Massive Scalar Field Project

Pressure Calculations: Massless and Supermassive Limits

Bessel K0 and K1 asymptotic approximations
Pressure: P(x, x,t) = P(x-x,t)
Weyl Term: P_{Weyl}doesnt have any periodic terms such as nL and should be
the simplest pressure calcution to do. So, thats why I am doing this calculation
from the very beginning.
The first half or so of this Mathematica file was an experimental trial to obtain the correct expression for
the massive Tbar. So, the first hald of the Mathematica file was not deleted to demonstrate how HORRI-
BLY things went if we assumed that the massive Tbar was related to K1 rather than K0. Then I moved
on to using K0 because thats the correct function to you and Hays.
The above analysis is completely wrong because I was using the WRONG MASSIVE TBAR, and a little
bit of the complexity of the situation was reported on several of my previous daily updates. The situation
is simplified drastically if we start with a much simpler massive TBar.
Second Approach: Its more simple and elegant.
Second Approach: (Second Trial)
D_BesselK_0, m ((x xp) 2 n L)^2 t^2 _, {x, 2}_
D_BesselK_0, m ((x xp) 2 n L)^2 t^2 _, {xp, 2}_
2 D_D_BesselK_0, m ((x xp) 2 n L)^2 t^2 _, x_, xp_ // FullSimplify
4 m m (2 L n x xp)
2
BesselK0, m t
2
(2 L n x xp)
2
, t
2
(2 L n x xp)
2

(2 L n t x xp) (2 L n t x xp) BesselK1, m t
2
(2 L n x xp)
2
,
t
2
(2 L n x xp)
2

3/2
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition
4 m m (2 L n x xp)
2
BesselK_0, m t
2
(2 L n x xp)
2
_ [t
2
(2 L n x xp)
2
|
(2 L n t x xp) (2 L n t x xp) BesselK_1, m t
2
(2 L n x xp)
2
_
[t
2
(2 L n x xp)
2
|
3/2
/. xp x'
4 m m BesselK0, m t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
, t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2

BesselK1, m t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
(2 L n t x x

) (2 L n t x x

) ,
t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2

3/2
4 m m BesselK_0, m t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
_ (2 L n x x

)
2
[t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
|
BesselK_1, m t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
_ (2 L n t x x

) (2 L n t x x

)
[t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
|
3/2
// TraditionalForm
4 m m2 L n x

x
2
K
0
m t
2
2 L n x x

2
2 L n x

x
2
t
2

2 L n t x

x 2 L n t x

x K
1
m t
2
2 L n x x

2
2 L n x

x
2
t
2

32
4 m m BesselK_0, m t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
_ (2 L n x x

)
2
[t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
|
BesselK_1, m t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
_ (2 L n t x x

) (2 L n t x x

)
[t
2
(2 L n x x

)
2
|
3/2
/. x' x
4 m 4 L
2
m n
2
BesselK0, m 4 L
2
n
2
t
2
, 4 L
2
n
2
t
2

(2 L n t) (2 L n t) BesselK1, m 4 L
2
n
2
t
2
, 4 L
2
n
2
t
2

3/2
4 m 4 L
2
m n
2
BesselK_0, m 4 L
2
n
2
t
2
_ [4 L
2
n
2
t
2
|
(2 L n t) (2 L n t) BesselK_1, m 4 L
2
n
2
t
2
_
[4 L
2
n
2
t
2
|
3/2
// TraditionalForm
4 m
4 L
2
mn
2
K
0
m 4 L
2
n
2
t
2
4 L
2
n
2
t
2

t 2 L n 2 L n t K
1
m 4 L
2
n
2
t
2
4 L
2
n
2
t
2

32
2 Bessel.nb
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition
4 m 4 L
2
m n
2
BesselK_0, m 4 L
2
n
2
t
2
_ [4 L
2
n
2
t
2
|
(2 L n t) (2 L n t) BesselK_1, m 4 L
2
n
2
t
2
_ [4 L
2
n
2
t
2
|
3/2
/. t 0
4 m m BesselK0, 2 m L
2
n
2

