Phng trnh ng thng trong khng gian

91
PHNG TRNH NG THNG TRONG KHNG GIAN
I. VCT C TRNG CA NG THNG TRONG KHNG GIAN:
1. Vct ( )
1 2 3
; ; a a a a =

l vc t ch phng (VTCP) ca () () // gi ca a

2. Nhn xt: Nu a

l mt VTCP ca () th ka

(k 0) cng l VTCP ca ()
tc l () c v s VTCP.
II. PHNG TRNH NG THNG TRONG KHNG GIAN
1. Phng trnh tham s: Phng trnh ng thng () i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
v c VTCP ( )
1 2 3
; ; a a a a =

:
( )
0 1
0 2
0 3
x x a t
y y a t t
z z a t
= +

= +

= +

2. Phng trnh chnh tc: Phng trnh ng thng () i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
v c VTCP ( )
1 2 3
; ; a a a a =

:
0 0 0
1 2 3
x x y y z z
a a a

= =
3. Phng trnh tng qut: Phng trnh ng thng () tng qut l giao
tuyn ca hai mt phng
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
0
0
A x B y C z D
A x B y C z D
+ + + =

+ + + =

vi
1 1 1 2 2 2
: : : : A B C A B C
4. Phng trnh ng thng () i qua 2 im M
1
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
), M
2
(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
):
1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
x x y y z z
x x y y z z

= =


5. Chuyn dng phng trnh tng qut sang dng tham s, chnh tc:
Cho ():
( )
( )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
: 0
: 0
A x B y C z D
A x B y C z D
+ + + =

+ + + =

(
1 1 1 2 2 2
: : : : A B C A B C )
VTPT ca hai mt phng l
( )
( )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
, ,
, ,
n A B C
n A B C
=

VTCP
1 2
, a n n = (



Tm im M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) () ()
0 0 0
1 2 3
x x y y z z
a a a

= = .
t t s ny bng t suy ra dng tham s.
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

92
III. V TR TNG I CA CC NG THNG V MT PHNG TRONG KHNG GIAN
1. V tr tng i ca 2 ng thng:
Cho (
1
) i qua M
1
(x
1
; y
1
, z
1
) vi VTCP
( )
1 2 3
, , u a a a =

,
(
2
) i qua M
2
(x
2
; y
2
, z
2
) vi VTCP l
( )
1 2 3
, , v b b b =

Nu [ ]
1 2
, 0 u v M M

th ( ) ( )
1 2
, cho nhau.
Nu [ ]
1 2
, 0 u v M M =

v
1 2 3 1 2 3
: : : : a a a b b b th (
1
), (
2
) ct nhau.
Nu
[ ]
1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
, 0
: : : :
u v M M
a a a b b b

v h phng trnh ca
( )
( )
1
2

v nghim
th (
1
), (
2
) song song nhau.
Nu
[ ]
1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
, 0
: : : :
u v M M
a a a b b b

v h phng trnh ca
( )
( )
1
2

c nghim
th (
1
), (
2
) trng nhau.
2. V tr tng i ca ng thng v mt phng:
Cho () i qua M
0
(x
0
; y
0
, z
0
) vi VTCP ( ) , , u a b c =

v mp():
0 Ax By Cz D + + + = vi VTPT ( ) , , n A B C =

Nu 0 n u

0 Aa Bb Cc + + th () ct ().
Nu // n u

: : : : a b c A B C = th () ().
Nu
( )
0
0 n u
M
=

0 0 0
0
0
Aa Bb Cc
Ax By Cz D
+ + =

+ + +

th () // ().
Nu
( )
0
0 n u
M
=

0 0 0
0
0
Aa Bb Cc
Ax By Cz D
+ + =

+ + + =

th () ().
Phng trnh ng thng trong khng gian

93
IV. GC GIA CC NG THNG V MT PHNG TRONG KHNG GIAN
1. Gc gia 2 ng thng:
Cho (
1
) i qua M
1
(x
1
; y
1
, z
1
) vi VTCP
( )
1 2 3
, , u a a a =

