxulia iSTari mzis

RmerTi uTu SamaSTan erTad. iSTari frTebiT zurgsukan isrebiT.
samxedro aspeqti yvelaze naTlad misi kultis Crd. centrebSi ikveTeba, ufro
xSirad asureTSi; aq is umaRlesi RvTaebis aSuris qaliSvilia [144; 595]. miTSi inana da
mTa ebexi , inana (meomari qalRvTaeba)

erkineba urCxul ebexs . . . mecnierTa azriT,

miTi

CrdiloeTis

asaxavs

SuamdinareTis

brZolas

mTis

xalxebTan

da

SesaZloa

ramenairad dakavSirebuli iyos uTuxengalis gamarjvebasTan guTiebze [143; 244].

89

ara

iSTar-inanas sufeva istoriaSi dakavSirebulia aqadis dinastiasTan . . . amieridan

enlili,

aramed

aqadeli

amorZali

iSTari

miuZRveba

am

dinastiis

mefeebs

gamarjvebis Soreul gzebze da roca enxeduana Sumerul enaze Txzavs eposs inanas
laSqrobaze, zRaprul mTianeTSi, ebixis qveyanaSi, sadac qalRmerTi amyarebs Tavis

89

savaraudod, omSi gamarjvebuli meomrebis trofeis unda warmoadgendes

da mTavari figurisadmi unda iyos miZRvnili. imave frizze xvadi lomis
gamosaxulebaa, romelic mzis RvTaebis iSTaris erT-erTi simboloa.90 iqve frTagaSlili frinvelis frontaluri gamosaxulebacaa. frinvelis
gamosaxuleba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli im periodis Zveli aRmosavleTis xelovnebaSi. msgavsi frinveli gvxvdeba el obeidis taZarSi, Sesasvlelis Tavze moTavsebul reliefur morTulobaSi [79; 174], hasanlus
Tasze [139; 106, il 107].91 aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel aRmosavleTSi frinvelis
gamosaxulebas mravali mniSvneloba aqvs, maT Soris _ nayofierebis [145;
346]. frinvelis gamosaxuleba rom iSTarTanaa kavSirSi, amaze unda miuTiTebdes miTi qalRvTaeba aSerze, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom iSTari bud gadaiqca [137; 169]; iSTari, rogorc Citi, udabnoSi gafrinda[137; 169].
frinvelia

gamosaxuli RvTaeba iSTarTan dakavSirebul sxva WurWlisa

saxelsa da RvTaebriv Zalauflebas _ teqstis meore planSi igulisxmeba sargonis

Zlevamosili laSqroba, romelime konkretuli qveynis winaaRmdeg [33; 26].
erTi mxriv iSTari siyvarulis mfarvelia, xolo meore mxriv _ omis qalRmerTi,
romelsac yovelTvis gamarjveba moaqvs [170; 81].
90

SavuSqas (iSTaris) wminda cxoveli lomia [145; 636]

iSTaris erT-erTi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli epiTeti mrisxane Zu lomia [144; 595].

iSTaris yvelaze xSiri zoomorfuli saxe iremia. igi dakavSirebuli Cans
mTvaresTan (xari) da mzesTan (lomi) [32; 219], [33; 205].

erTi tradiciiT igi cis

RmerTis, anis asulia; meore tradiciiT misi meuRlea da cis dedoflad iwodeba.
xeTur

kerpTa

aRwerilobaSi

lomi

xSirad

moixsenieba

rogorc

iSTaris

simbolo: RvTaeba iSTaris . . . qalRvTaeba, mjdomare . . . mis qvemoT sayrdenia

movercxlili, romlis qveS devs lomis gamosaxuleba; RvTaeba iSTari Zaxilisa
mamakaci, mxrebidan frTebi gamosdis. marjvena xelSi oqros culi upyria, marcxena
xelSi ki oqros sikeTe aqvs; dgas kudian lomze, [16; 140].
iSTars

lomTan

erTad

gamosaxavdnen

reliefebze,

sabeWdavebze

Tu

medalionebze. magaliTisTvis ixileT siriuli vercxlis medalioni (TariRdeba Zv. w. IX

VIII s.s.): lomze mdgomare qalRvTaeba gamosaxulia profilSi, grZeli kabiT, Tavze
qudi axuravs, marjvena xeli maRla aqvs apyrobili, marcxenaSi sabeliT lomi uWiravs,
romelzedac dgas, mis win naxevarmTvarea. mocemuli figuris ukana xedze mzea, romelic
TiTqos qalRvTaebas mihyveba [174; 69, 70].
91

oqros Tasi hasanludan, Zv. w. XI s. Teirani. iran-bastanis muzeumi

90

Tu sabeWdavis reliefebze.92 Tumca arc imas gamovricxavT, rom yaraSambis Tasze frTebgaSlili frinvelis gamosaxuleba, SesaZloa, qvesknelis
samyaros ukavSirdebodes. iaziliqais miwisqveSa oTaxebSi napovnia samarxebi, sadac zogjer gvxvdeba ara marto adamianis ConCxebi, aramed frinvelisac. magaliTad, erT SemTxvevaSi frTagaSlili frinvelis fituli
kedelze iqna milursmuli sami didi lursmniT [138; 132]. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, frinveli SesaZloa mterTan brZolaSi daRupuli meomrebisadmi
miZRvnili msxverpli iyos.93

92

Sumerul-aqadur miTologiaSi frinvelis Tvisebebi hqondaT iSTars, adads, aSurs,

TiamaTs

da

TvisebebiT

sxva
Tu

RvTaebebs

simbolikiT

[145;

347].

iSTari

warmogvidgeba

frinvelisaTvis

Zveli

aRmosavleTis

damaxasiaTebeli
xalxebis

saxviT

xelovnebaSi. SeadareT iSTaris gamosaxulebiani reliefi, zemo mesopotamia. Zv. w. 2000 w.

_ iSTaris SiSveli gamosaxuleba _ mocemulia fasSi, zurgidan frTebi gamosdis, fexis
terfebis nacvlad mtacebeli frinvelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli brWyalebi aqvs, msgavsad
mis

gverdebSi

sarkiseburi

principiT

moTavsebuli

ori

busi.

qalRvTaeba

or

heraldikurad ganlagebul lomze dgas. orive xeli maRla aqvs apyrobili da beWdebi
upyria,

romlebic zecis simboloebia. yels farTo mZivi umosavs, Tavs ki Sumerul-

aqaduri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qudi umSvenebs. ilustrcia ixileT [171; 82]

qalRvTaeba iSTarTan (SauSqasTan) xSiria frinvelis gamosaxvac, magaliTisaTvis
ixileT xurituli sabeWdavis nawilze iSTaris (SauSqas) gamosaxuleba frenis procesSi
gamosaxul frinvelTan erTad. eqsponati TariRdeba Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisiT.
ilustracia ixileT [139; 102, il 73]
93

v.e. ohanesians es frinveli fantastikur arsebad miaCnia, frinvelis taniT, lomis

TaviT, farTod gaSlili frTebiTa da mtacebeli cxovelis TaTebiT. am fantastikuri

arsebis

saxe

pirdapir

kavSirSia

Sumerul _

aqadur

miTologiur

personaJTan

lomisTavian anzudTan, romelic Tavis mxriv omisa da mkvdrebis samyaros RmerTTanaa

kavSirSi [146; 151].
v.ohanesiani yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom anzus figura uTavo adamianebs
hyofs

tyveebis

dasjis

scenisagan,

romelSic

cocxali

adamianebi

monawileoben.

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom lomisTaviani arwivi mkvdrebis samyaros sazRvris simboloa,

romelic TavmoWrilma meomrebma gadahkveTes [146; 155] .
anzudi

(Sumerul

qariSxali-qari)

aqaduri

anzu,

Sumerul-aqadur

adreuli

wakiTxva

miTologiaSi

zu,

imdugudi,

im-dugudi,

uzarmazari

frinveli.

RvTaebrivi

warmomavlobis, warmoidgendnen lomisTaviani arwivis saxiT (Zv. w. XIV s-dan ubralod

arwivis

saxiT)

saxviTi

xelovnebis

Zeglebze

(umTavresad

gliptikaze)

xSirad

gamoisaxeboda heraldikur kompoziciebSi _ brWyalebiT or irems (an sxva cxovelebs)

91

xeTur teqstebSi daculi RvTaebaTa aRwerilobebis, iSTarTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva miTologiuri siuJetebisa Tu RvTaebis gamosaxulebebidan gamomdinare, III frizze mocemuli kompozicia omis RvTaeba iSTarisadmi miZRvnil ritualad migvaCnia. rogorc Cans, mterze gamarjvebis
Semdeg, gamarjvebul meomrebs RvTaeba iSTarisaTvis madlierebis niSnad
brZolaSi mopovebuli mtris Tavebi da sabrZolo iaraRi SeuwiravT.94
Zv. w. III aTaswleulis dasasruli mniSvnelovani xanaa amierkavkasiis
uZveles istoriaSi. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis safuZvelze aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da mis mimdebare olqebSi axali, TrialeTis kultura Camoyalibda, romelic Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi ayvavda. kulturis saerTo donis
amaRlebis erT-erTi mizezi winaaziur samyarosTan urTierTobebis gafarToebac iyo, rac kargad aisaxa yorRanuli kulturis am safexurze. o.
jafariZis SeniSvniT, TrialeTis kulturis saiuveliro xelovnebis dawinaureba ganapiroba eTno-kulturuli kontaqtebis gaZlierebam Zvel aRmosavlur samyarosTan [80; 198]. TrialeTis kulturis matarebeli tomebisaTvis, rogorc Cans, axlo aRmosavleTis religiebi ucxo ar yofila,
risi naTeli dasturicaa ritualuri siuJetebi TrialeTisa da yaraSambis

vercxlis Tasebze.

aRniSnul eqsponatebs figurul-kompoziciuri

ganlagebis TvalsazrisiT bevri saerTo aqvT Sumerul-aqadur,

xeTur da

finikiur ZeglebTan. rigi niSnebidan gamomdinare, yaraSambis Tasi ganixileba rogorc mcire aziur-amierkavkasiuli kulturuli arealis produqti, romelmac mesopotamiuri gavlena ganicada. amis dasturia yaraSambis
Tasze warmodgenili nayofierebis (omis) RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili rituali da mTavari figurebis ikonografiuli paralelebi xeTur RvTaebebTan. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom Tasze mocemulia erT RvTaebasTan, iSTarTan (xurit. SavuSqa) dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva ritualuri scenebi. iSTari mravalfunqciuri RvTaebaa; erTi mxriv is siyvarulis mfarvelia, xo-

Cafrenili. miTebSi xSirad gamodis Suamavlad miwiersa da zeciurs Soris, Sesabamisad

_ adamianebsa da RmerTebs Soris [144; 82-83].
ixileT aseve ilustracia [144; 83] anzudi, romelic brWyalebiT or lomsaa
Cafrenili, fila lagaSidan Zv.w. III aTasw. parizi, luvri.
94

v.ohanesiani fiqrobs, rom mocemul kompoziciaSi moWrili Tavebi mTavari personaJis

mieraa mokveTili, romelic dabal skamze zis da xelSi culi uWiravs [146; 152].