L
2
n
2
BesselK1, 2 m L
2
n
2

2 L
2
n
2

3/2
4 m m BesselK_0, 2 m L
2
n
2
_
L
2
n
2
BesselK_1, 2 m L
2
n
2
_
2 [L
2
n
2
|
3/2
// TraditionalForm
4 m
L
2
n
2
K
1
2 m L
2
n
2
2 L
2
n
2

32
mK
0
2 m L
2
n
2
4 m m BesselK[0, 2 m L n ]
BesselK[1, 2 m L n ]
2 L n
4 m m BesselK[0, 2 L m n]
BesselK[1, 2 L m n]
2 L n
4 m m BesselK[0, 2 L m n]
BesselK[1, 2 L m n]
2 L n
/. 2 L m n z
4 m m BesselK[0, z]
BesselK[1, z]
2 L n
Normal_ Series_4 m m BesselK[0, z]
BesselK[1, z]
2 L n
, {z, 0, 3}_ // FullSimplify _
2 m
L n z
m
2
z
2
1 EulerGamma Log
z
2

4 m
2
EulerGamma Log
z
2

1
2 L n
m z (1 2 EulerGamma Log[4] 2 Log[z])
1
32 L n
m z
3
(5 4 EulerGamma 4 Log[2] 4 Log[z])
Bessel.nb 3
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition
2 m
L n z
m
2
z
2
1 EulerGamma Log_
z
2
_
4 m
2
EulerGamma Log_
z
2
_
1
2 L n
m z (1 2 EulerGamma Log[4] 2 Log[z])
1
32 L n
m z
3
(5 4 EulerGamma 4 Log[2] 4 Log[z]) /. z 2 L m n
1
L
2
n
2
4 L
2
m
4
n
2
(1 EulerGamma Log[L m n])
4 m
2
(EulerGamma Log[L m n]) m
2
(1 2 EulerGamma Log[4] 2 Log[2 L m n])
1
4
L
2
m
4
n
2
(5 4 EulerGamma 4 Log[2] 4 Log[2 L m n])
1
L
2
n
2
4 L
2
m
4
n
2
(1 EulerGamma Log[L m n])
4 m
2
(EulerGamma Log[L m n]) m
2
(1 2 EulerGamma Log[4] 2 Log[2 L m n])
1
4
L
2
m
4
n
2
(5 4 EulerGamma 4 Log[2] 4 Log[2 L m n]) // TraditionalForm
4 L
2
m
4
n
2
logL mn 1
1
4
L
2
m
4
n
2
4 log2 L mn 4 5 4 log2
1
L
2
n
2
4 m
2
logL mn m
2
2 log2 L mn 2 1 log4
Limit_
2 m
L n (2 L m n)
4 [m
2
(EulerGamma Log[L m n])|
1
2 L n
m (1 2 EulerGamma 2 Log[L m n]) 2 L m n m
2
(1 EulerGamma Log[L m n]) (2 L m n)
2

1
32 L n
m (5 4 EulerGamma 4 Log[L m n]) (2 L m n)
3
, m 0_ // TraditionalForm
1
L
2
n
2
(1 / (8 Pi)) Sum_
1
L
2
n
2
, {n, 1, Infinity}_ // TraditionalForm

48 L
2
Series_4 m m BesselK[0, z]
BesselK[1, z]
2 L n
, {z, Infinity, 3}_ /. z 2 L m n

2 L m n
2 m
2
2
m 2
L n
1
2 L m n

1
8 L n
3 m 2 2 L m
2
n 2
1
2 L m n
3/2

1
128 L n
3 5 m 2 6 L m
2
n 2
1
2 L m n
5/2
O
1
2 L m n

7/2
4 Bessel.nb
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition

2 L m n
2 m
2
2
m 2
L n
1
2 L m n

1
8 L n
]3 m 2 2 L m
2
n 2
1
2 L m n
3/2

1
128 L n
3 ]5 m 2 6 L m
2
n 2
1
2 L m n
5/2
O_
1
2 L m n
_
7/2
// TraditionalForm