,
(
2
) i qua M
2
(x
2
; y
2
, z
2
) vi VTCP l
( )
1 2 3
, , v b b b =

Gc gia
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
1 2
, 0, 90 = xc nh bi:
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
cos
a b a b a b
u v
u v
a a a b b b
+ +

= =

+ + + +



2. Gc gia ng thng v mt phng:
Cho () i qua M
0
(x
0
; y
0
, z
0
) vi VTCP ( ) , , u a b c =

v mp():
0 Ax By Cz D + + + = vi VTPT ( ) , , n A B C =

Gc gia
( ) ( )
( ) [ ] , 0, 90 = xc nh bi:
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin
u n aA bB cC
u n
a b c A B C
+ +
= =

+ + + +



3. Gc gia hai mt phng:
Gc gia 2 mt phng (
1
):
1 1 1 1
0 A x B y C z D + + + = v (
2
):
2 2 2 2
0 A x B y C z D + + + = l (0 90) tha mn:
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
.
cos
n n A A B B C C
n n
A B C A B C
+ +
= =
+ + + +


vi
1 2
, n n

l 2 VTPT ca (
1
), (
2
).
V. KHONG CCH
1. Khong cch t 1 im n 1 ng thng:
Cho () i qua M
0
(x
0
; y
0
, z
0
) vi VTCP ( ) , , u a b c =

. Khong cch t im
M
1
(x
1
; y
1
, z
1
) n ng thng () l:
( )
( )
0 1
1
,
u M M
d M
u
(

2. Khong cch gia 2 ng thng cho nhau:
Cho (
1
) i qua M
1
(x
1
; y
1
, z
1
) vi VTCP
( )
1 2 3
, , u a a a =

,
(
2
) i qua M
2
(x
2
; y
2
, z
2
) vi VTCP l
( )
1 2 3
, , v b b b =

Gi s
( ) ( )
1 2
, cho nhau, khi
( )
[ ]
[ ]
1 2
1 2
,
( ), ( )
,
u v M M
d
u v

Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

94
3. Khong cch t 1 im n 1 mt phng:
Khong cch t M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) n mt phng (): 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = l:
( )
0 0 0
2 2 2
,
Ax By Cz D
d M
A B C
+ + +
=
+ +

VI. CC DNG BI TP
1. Dng 1: Xc nh v tr tng i ca cc ng thng v mt phng
Phng php: Gii h PT to bi
( )
( )
1
2

;
( )
( )

hoc s dng du hiu nhn

bit qua h thc ca cc vct
Bi 1. Xt v tr tng i bng 2 cch khc nhau:
( ) ( )
1 2
9
2 3 3 9 0
: 5 :
2 3 0
3
x t
x y z
y t
x y z
z t
=
=

=

+ + =

= +

;
( ) ( )
1 2
2 3 0 2 8 0
: :
2 3 0 8 0
x y y z
x y x z
+ = + =



+ = + =



Bi 2. Xc nh giao im ca ng thng
( ) ( )
1 2
: 1
1
x t
y t t
z t
= +

= +

vi mt
phng
( )
: 2 2 0 x y z + =
Bi 3. Xc nh giao im ca ng thng
( )
2 0
:
2 1 0
x y z
x y z
+ + =

+ =

vi mt
phng
( )
: 2 1 0 x y z + + =
Bi 4. Cho 3 ng thng:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
3
3 3 0
2
1 2
: 1 , : , :
1 4 3
2 1 0
5
x t
x y z
y
x z
y t
x y z
z t
=
+ =
+

= = =

+ + =

= +

a. Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp 2 ng thng vi nhau.
b. Vit phng trnh ng thng () song song vi (
1
), ct (
2
) v (
3
)
Phng trnh ng thng trong khng gian