92

lo meores mxriv _ omis qalRmerTi, romelsac yovelTvis gamarjveba moaqvs [170; 81], mSvidobianobis dros ki monadireTa RvTaebaa, rogorc qalRmerTi mSvildisrisa da kaparWisa [88; 114]. iSTaris rTuli saxe, erT
RvTaebaSi sxvadasxva funqciebis gaerTianeba, imis maCvenebelia, rom am
RvTaebam ganviTarebis rTuli da xangrZlivi gza ganvlo, romlis garkveul safexurs unda asaxavdes misi TiToeuli zoomorfuli gamosaxuleba,
emblema Tu atributi [88; 116]. yaraSambis Tasze iSTaris funqciebis am erTianobas vxvdebiT, sadac is warmogvidgeba rogorc nadirobis, nayofierebisa da omis qalRvTaeba, misi ikonografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiTa da masTan dakavSirebuli wminda cxovelebiT (lomi, frinveli,
iremi).

93

Tavi 4

qalRvTaeba ainina da danana

94

qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi aininasa da daninas Sesaxeb

mwiria da araerTgvarovani. leonti mroveli maT Seqmnas mefe saurmags
miawers: da man Seqmna orni kerpni, ainina da danina, da amarTna gzasa
zeda mcxeTisasa [61; 27]. am ori RvTaebis Semqmnelad qarTlis cxovrebis
Zvel somxur TargmanSic mefe saurmagi saxeldeba, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom ori kerpis nacvlad aq laparaki aininas da daninas oTx gamosaxulebazea: aman (anu saurmagma v.v.) Seqmna oTxi gamosaxuleba aininasi da
dananasi mcxeTis gzaze [64; 38]. moqcevai qarTlisai ki am kerpebis SemoRebas, mefe saurmagTan erTad, mirvanis damsaxurebadac miiCnevs: dadga
mefed saurmag. aman aRmarTa kerpi ainina gzasa zeda. da iwyo armazs Senebad [92; 320]; mefobda mirvan da aRmarTa danina gzasa zeda winare da
aRaSena armazi [92; 320].
qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis

am ori RvTaebis Sesaxeb samecniero

literaturaSi dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. n. mari miiCnevda,

rom aininaSi da dananaSi erTi da imave RvTaebis ori saxelis damaxinjebuli formebi unda davinaxoT, kerZod iranuli qalRvTaeba anahitisa da
arairanuli nan-asi. danana ki da kavSirTan Sezrdil arairanuli RvTaebis nanas saxelad miaCnda. aseTi saxelis arsebobis sabuTad mirian mefis
meuRlis nana dedoflis saxeli mohyavda [140; 9]. m. wereTeli gadaWriT
ar uaryofda aRniSnul RvTaebaSi sparsul qalRvTaeba anahitis danaxvas,
Tumca arc imas gamoricxavda, rom SeiZleba ainina da danina, anu danana
ki ar iyos upirveles wyaroebSi an gadmocemebSi, aramed ainina da nina,
anu nana... anu ori saxe erTisa da imave qalRmerTisa. innina da nina anu
nana, romelic SumerTa iSTaria. cnobilia Sumerul panTeonSi Semdegi saxelebiT: ninni, innina, innana, nana... qalis saxeli nana da nina ki mTels
mcire aziaSi iyo gavrcelebuli da agreTve saqarTveloSi[94; 27]. s. janaSia Tvlida, rom wina aziis uZvelesi RmerTqalis saxeli nana, nini,
nina Semonaxulia qarTuli uZvelesi kerpis saxelSi ainina da Semdeg igi
qalis erovnul saxeladac iqca (nino, nana) [78; 193]95.
am RvTaebebs gr. kapancianic Seexo naSromSi .
mecnieri Tvlida, rom qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebSi ainina

95

mis am mosazrebas a.afaqiZec iziarebda [147; 394]

95

da danana da kavSiri zedmeti iyo da maTSi iSTaris Tanmdevi RvTaebis

ninada-s saxels kiTxulobda. mecnieri somxuri warmarTuli panTeonis
qalRvTaeba nanes paralels afxazur nanTan, (ai)ninadasTan da mcire aziur saxel ninasTan avlebda [125; 57]96.
aininasa da dananas kerpebis Sesaxeb qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi
gansxvavebul informacias gvawvdian. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
RvTaeba dananas saxelis daweraSi mdgomareobs. leonti mroveli aininas
Tanmdev RvTaebas danana-d ixseniebs [61; 27], moqcevai qarTlisai-Si igive
RvTaeba daninad [92; 320], qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi ki
dadanad iwodeba [94; 38]97. am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa gr. kapancianis mier
gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom aininasa da dananas SemTxvevaSi da kavSiri
zedmetia, misi moSorebiT miviRebT (ai)ninadasa da nanas, kerZod ki Zvel
Sumerul aqadur qalRvTaeba ninada ninaTas [125; 54-55]. ramdenad marTebulia qarTvelebSi msgavsi saxelis RvTaebis arseboba? jer kidev Zv.
w. II aTaswleulSi. TrialeTis kulturis matarebeli xalxebisaTvis aseTi saxelis mqone RvTaeba cnobili rom unda yofiliyo, amis safuZvels,
pirvel rigSi, am teritoriaze mosaxle tomebis urTierToba iZleva mcire aziis xalxebTan, konkretulad ki _ xeT-xuritebTan98. am mosazrebas
ufro met damajereblobas matebs yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasi

96

gr. kapanciani qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli am ori RvTaebis wakiTxvis

Semdegnair variants gvTavazobda; wakiTxuli unda yofiliyo ara rogorc ainina da danana, aramed (ai)ninada da nana.
97

vaxuSti batoniSvili am RvTaebebis saxelebis gansxvavebul variants gvTavazobs da

maT anianad da danian-ad ixseniebs [8]

98

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba TrialeTis kulturas adgilobrivad miiCnevs, magram, amas-

Tan erTad, yvela aRiarebs mis uSualo kavSirs wina aziasTan da iqidan mosuli axali
eTnikuri nakadebis arsebobas im periodSi ver uaryofs [18], [45], [58], [79], [133], [134].
o. jafariZe Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: amierkavkasiis ufro samxreTiT am droisaTvis (anu Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevari)
xuritulenovani da maTTan axlos mdgomi tomebi binadroben. rogorc Cans, amierkavkasiis samxreTi nawili kidev didxans ganicdida xurituli kulturis gavlenas, rasac aq
calkeul Zeglebze aRmoCenili aSkarad xurituli warmomavlobis nivTebi mowmoben
[80;183]

96

[146]99, romelzec zemodan meore frizze mocemuli centraluri kompozicia ritualur siuJetad migvaCnia; masze gamosaxulia mjdomare RvTaeba
sasmisiT xelSi, komblebiT(?) SeiaraRebul or adamianismagvar arsebasTan
erTad, romlebic iSTaris Tanmdevi RvTaebebi niniTa da quliTa unda iyvnen. warmodgenili siuJeti qalRvTaeba iSTarisadmi miZRvnili rituali
rom aris, amis safuZvels rogorc zemoT ukve ganvmarteT xeTur saritualo teqstebSi daculi RvTaebebis aRweriloba100 da naxsenebi RvTaebis
ikonografiuli gamosaxulebebi iZleva101. radgan Zveli aRmosavleTis
xalxebSi qalRvTaeba iSTaris kulti Zlieri iyo, is TrialeTis kulturis matarebeli xalxisTvisac unda yofiliyo cnobili. RvTaeba farnava-

99

Tasi pirvelad v. e. ohanesianis mier iqna Seswavlili. Tasis ilustraciebi ixileT v.

e. ohanesianis mocemul statiaSi, aseve [134; 130]

100

Cvenamde moRweulia cnobebi xaTis CrdiloeT da Crdilo aRmosavleTiT arsebuli

taZrebisa da sxvadasxva RvTaebebis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ixileT gr.

giorgaZe, aTasi RvTaebis qveyana. Cven mxolod erTi RvTaebis _ iSTaris aRwerilobiT
SemovifarglebiT: RvTaeba iSTari... mjdomare. mxrebze frTebi [aqvs gamosuli] marjvena
xelSi oqros Tasi [uWiravs], [marcxena xeliT] oqros sikeTe upyria. mis qveS zeZirkvelia... [qveS?] ki frTosani lomis movercxlili gamosaxuleba Zevs. lomis frTebis marjvniv [(da) marcxniv] ninaTa da quliTa dganan. isini vercxlisaa, maTi Tvalebi mooqrulia. erTi muWa dRiuri puri, Rvinis erTi Tasi gamomwvari Tixisagan qalRmerTebis
ninaTasa (da) quliTas gamosaxulebebiTurT, Tvis dResaswauli (da) simRera iSTars
teqstiT visargebleT [57; 34]. iSTaris es aRweriloba axlos dgas yaraSambis Tasis II
frizze mocemuli RvTaebis aRwerilobasTan, romlis ukanac ori sxva, komblebiT (?) SeiaraRebuli RvTaebaa, mTavari RvTaebis win oTx adamians (romelTac mTavari RvTaebis
msgavsad sasmisebi uWiravT) da erTi irmisagan Semdgar procesias vxedavT, romlebic
centraluri figurisaken miemarTebian. mocemuli kompozicia nayofierebisa da nadirobis RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil saritualo msvlelobas unda warmoadgendes, amaze miuTiTebs mTavari figuris win meZebari ZaRlis gamosaxuleba, romelic nadirobasTan unda
iyos kavSirSi da iremi, romelic nayofierebasTan asocirdeba.
101

SeadareT [171; il 500 (7)]. RvTaeba iSTaris SiSveli gamosaxuleba, dgas or heraldi-

kurad gamosaxul lomze, xelebi orantas pozaSia da zecis simbolo beWdebi upyria,
mxrebidan frTebi gamosdis, Tavze Tavsaburavi (?) ukeTia, aqvs yelsabnevi, romelic
mTlianad ufaravs yels, marcxena xeli Semkuli aqvs samajuriT. mTavari figuris marjvniv da marcxniv ori frinvelia (bu?), romlebic, savaraudod, misi Tanmdevi RvTaebebi
niniTa da quliTa arian.

