Sel ec t i on, Sc al i ng And Si mul at i on Of I nput

Sel ec t i on, Sc al i ng And Si mul at i on Of I nput

Gr ound Mot i on For Ti me Hi st or y Anal ysi s
Gr ound Mot i on For Ti me Hi st or y Anal ysi s
Of St r uc t ur es
Of St r uc t ur es
YASI N M. FAHJ AN
Department of Earthquake and Structural Sciences
Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
f ahj an@gyt e.edu.t r
Uni ver si dade do Mi nho
Depar t ament o de Engenhar i a Ci vi l
SEMI NAR AND LUNCH ON EARTHQUAKE
ENGI NEERI NG AND HI STORI C MASONRY
J ul y 12, 2010
OUTLI NE OUTLI NES OF THE SEMI NER S OF THE SEMI NER
Sei smi c Anal yses of St r uc t ur es
Sour c e of Ac c el er ogr ams
Sel ec t i on of Ti me Hi st or y Rec or ds
Met hods of Gr ound Mot i on Sc al i ng of
Ear t hquak e Ti me Hi st or i es
Cr i t er i a f or Eval uat i on of Resul t ed
Ac c el er ogr ams
St at i c Equi val ent Met hod
(Spec t r al Ac c el er at i on at Fi r st Nat ur al Per i od of St r uc t ur e )
I NPUT MOTI ONS FOR EARTHQUAKE I NPUT MOTI ONS FOR EARTHQUAKE
STRCUTURAL ANALYSES STRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Classical Earthquake Resistant Designs Classical Earthquake Resistant Designs
Modal Combi nat i on Met hod
(Spec t r al Ac c el er at i on at al l Ef f ec t i ve Nat ur al Per i ods of St r uc t ur e )
I NPUT MOTI ONS FOR EARTHQUAKE I NPUT MOTI ONS FOR EARTHQUAKE
STRCUTURAL ANALYSES STRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Classical Earthquake Resistant Designs Classical Earthquake Resistant Designs
HOW TO HOW TO GET GET DESI GN SPECTRUM DESI GN SPECTRUM ? ?
Ear t hquak e Desi gn Codes (NEHRP 1997, I BC2003,
Eur oCode 8 )
Det er mi ni st i c and Pr obabi l i st i c Hazar d Anal ysi s
T
0
T
S
1.0
S
M1
S
MS
Sa=S
M1
/ T
Period
Sa
0.4 S
MS
Li near Dynami c (Ac c el er at i on Ti me Hi st or y)
I NPUT MOTI ONS FOR EARTHQUAKE I NPUT MOTI ONS FOR EARTHQUAKE
STRCUTURAL ANALYSES STRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Time Domain Analyses Time Domain Analyses
Nonl i near Dynami c (Ac c el er at i on Ti me Hi st or y)
I NPUT MOTI ONS FOR EARTHQUAKE I NPUT MOTI ONS FOR EARTHQUAKE
STRCUTURAL ANALYSES STRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Time Domain Analyses Time Domain Analyses
SOURCE OF ACCELEROGRAMS SOURCE OF ACCELEROGRAMS
Real Ac c el er ogr ams
Ar t i f i c i al Ac c el er ogr ams
Synt het i c Ac c el er ogr ams
FACTORS I NFLUENCI NG FACTORS I NFLUENCI NG REAL REAL
ACCELEROGRAMS ACCELEROGRAMS
Sour c e
Magni t ude
Rupt ur e Mec hani sm
Di r ec t i vi t y
Foc al Dept h
Pat h
Cr ust al St r uc t ur e
Si t e
Sur f ac e Geol ogy
Topogr aphy
St r uc t ur es
RULES FOR SCALI NG TI ME HI STORI ES ACCORDI NG RULES FOR SCALI NG TI ME HI STORI ES ACCORDI NG
TO FI T DESI GN CODE SPECTURM TO FI T DESI GN CODE SPECTURM
Gui danc e On How To Ac t ual l y Sel ec t Appr opr i at e Real
Rec or ds I s Usual l y Foc used On Compat i bi l i t y Wi t h
The Response Spec t r um Rat her Than Sei smol ogi c al
Par amet er s
UBC 1997 And I BC 2000
Max i mum St r uc t ur al Response I f Thr ee Rec or ds Used
Aver age St r uc t ur al Response I f Seven Rec or ds Used
(SRSS) Of The Tw o Hor i zont al Component s Shoul d
Not Be Less Than 1.4 The Desi gn Spec t r um Or di nat es