95
2. Dng 2: Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca 1 im M ln mt phng ( )
Phng php:
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng () qua M v () ()
Giao im H ca () v () l hnh chiu vung gc ca M ln ()
Bi 1. Tm hnh chiu vung gc ca M(1; 2;3) ln
( )
: 3 5 0 x y z + + =
3. Dng 3: Xc nh im i xng vi im M cho trc qua mt phng ( )
Phng php: Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ().
Gi s M(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
), H(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
), khi im M i xng M qua () l
( )
0 1 0 1 0 1
2 , 2 , 2 M x x y y z z
Bi 1. Xc nh im i xng vi im M(13; 2; 3) qua mt phng ():
x + y 3z + 5 = 0
4. Dng 4: Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca 1 im M ln ng thng ( )
Phng php 1: Vit PT mt phng () qua M v () ().
Giao im H ca () v () l hnh chiu vung gc ca M ln ()
Phng php 2: Vit PT tham s ca () Ta H theo tham s t.
MH u

l vct ch phng ca (). GPT 0 MH u =

tham s t Ta H
Bi 1. Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca M(1; 1; 1) ln ng thng ():
{ } 1 ; 2 ; 3 3 x t y t z t = + = + =
5. Dng 5: Xc nh im i xng vi im M cho trc qua ng thng ( )
Phng php: Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ()
Gi s M(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
), H(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
), khi im M i xng M qua () l
( )
0 1 0 1 0 1
2 , 2 , 2 M x x y y z z
Bi 1. Xc nh im i xng vi im M(0; 2; 1) ln ng thng ():
{ } 1 ; 2 ; 3 3 x t y t z t = + = + =
6. Dng 6:
Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng ( ) ln mt phng ( )
Phng php:
TH1: () () Hnh chiu vung gc ca () ln () l im H () ()
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

96
TH2: () () Hnh chiu vung gc ca () ln () l ng thng ()
TH3: () khng vung gc vi (), () ():
C1: Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha () v () ().
Hnh chiu vung gc ca () ln () l ng thng () = () ().
C2: Ly 2 im A, B phn bit thuc ().
Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca A, B ln () l H
1
, H
2
.
Hnh chiu vung gc ca () ln () l ng thng () H
1
H
2

C3: Nu () ct (): Xc nh A () (). Ly M bt k () v M A.
Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ().
Hnh chiu vung gc ca () ln () l () AH
Bi 1. Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca ():
5 4 2 5 0
2 2 0
x y z
x z
=

+ =

ln mt phng (): 2x y + z 1 = 0
7. Dng 7: Xc nh hnh chiu song song ca ng thng (
1
) ln ( )
theo phng (
2
) ct ( )
Phng php:
TH1: (
1
) // (
2
) Hnh chiu song song ca (
1
) ln () theo phng (
2
) l
im H (
1
) ()
TH2: (
1
) v (
2
) khng song song:
Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha (
1
) v // (
2
)
Hnh chiu song song ca (
1
) ln () theo phng (
2
) l () = () ()
Bi 1. Xc nh hnh chiu song song ca t (
1
):
7 1 0
2 1 0
x y z
x y z
+ =

+ + + =

ln ():
2 2 3 0 x y z + = theo phng (
2
):
1
1 2
2 1 3
y
x z
+
+
= =
8. Dng 8: VPT ng thng ( ) qua M v ct (
1
), (
2
) vi (
1
), (
2
) cho
nhau v khng i qua M
Phng php 1: Vit phng trnh mt phng () qua M cha (
1
)
Nu cho (
1
) di dng tng qut th nn vit phng trnh () di dng chm
Nu (
1
) dng tham s th ly 2 im A, B (
1
)
Phng trnh ng thng trong khng gian

97
Phng trnh () qua 3 im A, B, M.
Nu () // (
2
) th bi ton v nghim. Nu () ct (
2
) th tm N = (
2
) ()
Nu MN // (
1
) th bi ton v nghim, nu MN ct (
1
) suy ra ng thng
cn tm l () MN.
Phng php 2: Vit phng trnh mt phng () qua M cha (
1
),
mt phng () qua M cha (
2
)
Xt () = () (). Nu () ct (
1
) v (
2
) th ng thng () l ng
thng cn tm. Nu () // (
1
) hoc (
2
) th bi ton v nghim.
Bi 1. VPT T () qua M(1; 3; 0) v () ct (
1
):
2 0
2 5 0
y
x z
=