97

zianTa warmarTul panTeonSi, ninaTas (ninada) arseboba Cvenis azriT, uZvelesi kultis gamoZaxilia elinistur epoqaSi.
leonti mrovelTan daculia cnoba, sadac saubaria, rom qarTvelebi
aleqsandre makedonelamde mzes, mTvares da xuT varskvlavs scemdnen
Tayvans [61; 18]. leonti mrovelisTvis, rogorc Cans, maTi pirvandeli saxelebi ucnobi yofila, amitomac ixseniebs im astralur simboloebs,
romlebic mocemul RvTaebebs Seesabameboda. Cvens mier ukve naxseneb, yaraSambSi aRmoCenil vercxlis Tasze samive astralur simbolos vxvdebiT:
1. naxevarmTvares, romelic Tasis zemodan meore frizze, irmis fexebs SuaSia moTavsebuli;
2. mzis diskos mzis simbolos, romelic III frizze warmodgenili
taxtze mjdomare figuris winaa gamosaxuli, xolo Tasis II da III frizebze moTavsebuli mTavari personaJi iSTaris gamosaxulebad migvaCnia,
romlis astraluri simboloc varskvlavia102.
Tasze mocemuli es ikonografia saTaves mesopotamiaSi iRebs, sadac
RvTaebaTa triadas: uTu SamaSs mze, nana-nan sins mTvares, iSTars
varskvlavs xSir SemTxvevaSi qudurus samijne qvebze Tu sxvadasxva reliefebze mxolod TavianTi astraluri simboloebiT gamosaxavdnen103.
TrialeTis

kulturis

matarebeli

xalxebisTvis

cnobili

iyo

dasaxelebuli RvTaebebi, romlebsac qarTvelebi sakmaod didi xnis gan-

102

yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasis qvemodan II frizi warmoadgens varduls, ro-

melic inana-iSTaris erT-erTi simboloa da SesaZloa aRviqvaT varskvlavis gamosaxulebad [143; 244]. iSTaris gverdiT xSirad gamosaxavdnen mis astralur simbolos varskvlavs. ixileT ilustracia [174; il 25]. eqsponati Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxnebiTaa
daTariRebuli. masze warmodgenilia fexze mdgomare sami figura, centraluri profilSi mdgomi figura iSTari, grZeli tansacmliT, marjvena xelSi Tasi upyria, Tavze qudi axuravs, yels samkauli umkobs, Tavis ukan iSTaris simbolo, 8 qimiani varskvlavia,
romlis qvemoTac dabali samsxverplo dgas.
103

qudurus samijno qva, meliSipaka (Zv. w. XII s.) suzidan. masze srulad aris warmodge-

nili Sumerul-aqaduri panTeonis RvTaebebis simboloebi. inaxeba parizSi, luvrSi. qudurus samijno qva frizebadaa dayofili, pirvel rigSi (zemodan) vxvdebiT ukve naxseneb RvTaebaTa triadis astralur simboloebs: naxevarmTvare-nan sini, mzis disko-SamaSi,
varskvlavi _ iSTari. [145; 651]

98

mavlobaSi scemdnen Tayvans astraluri simboloebis saxiT. Cveni azriT

zoroastruli panTeonis RvTaebebis qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdeg, zogierTi RvTaebis saxeli an saerTod daikarga, an sparsul RvTaebebTan asimilirda. SesaZloa igive mouvida qalRvTaeba ninaTas (qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi (ai)ninada), savaraudod, iSTarsac. es ukanaskneli Tavisi am
saxeliT qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvis ucnobia, Tumca saqarTveloSi mis arsebobas

gvavaraudebinebs TrialeTis kulturis matarebeli

xalxebis sulieri siaxlove mcire aziur samyarosTan. mogviano periodSi

iSTaris kultTan siaxloves avlenen mcire aziaSi popularuli qalRvTaebebi anahiti, kibela da artemida [159; 21, 98]. [12; 73-75]104. k. v. treveri
anahitas babilonuri iSTaris ipostass uwodebda105. am urTierTaRrevis
Sedegi unda iyos is, rom qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi ar icnoben iSTaris saxelis mqone RvTaebas, magram, samagierod, maTTvis cnobilia ainina da danana, romelTagan pirveli, n. maris mtkicebiT, axlosaa iranul
anahitTan. elinizaciis periodSi, rodesac, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis formireba

aqemeniduri

iranis religiis gavleniT mimdinareobs, qarTlSi sxva sparsul RvTaebebTan erTad unda Semosuliyo qalRvTaeba anahitis kultic, rac aininas
saxelSi aisaxa. Tu manamde qarTvelebSi nayofierebis, siyvarulisa da
omis qalRvTaeba iSTaris kulti iyo gavrcelebuli, amjerad mas iranuli anahiti unda Canacvleboda. orive es qalRvTaeba datvirTulia msgav-

104

artemide iSTarTan dakavSirebiT ixileT [23; 95-100]

105

. ., dasaxelebuli naSromi [159; 21. 98-99]

qalRvTaeba iSTari didi popularobiT sargeblobda Zvel aRmosavleTSi. mas jer kidev
Sumeruli miTologia icnobs inanas saxeliT, xolo Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan
is CvenTvis iSTaris saxeliTaa cnobili. misi es saxeli xeTur-xuritul saritualo religiur teqstebSic fiqsirdeba. xeTur-xuritul RvTaebaTa panTeonSi SeRwevis Semdeg,
iSTarma adgilobrivi RvTaebebis funqciebi SeiTavsa, xurituli ninu an nino gaxda iSTar ninevieli, zogjer mas anunitusa da nanaiasac uwodebdnen [144; 595]; rogorc Cans,
xuritulma nanaiam (iSTaris ipostasi) mogviano periodis qarTul warmarTul panTeonSic ganagrZo arseboba, iSTaris erT-erT Tanmdev RvTaeba ninadasTan erTad da werilobiT wyaroebSi aininasa da dananas saxelebiT SemorCnen (amas yuradReba jer kidev m. wereTelma miaqcia) am RvTaebis popularobaze qarTvelebSi isic mianiSnebs, rom misi saxeli qarTveli qalis piradi saxelic gamxdara nina, nana.

99

si funqciebiT, rogorc nayofierebisa da gamarjvebis momniWebeli RvTaebebi, maTi wminda cxovelebi arian veluri mxecebi katisebrTa ojaxidan
lomebi, panterebi, vefxvebi [Plinius, 35, 108]106. isini ikonografiuladac erTnairad gamoisaxebodnen; ardv iaStebis mixedviT anahits wvrili weli
da didi mkerdi aqvs, misi TeTri xelebi samajurebiTaa Semkuli, atarebs
sayureebs da oqros samkauls, mis gvirgvinze varskvlavebia gamosaxuli
[136, XXX]107. TiTqmis identuria iSTaris gamosaxulebac.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle xalxisTvis orive am
qalRvTaebis gamosaxuleba cnobili unda yofiliyo. Razec wina TavSi
vrclad gvqonda saubari108. mogviano periodSi qarTvelebisaTvis anahitis
ikonografiuli gamosaxulebac yofila cnobili. anahitia warmodgenili
sof. aradeTTan, dedoflis mindorze napovn oqros sakid firfitaze:
qalRmerTs diadema, yelsabami da sayureebi amkobs, rogorc imdroindeli
umaRlesi wris qalebs, Tavze namgala mTvare adgas. eqsponati I saukuniT
TariRdeba, dedoflis mindvris sataZro kompleqsSi qalRvTaeba anahitis
saxelobis taZaric arsebobs [12; 64-76]109. taZris siaxloves iseTi eqspona106

pliniusis mixedviT suzaSi, anahitis taZris SemogarenSi imyofebodnen misadmi miZ-

Rvnili gawvrTnili lomebi, veluri mxecebi katisebrTa ojaxidan. (lomebi, panterebi,

vefxvebi), ixileT aseve [158; 16]. [159; 98]
igive cxovelebi iyo miZRvnili iSTarisadmi. misi erT-erTi gavrcelebuli epiTeti
mrisxane Zu lomia, romelic mis wminda cxovelad iTvleba [144; 595], [145; 636]. lomTan
erTadaa warmodgenili iSTari sabeWdavebze, medalionebsa da reliefebze, Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT cnobebSi. [139; 102. il 73], [174; il 69, 70]. [171, il. 500], [16; 138-146].
107

ardvi sura anahita: ardv iaSti 7 da 64 himnebi [26]

108

iSTaris msgavsi gamosaxulebebi SegiZliaT ixiloT [171; il. 500], [173; il. 15], [174; il.

25]. iSTaris samkaulebis aRwera ixileT [137; 140]. inana Tavisi didebuli, Zvirfasi samkaulebiT Semkuli Cadis qvesknelSi, Tavze ixuravs velis gvirgvins _ nayofieri yanebis
niSans, mkerdze samkerduls miirqvams... inanas Tan miaqvs yvelaferi, rac misi kultis sagans Seadgens... magram qvesknelis sasaxleSi misvlamde arc samkaulebi SerCeba, arc Sesamoseli... dedofals gaatareben 9 karebSi da TiToeulis win qvesknelis mekare daayrevinebs TiTo samkaulsa da samosels.
109

ixileT aseve misive statia krebulSi: :

. ., - ( II I . )
. 112-114
anahitisadmi miZRvnili zemoT aRwerili medalionis ilustracia ixileT [13; 37]

100

tis aRmoCena, romelic axlos dgas ardvisura anahitis

eWvs ar unda iwvevdes,

rom

Cvens

aRwerilobasTan,

win iranuli qalRvTaeba ardvisura

anahitia110.
qarTvelebSi anahitis kultis arsebobis erT-erTi damadasturebeli
faqti qarTul-somxur-albanuri warmarTuli panTeonis paralelebSi unda veZioT. Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebidan CvenTvis cnobilia, rom somxeTSi gansakuTrebulad

scemdnen Tayvans qalRvTaeba anahits; sadac mi-

sadmi miZRvnili taZrebic arsebobda. somxeTSi am qalRmerTis popularobaze erT-erTi olqis saxeli, anaitakanic metyvelebs. anahitis kulti gavrcelebuli iyo mezobel albaneTSic. k. v. treveri aRniSnavda, rom anaiti iyo qalRvTaeba albanuri panTeonis, romlis saxelic CvenTvis ucnobia, magram romelsac straboni mTvaris RvTaebis berZnuli saxeliT ixseniebs, dakavSirebulia wyalTan da selenasTan avlebs paralelebs [160;
327], [Strabo, XI, IV, 7. XII, 3, 31].
qalRvTaeba anahitis kulti popularobiT sargeblobda qarTlSic,
amis safuZvels arqeologiuris garda ( dedoflismindorSi aRmoCenili

110

dedoflis mindorSi aRmoCenili anahitis gamosaxulebis paralelad SeiZleba movix-

moT sataRicSi (somxeTi) 1873w. aRmoCenili qalRvTaeba anahitis qandakeba, romelic dedoflis mindorSi aRmoCenili anahitis gamosaxulebis msgavsad, Semkulia yelsabamiTa
da sayureebiT, Tavze ki namgala mTvare adgas. eqsponati Zv.w. IV saukuniTaa daTariRebuli. misi zomebia 35, 5, X 31, X 23,6. asli erevnis istoriul muzeumSi inaxeba, originali
ki britaneTis muzeumSi. SeadareT aseve [175;il. 500] SeadareT dedoflismindorSi da sataRicSi aRmoCenili anahitis gamosaxulebebi, misadmi miZRvnil himnebSi qalRvTaebis aRwerilobas:
,
, ...
, ,
, ;
.
,
... ,
...
, , , .
, XXX. [136]

101

taZari da medalioni v.v.), werilobiTi da eTnografiuli wyaroebi iZlevian. informacias mocemuli qalRvTaebis Sesaxeb qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSic vxvdebiT. andria pirvelwodebulTan dakavSirebul TqmulebaSi
vkiTxulobT: da moiwia awyvers, romels pirvelad ewodeboda sosangeTi
da daivana adgilsa erTsa sada iyo taZari sakerpo, romelsa aw Zvel eklesia ewodeba da mas Sina imsaxurebodes kerpni maTni, xolo mTavrobda
maSin dedakaci vinme qurivi samZivari[61; 39]. cota qvemoT ki vigebT: xolo iyo qalaqsa mas Sina bomoni sakerpo, romelsa Sina imsaxurebodes
bilwni RmerTni maTni, artemi da apoloni[61; 41]. Zneli ar aris artemsa
da apolonSi berZnuli panTeonis RvTaebebi artemida da apoloni davinaxoT. elinizmis periodSi am RvTaebebs iranul anahitTan da miTrasTan
aigivebdnen da xSir SemTxvevaSi am saxelebiTac moixseniebdnen111. xom ar
varT imave procesis momswre saqarTveloSic, miTumetes, rom msgavsi ram
somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvisacaa cnobili112.
kidev erTi miniSneba qalRvTaeba anahitze vaxtang gorgaslis Zes daCis saxels ukavSirdeba: maSin daCim aiyvana Tavisi diswulni, gadavida
kolxeTs, lopotis qveyanaSi, kldovans oRroCoRroebsa da gamoqvabulebSi, romlis mosaxleoba iyo didad mravali da nair-nairi tomebisa, romlebic cecxlsa da wyals scemdnen Tayvans [61; 200]. ardvisura anahita
ardv iaStebSi wminda wylebis RvTaebad moixsenieba113, cecxli-atari ki