2 L mn
2 2 m
2

2 m
L n
1
2 L mn

3 m 2 2 L m
2
n 2
1
2 L mn

32
8 L n

3 6 L m
2
n 2 5 m 2
1
2 L mn

52
128 L n
O
1
2 L mn
72

2 L m n
2 m
2
2
m 2
L n
1
2 L m n

1
8 L n
]3 m 2 2 L m
2
n 2
1
2 L m n
3/2

1
128 L n
3 ]5 m 2 6 L m
2
n 2
1
2 L m n
5/2
// TraditionalForm

2 L mn
3 6 2 L m
2
n 5 2 m
1
L mn

52
512 2 L n

3 2 m 2 2 L m
2
n
1
L mn

32
16 2 L n

2 m
L n
2 2 m
2
1
L mn
2
Normal_ Series_4 m m BesselK[0, z]
BesselK[1, z]
2 L n
, {z, Infinity, 3}_ //
FullSimplify _ /. z 2 L m n

2 L m n
m
1
L m n

3/2
(3 2 L m n)
16 L n

m
1
L m n
(1 2 L m n)
L n

3 m
1
L m n

5/2
(5 6 L m n)
512 L n
Bessel.nb 5
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition

2 L m n
m ]
1
L m n

3/2
(3 2 L m n)
16 L n

m
1
L m n
(1 2 L m n)
L n

3 m ]
1
L m n

5/2
(5 6 L m n)
512 L n
// FullSimplify
1
512 L
2
n
2

2 L m n
1
L m n
3/2
(15 2 L m n (57 32 L m n (7 16 L m n)))
Limit_
2 L m n
1
L m n
3/2
(15 2 L m n (57 32 L m n (7 16 L m n))) [512 L
2
n
2
| /.
{L 1, n 1}, m Infinity_
0
In[1]:= D_BesselK_0, m (2 x 2 n L)^2 t^2 _, {x, 2}_
D_BesselK_0, m (2 x 2 n L)^2 t^2 _, {xp, 2}_
2 D_D_BesselK_0, m (2 x 2 n L)^2 t^2 _, x_, xp_ // FullSimplify
Out[1]= 4 m 4 m (L n x)
2
BesselK0, m t
2
4 (L n x)
2
, t
2
4 (L n x)
2

(2 L n t 2 x) (2 L n t 2 x) BesselK1, m t
2
4 (L n x)
2
, t
2
4 (L n x)
2

3/2
In[2]:= 4 m 4 m (L n x)
2
BesselK_0, m t
2
4 (L n x)
2
_ [t
2
4 (L n x)
2
|
(2 L n t 2 x) (2 L n t 2 x) BesselK_1, m t
2
4 (L n x)
2
_
[t
2
4 (L n x)
2
|
3/2
// TraditionalForm
Out[2]//TraditionalForm=
4 m
4 mL n x
2
K
0
m t
2
4 L n x
2
4 L n x
2
t
2

2 L n t 2 x 2 L n t 2 x K
1
m t
2
4 L n x
2
4 L n x
2
t
2

32
6 Bessel.nb
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition
In[3]:= 4 m 4 m (L n x)
2
BesselK_0, m t
2
4 (L n x)
2
_ [t
2
4 (L n x)
2
|
(2 L n t 2 x) (2 L n t 2 x) BesselK_1, m t
2
4 (L n x)
2
_
[t
2
4 (L n x)
2
|
3/2
/. n 0
Out[3]= 4 m
4 m x
2
BesselK0, m t
2
4 x
2

