XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.

#02 (OCT 2009)

¾ CHIP -INTELLIGENT COMPUTING

¾ ONGC - MAKING TOMARROW
¾ TATA MOTOR - EVEN MORE CAR PER CAR
¾ INDIAN EXPRESS - JOURNALISM OF COURAGE
¾ TIMES JOB .COM - IF YOU HAVE THE REASON WE HAVE THE JOB
¾ WINDOWS XP - DO MORE WITH LESS
¾ VIDEOCON - THE INDIAN MULTINATIONS
¾ MONSTER.COM- NEVER SETTLE
¾ MRF - TYRES WITH MUSCLE
¾ EPSON - EXCEED YOUR VISION
¾ SBI DEBIT CARD - WELCOME TO CASH WORLD

P.Daya Sagar
IV/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

 
Mail your articles to xtronic.team@gmail.com
For solutions visit www.veda.co.nr

"If you have no critics you'll likely have no success." - Malcolm Forbes 16
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF ECE

"Ones best success comes after their greatest disappointments." - Henry Ward 2
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

ONE
-------
TEN
-------
3. The age of A when reversed becomes B's age. when age of B is taken away
from A it is twice C's age. B's age is ten times that of C's. What are their
ages?
4. How can 1000000000 be written as a product of two factors neither of them
containing zeros
5. I bought a car with a peculiar 5 digit numbered licence plate which on
reversing could still be read.On reversing value is increased by 78633.Whats
the original number if all digits were different?
6. Supposing a clock takes 7 seconds to strike 7. How much long will it take to
strike 10?
7. Fifty minutes ago if it was four times as many minutes past three o'clock,how
many minutes is it to six o'clock?
8. A hotel has 10 storeys.Which floor is above the floor below the floor, below
the floor above the floor, below the floor above the fifth.
9. Which primitive polygon has no. of sides = diagonal
10. In 8*8 chess board what is the total number of squares.

- Shyam Satya Srinivas .P,

III/IVECE-B ,

                                
TAGLINES OF FAMOUS COMPANIES
¾ AMRO BANK - MAKING MORE POSSOBLE
¾ ACCENTURE - HIGH PERFORMANCE DELIVERED
¾ AT&T - THE WORLD’S NETWORKING COMPANY
¾ BMW -ULTIMATE DRIVING MACHINE

"The successful man is one who had the chance and took it." - Roger Babson 15
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

analyze complex data and to recognize patterns, are showing promising results
in chemical vapor recognition.

SYSTEM DESIGN DIAGRAM :

The artificial nose system then consists of three parts namely: a sensory
system, an electronic system and a neural network system. Sensory system and
electronic system are used to measure the frequency declines of odor
identification while neural network system is used to recognize and classify the
odor that will be detected. Figure shows the detail parts of artificial and
system based on the function and the process. In this figure sensory sub-
system and frequency counter subsystem components become the sensing
system and neural network
component becomes the automated pattern recognition system. This combination
of broadly tuned sensors coupled with sophisticated information processing makes
the artificial nose system powerful

-Sreekanth .P,
lll/lVECE-B

Puzzles

1. If the digits of my present age are reversed then i get the age of my son.If 1
year ago my age was twice as that of my son. Find my present age.
2. Replace each letter by a digit. Each letter must be represented by the same
digit and no beginning letter of a word can be 0.
ONE
ONE
ONE

"I have failed over and over again - that is why I succeed." - Michael Jordan 14
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

Future outlook - tera hertz radiation

Tera Hertz radiation has good potential application in communication,
medicine, security and defense. Unlike x-rays it can penetrate deep without
causing harmful photo ionization in biological tissues.
Up to now we are all aware of Giga hertz radiation but Tera hertz waves
offering various advantages over the Giga hertz frequencies. These waves
occupies the frequency band ranges from 1000hz to 10thz.the former limit of the
T hertz frequency spectrum lies just above microwave region, whereas the later
limit is located adjacent the infrared frequencies. Specifically, the THz regime
offers important technical advantages compared to RF/micro wave electronics and
holds the promise for novel sensing modalities.
- Pavani
II/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