,
(
2
): { } 1 2 , 3 , 4 x t y t z t = + = = +
9. Dng 9: VPT ng thng ( ) ct (
1
), (
2
) v song song vi (
3
)
Phng php 1: Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha (
1
) v // (
3
),
mt phng () cha (
2
) v // (
3
)
Nu () // () th bi ton v nghim. Nu () ct () th xt () = () ().
Nu () ct (
1
) v (
2
) th ng thng () l ng thng cn tm.
Nu () // (
1
) hoc (
2
) th bi ton v nghim.
Phng php 2: Vit phng trnh tham s ca (
1
) theo t
1
, ca (
2
) theo t
2
.
Ly M (
1
), N (
2
) Ta M, N theo t
1
, t
2
. MN

theo t
1
, t
2
.
Xc nh t
1
, t
2
sao cho MN // (
3
) ng thng () ct (
1
), (
2
) v song
song vi (
3
) l () MN
Phng php 3: Gi M(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) l giao im ca () v (
1
).
() nhn VTCP ca (
3
) lm VTCP Phng trnh tham s ca () theo x
0
, y
0
, z
0
.
() ct (
2
) suy ra h
( )
( )
2

c nghim x
0
, y
0
, z
0
. Phng trnh ()
Bi 1. VPT ng thng () ct (
1
):
2 0
2 5 0
y
x z
=

, (
2
):
{ } 1 2 , 3 , 4 x t y t z t = + = = + v // vi trc Oz.
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

98
Bi 2. VPT T () ct (
1
):
2
2 1
3 4 1
y
x z
+

= = , (
2
):
3
7 9
1 2 1
y
x z

= =
v // (
3
):
3
1 2
3 2 1
y
x z
+
+
= =

10. Dng 10: VPT ng thng ( ) qua M v vung gc (
1
), ct (
2
) trong
M (
1
), (
2
)
Phng php: Vit phng trnh mt phng () qua M v (
1
), mt phng
() qua M cha (
2
)
Nu () // () th bi ton v nghim. Nu () ct () th xt () = () ().
Nu () ct (
2
) th ng thng () l ng thng cn tm.
Nu () // (
2
) th bi ton v nghim.
Bi 1. VPT ng thng () qua M(1; 2; 0) v (
1
):
1
1 2
2 2 1
y
x z
+
+
= = ,
ct (
2
):
7 1 0
2 1 0
x y z
x y z
+ =

+ + + =

11. Dng 11: VPT ng vung gc chung ca 2 ng thng (
1
), (
2
)
cho nhau
a. TH c bit: (
1
) (
2
):
Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha (
1
) v () (
2
)
Tm
( )
( )
2
M = , H l hnh chiu vung gc ca M ln (
1
)
MH l ng vung gc chung ca (
1
), (
2
)
b. Phng php 1: Vit phng trnh (
1
), (
2
) di dng tham s
Ly M(
1
), N(
2
) Ta M, N theo
1 2
, t t MN

theo
1 2
, t t .
MN l ng vung gc chung ca (
1
), (
2
)

( ) ( )
1 2
, MN MN
1 2
, t t MN.
c. Phng php 2: Gi
1 2
, a a

l VTCP ca (
1
) v (
2
)
ng vung gc chung () c VTCP
1 2
, a a a = (



Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha (
1
) v // (), mt phng () cha (
2
)
v // () () = () ().
Phng trnh ng thng trong khng gian

99
Bi 1. Cho A(6; 3; 0), B(2; 9; 1), S(0; 5; 8).
Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca SB, OA.
Bi 2. Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca
( )
1
3 0
:
1 0
x y z
y z
+ + =

+ =

v
( )
2
2 2 9 0
:
1 0
x y z
y z
+ =

+ =

Bi 3. Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca
( )
1
1 1
1
1 2
: 2
3 3
x t
y t
z t
= +