111

1950 w. nimrud daRis erT-erT yorRanTan aRmoCenil samarxze darTul reliefze (ro-

melic Zv. w. I s-iT TariRdeba) gamosaxulia mefe, romelic xels arTmevs RvTaebas, RvTaebaTa zurgze amokveTili warwerebi maT elinistur-iranul saxelebs gvamcnobs: zevsi
oromazdi, apoloni miTra, artemida anahiti da a. S. [165; 45-50]
112

sosangeTSi mdgar taZars qali qurumi udgas saTaveSi, rac SesaZloa imaze mianiS-

nebs, rom taZari qalRvTaebisadmi yofila miZRvnili. Cveni azriT, zemoT moyvanil teqstSi saubari qalRvTaeba anahitzea, romelic teqstSi artemides saxeliTaa moxseniebuli.
113

iranuli poezia, ardvisura anahiti. anahiti rom wminda wylebis RvTaebaa, amaze miniS-

nebas misadmi miZRvnil locvebSi araerTxel vxvdebiT. is moixsenieba rogorc uZlieresi mdinareTa Soris (ardv iaSti 2), mas aqeben rogorc Zlevamosil, tanad dedofals,
keTilad nazards, romlis wylebi dRe da Rame dian, is wyaluxvia ufro, vidre yvela
mdinare (ardv iaSti 15). kidev erTgan vkiTxulobT:
Seswire msxverpli Sen anahitas mas wyalTa

102

zoroastrizmis erT-erTi wminda simboloa [144; 27]. xom ar aris mocemul

teqstSi laparaki imaze, rom lopotis qveynis nair-nairi tomebi icnobdnen iranul religias da Tayvanscemdnen atarisa da anahitis kultebs?
werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebis garda, ardvisura anahitis arsebobaze, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi analogiuri Zirisagan nawarmoebi toponimebi unda mianiSnebdes: ardisubani, ereda, eredvi...

es ukanaskneli

sofeli mdebareobs aradeTidan CrdiloeTiT 20 km-s manZilze, cxinvalis

raionSi. iqve fiqsirdeba nayofierebis warmarTuli qalRmerTis Tayvaniscemis gadmonaSTebi: uSvilo qalebi da rZedakarguli dedebi karaqs usvamen da wyalobas SesTxoven eredvis 906 wlis eklesiis karibWis svets,
romlis kapiteli yurZnis mtevniseburi gamosaxulebebiTaa Semkuli, es
gamosaxulebebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas ZuZuebad miaCnia... mTeli es rituali Zalauneburad gvaxsenebs nayofierebisa da Svilierebis saxelganTqmuli qalRmerTis mravalZuZuiani efeseli artemidas Tayvaniscemas
[12; 75]. SeadareT i. gagoSiZis mier aRwerili es rituali ardvisura anahitisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT himns, sadac anahiti Semdegi epiTetebiTaa daxasiaTebuli: vinc mamacT aZlevs tanT simrTeles, vinc diacT aZlevs keTil dedobas, vinc droze aZlevs dedis rZes Svilebs.114
nayofierebisa

da

didi

dedis

kulti

saqarTvelos

teritoriaze

mcxovreb xalxTa religiur warmodgenebSi uZvelesi droidan arsebobs.

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebSi TrialeTis kulturis matarebel tomebs
axlo urTierToba rom aqvT xeT-xuritebTan, icnoben maT religias, rac
adgilobriv religiur warmodgenebzec unda asaxuliyo, amis sabuTad
TrialeTis V yorRanSi da yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasebi mogvyavs,

romlebzec

asaxuli

ritualuri

msvlelobac,

rogorc

zemoT

vamtkicebT qalRvTaeba iSTarisadmi miZRvnil procesiad migvaCnia. es

kulti imdenad Zlieri yofila qarTvelebSi, rom arseboba arc antikur

mamravls, jogebis mamravls (ardv iaSti 87)

114

iranuli poezia, ardvisura anahita, ardv iaSti 3. anahitisadmi miZRnil erT-erT him-

nSi vkiTxulobT:
norCni qalwulni keTil mflobels gevedrebian...
keTil dedobas mSobiare gTxoven qalebi,
Sen ZalgiZs iyo mwyalobeli maTi, oi ardvi! (ardv iaSti 87)

103

xanaSi Seuwyvetia. leonti mrovelTan uZvelesi qarTvelebis mier mzis,

mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavis Tayvaniscema xeTur-xuritul gadmonaSTad
migvaCnia. rogorc Cans, qarTveli avtorisaTvis cnobili ar yofila maTi
saxelebi, ris gamoc mxolod maT astralur simboloebs moixseniebda,
iseve rogorc isini mesopotamiaSi gamoisaxebodnen, xSir SemTxvevaSi _
reliefebze Tu qudurus samijne qvebze. RvTaeba iSTars Tavisi am saxeliT qarTuli wyaroebi ar icnoben, Tumca maTTvis cnobilia iSTaris
sxva saxelebi nino, nanaia romelsac qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi
aininasa da dananas saxelebiT moixsenieben. mecnierTa azriT, am RvTaebebSi aisaxa rogorc iSTari, ise misi Tanmdevi RvTaebis ninada-ninaTas saxec. gamomdinare iqidan, rom iSTari SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc anahitis
ipostasi, aqemeniduri religiis

Semosvlis

Semdeg

qalRvTaeba aininas

axali datvirTva unda mieRo da is Suamdinaruli iSTaridan sparsul

anahitad gadaqceuliyo. saqarTveloSi anahitis taZrisa da gamosaxulebis
arseboba, eTnografiuli Tu werilobiTi sabuTebi gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom es RvTaeba qarTul warmarTul panTeonSic moviazroT (aininas
saxeliT), sadac ahuramazda _ armazi, miTra-iazati-zadeni ixseniebian.
ahuramazdasa da miTras gverdiT anahitis moxseniebas werilobiT cnobebSi Tu epigrafikul Zeglebze, Zv. w. V s. bolodan xSirad vxvdebiT [Plut.
Artax. 30]115.

115

II (405-361 . . . .) . [136; 31]

104

Tavi 5

religiuri Tu politikuri dapirispirebis sakiTxisaTvis Zv.w. II saukunis

dasawyisSi (mefe farnajomi)

105

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTlis mefe mirvan I is

Semdeg

(romelsac Zv.w. III saukunis bolos II s-is dasawyisSi unda emefna), misi Ze
farnajomi mefdeba, romelic leonti mrovels mefeTa cxovrebaSi religiur reformatorad hyavs gamoyvanili, ris gamoc igi samefo gadatrialebis msxverpli Seiqmna. leonti mroveli farnajomis dros momxdari samefo gadatrialebis im mizezs asaxelebs, rom farnajomma Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlis msaxurni
da moguni... da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTa, amisTvis moiZules igi
mkdrTa qarTlisaTa. rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT [61; 29].
leonti mrovelis cnoba mefe farnajomis Sesaxeb mwiria da ar iZleva im
epoqis realur (srul) suraTs, Tumca aRniSnuli cnobis Sedarebis safuZvelze ucxour wyaroebTan SesaZlebelia misi restavrireba da farTo
WrilSi ganxilva.
qarTlis samefo taxtze mefe farnajomis asvlis Semdeg, erT-erTi
pirveli reforma cixe-qalaqTa Seneba yofila: aman farnajom mefeman
umata yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa Seneba da aman aRaSena cixe zadeni da Seqmna
kerpi saxeliT zaden [61; 29].

riTi iyo ganpirobebuli, rom mefes Tavisi

moRvaweoba cixe-qalaqTa aqtiuri gamagrebiTa da SenebiT dauwyia? rogorc Cans, amis mizezi Zv.w. 190w. magneziis brZolis Semdeg sagareo politikuri cvlilebebi unda yofiliyo. Tu qarTlis samefos aqamde urTierToba uxdeboda selevkidebis saxelmwifosTan, axla misi mezobeli somxeTi gaZlierda, sadac didi iyo parTiis gavlena da sadac parTiis samefo
dinastiis warmomadgenlebi mefobdnen. istoriuli werilobiTi wyaroebi
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian Zv.w. II saukunis somxeTisa da iberiis urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb. strabonis Tanaxmad: mogviTxroben armeniaze, rom
pirvelad is patara yofila, gazrdila artaqsiasa da zariadris meSveobiT, romlebic pirvelad antioqe didis sardlebi iyvnen, xolo mere misi
damarcxebis Semdeg gamefdnen . . . amaT gazardes qveyana imis xarjze, rom
mezobel xalxebs CamoaWres nawilebi... iberebs _ pariadres kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene, romelic mtkvris

gadaRma aris. xalibebisa da mosini-

kebisagan waiRes kareniti da qserqsene, romlebic mcire armeniis mezoblad arian [Strabo, XI, 14,5]. movses xorenaci ki CvenTvis saintereso periodze Semdeg cnobas gvawvdis: arSakma im xanebSi somexTa qveyanaSi Tavi106

si Zma, valarSaki gaamefa, misca mas sabrZaneblad CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi; xelmwifis garigebis Semdeg [uboZa] . . . Saras naSiers, guSars
mTinis mTa, anu kangarqi, naxevari javaxeTi, kolbi, wofi da Zori hnarakertis cixesimagremde. aSocis uflad da taSiris sepuhad valarSakma haikiani guSari STamomavali ganamwesa, xolo kavkasiis mTis mopirdapire
mxares, CrdiloeTis ganmgeblad daadgina didi da Zlevamosili gvari,
romlis ufalT gugarelTa pitiaxSebi daerqvaT. isini iyvnen STamomavalni darehis naxararis mihrdatisa, romelic wamoiyvana aleqsandrem da
mTavrad dausva nabuqodonosoris mier tyved moyvanil iverielTa modgmas [49; II 3, 8]; 116

artaSesma (valarSakis vaJma) Tavisi asuli, artaSama

miaTxova vinme mihrdats, qarTvelTa did pitiaxSs; igi naSieri iyo darehis naxararis mihrdatisa... somexTa mefem mihrdats miando CrdiloeTis
mTebisa da pontos zRvis gamgebloba [49, II, 11 ].117 sebeosisgan ki vigebT,
rom am dros arSakma gaamefa Tavisi Zma arSaki, zedmetsaxelad umcrosi,
somxeTze qalaq mcbinSi da gamouyo mas miwebi: arabeTi... kabadokia kilikiiT, didi dasavleTis zRvis sanapiromde CrdiloeTis mxridan kavkasiis
did mTebamde... man gaagzavna is mrcinidan dasavleTisaken didi laSqriT...
da veravin aRudga mas win, mis Sesaxvedrad gamovida bagrat faraziani,
aramenakis Svilebidan erT-erTi didi naxarari jariT. miuboZa ZRveni...