Organic electronics a two-way street

Plastic that conducts electricity holds promise for cheaper, thinner and
more flexible electronics. This technology is already available in some gadgets --
the new Sony walkman; Microsoft Zune HD music player released recently
incorporate organic light-emitting electronic displays.
Until now, however, circuits built with organic materials have allowed
only one type of charge to move through them. New research from the University
of Washington makes charges flow both ways.
"The organic semiconductors developed over the past 20 years have one
important drawback. It's very difficult to get electrons to move through," said lead
author Samson Jenekhe, a University of Washington (UW) professor of chemical
engineering. "By now having polymer semiconductors that can transmit both
positive and negative charges, it broadens the available approaches. This would
certainly change the way we do things."
Silicon Valley got its name for a reason: Silicon is the "workhorse" of
today's electronics industry. Silicon is fairly expensive and requires costly
manufacturing, because it’s rigid crystal form does not allow flexible devices.
A major drawback with existing organic semiconductors is that most
transmit only positive charges. In the last decade a few organic materials have
been developed that can transport only electrons. But making a working organic
"Never, never, never, never give up." - Winston Churchill 3
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)
circuit has meant carefully layering two complicated patterns on top of one
another, one that transports electrons and another one that transports
holes. Because current organic semiconductors have this limitation, the way
they're currently used has to compensate for that, which has led to all kinds of
complex processes and complications. One don't have to use two separate organic
semiconductors .You can use one material to create electronic circuits.
The material would allow organic transistors and other information-
processing devices to be built more simply, in a way that is more similar to how
inorganic circuits are now made. The group used the new material to build a
transistor designed in the same way as a silicon model and the results show that
both electrons and holes move through the device quickly.
The results represent the best performance ever seen in a single-
component organic polymer semiconductor.
- G. Murali Krishna
IV/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

History behind Radars

Before World War II, all the major powers were developing radio location
systems. The British concentrated on aircraft detection and location while the
Germans developed aircraft navigation systems. These devices operated at meter
wave lengths. The invention of the multicavity magnetron by Randall and Root in
Britain in 1939 provided the impetus to the development of the centimeter
wavelength systems required for modern radar. The disclosure of the device to the
U.S. in 1940 was followed by the founding of the Radiation Laboratory at MIT.
The Radiation Laboratory technical staff developed anti-aircraft gun-laying
radars, anti-submarine radars, ground approach systems, and bomber targeting
radars. The Japanese, who had independently invented the magnetron, were
hampered by bureaucratic entanglements, military secrecy and personnel
shortages as engineers were regardlessly drafted into the army.

- Aditya Srinivas Varma

II/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

"Success is getting what you want. Happiness is wanting what you get." 4
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

10. In a triangle the function whose output is equal to the ratio of opposite side to
the hypotenuse is___________(3)
11. Reverse and write (65, 71, 82, 73) _______ (4)
14. All the networks such as LAN belongs to _______ standards.(4)
15. Any program in vhdl must be started with an _________.(6)
16.the logic involving only transistors______(3)
17.The output of a circuit can be connected to CRO using a______.(5)
19.Energy of an electron is measured in______.(2)
20.The frequency band from 88MHz to 108MHz is allocated for___(2)
21.The most sophisticated device used for the detection of range of targets.(5)
22.10^-3 liters can be denoted as____.(2)

