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Bike Ergonomics for All People

Reykjavik 18.09.07

by
Juliane Neuss,
Germany
info@junik-hpv.de






The Author: Juliane Neuss is working by herself with ergonomics since more than 20
years. She developed a growing up childrens bike in 1994 and was a bike-dealer
from 1996 until 2002. She founded a bike company in 1998 beside her regular job
and developed a foldable recumbent and a scooter for sitting and running, like the old
Running-machine from Mr. Drais (1817). She has a lot of experience with long range
bike rides, like Trondheim-Oslo and was a triathlete as well for several years, but
she loves ice-speed-skating more than every other sport.

Juliane is a member of the German Bicycle Association (ADFC Allgemeiner
Deutscher Fahrradclub) and is working with the technical committee of the club to
solve customer problems. She is also writing a frequent column for the ADFC
periodical .

In 2006 Juliane started working for the Gebiomized Company, which customizes
saddles. Together with some other bike companies she has been trying to get a
research-project about ergonomics by the Nationaler Radverkehrsplan , which is
supported by the German Government.
Juliane got in touch with Magnus Bergssons and the FHK 12 years ago, when she
was in Iceland for the fifth or sixth time. This year Juliane spent the whole summer in
Iceland again to work on a farm, but she also tried to use the free time to start writing
her book about bike ergonomics.




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Ergonomics is the investigation
about humans and work. Especially
when optimizing the physical contact
between humans and engine.









Ergonomics helps to improve the output and the comfort of bike riding. When
improving the comfort, you can use your power more for bike riding and not for
struggling against pain. When you improve your output you get more comfort,
because your muscles become stronger and you don`t sit on the bike like a sack of
potatoes.




This lecture will be arranged in three parts:

Part 1: Ergonomics when sitting on the bike
Part 2: Ergonomics, when riding a bike
Part 3: Interesting things about saddles

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Part 1

When I was working in the bike shop I always found that 80 to 90 % of the serious
bikers are suffering from pain in the neck, in the back, in the shoulders, in their wrists
(hands) and in their bottom!!
The good news is, that the other 10 to 20 % dont have these problems, so they
already found a solution. You only need to watch and ask them. I watched and ask
bike riders, mostly myself, since more than 20 years, because I dont have these
problems either.




















Bike Ergonomics doesn`t mean
choosing a bike only by the frame-
size of the saddle-tube and an all
purpose handlebar.
That is only very easy for the bike
dealer!
More important is the length of the
frame, but today that length is only
determined by the amount of frames
fitting in a 20 feet container.
(thats no joke!!)

The work of the
shoulders is also the
work of the upper body,
up to the end of the
breast-spine.
The lower back is
working with the pelvis
and helps to stabilize
your body.
Proper pedalling is not
only the work of the legs,
but of the whole body.
For our special
investigation however, we
have to look especially
on the legs.
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The all purpose travelling bike is only defined by the inclination of the back, but it is
not necessary to have a special bike for this position. Every good bike, and even a
folding bike, could give you this position, if its really fits.
You might find it funny, that I make a difference between the Old-Dutch Position and
the City-Bike! This difference however, is much bigger than you would think, and with
it the problems you could get. To understand bike ergonomics we have to have a
look at the origin of bike riding.
























Old-Dutch bikes fits everybody, like a horse. You are never worried about the length
of a horse, you like to ride. You only have to think about the length of your leg.
It is necessary to have a
definition for sitting-
positions. There are only
a few, when we look to
the shape and the
inclination of the back.
The racing bike allows
the rounded back. There
is usually no problem with
the curved back of the
racing bike rider, because
of the good trained
muscles. He is flying over
the bike with less contact
with seat and handlebar.

When the bike was developed in the
19
th
century (between 1817 and
1890) men thought of horseback-
riding as an origin of bike riding.
On a horse you are sitting straight
and the hands are deep and near
your body.

There are two important aspects to
this sitting-position:

The spine keeps in its usual
double-S-shape.

The whole back has the task of
holding the upper body vertical,
only with the help of the muscles

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If you lose the double-S-shape, some muscles will be partly overstretched and cant
work properly. They begin to hurt. Other muscles become unnaturally short, and they
could stay so, if you are in the wrong position very often or during a long time.
Every curve could make the elasticity of your spine twice as big as when there is no
curve. The elasticity is necessary to protect your back against damages of bumps
and it is a natural suspension for your body.
The S-shape allows you to turn your upper body 180 when the pelvis is fixed. You
can try it easily by yourself. If you have your back in a bad curve, you can only move
your neck.
For bike riding, your legs need the pelvis fixed on the saddle. The muscles of your
back help you to keep the pelvis still. Only when the pelvis is fixed can the legs work
perfectly, because they need a stable point to start the movement. If this point is
moving as well, you will lose the power in the movement.