I n The Range Fr om 0.2T To 1.5T (UBC 1997 )
RULES FOR SCALI NG TI ME HI STORI ES ACCORDI NG RULES FOR SCALI NG TI ME HI STORI ES ACCORDI NG
TO FI T DESI GN CODE SPECTURM TO FI T DESI GN CODE SPECTURM
Sc al ed Spec t r um Shoul d Not Be Less Than 0.9 The
Desi gn Spec t r um Or di nat es I n The Range Fr om 0.2T1 To
2T1 (DBYBHY 2007); T1 i s t he f i r st f undament al Per i od of
t he St r uc t ur e
Ear t hquak e Rec or d dur at i on > 5 T1 and > 15 sec
T1
0.2 T1 2 T1
> 5 T1
> 15 sec
Gr ound Mot i on Sc al i ng
i n Ti me Domai n
Spec t r al Mat c hi ng i n
Fr equenc y Domai n
Spec t r al Mat c hi ng by
Wavl et s
Spec t r um Compat i bl e
Ar t i f i c i al Rec or d
Gener at i on
Pr oc essi ng Of Gr ound Mot i on To Fi t Pr oc essi ng Of Gr ound Mot i on To Fi t
Response Spec t r a ( Response Spec t r a (Real and Ar t i f i c i al Real and Ar t i f i c i al
Ac c el er ogr ams Ac c el er ogr ams) )
Bommer & Acevedo 2004
REAL ACCELEROGRAMS REAL ACCELEROGRAMS
Advant ages
Gr ound-mot i on Char ac t er i st i c s (Ampl i t ude,
Fr equenc y And Ener gy Cont ent , Dur at i on And
Phase Char ac t er i st i c s)
Char ac t er i st i c s Of The Sour c e, Pat h And Si t e
Di sadvant ages
Not Al l Magni t ude-
Di st anc e-Soi l
Combi nat i ons Ar e
Cover ed
Response Spec t r a Ar e
Gener al l y Not Smoot hed.
PEER WEBSI TE 2 PEER WEBSI TE 2
http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat
PEER STRONG MOTI ON DATABASE PEER STRONG MOTI ON DATABASE
Foc al Mec hani sm
St r i k e sl i p, Nor mal , Rever se nor mal , Rever se-obl i que,
Nor mal -obl i que
Magni t ude (ML, M, MS)
Di st anc e t o Faul t
Cl osest , Hypoc ent r al , Pr oj ec t i on of f aul t pl ane
Si t e Cl assi f i c at i on and Mapped Loc al
Geol ogy
I nst r ument Housi ng
Fr ee-f i el d, shel t er Type
GROUND MOTI ON SCALI NG I N TI ME DOMAI N GROUND MOTI ON SCALI NG I N TI ME DOMAI N
Nikolaou, 1998
DEVELOPMENT OF DI SPLACEMENT DEVELOPMENT OF DI SPLACEMENT
RESPONSE SPECTRUM RESPONSE SPECTRUM
FEMA 451
GROUND MOTI ON SCALI NG GROUND MOTI ON SCALI NG
I N TI ME DOMAI N I N TI ME DOMAI N ( (SCALI NG ON AMPLI TUDE) SCALI NG ON AMPLI TUDE)
Mat c h t o Peak Gr ound
Ac c el er at i on (PGA)
Mat c h Spec t r al Ac c el er at i on
at Spec i f i c Per i od
Cimellaro 2007
SCALI NG ON AMPLI TUDE SCALI NG ON AMPLI TUDE
Mat c h Spec t r al Ac c el er at i on
At Per i od Range usi ng
l east squar e Met hod
Mat c h Mul t i pl e Mot i ons
mat c h t he medi an usi ng
Least Squar e Met hod
Cimellaro 2007
TI ME SCALED EARTHQUAKE RECORDS TI ME SCALED EARTHQUAKE RECORDS
SCALE I N FREQUENCY DOMAI N SCALE I N FREQUENCY DOMAI N
Nikolaou, 1998
Nikolaou, 1998
SCALE I N FREQUENCY DOMAI N SCALE I N FREQUENCY DOMAI N ( (c ont c ont .) .)
SCALE I N FREQUENCY DOMAI N SCALE I N FREQUENCY DOMAI N
SCALE I N FREQUENCY DOMAI N SCALE I N FREQUENCY DOMAI N
SPECTRAL MATCHI NG SPECTRAL MATCHI NG USI NG WAVELETS USI NG WAVELETS
Adj ust t he or i gi nal r ec or d i t er at i vel y i n t he t i me
domai n t o ac hi eve c ompat i bi l i t y w i t h a spec i f i ed
t ar get ac c el er at i on r esponse spec t r um by addi ng
w avel et s havi ng spec i f i ed per i od r anges and l i mi t ed
dur at i ons t o t he i nput t i me hi st or y.