t
2
4 x
2

(t 2 x) (t 2 x) BesselK1, m t
2
4 x
2
, t
2
4 x
2

3/2
In[4]:= 4 m
4 m x
2
BesselK_0, m t
2
4 x
2
_
t
2
4 x
2

(t 2 x) (t 2 x) BesselK_1, m t
2
4 x
2
_ [t
2
4 x
2
|
3/2
/. t 0
4 m m BesselK_0, 2 m x
2
_
BesselK_1, 2 m x
2
_
2 x
2
In[5]:= 4 m 4 m (L n x)
2
BesselK_0, m t
2
4 (L n x)
2
_ [t
2
4 (L n x)
2
|
(2 L n t 2 x) (2 L n t 2 x) BesselK_1, m t
2
4 (L n x)
2
_
[t
2
4 (L n x)
2
|
3/2
/. t 0
Out[5]= 4 m m BesselK0, 2 m (L n x)
2

(2 L n 2 x)
2
BesselK1, 2 m (L n x)
2
, 8 (L n x)
2

3/2

In[16]:= TraditionalForm_
4 m m BesselK_0, 2 m (L n x)
2
_ (2 L n 2 x)
2
BesselK_1, 2 m (L n x)
2
_
]8 [(L n x)
2
|
3/2
/. (L n x)
2
(L n x) _
Out[16]//TraditionalForm=
4 m
2 L n 2 x
2
K
1
2 mL n x
8 L n x
2

32
mK
0
2 mL n x
Bessel.nb 7
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition
In[17]:= 4 m m BesselK_0, 2 m (L n x)
2
_
(2 L n 2 x)
2
BesselK_1, 2 m (L n x)
2
_ ]8 [(L n x)
2
|
3/2
/.
(L n x)
2
(L n x) // FullSimplify
Out[17]= 2 m 2 m BesselK[0, 2 m (L n x)]
BesselK[1, 2 m (L n x)]
(L n x)
2
In[21]:= 2 m 2 m BesselK[0, 2 m (L n x)]
BesselK[1, 2 m (L n x)]
(L n x)
// TraditionalForm
Out[21]//TraditionalForm=
2 m 2 mK
0
2 mL n x
K
1
2 mL n x
L n x
In[23]:= Series_ 2 m 2 m BesselK[0, 2 m (L n x)]
BesselK[1, 2 m (L n x)]
(L n x)
/. 2 m (L n x) z,
{z, 0, 3}_ // FullSimplify
Out[23]=
2 m
(L n x) z
4 m
2
EulerGamma Log
z
2

(m (1 2 EulerGamma Log[4] 2 Log[z]) z) / (2 (L n x))
m
2
1 EulerGamma Log
z
2
z
2

m (5 4 EulerGamma 4 Log[2] 4 Log[z]) z

3
(32 (L n x)) O[z]
4
In[24]:=
2 m
(L n x) z
4 m
2
EulerGamma Log_
z
2
_
(m (1 2 EulerGamma Log[4] 2 Log[z]) z) / (2 (L n x))
m
2
1 EulerGamma Log_
z
2
_ z
2

[m (5 4 EulerGamma 4 Log[2] 4 Log[z]) z

3
| / (32 (L n x)) /. z 2 m (L n x)
Out[24]=
1
(L n x)
2
4 m
4
(L n x)
2
(1 EulerGamma Log[m (L n x)])
4 m
2
(EulerGamma Log[m (L n x)]) m
2
(1 2 EulerGamma Log[4] 2 Log[2 m (L n x)])
1
4
m
4
(L n x)
2
(5 4 EulerGamma 4 Log[2] 4 Log[2 m (L n x)])
In[26]:=
1
(L n x)
2
// TraditionalForm
Out[26]//TraditionalForm=
1
L n x
2
8 Bessel.nb
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition
In[6]:= (1 / (8 Pi)) Sum_
1
(L n x)
2
, {n, 0, Infinity}_ // TraditionalForm
Out[6]//TraditionalForm=

x
L

8 L
2
In[5]:= (1 / (8 Pi)) Sum_
1
(L n x)
2
, {n, 0, Infinity}_
Out[5]=
PolyGamma1,
x
L

8 L
2

In[31]:= Series_
PolyGamma]1,
x
L

8 L
2

, {x, 0, 3}_
Out[31]=
1
8 x
2

48 L
2

PolyGamma[2, 1] x
8 L
3

3
x
2
240 L
4

PolyGamma[4, 1] x
3
48 (L
5
)
O[x]
4
In[32]:=
1
8 x
2

48 L
2

PolyGamma[2, 1] x
8 [L
3
|

3
x
2
240 L
4

PolyGamma[4, 1] x
3
48 (L
5
)
O[x]
4
//
TraditionalForm
Out[32]//TraditionalForm=