116

movses xorenacis am cnobaSi laparaki unda iyos qarTuli teritoris mitacebaze

somxeTis mier, rac strabonis zemoT moyvanil cnobebs exmianeba. movses xorenacTan
moxseniebuli javaxeTi,

aSoci-aboci da

taSiri qarTuli teritoriebia,

romlebic

farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos ekuTvnis. mefeTa cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT: ganawesa

erisTavni

rvani

da

spaspeti...

meoTxe

gagzavna

samSvildes

erisTavad,

da

misca

skvireTisa da mdinareTgan vidre mTamde, romel ars taSiri da aboci, mexuTe gagzavna
wundis erisTavad, da misca farvaniTgan vidre Tavamde mtkurisa, romel ars javaxeTi
da kola da artani [61; 24]. s. kakabaZe da g. meliqiSvili Tvlidnen, rom straboniseul
gogareneSi (somxur wyaroebSi gugarqi) istoriuli qvemo qarTli igulisxmeba [28; 18]
xoraZene ki mis dasavleTiT mdebare olqia, gadaWimuli mtkvrisa da Woroxis dinebaTa
Soris. igi moicavda javaxeTsa da taSirs, zogic mas klarjeTs ukavSirebs [44; 148].
g.qavTaria Tvlis, rom strabonis xorZene, moqcevai qarTlisais arian qarTli da
leonti mrovelis klarjeTi erTsa da imave olqs moicavda [60; 30].
117

strabonis Tanaxmad, swored artaSes I-is (artaqsias) mefobis dros gogarene, iseve

rogorc sxva qarTuli mxareebic somxeTs SeuerTda [49; 266]

107

Semosa mamapapeuli gvirgviniT, dasva taxtze... da misca colad Tavisi

asuli[124; 16-17].118 zemoT moyvanil samive wyaroSi laparakia erT istoriul movlenaze _ somxeTis gaZlierebasa da mis mier mezobeli teritoriebis dapyrobis Sesaxeb. am dapyrobaTa arealSi iberiis samefo teritoriebis garkveuli nawilic moqceula. leonti mrovelTan moxseniebuli ambavi, rom aman farnajom mefeman umata yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa Seneba, ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo somxeTis mxridan mosalodneli safrTxiT,
rac misi rogorc mefobis dros, aseve mis Semdeg taxtze asuli mefeebis,
farsmanisa da kaosis mefobis periodSi dadasturda kidec [61; 44]. 119 qarTlis samefoSi sagareo garTulebebs Tan daerTo Sida problemebic: SeiTqunes erisTavni qarTlisani umravlesni. mefeTa cxovreba mizezad
asaxelebs imas, rom mefe farnajomma Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis
msaxureba... da iwyo cxadad gmoba kerpTa. amisTvis moiZules igi mkidrTa
qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT[61; 29]. Cven es
versia marTebulda ar

migvaCnia da vTviliT, rom mefis es nabiji, upir-

veles yovlisa, pirvel farnavazianTa saSinao politikur-socialuri reformebiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. qarTlis samefo karze gadat118

sebeosTan moxseniebuli bagrat faraziani qarTuli warmomavlobis rom iyo, amaze

jer kidev g. meliqiSvili miuTiTebda [46; 50]. m.sanaZe, T. dundua, bagrat farazians
gadamweris Secdomad miiCneven da mas bagrat farnavazianad kiTxuloben [51; 87], [19; 5].
Cveni azriT, es bagrati igive mihrdat_miriania. m. andronikaSvili bagrat-bagadatTan
dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda: Zveli sparsuli BBagadata RvTis mocemuli, RvTis wyalobaa...
SeadareT, magaliTad, rusuli , falauri yazdanbaxs, Turquli alahverdi, qarTuli
RvTiswyaloba, avestaSi dadasturebuli forma Bavodata [4; 443]. m. andronikaSvils
mirdatis

saxels

adarebs

Zvel

iranul

Mihradata _

anu

miTras

mocemuls

da

analogiurad nawarmoeb saxelebs: bagrat, Trdat, spandiat da sxv. rusi mecnieri i.a.
grantovski wers, rom iranuli baga xSirad miekuTvneboda miTras [4; 478], [113; 302], am
mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom bagrati da miTrdat-miriani erTi
da igive pirovneba unda iyos. Tu erT SemTxvevaSi bagrat-bagadati RvTis mocemuls
niSnavs,

meore

SemTxvevaSi

mihrdati

miTras

mocemuls.

sebeosiseuli

bagarat

faraziani (farnavaziani) da leonti mrovelis mirvani (movses xorenacTan _ mihrdati)

erTi da igive pirovneba rom aris, amis safuZvels gvaZlevs sebeosis istoriisa da
leonti mrovelis mefeTa cxovrebis Sesabamisi adgilebis paraleluri Sedarebebic.
119

farsmanisa da kaosis mefobis periodSi somxeTis mefe iarvand. . . emZlavra farsman

armazelsa da mouRo sazRvarsa qarTlisasa wunda da artani mtkuramde

108

rialebis mcdelobas jer kidev mefe saurmagis dros hqonda adgili: mas
Jamsa Sina zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da Tques: ara keTil ars
Cuenda, raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cuensa, aramed viyoT erTad, da
movklaT Cuen saurmag[61; 26]. saurmagi daxmarebis saTxovnelad durZukeTs midis: xolo azonelebad wodebuli laSqari gaemarTa masTan mamamisis sikeTis gamo [61; 26], amis Semdeg saurmagma daipyra qarTli da
mosrna gandgomilni misni [61; 27].120 aRniSnul dapirispirebaSi saurmags
farnavazis dros dawinaurebuli aznaurebi exmarebian, romlebic, mefeTa
cxovrebis mixedviT, qarTlis mkvidrni ar yofilan. g. qavTaria zemoT
moyvanil citatas Semdegnairad ganixilavs: imdroindel saqarTveloSi
gabatonebuli klasis ori kategoria arsebobda: warCinebulni da aznaurni. warCinebulTa Cadenil danaSauls Sedegad mohyva maTi damdableba,
xolo warCinebul yvna aznaurni, damsaxurebis jildos warmoadgenda
[59; 102], amas ki qarTlis mosaxleobaSi ukmayofileba unda gamoewvia, ramac gamoZaxili farnajomis mefobis dros hpova, (anu warCinebulebma,
romlebic saurmagis dros damarcxdnen da TavianTi privilegiebi dakarges, Tavi wamoyves mefe farnajomis mefobis periodSi, rasac xeli Seuwyo
garTulebulma sagareo politikurma viTarebam, romelmac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gavlena iqonia qarTlis samefozec.) SeiTqunes erisTavni qarTlisani umravlesni . . . farnajom mefeman mouwoda sparsTa da moiyvanna
sparsni Zlierni da romelnime darComodes Semokribna qarTvelnica [61;
29] _ savaraudod, farnajomis momxreTa wreSi, romelnime darComodes
Semokribna qarTvelnica saurmagis mefobis dros dawinaurebuli aznau120

es

aznaurebi,

mefeTa

cxovrebis

mixedviT,

qarTlis

mkvidrni

ar

yofilan.

farnavazis cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT: xolo igi hromni aTasni medarni,

romelni

azonisgan moerTnen farnavazs... igini ganyna evTa da queyanaTa Sina, ipurna igini
keTilad, rameTu brZolasa mas azonissa mned iyvnen da uwoda maT aznaurni [61; 25]. g.
qavTarias azriT, farnavazma erTguli aTasi mxedari... ganyna xevTa da queyanaTa Sina,
axali safexuria mosaxleobis socialuri dayofis TvalsazrisiT. gamoikveTa mefis
momxreTa gabatonebuli zeda fena [59; 102]. leonti mrovelis gadmocema, rom pirveli
aznaurebi iyvnen hromni aTasni mxedarni SeiZleba mieweros feodalur sazogadoebaSi
gavrcelebuli

Sexedulebebis

gavlenas,

im

epoqas,

rodesac

gabatonebuli

klasis

warmomadgenlebi acxadebdnen, rom ekuTvnodnen ucxour eTnoss da amiT amarTlebdnen

TavianT batonobas adgilobriv mosaxleobaze [59; 103].

109

rebi unda yofiliyvnen. mefe farnajoms rom zustad aznaurTa kategoriis

warmomadgenelni uWerdnen mxars, leonti mrovels pirdapir ar aqvs miniSnebuli, misgan mxolod imas vigebT, rom farnajoms miemxrnen romelnime darComodes Semokribna qarTvelnica, Tumca misi Zis mirvanis dros
am ukanasknelis momxreTa jgufSi samefo taxtisaTvis brZolaSi mciredni vinme qarTvelni, arawarCinebul-Ta yofna gvafiqrebinebs, rom am arawarCinebulebSi aznaurebi unda vigulisxmoT. sparsulSi azatan (romlidanac, mecnierTa azriT, termini aznauri unda warmoqmniliyo), rogorc aRniSnuli aqvs g. wereTels, SedarebiT dabali fenis iraneli warCinebulis, aRmniSvneli termini iyo. [61; 29] aznaurebi qarTvel mefeebs arzoksa
da armazels aqtiurad exmarebodnen somexTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi _ [61;
47].121 mefeTa cxovrebis mixedviT, aznaurebi SeiZleba moviazroT qarTvel mefeTa politikis aqtiur gamtareblebad, romlebic somxuri orientaciis erisTavebsa da mefeebs upirispirdebodnen.
mas Semdeg, rac farnajomma umata yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa Seneba.....da
Seqmna kerpi zaden, mefeTa cxovrebidan vigebT: amis Semdeg Seiyuara
(farnajomma v.v.) sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT
cecxlismsaxurni da moguni da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTaAamisTvis moiZules igi mkdrTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT [61; 28]. amas mohyva is, rom SeiTqunes erisTavni qarTlisani umravlesni, da waravlines mociquli winaSe somexTa mefisa da Tques: mefe Cueni gardada sjulsa mamaTa Cuenisa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa qarTlisaTa, SemoiRo sjuli mamuli da dauteva sjuli deduli.

121

da iyo oZres, qalaqsa Sina erisTavi mefisa armazelisa aznaurTagani da igi

dadgromil iyo sarwmunoebiT erTgulebasa zeda armazelissa; da iyo klarjeTs

erisTavi

arzok

mefisa,

aznaurTavegani.

da

igi

avnebdes

sazRvarTa

somxiTisaTa,

queyanasa parxlisasa, romel ars tao, da vervin Sevidoda mavne klarjeTs... da mkvidrni
klarjeTisani iyvnen, kacni mkvircxni da medarnica [61; 48]. moyvanili citatebi kidev
erTi dasturi imisa, rom aznaurebis saxiT mefis momxreTa gabatonebuli zedafena
gamoikveTa, romelTac daunawildaT miwebi qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, rasac ormagi
amocana

ekisreboda:

jildo

damsaxurebis

sanacvlod

da

mefis

xelisuflebis

ganmtkiceba adgilebze, momxreTa es gza gazrdida erTianobis orientaciis momxreTa

ricxvs. ixileT [59; 102].