RSPMATCH sof t w ar e devel oped by Abr ahamson
(1992)
Li st of c andi dat e ear t hquak e r ec or ds used Li st of c andi dat e ear t hquak e r ec or ds used
f or f or RSPMat c h RSPMat c h
Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement
Spec t r a For Spec t r a For RSPMATCH RSPMATCH Gener at ed Rec or ds Gener at ed Rec or ds
DI SCUSSI ONS and CONCLUSI ONS DI SCUSSI ONS and CONCLUSI ONS
RSPMat c h pr ogr am r equi r es a set of ear t hquak e r ec or ds
t hat i ni t i al l y have c onsi der abl e c ompat i bi l i t y w i t h t he
t ar get spec t r um. The mat c hi ng pr oc edur e i s not r obust
and pr ogr am r equest s a l ot of par amet er s r el at ed t o
addi t i onal w avel et i t er at i ons. The c onver genc e i s not
guar ant eed f or many c andi dat e r ec or ds.
The aver age of , ac c el er at i on vel oc i t y and di spl ac ement
spec t r a f or t he mat c hed r ec or ds usi ng RSPMat c h have
ex c el l ent f i t w i t h t he desi gn spec t r a.
ARTI FI CI AL ACCELEROGRAMS ARTI FI CI AL ACCELEROGRAMS
Gener at ed To Mat c h A Tar get Response
Spec t r um
Ear t hquak e Mot i on As The Out put Fr om
Fi l t er s And Use Of Syst em Response For
A Whi t e Noi se I nput
Di sadvant ages
Rec or ds Gener al l y Have An Ex c essi ve
Number Of Cyc l es Of St r ong Mot i on,
And Consequent l y Have Unr eal i st i c al l y
Hi gh Ener gy Cont ent
SPECTRUM COMPATI BLE ARTI FI CI AL RECORD SPECTRUM COMPATI BLE ARTI FI CI AL RECORD
GENERATI ON ( GENERATI ON (SI MQKE SI MQKE ) )
SI MQKE (Gaspar i ni and Vanmar c k e, 1976)
c omput es a pow er spec t r al densi t y f unc t i on f r om a
spec i f i ed smoot h r esponse spec t r um and uses t hi s
f unc t i on t o der i ve t he ampl i t udes of si nusoi dal
si gnal s w hi c h have r andom phase angl es uni f or ml y
di st r i but ed bet w een 0 and 2. The si nusoi dal
mot i ons ar e summed t o gener at e a t i me hi st or y
r ec or d
I n or der t o get ot her c har ac t er i st i c s of ar t i f i c i al
spec t r um-c ompat i bl e r ec or d, suc h as dur at i on, i t i s
nec essar y t o obt ai n suppl ement ar y i nf or mat i on
about t he ex pec t ed ear t hquak e mot i on apar t f r om
t he r esponse spec t r um.
SPECTRUM COMPATI BLE ARTI FI CI AL RECORD SPECTRUM COMPATI BLE ARTI FI CI AL RECORD
GENERATI ON ( GENERATI ON (TARSCTHS TARSCTHS ) )
The c ode TARSCTHS (Papageor gi ou et al ., 2002)
uses non-st at i onar y st oc hast i c vec t or pr oc esses t o
gener at e ar t i f i c i al t i me hi st or i es f r om a user
def i ned el ast i c r esponse spec t r um. The i t er at i ve
sc heme i s appl i ed i n f r equenc y domai n w her e t he
phase angl es of t he desi r ed mot i on ar e r andoml y
gener at ed Gr ound Mot i on Sc al i ng i n Ti me Domai n
Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And
Duc t i l i t y Demand For Duc t i l i t y Demand For SI MQKE Gener at ed Rec or ds SI MQKE Gener at ed Rec or ds
Tr apezoi dal i nt ensi t y envel ope w i t h ear t hquak e r i se t i me=2.5 sec ,
ear t hquak e l evel t i me=12sec , desi r ed dur at i on of ac c el er at i on=35sec and
desi r ed max i mum gr ound ac c el er at i on = 0.3 g
f i l t er ed (0.1-20Hz)
and basel i ne
c or r ec t ed
SPECTRUM COMPATI BLE ARTI FI CI AL SPECTRUM COMPATI BLE ARTI FI CI AL
RECORD GENERATI ON RECORD GENERATI ON
Usi ng ei t her TARSCTHS or SI MQKE, t he aver age of
gener at ed r ec or ds ac c el er at i on, vel oc i t y and
di spl ac ement spec t r a have i nadequat e f i t t i ng f or
l onger per i ods.