All this only works, when your muscles are working. If your sitting position allows your
muscles to relax unnaturally you will lose this protection.








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The problem of the modern thinking City-Bike position is the problem of too much
relaxing of the muscles. With the Old-Dutch-position the muscles have to work like
when you are on a horse. For this the hands are deep and near your body.
The City-Bike was developed in the last 15 years when the doctors said You have a
back problem. You have to sit straight and vertical on your bike. So they started
thinking about a higher handlebar, because the simple thinking of the mans mind is
combining the hands up position with straight and vertical sitting.





Sometimes I see middle-aged women who push their city-bike, full of shopping bags
on the handlebar, and the handlebar is as high as their shoulders!!! That already
hurts my neck and shoulders, only by seeing it!!!!!
But, this is a mistake!
If the level of the handlebar is more than
approximately 10 cm over the level of the
saddle, the muscles of your back stop working,
because there is no work anymore. Your arms
are fixing the body too much. After a few
minutes your back make a very relaxed and
bad curve and you get all the problems we
know, such as the pain in the neck and the
back.
The best relaxed position is when the
handlebar is on the same level as your saddle.
Also, when you have to push your bike, this is
best position.
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If you want to stand comfortably through long range bike riding, you have to take care
that you use as much of your muscles as you can!!! A good ergonomic position is
strenuously comfortable. If there are a lot of muscles working, like in the travelling-
bike position, every muscle have to work very little, so you can stay in this position a
longer time.

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To hold the S-Shape of the spine, the curve in the lower back is the key!! If you lose
this concave curve (the lordosis or hollow-back) you can not find the s-shape: Your
upper body bends more towards the ground and then you have to bend your head
backwards. The muscles in the lordosis-curve need to be in a good shape to hold
your body straight. Most people do not use these muscles. They sit in their office-
chairs like in a TV-armchair, so the muscles start to become weak. Bike-riding in the
correct position is the best way to strengthen these muscles. A good test: Try to sit
on your bike in the position the bike is giving you and then try to take the weight away
from your arms and hands. If you can hold this position some minutes, it is ok for you.
If not, you need a more upright position (higher handlebar, but do not reduce the
distance between handlebar and saddle!) and more practice for your lower back.

In former times, like in the sixties or seventies, we (especially girls) were educated by
our parents to not have a hollow back!! It was not proper to show the curve of the
behind!! The result was an unnaturally flat back, flat bottom and back problems, like
the slipping disc also called lumbago. More than half of the cases of slipping discs
have their origin in an unnaturally flat back and non practiced muscles.

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There are differences in the weight distribution, when you are sitting in different ways.
The minimum strain is in the racing position, the only position which allows a convex
curve in the lower back, because the whole body is working, like flying over the bike.
The power goes in a circle from the handlebar to the feet and back.
The travelling bike position, where a good distribution of the weight is possible, is
when you can stretch your back and you have the 90 angle between your arms and
your body. When we tried this position with a suspension seat-post, we could see
that the suspension works more when we sit properly (the seat-post sank deeper
because of the weight) and works less, when we are sitting on a short bike with the
bad curve in the back. The weight load jumps from the saddle to the wrists!! (the
suspension seat-post coming up more).

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There are two ways to reduce the pressure. Reducing the force could be reducing
your weight, but it needs time (heavy people have a lot of problems with the hands,
because they have a lot of weight to hold with the muscles, or to have on the
wrists!!!) If you are going bike riding with a rucksack on your back, you also have this
load together with your body on your wrists. It is better to have bags on a rack.

Reducing the force by primary ergonomics means bringing the weight load to a point,
where it can be endured, like the pedals or the saddle. This is only possible with the
right ergonomic geometry of the bike.
Enlarging the area could be the second step to get more comfort. Ergonomic
handlebar-grips are not the solution, if you have not taken the first step to find the
right geometry for your sitting position.










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Your body needs the 90angle between the arms and the upper body to work
properly. If you try to support your body with the arms, you always use this angle
automatically. I you have ever tried to do push-ups, you know that it is impossible to
do this with the arms behind the shoulders (less than 90angle).

With a small distance between saddle and handlebar you are in the situation that you
can not work properly, but your body finds the solution by itself and opens the angle
up to 90. To open this angle, however, destroys th e S-shape of your spine and you
get the classical problems.