ARTIFICIAL NOSE
Electronic/artificial noses are being
developed as systems for the automated
detection and classification of odors,
vapors, and gases. An electronic nose is
generally composed of a chemical sensing
system (e.g., sensor array) and a pattern
recognition system (e.g., artificial neural
network).
Sixteen chemical vapors are being used as sensor in the experiment.
Each chemical vapor presented to the sensor array produces a signature or
pattern characteristic of the vapor. The neural network method is generally
used because it has easier recognizing process algorithm and better odor. The
developed system showed high recognition probability to discriminate various
single odors to its high generality properties.
The two main components of an electronic nose are the sensing system
and the automated pattern recognition system. The sensing system can be an
array of several different sensing elements (e.g., chemical sensors), where
each element measures a different property of the sensed chemical. Each
chemical vapor presented to the sensor array produces a signature or pattern
characteristic of the vapor. By presenting many different chemicals to the
sensor array, a database of signatures is built up. This database of labeled
signatures is used to train the pattern recognition system. The goal of this
training process is to configure the recognition system to produce unique
classifications of each chemical so that an automated identification can be
implemented. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), which have been used to

"The great end of life is not knowledge but action." - Thomas Henry Huxley 13
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

CROSS WORD

COLUMNS
1._______ is used to improve signal strength.(9)
2._______is obtained by sandwiching of diodes.(3)
3._______is an unipolar transistor (3)
4. ______ is the first block of any communication system.(11)
7.______ oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk semi
conductor.(REV)(4)
9. The first flag in msb lost its R (4)
12.A filter with infinite impulse response(3)
13.An user interface between hardware and programming is ______(6).
17.The width of the carry signal vary with the amplitude of the modulating signal is
called _________(with out w)(2).
18. The logical operation for which output is 0 when all inputs are 0.(2)
19. output voltage obtained from thermo couple is measured in ___(2).

ROWS
1. The loss in the Amplitude of a signal after travelling a distance is called(11)
5.The_______ signal varies linearly with time.(4)
6.The famous American defense laboratory in which & replaced by N(4).
8.BC 547 is of ________ type .(3)

"What the mind can conceive and believe, the mind can achieve." - Napoleon Hill 12
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

Vinod Dham
Vinod Dham born in 1950 at Pune, Maharashtra, India. He is an Indian
inventor and venture capitalist.
Coming to India during partition from Rawalpindi, Dham's father joined the
army as a civilian. Dham was born in Pune as his father was posted there. Dham
completed his undergraduate education in electrical engineering from the Delhi
College of engineering. In 1971, after graduation, he joined a Delhi-based
semiconductor company called continental devices. In 1975, he left this job and
joined university of Cincinnati to pursue a master's degree in electrical
engineering, where he specialized in solid state science. After completing his
Masters degree in 1977, he joined NCR Corporation at Dayton, Ohio. He then
joined Intel, and started working on the Pentium chip. He is called the "Father of
Pentium" for his role in the development of the Pentium Processor. He is also one
of the co-inventors of non-volatile flash memory. He rose to the position of Vice-
President of Intel. He left Intel in 1995, and joined a number of startups including
NEXGEN, which was acquired by AMD, and then went on to silicon spice, which
was acquired by Broadcom in 2000. He is also the co-founding partner of new
path ventures which has funded companies like NEVIS networks. In an interview,
Dham revealed that he came to the United States with only "$8 in his pocket".
He was part of the board of directors of Satyam computer services ltd.
That approved the purchase of Construction Company Maytas, worth $225
million, for $1.6 billion, the deal was presented to the shareholders as if it were an
irreversible decision by the board. Finally, the deal fell apart due to institutional
shareholder protests. He resigned from the Satyam board on December 28, 2008.
- Bhavani Shankar.P
III/IV B.Tech, ECE-B

Inventor of Cell Phone

Dr Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at

Motorola, is considered the inventor of the first portable handset and the first
person to call on a portable cell phone in April 1973. AT&T's research arm, Bell
Laboratories, introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947. But
Motorola and Bell Labs in the early 70s were in a race to incorporate the
technology into portable devices.