For opt i on w i t h no envel ope i n SI MQKE, non-r eal i st i c
r ec or ds t hat do not r epr esent t he gener al
c har ac t er i st i c s of r eal ear t hquak es ar e gener at ed.
Even t hough t he unf i l t er ed t i me hi st or i es have t he
same f i t f or t he desi gn spec t r um as f i l t er ed t i me
hi st or i es, unr eal i st i c nonl i near behavi or c an be
obser ved f or t he val i d per i od r ange (0.1s-10s).
SYNTHETI C ACCELEROGRAMS SYNTHETI C ACCELEROGRAMS
St oc hast i c Poi nt Sour c e and Fi ni t e Sour c e ((Boor e, 2003;
At k i nson and Boor e, 1997)
Synt hesi ze Ear t hquak e Mot i on Usi ng A Faul t Di sl oc at i on
Model Or Empi r i c al Gr eens Func t i on Model
Def i ni t i on Of A Spec i f i c Ear t hquak e Sc enar i o
Most Wi del y used EMPSYN Pr ogr am L. Hut c hi ngs (1976)
Geophysi c al Par amet er s
Hypoc ent er
Sei smi c Moment
Sl i p Vec t or
Asper i t i es
Rupt ur e Vel oc i t y
Ri se Ti me
St r ess Dr op
Philippe Rosset, J ean-J acques Wagner (2000)
CRETERI A FOR EVALUATI ON CRETERI A FOR EVALUATI ON THE RESULTI NG THE RESULTI NG
ACCELEROGRAMS ACCELEROGRAMS
Resul t i ng ac c el er ogr ams must have r eal i st i c
c har ac t er i st i c s of ear t hquak es i n t er ms of
ampl i t ude, f r equenc y c ont ent and dur at i on.
A basel i ne c or r ec t i on and f i l t er i ng shoul d be
per f or med t o t he gener at ed or mat c hed
ac c el er at i on t i me hi st or i es.
The ac c el er at i on, vel oc i t y and di spl ac ement
t i me hi st or i es shoul d be ex ami ned t o ensur e
t hat t hey ar e r easonabl y c l ose t o t he t ar get
val ues i n t er ms of peak val ues, w ave f or m,
st r ong shak i ng dur at i on and ot her c r i t i c al
f eat ur es suc h as t he near -f aul t vel oc i t y pul se
CRETERI A FOR EVALUATI ON CRETERI A FOR EVALUATI ON THE RESULTING THE RESULTING
ACCELEROGRAMS ACCELEROGRAMS
Pow er spec t r al densi t y f unc t i on shoul d be
ex ami ned t o ensur e a boar d di st r i but i on of
ener gy i n t he f i nal spec t r um-c ompat i bl e
mot i on as a f unc t i on of Four i er per i od and
t her e ar e no si gni f i c ant def i c i enc i es i n t he
ener gy at per i ods i mpor t ant t o t he st r uc t ur e
I n r eal ear t hquak e r ec or ds, aver age of t he
duc t i l i t y f ac t or i s ex pec t ed t o be equal t o
st r uc t ur al behavi or f ac t or at l onger per i ods
(equal di spl ac ement r ul e) espec i al l y f or
vel oc i t y and di spl ac ement sensi t i ve spec t r al
r egi ons (Chopr a, 2000).
Real i st i c Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y and Real i st i c Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y and
Di spl ac ement Di spl ac ement
Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And
Duc t i l i t y Demand For Duc t i l i t y Demand For Ti me Sc al ed Rec or ds Ti me Sc al ed Rec or ds
Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And
Duc t i l i t y Demand For Duc t i l i t y Demand For SI MQKE Gener at ed Rec or ds SI MQKE Gener at ed Rec or ds
Tr apezoi dal i nt ensi t y envel ope w i t h ear t hquak e r i se t i me=2.5 sec ,
ear t hquak e l evel t i me=12sec , desi r ed dur at i on of ac c el er at i on=35sec and
desi r ed max i mum gr ound ac c el er at i on = 0.3 g
f i l t er ed (0.1-20Hz)
and basel i ne
c or r ec t ed
Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And
Duc t i l i t y Demand For Duc t i l i t y Demand For TARSCTH Gener at ed Rec or ds TARSCTH Gener at ed Rec or ds
f i l t er ed (0.1-20Hz)
and basel i ne
c or r ec t ed
TARSCTHS pr ogr am r equi r es moment magni t ude and epi c ent r al
di st anc e of sc enar i o ear t hquak e t o c omput e dur at i on
Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And Ac c el er at i on, Vel oc i t y And Di spl ac ement Spec t r a And
Duc t i l i t y Demand For Duc t i l i t y Demand For RSPMATCH Gener at ed Rec or ds RSPMATCH Gener at ed Rec or ds
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