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If you are in this sitting position, with the bad curve in your lower back, with the head
bent in the neck and with stretched arms, you usually think that your bike must be too
long. In fact it is too short!
Your back could become more than 15 cm shorter when you have the convex curve
in your lower back and then the bike seems to be too long.



You can get the same result with a bad saddle. When your saddle hurts you in the
front part of the pelvis, you try to avoid it. The pelvis will be moved backwards, and
you have the same problems as when sitting on a too short bike. There will be the
convex curve in your lower body, the head is bent in the neck and the arms are
stretched.


This bike is more than 20 cm
too short. This young lady
tried a lot of funny things to
solve her problems, like
turning the bar ends in the
opposite direction, or
pushing the saddle very far
back.

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Because the 90angle is imperative you could think of a triangle in your upper body.
This triangle can be rotated, so your back is more or less inclined. Because your
body defines this triangle you are not allowed to shorten the length between saddle
and handlebar. To get a more upright position for your back, you only have to rise the
handlebar. Not more than 10 cm over the level of the seat though, because then you
are in the City-Bike Position with the problems of non working muscles.
For the Old-Dutch Position you don`t have to think about the distance between
handlebar and saddle. It has to be around half the length of that on a trekking bike,
but it doesn`t matter if there are 5 cm more or less. The handlebar has to be deep
and near your body.













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Part 2
Bike-Riding



Improve riding by:

+ the height of the seat
+ the horizontal position of the saddle in comparison to the bottom bracket
+ the crank-length
+ the optimizing of the movement






Most people sit to low on their bikes. They often think that they have to reach the
ground with their feet. Mostly however, it is impossible to combine this postulation
with the correct height of the saddle, because the bottom bracket needs a certain
space over the ground. Standing with the bike is not the most important thing, when
you like to go bike riding.
The correct height of your saddle prevents knee-pain and gives you maximum
pedalling-power.

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You can not test the saddle-height on a standing bike, because the position of your
feet are different during riding. Usually you lift your heels much more when pedalling
and for this you need a higher seat-position.
Don`t just trust your bike dealer with fixing the saddle-position for you. Normally he
can`t know it. Try to raise the saddle by yourself, little by little, as long as you feel
comfortable. Only when your pelvis and your hips begin to move sideways, have you
reached the limit.
It is worse to sit too low, because you don`t really notice it. It could damage your
knees and you need a lot of extra power for pedalling. Sitting too high is not
dangerous, because you feel it after some minutes. Dare yourself to try it!!


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The perpendicular from the knee has to be pointed at the middle of the pedal, when
the pedal-crank is in its horizontal position in the front. With it, the point of gravity of
your body is in front of the bottom bracket and the power works on the front pedal.
Moving the seat backwards, or having the seatpost-tube in a too flat angle puts your
bodys point of gravity behind the bottom bracket and you are hindering yourself by
having the power on the back pedal. You need extra power to move your bike.

In a very sportive position the perpendicular from the knee is allowed to be more to
the front, up to 3 cm. The reason is the lower upper body in the sportive position.
With sitting so the angle between your legs and your body opens for better breathing
and blood-circulation to the legs.
It is not a mistake to sit more to the front, it is worse to sit too far back. Never move
the saddle far back only to get more space between the saddle and the handlebar.
The position of the seat is only determined by the geometry of your legs, not by your
arm-length.
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It is only recently that bike-factories has started thinking about crank-length. None of
the bike-part factories have shorter cranks in their program, beside the usual
dimensions, like 165, 170 or 175 mm. Only very small and expensive companies are
offering special sizes. The usual crank sizes of 170 or 175 mm fit to people taller than
170 cm up to approximately 190 cm. Taller people could have longer cranks, but it is
not really necessary. Short cranks never hurt!!!

There is more of a problem for shorter people. If they use normal cranks their legs
will be angled at more than 90in the upper positi on of the pedal. That could hurt or
damage their knees.
However, these people mostly find the solution on their own. They start sitting with a
very high saddle, so the knee is not hardly angled in the upper position. They are
then tiptoe pedalling more than usual in the lowest position, but this doesn`t matter.
The power is more in the upper position.

The optimizing of movement

Tiptoe pedalling gives freedom to the knees. The knee is not a simple joint. It moves
in different directions, when it is opened or closed. For this you need another joint
working against the knee. Only the ankle could do this. If the ankle is fixed, the knee
will be forced in a wrong direction and start hurting. It is important not to use the heel
or the whole foot for pedalling. People who do this, are usually sitting too low on the
bike. Using the heel then shortens the effective length of the leg, so you have a little
bit more power. But it is better to sit high enough.