= +

= +

v
( )
2
2 2
2
2
: 3 2
1 3
x t
y t
z t
= +

= +

= +

Bi 4. VPT ng vung gc chung ca
( )
1
3 2 8 0
:
5 2 12 0
x y
x z
=

+ =

v
( ) { }
2
: 1 3 ; 3 2 ; 2 x t y t z t = + = =
Bi 5. Cho
( )
1
2
: 1
2
x t
y t
z t
= +

v
( )
2
2 2 0
:
3 0
x z
y
+ =

.
Vit phng trnh mt phng cch u (
1
) v (
2
).
12. Dng 12: Cc bi ton v khong cch
12.1. Tnh khong cch:
Bi 1. Tnh khong cch t M(1; 2; 3) n
( )
1
1 1
:
2 1 3
y
x z
+

= =
Bi 2. Cho A(1; 2; 3), B(0; 1; 2), C(4;1; 1). Tnh khong cch t A n BC.
Bi 3. Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng

( ) ( ) { }
1 2
0
: : 1 3 ; ; 2
4 0
x y
x t y t z t
x y z
+ =
= + = = +

+ =

Bi 4. Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng

( ) ( )
1 2
2 0
2
1 3
: , :
1 2 3 2 3 5 0
x y z
y
x z
x y z
+ =

= =

+ =

Bi 5. Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng

( ) ( )
1 2
8 23 0 2 3 0
: , :
4 10 0 2 2 0
x z x z
y z y z
+ + = =


+ = + + =


Bi 6. Tnh khong cch gia 2 mt phng (): 2x + y + z 1 = 0
v ():2x + y + z + 10 = 0.
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

100
Bi 7. Cho A(5; 7;2), B(3;1;1), C(9; 4;4).
Tnh khong cch t D(1; 5; 0) n (ABC)
12.2. Tm im bit khong cch cho trc:
Bi 1. Cho (): x + 2y 2z 2 = 0.
Tm MOy sao cho khong cch t M n () bng 4.
Bi 2. Cho A(1;2; 0). Tm MOz sao cho khong cch t M n
(): 3x 2y + 6z + 9 = 0 bng MA.
Bi 3. Cho (): x + y + z + 5 = 0.
Tm M():
2 1 0
2 3 0
x y z
x y z
+ + =

+ + + =

sao cho
( )
( ) , 3 d M = .
Bi 4. Cho (): 12x 16y + 15z + 1 = 0 v (): 2x + 2y z 1 = 0.
Tm MOx cch u () v ()
12.3. Cc bi ton v tng, hiu khong cch ln nht, nh nht:
a. Dng 1: Cho 2 im
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
, , ; , , A x y z B x y z .
Tm M(P): 0 ax by cz d + + + = (MA + MB) min.
Phng php: Xc nh v tr tng i ca A, B i vi mt phng (P) bng
cch tnh cc i lng:
1 1 1 2 2 2
;
A B
t ax by cz d t ax by cz d = + + + = + + +
Nu 0
A B
t t < A, B khc pha i vi (P). Gi M
0
(AB) (P), khi
MA + MB AB = M
0
A + M
0
B.
Nu 0
A B
t t > A, B cng pha i vi (P). Ly A
1
i xng A qua (P).
Gi M
0
(A
1
B) (P). Khi MA + MB = MA
1
+ MB A
1
B = M
0
A
1
+ M
0
B.
b. Dng 2: Cho 2 im
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
, , ; , , A x y z B x y z .
Tm M(P): 0 ax by cz d + + + = |MA MB| max.
Phng php: Xc nh v tr tng i ca A, B i vi mt phng (P) bng
cch tnh cc i lng:
1 1 1 2 2 2
;
A B
t ax by cz d t ax by cz d = + + + = + + +
Nu 0
A B
t t > A, B cng pha i vi (P). Gi M
0
(AB) (P), khi
|MA MB| AB = | M
0
A M
0
B|.
Nu 0
A B
t t < A, B khc pha i vi (P) Ly A
1
i xng A qua (P).
Gi M
0
(A
1
B) (P).Khi |MA MB| = |MA
1
MB| A
1
B = | M
0
A
1
M
0
B|
Phng trnh ng thng trong khng gian

101
b. Dng 3: Cho 2 im
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
, , ; , , A x y z B x y z .
Tm M() cho trc sao cho (MA + MB) min.
Phng php: Xc nh ta cc im A, B l hnh chiu tng ng ca
cc im A, B ln (). Gi M
0
l im chia on AB theo t s
0
0
'
'
' '
M A
AA
k
M B BB
= =