110

aw arRara Rirs aris igi mefed Cuenda. moguec Ze Seni arSak, romelsa
uzis colad naTesavi farnavazianTa, mefeTa CuenTa-guaSuele Zali Seni
da vaotoT farnajom, SemomRebeli axlisa rjulisa, da iyos mefed Cuenda Ze Seni arSak da dedoflad Cuenda coli, misi, Svili mefeTa CuenTa[61; 29]. qarTveli erisTavebis mier qarTlis samefoSi momxdari gadatrialeba motivirebuli unda yofiliyo ara religiuri, aramed socialurpolitikuri mizezebiT, raSic mniSvnelovani roli, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sagareo faqtorma da saSinao dapirispirebam iTamaSa. somxebi
(romelTa warmomadgenelic mefdeba qarTlSi) sparsuli religiis mimdevarni iyvnen (ixileT vrclad qvemoT). CvenTvis ucnobia, somxeTis mefis
arSak

arSakunianis

Svilma,

romelic

(iseve

rogorc

danarCeni

mosaxleoba) sparsuli religiis mimdevari iyo, an misma memkvidreebma gaatares Tu ara qarTlSi religiuri reforma, Tumca erTi ram cxadia _
arSak arSakunianis qarTlis samefos saTaveSi mosvla TavisTavad unda
gulisxmobdes qarTlis samefos ara marto politikur damorCilebas,
aramed somxeTidan sparsuli religiis Semosvlasa da qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi zoroastruli RvTaebebis gaCenas. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT
davinaxavT, qarTvelebisTvis zoroastruli RvTaebebi ucxo ar yofila
da maTi gavrceleba saqarTveloSi jer kidev aqemeniduri iranis periodidan SeiZleba vivaraudoT.
somxebi rom sparsuli religiis mimdevarni yofilan, amas jer kidev
berZeni geografi straboni aRniSnavda: Cvevebi midielebs da armenielebs
metwilad erTi da igive aqvT, imitom rom qveyanac maTi msgavsia; cota
qvemoT ki vigebT: sparsTa yvela siwmides scemen pativs midielebi da armenielebi [Strabo, XI, 14,16]. warmarTi somxebis mier sparsTa RmerTebisadmi Tayvaniscemas ixsenieben movses xorenaci [49; II, 31,53,60,86 da a.S.], agaTangelosi [166; 13,18-20,26 da a. S.],

plutarqe [Plut. Lukul. 24], faustos buza-

ndi [162; III, XIV, XXV da a, S.], da sxva.

aqemenidebis periodSi somxeTi sparseTis XIII satrapias warmoadgenda.122 somxur warmarTul panTeonSi sparsuli RvTaebebis arseboba iZleva imis sababs, rom somxebSi jer kidev Zv. w. VI s-Si moviazroT

122ixileT;

ira-

I (521-486); [116; 262, 265]

111

nuli RvTaebebis _ ahuramazdas, anahitis, miTrasa da vereTragnas gavrceleba, romlebic somxur wyaroebSi aramazdis, anaiti-anahitis, mixris, vahagnis saxelebiT arian cnobilni. Tu

etimologiurad da RvTaebrivi

funqciebiT SevudarebT qarTul warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs somxur

da sparsul RvTaebebs, maT Soris bevr saerTos aRmovaCenT, magaliTisTvis: armazi _ aramazdi _ ahuramazda123 saxelebis msgavsebis garda maT
RvTaebrivi funqciebic erTnairi aqvT; sakuTar panTeonebSi samiveni umaRlesi RvTaebebi arian da nayofierebasa da mesaqonleobas mfarveloben.124
qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis kidev erTi RvTaeba ainina, romlis
aRmarTvasac qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro saurmag mefes miawers [92; 320],
SeiZleba davukavSiroT somxur anaitid [Strabo. XIV, 16] _ anaitsa [162; T.
XXV] da sparsul anahit-ardvisura anahits:
vinc mamacT aZlevs tanis simrTeles,
vinc diacT aZlevs keTil dedobas,
vinc droze aZlevs dedis rZes Svilebs [1 ; 74].
Tu ki somxebi sparsul religias misdevdnen, somxeTis mefis arSak
arSakunianis Svilic (romelic qarTlSi gamefda), am religiis mimdevari

123

movses xorenaci qarTul RvTaeba armazs aramazdad moixseniebs: nunem mospo Weqa-

quxilis

momvlinebeli

aramazdis

qandakeba[49;

II,

86].

armazi

aramazdad

ixsenieba

qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSic: aramazdis dResaswaulis dResa mefesa da

mTel xalxs gavyev; Tu davakeliT rame msxverpls . . . movkvdebiT aramazdisagan[64;
86]. armazi rom sparsuli warmomavlobis RvTaebaa amis Sesaxeb miniSneba mefeTa
cxovrebaSic aris. farnavazi, romelic armazis kerpis Semqmnelad iTvleba, dediT
sparsia: ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqua [61; 20].
124

armazi qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi myofi umaRlesi RvTaebaa: RmerTi

RmerTTa armaz, romel ara ars mis gareSe sxua kerpi [61; 106].
wminda ninos cxovrebaSi armazi soflis mpyrobelad ixsenieba [61; 89]. agaTangelosis
mixedviT, somxur aramazds somxebi yvela RmerTis mamas uwodeben, romlis mudmivi
epiTetebia didebuli da mamaci, cisa da miwis Semqmneli, nayofierebis momcemi [166;
13].

ahuramazda

warweris

ki,

romelic

mixedviT,

suecis

iranul
arxidan

panTeonSi
Semdegi

ahuramazda, romelmac Seqmna zeca, miwa, adamiani

ahuramazda

SeiZleba

gaazrebul

iyos,

umaRlesi

epiTetebiT

RvTaebaa,
ixsenieba:

darios

mefis

RmerTi

didi

. . . romelmac dariosi mefed gaxada.

rogorc

nayofierebisa

da

mesaqonleobis

mfarveli RvTaeba [136; 44].

112

unda yofiliyo. qarTveli erismTavrebisaTvis ki, romlebmac farnajomi

samefo taxtidan Camoagdes sparsuli sjulis siyvarulisa da qarTvelTa
kerpebis gmobis gamo, cnobili unda yofiliyo, rom taxtze mowveuli
somexi ufliswuli sparsuli religiis aRmsarebeli iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi SeusabamobasTan gvaqvs saqme da leonti mrovelis mier religiuri konfliqtis dasaxeleba farnajomis samefo
taxtidan

Camogdebis

mizezad,

ar

unda

Seeferebodes

sinamdviles.

SevecdebiT warmovadginoT Tu ratom migvaCnia gadatrialebis safuZvlad,

politikur-socialuri dapirispireba: statiis saTauridan gamomdinare,
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ramdenime sityviT SevexoT RvTaeba
zadens, romlis kultis damkvidreba, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis Tanaxmad, mefe farnajoms miewereba. qarTvelma istorikosebma gamoTqves mosazreba, rom zadeni iranuli RvTaeba miTra unda yofiliyo. Ppirveloba
am mimarTebiT n. mars ekuTvnis: zadeni ucilobliv warmoadgens avestur
yazata, mravlobiT ricxvSi falaurSi iaztan, sparsulad

yazdan da niS-

navs keTil genias, gansakuTrebiT miTras an mihrs... zaden-miTras xseneba

armaz-ormuzdis Semdeg srulebiT eTanxmeba imas, rom miTra ahurmazdas
Semdeg erT-erTi mniSvnelovani RvTaebaa iranul religiaSi" [140 ; 7]. n.
maris am mosazrebas eTanxmeboda germaneli mecnieri fon vezendokic, Tavis gamokvlevaSi qarTuli warmarTobis Sesaxeb: qarTuli zadeni miTras unda udrides, radganac iberiaSi miRebuli iyo mzis RvTaebis Tayvaniscema. amitom araferi ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom Cven is davinaxoT zadenSi, romelic unda iyos iranuli miTras Sesatyvisi RvTaeba [175; 84]; s. makalaTia ki werda: qarTul uZveles matianeebSi moxseniebuli RvTaeba
zadeni _ yazata Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT miTras Sesatyvisi
RvTaebaa, romelic avestis himnebSi (yeshts) xSirad moxseniebulia mihir- yazata- ad [38; 193]. zadens miTrad miiCnevda l. meliqseT-begic: armazi warmoadgenda umaRles RvTaebas, mzis RvTaebas . . . Cveulebriv is moTavsebuli iyo zadenis gverdiT, rogorc iranul panTeonSi ormuzdis gverdiT
idga miTra, xolo somxurSi aramazdis gverdiT _ mihri [142; 39]125

125

k. kekeliZe RvTaeba miTras saxes qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi, umaRles RvTaeba

armazSi xedavda, wminda ninos cxovrebaSi armazis aRwerilobidan gamomdinare [30; 351-

113

qarTvelebSi rom miTras kulti myarad arsebobda, k. kekeliZes da

s. makalaTias amasTan dakavSirebiT saerTo azri gaaCniaT: saqarTveloSi
TiTqmis yvelgan wesad iyo, rom Sobis dResaswauls Roris dakvliT egebebodnen, am SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs miTraizmis erT-erT gadmonaSTTan . . . 25 dekemberi, qristianuli Sobis dResaswauli, qristianobamde
CvenSic iyo dResaswauli miTras Sobisa. Rori ki yovelTvis da yvelgan
miTras wminda cxovelad iTvleboda [30; 351], [38; 200.]. miTras saxels
CvenSi atarebdnen mefeebi: mihr, mihrdat, mihran [39; 18].
saqarTveloSi RvTaeba miTras arsebobis Sesaxeb
logiuri eqsponatebi miTras gamosaxulebebiT.
tualuri WurWlis

metyveleben arqeo-

mcxeTaSi aRmoCenilia ri-

fragmentuli yuri, romelzec reliefuradaa gamosa-

xuli RvTaeba miTra

Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli atributebiT: mzis roze-

tiT, taxisa da yornis TavebiT, RvTaebrivi atributiT _ joxiT da sxv

[38; 189]. amasve adasturebs samegreloSi, sofel saCinoSi aRmoCenili miTras brinjaos qandakeba [38; 193]. miTras kidev erTi qandakeba daculia saqarTvelos saganZuris ganyofilebaSi (inventari # 540). qandakeba warmoadgens xarze gadamjdari adamianis figuras, romelsac marcxena xeli xaris Tavze udevs. figuris Tavi marjvnivaa gadaxrili. xari wina fexebiT
CaCoqilia. n. yifianma calke statia miuZRvna am qandakebas da is miTraatisad miiCnia [85; 87]. sayuradReboa aseve yanCaeTis samarxSi aRmoCenili
sabeWdi beWdebi, romlebzec cxeni (zogan mxedriT), frinveli da astraluri niSani - rvaqimiani varskvlavia gamosaxuli [11; 23-30]. i. gagoSiZe
mas mTvaris RvTaebis ikonografiad miiCnevs, romlis saxeli antikur xanaSi armazi unda yofiliyo[11; 46]. Cven ver gaviziarebT mkvlevaris am mosazrebas. Cveni varaudiT, yanCaeTis samarxSi aRmoCenil eqsponatebze iranuli RvTaeba miTraa gamosaxuli, am RvTaebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ikonografiiTa da simboloebiT. miTra Zvel sparsul enaze mzes niSnavda,
rac zenduri wignebiTac dasturdeba [166; 27],[132; 113],[136; 38].126 miTra win