The recommendation for pedalling frequency cadence is mostly between 80 and 100
rounds per minute. Serious and long range bikers like to use more than 95 rounds
per minute, because it is easier for the knees and this gentle movement is also nice
to your technical equipment.

If you see that you like to choose higher gears, and pedal slow and hard, it could be
that the saddle is uncomfortable to you and you try avoid pain by using the higher
gears.
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Part 3
Interesting things about saddles








When considering ergonomics, we like to know, how the pelvis fits to the saddle
during more or less inclination of the upper body. There is a difference to the pelvis
bones between man and woman. The pelvis of a man has a smaller angle, so he can
sit deeper in the sportive position than a woman. When the bottom of the pelvis has
full contact with the saddle, a man is able to sit with a 45angle but the woman has
her limit at 35. It is important to know this, bec ause behind this angle the body starts
to bend the spine and also lose the S-shape.

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There are three different ways to sit on the saddle. One is with the pressure point on
the front part of the pelvis, but this is only theoretical, because nobody would stand it.
This area is very sensitive and everybody would avoid such a sitting-position and find
another one. Sometimes you can see that the saddle is lowered at the front because
of a deep racing position. Only men can do this, because they dont roll on the
saddle as women do. Usually the deep racing position goes together with the convex
curve in the lower back, which allows the pelvis to have the full contact with the
saddle.
In the everyday, not very deep sitting-position, the bottom of the pelvis has full
contact with the saddle and the inclination of the back is within its natural limit.

The usual wrong position, often recommended by saddle companies like SQlab, is
to sit with the pressure point on the back part of the pelvis. For this position you could
use almost any saddle, but only for a short time. The two tips of the bones in the far
end of the pelvis are very small and so is the pressure-area. After a short time it will
start to hurt.
This position will be also used, when the back is badly curved.
Sometimes I say: If you don`t have a saddle-problem, you must have a back-
problem.






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The distance between the bones in the back of the pelvis is only important to know
when you are sitting in the Old-Dutch Position, very straight. In all other inclinations of
your back, these bones have no contact to the saddle and are of no interest for the
shape of the saddle.


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The difference between a male and a female pelvis is not only the width but also the
shape of the bottom of the pelvis. On a man this is very flat and on a woman it is
concave shaped like the skids of a sledge. As a result of this fact, the saddle for a
man could be with a flat surface, but not for a woman. She would roll back and forth
on such a saddle .



The width of the pelvis as a typical difference between man and woman.


(The white saddles are plaster casts made with someone sitting on a saddle)
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When we measured the saddle surface electronically with special thin layers at the
Gebiomized company we could see that a man can use the whole surface of a
saddle but a woman cant. The two pelvises on the top of the page show that the
acetabulum, where the joint of the leg is positioned, points in different directions.
This is the result of the difference in width. It shows, however, that the saddle for a
woman has to be smaller in the front, because the legs are closer to the saddle. (T-
shaped)








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When women try to find a painless position, the pressure point wanders, but there is
no comfortable solution because of the curve of the pelvis.



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The present solutions for men and women are all different, mostly funny and without
success.
The Air seat is like a bike tire, filled with air, but it is so soft that the pelvis moves too
much and the legs cant work and you need a lot of extra power for pedalling.
The SQLab company presents saddles with two levels. You sit with the back part of
the pelvis in the wrong position on the upper level, and the front part should then be
free, but it doesn`t work, neither for men nor for women. However, the company
recommends it as a gender neutral type

Saddles with a hole in the front are very common, but they never solve problems.
The area for sitting is much smaller because of the hole, and the pressure much
higher. Even if the pressure is not on the main-nerves and the main-artery, it could
damage the skin and other structures.



With an old Brooks I figured out the shape of a special saddle for women. The
frame of the saddle was bent and I cut the leather to form the deep curve. After this I
had to fix the leather, so it couldn`t spread sideways. The result was a deep concave
and t-shaped saddle, which fits. (The white lines shows the usual triangle form of
most saddles for women.





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The point with the highest pressure is gone. There is still some in the front, where it
is necessary to stop the pelvis from rolling, but now the pressure is in an area that is
less sensitive.
(The back part of the saddle wasn`t high enough with foam, so we still partly missing
the contact).



Individualization of a saddle for men has had a good result as well. The area became
more equal and the pressure was reduced by half.
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I thank the members of the Icelandic Cyclists` Federation for their invitation, so that I
had the possibility of giving this lecture.

It is my present wish to help all people get a well fitting bike and have much
more fun bike-riding, so they keep their cars standing!

I thank Jannica Hovens from Sklholt for her time and help with the translation
during several nights!!!!!