. Ta chng minh MA + MB M
0
A + M
0
B
Tht vy, gi A
1
(P) = ((), B) sao cho A
1
khc pha B so vi () v tha mn
( )
1
1
' '
'
A A AA
A A
=

0 1
1 0
M A A A
B B M B

=


A
1
, M
0
,B thng hng
MA + MB = MA
1
+ MB A
1
B = M
0
A
1
+ M
0
B = M
0
A + M
0
B
Bi 1. Cho A(7; 4; 4), B(6; 2; 3).
Tm M(P): 3x y 2z + 19 = 0 (MA + MB) min;|MA MB| max.
Bi 2. Cho A(1; 2; 3), B(4; 4; 5).
Tm M mt phng Oxy sao cho: (MA + MB) min; |MA MB| max.
Bi 3. Cho A(1; 0; 2), B(2; 1; 3).
Tm M
( )
: 2 4 0 P x y z + = (MA + MB) min; |MA MB| max.
Bi 4. Cho A(1; 3; 2), B(13; 7; 4).
Tm M
( )
: 2 2 9 0 P x y z + = (MA + MB) min; |MA MB| max.
Bi 5. Cho A(1; 2;1), ( ) 2 2; 2; 3 B .
Tm M
( )
3 0
:
5 0
x y z
y z
+ + =

+ =

sao cho (MA + MB) min.

Bi 6. Cho A(1; 1; 0), B(3;1; 4).
Tm M
( )
1
1 2
:
1 1 2
y
x z

+ +
= =

sao cho (MA + MB) min.

Bi 7. Cho
( )
( )
1;2; 1
7; 2;3
A
B

Tm M
( )
2
1 2
:
3 2 2
y
x z

+
= =

sao cho (MA + MB) min.

Bi 8. Cho A(2; 3; 0) v ( ) 0; 2; 0 B .
Tm M
( )
2 0
:
2 0
x y z
x y z
+ + =

+ =

sao cho (MA + MB) min.

Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

102
13. Dng 13: Cc bi ton v gc
Bi 1. Xc nh gc gia 2 mt phng
( ) ( )
1 2
: 2 4 0, : 2 1 0 P x y z P x y z + + + = + + + =
Bi 2. Cho t din ABCD vi A(1; 0; 1), B(2; 1; 0), C(1; 0;2), D(2; 1; 1).
Tnh gc ca mi cp cnh i ca ABCD; Tnh gc ((AB); (BCD)).
Bi 3. Cho
( )
1
: 3 2 0 P x y z + = ,
( )
2
: 2 3 0 P x y z + + = ,
( )
3
: 3 2 1 0 P x y z + + = . Gi () l giao tuyn ca (P
1
) v (P
2
).
Tnh gc gia () vi giao tuyn ca (P
1
), (P
3
) v vi mt phng (P
3
).
Bi 4. Cho
( )
1
3 1 0
:
3 5 0
x y
z y
=

v
( )
2
2
: 1
1
x t
y
z mt
= +

= +

. Tm m :
a. Gc gia (
1
) v (
2
) bng 45 b. Gc gia (
1
) v (
2
) bng 60.
Khi tnh gc gia (P) vi (
2
) bit rng (P) (
1
).
Bi 5. Cho A(0;2; 2), B(1; 1; 0), C(2; 2; 0),
( )
1
D ; 1; 0
2
.
a. Tnh gc gia ((ABC); (ABD))
b. Tnh gc v khong cch gia 2 ng thng (AD) v (BC).
14. Bi mu. Trong h Oxyz cho A(1; 4; 2); B(1; 2; 4) v
( )
2
1
:
1 1 2
y
x z
d
+