352]; zadenTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazreba gaaCnia m. wereTelsac: zaden ar

aris

miTra

zaden

aris

xeTuri

RmerTi

sandon,

xeTurad

santas,

RmerTi

mcenareulobisa [94; 94]

126

vrclad ixileT_Mmixr-iaStebis wigni, Tavi 10[136; 38]

114

uswrebs ukvdav, swrafcxenebian mzes [136; 38], cxeni da mamali miTras

wminda cxovelebi arian, romlebic mzesTan arian dakavSirebulni [136;
38].127 miTra xSirad cxenze amxedrebuli gamoisaxeboda.128 varskvlavi, romelsac yanCaeTis samarxis eqsponatebze vawydebiT, isev da isev RvTaeba
miTrasTanaa dakavSirebuli _ varskvlavebs sparsuli sinaTlis RvTaeba
miTras Tvalebs eZaxdnen [161; 107].
zaden-miTras kultis gavrcelebas qarTlis samefoSi leonti
mroveli mefe farnajoms miawers, Tumca am RvTaebis kultis gavrceleba
qarTvelebSi ufro adrea savaraudebeli. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT, am RvTaebis kulti qarTvelebSi Zv.w. III saukuneze ufro adre unda gavrcelebuliyo. leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farnajomis winamorbedi mefe mirvani yofila. mirvanis saxelis gamoCena qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi RvTaeba miTras arsebobaze unda miuTiTebdes qarTvelebSi:
mirian _ mirvan _ mihran _ miTridate _ mirdats saerTo Ziri aqvs da
RvTaeba miTrasgan momdinare saxelebia. rac Seexeba arqeologiur masalas, am RvTaebis gamosaxulebiani sabeWdavebi aRmoCenilia yanCaeTis samarxSi. sabeWdavze gamosaxuli RvTaeba miTras erT-erT pirvel gamosaxulebad migvaCnia saqarTveloSi. i. gagoSiZe yanCaeTis samarxs Zv. w. V saukunis Sua xanebiT aTariRebs [11; 77]. imave periods ganekuTvneba samarxSi
aRmoCenili inventaric (maT Soris _ sabeWdavebic). xom ar niSnavs miTras
gamosaxulebiani inventaris aRmoCena yanCaeTis samarxSi imas, rom qarTvelebisTvis Zv. w. V s-is Sua xanebidan cnobili unda yofiliyo miTras
kulti, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom amave periods ganekuTvneba
artaqserqses (462 _ 424) mefoba sparseTSi _ is pirveli aqemenidi mefea,

127

oTx raSs mihyavs (miTras) etli

yvela erTnairad TeTri ferisaa
miTras wminda cxovelebi mamlisa da cxenis garda, arian _ gveli, ZaRli, morieli,

lomi, taxi. miTra gamoisaxeba xarTan erTad, rogorc xaris dammarcxebeli. somxebSi
mixris wminda frinveli yoranicaa [145; 154-157, 160] mamali miTras Tanmdevia da mzesTan
asocirdeba [145; 309].
128

ixileT marmarilos bareliefebi venidan [145; 156]

115

romlis saxelTanac RvTaeba miTra moixsenieba. artaqserqses miTrasadmi

Tayvaniscemas plutarqec ixseniebs [Plut. Artax. 3].129
kidev erTi xazgasasmeli faqti, romelic mefe farnajomis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli da

exmianeba mefeTa cxovrebaSi

dacul cnobas

TiTqosda farnajomma Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlis msaxurni da moguni, rac Cveni azriT, qarTlis
samefoSi sparsuli religiis popularobiTa da cecxlTayvanismcemluri
taZrebis mSeneblobiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. marTlac, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis (meti wilis) aSenebis
TariRi farnajomis mefobis periods emTxveva. i. gagoSiZe dedoflis mindvris sataZro kompleqss, romelic mazdeizmTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli, Zv. w. II s. aTariRebs [12; 64 ]. imave periodiT Zv.w. II s. aTariRebda l. WilaSvili nazverev goraze mcire bazilikis qveda fenis kuTvnil
nagebobas, romelic Semdgom miTreumad gadakeTda [96; 9,71]. Zv. w. III s. dasawyisiTa da II s. SuaxanebiTaa daTariRebuli cixiagoras sataZro kompleqsi, romelsac aseve moeZebneba paraleli zoroastrul taZrebTan [43;
47]. samive am warmarTuli taZris aSenebis TariRi qarTlSi farnajomis
mefobas emTxveva (romelsac, savaraudod, Zv. w. II s-is dasawyisSi unda
emoRvawna) da exmianeba mefeTa cxovrebaSi dacul cnobas.
yvelaferi zemoqmulidan gamomdinare, farnajomi araa zadenis kerpis
damwesebeli. am RvTaebis gavrceleba qarTlSi ufro adrea savaraudebeli. moqceva qarTlisai qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis Camoyalibebas
azonisa da pirveli oTxi farnavaziani mefis Rvawlad miiCnevda, rasac
qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro SesaZloa maT gansadideblad akeTebda. ahuramazda, anahiti da miTra aqemenidi mefis artaqserse II-is droidan moixseniebian erTad werilobiT wyaroebSi130 da mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben sparsul religiaSi. maTi daqsaqsva da qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi
am kerpebis SemoRebis sxvadasxva farnavaziani mefeebisaTvis miwera arasworia, radgan isini jer kidev mefe farnavazisaTvis unda yofiliyo cno-

129

m.

a.

dandamaevisa

da

v.g.

lukoninis

azriT,

amaze

werilobiTi

wyaroebi

da

arqiteqturuli nagebobebic metyveleben [117; 305].

130

c [136; 45], [117; 312-313]

116

bili, romelmac kerpi armazi aRmarTa. s. makalaTiam marTebulad SeniSna,

rom RvTaeba miTra artaqserse II-is droidan mudmivad ahuramazdas gverdiT moixsenieba ..... RvTaeba armazis da cecxlis Tayvaniscemis kultis saqarTveloSi arseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs CvenSi miTras rwmenis arsebobasac, romelic ahuramazdas meore pirad iTvleba. amis garda, TviT
mazdeanuri moZRvrebis gavrcelebac qarTvelTa Soris miTras gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda, radganac mazdeanizmis mTeli moZRvreba da misi siwmindis dacva-gatareba umTavresad miTraze iyo damyarebuli [38; 185].
rogorc vnaxeT Zv. w. II s-is dasawyisi mniSvnelovani politikuri
cvlilebebisa da dapirispirebis periodi iyo, ramac asaxva hpova saqarTvelozec.

qarTlis

samefos

mezoblad

gaZlierebulma

somxebma

am

periodSi, SeZles Careuliyvnen qarTlis samefos saSinao saqmeebSi da miitaces kidec saqarTvelos rigi teritoriebi. qarTlis samefos saSinao
saqmeebSi ucxo Zalis Carevas samefo gadatrialeba mohyva, romlis Sedegadac, farnajomis nacvlad qarTlis samefos saTaveSi mefe arSak arSakunianis Ze modis. qarTlis samefo karze gadatrialeba ganpirobebuli
unda yofiliyo ara marto sagareo cvlilebebiT,

aramed saSinao dapi-

rispirebiTac. mimdinare msjelobam gamoavlina, rom qarTlis samefo karze ori dajgufeba unda arsebuliyo, romelTagan erTi somxuri orientaciis momxre yofila. rogorc Cans, am dapirispirebaSi gamarjveba am ukanasknelT moupovebiaT, rasac mohyolia arSak arSakunianis asvla qarTlis samefo taxtze. qarTlis mefis farnajomis momxreTa jgufSi farnavazis dros dawinaurebuli aznaurebi unda yofiliyvnen, romlebic
warCinebul yvna mefe saurmagma. qarTlis erisTavebSi maTTvis ucxo
aznaurTa dawinaurebas ukmayofileba unda gamoewvia, ramac Tavi iCina
mefe farnajomis periodSi; ucxo Zalis daxmarebiT, qarTvelma erisTavebma SeZles samefo saTaveSi moeyvanaT maTTvis sasurveli kandidati da
aRedginaT mefe saurmagis dros Selaxuli uflebebi. qarTvel erisTavTa
kvlav aRzevebas aznaurTa damdableba unda gamoewvia. mefe farnajomis
dros momxdari gadatrialebis Sedegad, mefis momxreTa es jgufi damarcxebulia, rasac somexTa mxridan qarTuli miwebis mitaceba da qarTlis
samefos saTaveSi maTTvis sasurveli kandidatis dasma mohyolia. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom daiwyo mefe farnajomma
117

Tavisi mefoba yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa SenebiT _ es ganpirobebuli unda

yofiliyo samxreTidan mosalodneli safrTxiT.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac leonti mroveli mefe
farnajomis saxels ukavSirebs, aris zadenis kerpis Seqmna da is, rom
Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlis msaxurni da moguni. qarTvel mecnierebSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba
zaden-miTras igiveobis Sesaxeb. is, rom qarTvelebi miTras kults icnobdnen, adasturebs saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri nivTebi miTras gamosaxulebebiT, xolo zemoT moyvanili cnoba imaze unda metyvelebdes, rom farnajomis dros aqtiurad unda dawyebuliyo cecxlTayvanismcemluri taZrebis mSenebloba, razec saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamovlenili araerTi warmarTuli taZari metyvelebs _ cixiagora, dedoflismindori da nekresis mcire bazilikis qveda fenis kuTvnili nageboba,
romlebic imave periodiT TariRdebian, rodesac farnajoms unda emefa _
Zv. w. II s. I naxevriT.