"Goals are dreams we convert to plans and take action to fulfill." - Zig Ziglar 5
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

Cooper, now 70, wanted people to be able to carry their phones with them
anywhere. While he was a project manager at Motorola in 1973, Cooper set up a
base station in New York with the first working prototype of a cellular telephone,
the Motorola Dyna-Tac.
Hired by Motorola in 1954, Mr. Cooper worked on developing portable
products, including the first portable handheld police radios, made for the Chicago
police department in 1967. He then led Motorola's cellular research.
- H.Ragunadh
II/IV B.Tech, ECE-B

Inventor of Microprocessor
Biography
Inventor: Marcian Edward "Ted" Hoff, Jr.
Criteria : First to invent. First to patent.
Patent: 3,821,715 (US) issued June 28, 1974
Milestones:
1962 receives his PhD from Stanford
1968 Ted Hoff joins a newly formed company Intel as employee number 12
1968 Designs the computer-on-a-chip microprocessor
1971 Intel introduces the microcomputer industry with the Intel (4004)
microprocessor
1974 Patent issued for a MEMORY SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-CHIP DIGITAL
COMPUTER
1982 Ted joins Atari
1986 Ted joins Teklicon, Inc. as Chief Technical Officer

Marcian Edward Hoff, Jr., known as "Ted,” was born in Rochester, New
York. His interest in science was encouraged by his father, who worked in railway
signaling, and his uncle. Hoff graduated in 1958 from Rochester Polytechnic
Institute with a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering , then went on
to Stanford, earning his master's degree in 1959 and his Ph.D. in 1962. Hoff's
inventiveness was apparent while he was still a student. Hoff stayed at Stanford
for six years as a research associate, then joined Intel Corporation in 1968 shortly
after it was founded by Robert Noyce. As manager of applications research at
Intel, Hoff was given the project of designing a set of integrated circuits for a line
of desktop calculators.

"Either do not attempt at all, or go through with it." - Ovid 6

 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

MULTIPLICATION BY USING VEDIC

MATHEMATICS:
(a b c d)*(e f g h).This is the general 4*4 multiplication. It takes a small
amount of time to do it. But using Vedic Mathematics it can be done easily. This
method is explained by a simple example below:

GENERAL FORM: GENERAL FORM:

a b
* c d
-------------------------
ac:(a d + b c):b d
-------------------------
a x2 + b x + c
* d x2 + e x + f
-------------------------------------------------------
adx4+x3(a e +b d)+x2(a f+ be +c d)+x(bf+ c e)+c f
------------------------------------------------------
- G.Srikanth
III/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

The Four Engineers

Once there were four engineers traveling in a car. While they were traveling to
their destination the car stalled on them. The first engineer who was a mechanical
engineer said, "don’t worry it's probably engine problems. I’ll just pop open the
hood and take a look at the motor". The second engineer, who was an electrical
engineer, said, "no, no, no. it's an electrical problem. Let me look at the fuse box
and I'll find the problem". The third engineer, who was a chemical engineer, said,
"its just a problem with the fuel. Flush all of the gas and replace it with new gas
and you'll see that the car will be fine." Then the three engineers looked at the
fourth who was a "Microsoft" computer engineer. And his response was... "Why
don't we just get out of the car, shut all of the doors, and then open them again and
get back in and start it!"
- Sujana Kshatri
III/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

“The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step." - Lao-Tse 11

 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

When I’ll b dead

When I m Dead,
Ur Tears May Flow,
But I Wont Know,
Cry 4 Me Now, Instead..

When I m Dead,
U ll Send Flowers,
But I Wont See,
Send them Now, Instead..

When I M Dead,
U ll Say Words Of Praise, But I Wont Hear,
Praise Me Now, Instead..

When I M Dead,
U ll 4get My Faults,
But I Wont Know,
4get them Now, INSTEAD…!