1
8 x
2

48 L
2

x
2
1
8 L
3

3
x
2
240 L
4

x
3

4
1
48 L
5

Ox
4

In[33]:= Limit_
1
8 x
2

48 L
2

PolyGamma[2, 1] x
8 [L
3
|

3
x
2
240 L
4

PolyGamma[4, 1] x
3
48 (L
5
)
, x 0_
Out[33]=
In[37]:= Series_ 2 m 2 m BesselK[0, 2 m (L n x)]
BesselK[1, 2 m (L n x)]
(L n x)
/. 2 m (L n x) z,
{z, Infinity, 3}_ /. z 2 m (L n x )
Out[37]=
2 m (L nx)
2 m
2
2
m 2
L n x
1
2 m (L n x)

1
2
m
2

2

3 m

2
4 (L n x)
1
2 m (L n x)
3/2

9
32
m
2

2

15 m

2
64 (L n x)
1
2 m (L n x)
5/2
O
1
2 m (L n x)

7/2
Bessel.nb 9
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition
In[38]:=
2 m (L nx)
2 m
2
2
m 2
L n x
1
2 m (L n x)

1
2
m
2

2

3 m

2
4 (L n x)
1
2 m (L n x)
3/2

9
32
m
2

2

15 m

2
64 (L n x)
1
2 m (L n x)
5/2
O_
1
2 m (L n x)
_
7/2
// FullSimplify
Out[38]=
2 m (L nx)
1
L n x
m 2 (1 2 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)

m

2
(3 2 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)
3/2
, (4 (L n x))
3 m

2
(5 6 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)
5/2
, (64 (L n x)) O
1
2 m (L n x)

7/2
In[3]:=
2 m (L nx)
1
L n x
m 2 (1 2 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)

m

2
(3 2 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)
3/2
(4 (L n x))
3 m

2
(5 6 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)
5/2
(64 (L n x))
O_
1
2 m (L n x)
_
7/2
// TraditionalForm
Out[3]//TraditionalForm=

2 mL nx
m 2 2 mL n x 1
1
2 mL nx
L n x

m

2
3 2 mL n x
1
2 mL nx

32
4 L n x

3 m

2
6 mL n x 5
1
2 mL nx

52
64 L n x
O
1
2 mL n x
72
10 Bessel.nb
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition
In[4]:= Limit_
2 m (L nx)
1
L n x
m 2 (1 2 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)

m

2
(3 2 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)
3/2
(4 (L n x))
3 m

2
(5 6 m (L n x))
1
2 m (L n x)
5/2
(64 (L n x)) /.
{L 1, x 1, n 0}, m Infinity_
Out[4]= 0
Now, I am switching to the boundary case. The above answer is for the periodic case because it is
indenpendent of x at the end of the day. For some reason, I kept calling it the boundary pressure but it
cant be the boundary answer if it is independent of x!
The pressure vanishes as m goes to infinity. Thats exactly what should be happening and it comes as
no surprise that the supermassive limit is equal to zero.
Again, it is not suprising that the pressure value is dramatically decreasing as the mass increases from
m=1 to m=100. This was expected because the pressure functions have exponential decays inside the
infinite sums. The tricky part is rigorously proving that the infinite sums are indeed convergent. But,
everyone knows that infinite sums with exponential decays are usually convergent at the end of the day.
Bessel.nb 11
Printed by Wolfram Mathematica Student Edition