118

daskvna

119

qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis umTavres

saSualebas qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi warmoadgenen, romlebic mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdian qarTvelTa winaqristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. Lleonti mroveli qarTvelTa warmarTuli RvTaebebis
qarTlSi Semotanasa da damkvidrebas azos, farnavazs, saurmagsa da farnajoms miawers (wminda ninos cxovrebis avtori qarTlis zemoT xsenebul mefeebTan erTad, erT-erTi kerpis _ daninas Tayvaniscemis dawesebas
mefe mirvanis Rvawlad miiCnevs). Cveni kvlevis mizani am kerpebis Seswavla da sadaurobis garkveva iyo. Catarebulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis formirebam sakmaod grZeli da rTuli
gza ganvlo, sanam im saxes miiRebda, rogorc es wminda ninos cxovrebaSia aRwerili. rigi RvTaebebis fesvebis Zieba winaelinistur xanaSi gviwevs, zogi maTgani zoroastruli

RvTaebebis asociaciebs badebs, nawili

ki adgilobrivi RvTaebebia. amis mixedviT, mefeTa cxovrebaSi da wminda ninos cxovrebaSi moxseniebuli qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis
RmerTebi sam kategoriad davyaviT:
1.RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da ga, anu qarTvelTa winaprebis kerpebi. maT qarTlSi (mcxeTaSi) Semotanas leonti mroveli azos saxels
ukavSirebs, romelic warmoSobiT arian qarTlidan iyo. gacisa da gas
etimologiuri paraleli sxva xalxebis religiebSi ar moiZebneba, qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi ki am ori kerpis moxseniebam, rogorc RmerTni
mamaTa CvenTani, safuZveli mogvca isini adgilobriv warmarTul RmerTebad CagveTvala. sainteresoa, rom farnavazi, romelic qarTlSi armazis
(ahuramazdas) Tayvaniscemas amkvidrebs, ar spobs qarTvelTa winaprebis
RmerTebs. ufro metic, wminda ninos cxovrebis avtori maT armazis
gverdiT mdgomebad moixseniebs. gaci da ga, TavianTi RvTaebrivi funqciebiT, werilobiT wyaroSi daculi aRwerilobis

mixedviT, miTras Tanmdev

RvTaebebs sroSasa da raSnus, an kautosa da kautopats mogvagoneben, paralelebis gavleba RvTaebebis am orive wyvilTanaaY SesaZlebeli, rac
winamdebare naSromSi warmoebulma kvlevamac cxadyo. rac Seexeba armazis kerpis sakiTxs, wm. ninos cxovrebaSi arsebuli aRwerilobis mixedviT, am SemTxvevaSi Cvens win ara ahuramazda, aramed RvTaeba miTraa, rac
am RvTaebis

aRwerilobiTac dasturdeba mixr iaStebSi. naSromSi warmo120

ebulma msjelobam dagvanaxa, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi sparsuli

miTra Tavis or Tanmdev RvTaebasTan erTadaa warmodgenili. gacsa da gaims elinizmis periodSic ar daukargavT TavianTi Tavdapirveli RvTaebrivi funqciebi da niSan-Tvisebebi, radgan isini kargad moergo miTras
Tanmdevi RvTaebebis Ffunqciebs;
2. ainina da danina, romlebic Suamdinarul samyarosTan asocirdebian da etimologiurad axlos dganan nanaiasa (igive iSTari) da mis Tanmdev RvTaeba ninadasTan (SeadareT (ai)ninada (da) nanas), romlebmac mogviano periodSi qarTvelTa warmaTul panTeonSic daimkvidres adgili. am
RvTaebebis qarTvelur tomTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi arsebobaze yoruxTaSis V yorRanSi da yaraSambSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasebi mianiSneben,
romlebze gadmocemuli ritualuri siuJetebi Zvel aRmosavleTSi popularuli qalRvTaebis iSTarTan dakavSirebul miTologiur siuJetebs
mogvagoneben, razec am RvTaebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamosaxvis manerac
metyvelebs. qalRvTaeba iSTaris Tayvaniscema qarTvelur tomebSi SuamdinareTisa da mcire aziis civilizaciebTan kulturul-politikuri urTierTobis Sedegia. QqalRvTaeba iSTaris kulti erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli da Zlieri iyo Zvel aRmosavleTSi da arseboba mogviano periodSic ganagrZo. Aam qalRvTaebis funqciebi gadaiRes mcire aziurma kibelam, artemidam da sparsulma ardvisura anahitmac. qarTveluri tomebis
rwmena-warmodgenebSi es kulti imdenad Zlieri yofila, rom arseboba
qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSic ganagrZo aininas saxeliT. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilma arqeologiurma eqsponatebma iSTarisa da ardvisura
anahitis gamosaxulebebiT da maTi paraleluri masalebis moZiebam im
daskvnamde migviyvana, rom elinistur epoqaSi, qarTlSi, iSTaris kultis
ardvisura anahitis kultiT Canacvleba unda momxdariyo _ msgavsi procesi elinistur samyaroSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo;
3. mesame kategoriaSi qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis meTave RmerTebi armazi da zadeni moiazrebian, romelTac bevri saerTo aqvT sparsul ahuramazdasa da miTra iazatTan, ara marto etimologiurad, aramed
TavianTi RvTaebrivi funqciebisa da aRwerilobis mixedviT. warmarTi
qarTvelebis rwmena_warmodgenebSi cnobilia zoroastruli dualizmic _
brZola keTilsa da borots Soris, rac wminda ninos cxovrebaSic aisa121

xa _ werilobiTi wyaro or erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul soflis mpyrobel RvTaebas iTrujansa da armazs ixseniebs. iTrujani, sicruisa da borotebis RmerTi Ddrujia, razec ara marto am saxelis gamoyvana migvaniSnebs RvTaeba (i)Truj(ani)s saxelidan, aramed isic, rom qarTul werilobiT wyaros is armaz-ahuramazdasTan dapirispirebulad hyavs warmodgenili.
winamdebare naSromSi Catarebulma kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom qarTvelTa
warmarTuli panTeoni Tavisi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. masSi vxvdebiT rogorc adgilobriv, aseve Suamdinarul da iranul RvTaebebs, rac
qarTveluri tomebis kulturul- politikuri urTierTobebiT unda iqnes
axsnili am ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciebTan. Zv.w..III-IIaTaswleulebSi am
kulturul-politikur urTierTobebze arsebobaze saubari arqeologiuri monacemebiT SegviZlia. rac Seexeba midiasa da aqemenidur iranTan
QqarTveluri tomebis urTierTobas, amaze, ucxouri

werilobiTi wyaroe-

bis garda, ,qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroc saubrobs. qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis ZiriTad birTvs iranidan Semosuli RmerTebi Seadgendnen.
Tu rodidan

gaCdnen es RvTaebebiQqarTveluri tomebis rwmena- warmodge-

nebSi, Aamaze pasuxs leonti mrovelTan vnaxulobT, romlis mixedviTac

qarTvelur tomebs

urTierToba uwevdaT jer midiasTan, Semdeg aqemeni-

debTan da parTelebTan, mogvianebiT ki _ sasanidebTan. AaRmosavleT

sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze sparselTa rwmena- warmodgenebis gaCena midiis

samefosTanaa kavSirSi, Tumca ufro aqtiuri kulturul-politikuri urTierToba qarTvelur tomebs aqemenidebTan uwevT. magram es sulac ar
niSnavs imas, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle sxvadasxva tomebis mTavar RvTaebebs zoroastrelTa RmerTebi warmoadgendnen. amis naTeli magaliTia is, rom arian qarTlidan mosul azos Tavisi GRmerTebi gaci da ga mohyavs Tan, xolo qarTvelTa

warmarTul pan-

TeonSi zoroastrul RmerTebTan erTad arsebobas iSTar-nanaias kultic

ganagrZobs. rac Seexeba mazdeanuri panTeonis RvTaebebis

win wamowevasa

da qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi meTave poziciebis dakavebas, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro

xvaze, Tu ratom ar

amas farnavazis saxels ukavSirebs. paasuxs kiT-

moxda romelime qarTveluri tomis RvTaebis warmar-

TuliPpanTeonis saTaveSi mosvla, isev qarTul werilobiT wyaroSi vna122

xulobT, romlis mixedviT farnavaz iyo mamulad qarTleli, naTesavi

uflosi, mcxeTosis Zisa da dedulad sparsi aspaneli,[61;20] anu farnavazi sparselebs unaTesavdeboda da, Sesabamisad, misTvis cnobili unda yofiliyo sparselTa religiac (leonti mrovels mefe farnavazis saxeli
RvTaeba armazis saxelidan gamohyavda da sparsul samyarosTan akavSirebda). Ffarnavazis mizani daqsaqsuli tomebis gaerTianeba iyo. religiuri
reformis erT-erTi mizezi esec unda gamxdariyo. saWiro iyo iseTi RvTaebis moqceva axladSeqmnili samefos religiuri panTeonis saTaveSi, romelic erTnairad nacnobi iqneboda sxva qarTveluri tomebisaTvis da ar
igulisxmebda erTi romelime tomis gabatonebas sxvebze, aseT RvTaebad
farnavazma armaz-ahuramazda moiazra. Aaqemenidur iranTan kulturul politikuri urTerToba qarTvelTa warmarTuli PpanTeonis formirebis bazisad iqca. GgasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qarTveli mefeebi sparselebs
unaTesavdebodnen. aqedan gamomdinare religiac erTi unda hqonodaT (saurmags colad bardavelis asuli mohyavs, memkvidred ki misi colis dedis diswuli mirvani saxeldeba).
Mmecnierebs, romlebic qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxs ikvlevdnen, RvTaebaTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebebi hqondaT. maTi nawili RvTaebebs xeTur-luviur samyarosTan akavSirebda, nawilic _ zoroastrul panTeonTan; iyo mcdelobebi maTi dakavSirebisa berZnul-romaul RmerTebTan. vfiqrobT, azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaoba qarTul
werilobiT wyaroebSi arsebulma bundovanma da mwirma cnobebma warmoSva.
winamdebare naSromSi warmoebulma kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom qarTvelTa
warmarTuli panTeonis Seswavlis sakiTxi mxolod erTi kuTxiT ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros. qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi Semaval RvTaebebs
bevri aqvT saerTo rogorc SuamdinareTisa da mcire aziis xalxTa rwmena-warmodgenebTan, ise mazdeanobasTanac, nawili RvTaebebisa ki adgilobrivi qarTveluri tomebis RmerTebia.
qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeoni Q Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa da
qarTveluri tomebis rwmena-warmodgenebis sinTezia elinizmis epoqaSi.
Q qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi mazdeanTa RmerTebis
mier meTave poziciebis dakaveba ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo, upirveles yovlisa, qarTveluri tomebis kulturul- politikuri urTierTo123

biT jer midielebTan, Semdeg ki aqemenidur iranTan. aqemeniduri religiis popularobis mizezi, Cveni azriT, am religiis doqtrinaSicaa, romelic monoTeizmsac qadagebs da dualizmic axasiaTebs.G gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom iberiis samefos somxeTi

esazRvreboda, sadac aqemenidi

mefeebis naTesavebi isxdnen satrapebad, rac Tavis Tavad ganapirobebda

sparsTa religiis popularobas somxeTSi da, Sesabamisad, qarTlSic,
radganac qarTvelTa warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebs bevri aqvT saerTo
somexTa warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebTan. is faqti rom farnavazi da
misi memkvidreebi sparselebs unaTesavdebian, rac kidev erTi sabuTia imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ratom moeqca warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi ara
romelime adgilobrivi tomis an xeTur-luviuri, aramed sparsuli RmerTebi. garkveuli kvali qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeons elinizmmac daamCnia. RmerTni MmamaTa CvenTan-ma, Tu ufro Soreuli periodis kultebma
SeiTvises zoroastrelTa RmerTebis funqciebi da niSan Tvisebebi, magram, amave dros, TavianTi pirvandeli saxelebi SeinarCunes. Mmsgavsi movlena, anu adgilobrivi, mcire aziuri da aqemeniduri iranis RmerTebis
saerTo warmarTul PpanTeonSi moqceva ar aris ucxo elinisturi xanis
saxelmwifoebisaTvis amis yvelaze axlo da naTeli magaliTi somexTa winaqristianuli warmarTuli panTeonia, sadac meTave pozicia elinistur
da qristianobamdel xanaSi ahuramazdasa da sparsTa sxva RvTaebebs ukaviaT, Tumca maTTan Tanaarsebobas sxva mcire aziuri da adgilobrivi
RmerTebic ganagrZoben. Mmsgavs process

iberiis samefos warmarTul pan-

TeonSic vxvdebiT, rac winamdebare naSromSi Catarebulma kvlevamac dagvanaxa.

124

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