- Siva Koteshwara Rao

IV/IV B.Tech, ECE-B
Word – Mine

How many words of 4 or more letters can you make from letters shown in
puzzle??
Conditions:
• in making a word each should be used only once
• each word must contain top letter of pyramid
• there should be atleast one nine letter word
• plurals, proper names, foreign words are not allowed
- Lokesh.A
III/IV B.tech, ECE-A

"Success is the maximum utilization of the ability that you have." 10

 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

Seeking a way to simplify the complex plans, Hoff suggested putting the more
complex steps into programs in memory, reserving the basic logic circuits for a
single chip. Hoff's invention ushered in the era of the minicomputer and the
"smart" computer-assisted household appliance. He spent a brief time as VP for
Technology with Atari in the early 1980s and is currently VP and Chief Technical
Officer with Teklicon, Inc. Other honors include the Stuart Ballantine Medal from
the Franklin Institute Inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1996 for
his invention of the Microprocessor Concept and Architecture.
- Ch.Eurekha
IV/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

Exhilarating technology of the early days!!!

The engineer and prolific US inventor Lee De Forest patented the first
Vacuum tube or triode in 1906. The Vacuum tube's main use was in radio
technology but De Forest discovered that it was possible to produce audible
sounds from the tubes by a process known as heterodyning. Heterodyning effect is
created by two high radio frequency sound waves of similar but varying frequency
combining and creating a lower audible frequency, equal to the difference
between the two radio frequencies (approximately 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz). De Forest
created a musical instrument, the "Audion Piano”.
The excitement of pushing through new frontiers of sound must have been
exhilarating. We take the technologies available and perhaps in the far future, the
technologies of today will be looked back on with same amazement.
- Bhanu Satya Sai
II/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

Basics of compound semiconductors

Its a general belief that semiconductors are made from the
elements of group IV elements of periodic table (eg. Si and Ge) but apart from Si,
few people are aware that the daily devices they use like semiconductor lasers,
diodes are not made from Si and make use of totally different semiconductor
materials, called compound semiconductors. Compound semiconductors are

"The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do." - James Allen 7
 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

those which are made by mixing 2 or more elements from different groups of
periodic table (e.g. group III elements (e.g. Al, Ga, In) and group V elements
(e.g. N, P, As) in different proportions, among which the most widely used are
GaN, GaAs and so on...
Why not silicon for all devices?
Well, the most important reason is its Indirect Band gap because
of which its so far not been possible to get light out of Si and make such devices.
The term indirect band gap may be confusing for some, so I explain it as follows:
We know for any substance to emit light, there is a need of two
energy levels, i.e. an electron when jumps from higher energy level (i.e. excited
state) to lower energy level (i.e. ground state), light is emitted. Now, the analogues
to these two levels in semiconductors are conduction band and valence band.
Conduction band is higher in energy than valence band. When electron jumps
back from conduction band to valence band, it emits light. But that is not enough.
If that is true, then Si and Ge also have valence and conduction bands, then why
don’t they emit light? The answer is simple to understand if one knows
elementary physical concept of momentum conservation (and let me say here,
problem with Si is, momentum is not conserved. I ll explain.). We know that in
the processes taking place in nature, energy and momentum are to be conserved.
So forwhy do the compound semiconductors like GaN and GaAs are used for
making such devices like lasers and LED's (the so called optoelectronic devices).
The answer is they are Direct Bandgap Semiconductors, that is to say the
conduction and valence band states have the same momenta, and hence
momentum is naturally conserved. So, and electron in the conduction band
(excited state) jumps back to the valence band (ground state), emitting a photon,
and we get light. a process such as transition from conduction band and valence
band must obey this rule. Now the problem with Si is, the momentum of valence
band states is widely different from the momentum of conduction band states, and
a transition is not possible until the required momentum is also supplied for
conserving momentum. Such materials are called Indirect Band gap
Semiconductors (indirect since no direct transition possible until reqd.
momentum is supplied).
- Gohith.R
II/IV B.Tech, ECE-B

"A problem is a chance for you to do your best." - Duke Ellington 8

 XTRONICS- VOL.#01 ISSUE.#02 (OCT 2009)

Fun – Zone
1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19

Write numbers from 1 to 19 in the circles so that the numbers in all 3 circles on a
straight line totals to 30.
- Ravi Kishore
IV/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

Brain-Test

- Dushyanth Kumar
III/IV B.Tech, ECE-B

"If you can dream it, you can do it. Your limits are all within yourself." 9