= =

1. Tm ta im M thuc ng thng (d) sao cho:
a) MA MB +

nh nht; b)
2 2
MA MB + nh nht;
c) MA MB + nh nht d) Din tch tam gic AMB nh nht
2. VPT mt phng (P) cha (d) sao cho khong cch t A n (P) l ln nht.
3. VPT mt phng (Q) cha (d) v to vi mt phng (xOy) mt gc nh nht.
4. VPT mt phng (R) cha ng thng (d) v to vi trc Oy gc ln nht.
5. Trong s cc ng thng i qua A v ct ng thng (d), vit phng
trnh cc ng thng sao cho khong cch t B n n l ln nht? nh nht?
Gii
1. ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 2 M t t t d + ( ) ( ) ; 6 ; 2 2 , 2 ; 4 ; 4 2 MA t t t MB t t t = = +


a. ( ) 2 2 ; 10 2 ; 6 4 MA MB t t t + = +

. Suy ra
( )
2
24 2 44 MA MB t + = +


Do MA MB +

nh nht khi t = 2 v lc ( ) 1; 0; 4 M
Phng trnh ng thng trong khng gian

103
b. Ta c
2 2
MA MB + =
( )
2
2
12 48 76 12 2 28 t t t + = +
Vy
2 2
MA MB + nh nht khi 2 t = v khi ( ) 1; 0; 4 M
c. Ta s xc nh hnh chiu
1 1
, A B ca hai im A, B ln ng thng (d)
( )
( )
2 2
1
5 10 2 1
2 3 10 20 min ; ;
3 3 3 3
MA t t t M A = + = vi
( )
1
AA d
( )
( )
2 2
1
7 4 1 14
2 3 14 18 min ; ;
3 3 3 3
MB t t t M B = + = vi
( )
1
BB d
1 1
1 1
210 ; 30
3 3
AA BB = = . im M cn tm l im chia on
1 1
A B theo t
s
1
1
7
AA
k
BB
= = nn ta ca M l
( )
( ) ( )
2 1 2 7 10 14 7 1
; ;
3
3 1 7 3 1 7
| |
+

|
|
+ +
\

d. ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 6 ; 2 2 ; 2; 2; 2 ; ; 6 16; 2 4; 4 12 AM t t t AB AM AB t t t
(
+ + = +



( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
; 6 16 2 4 4 12 56 304 416
2 2 2
AMB
S AM AB t t t t t
(
= = + + + = +


D thy
AMB
S nh nht khi
304 19
112 7
t = = , khi
( )
5 38 12
; ;
7 7 7
M .
2. PT tng qut ca (d) l
1 0
2 4 0
x y
y z
+ + =

+ =

. V mt phng (P) cha ng thng

(d) nn (P) c phng trnh ( ) ( ) 1 2 4 0 a x y b y z + + + + = vi
2 2
0 a b +

Nu 0 a = th (P): 2 4 0 y z + = . Khi
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2.4 2 4 10
; 2 5
5
2 1
d A P
+
= = =
+

Nu 0 a th c th gi s 1 a = . Khi
( ) ( )
: 1 2 1 4 0 P x b y bz b + + + + = .
Suy ra
( )
( )
2
2 5 3
;
5 4 2
b
d A P
b b
+
=
+ +
. Xt hm s
( )
( )
2
2
5 3
5 4 2
b
f b
b b
+
=
+ +
.
Ta c
( )
( )
2
2
2
50 10 24 3 4
0
5 5
5 4 2
b b
f b b b
b b
+ +
= = = =
+ +

Do
( ) ( )
( )
35 3 4
; 0 ; lim 5
5 6 5 b
f f f b

= = = nn
( )
( ) ; d A P ln nht bng
35
2
6
.
Kt lun: So snh hai trng hp ta c
( )
( )
35
Max ; 2
6
d A P = khi
4
5
b = , lc
phng trnh (P) c dng
13 4 21
0
5 5 5
x y z + + = , hay
( )
: 5 13 4 21 0 P x y z + + =
3. Do (Q) cha (d) nn PT (Q): ( ) ( ) 1 2 4 0 a x y b y z + + + + = vi
2 2
0 a b + .
Mt phng (xOy) c phng trnh 0 z =
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

104
Nu 0 a = th (Q): 2 4 0 y z + = v khi
1
cos
5
= .
Nu 0 a ta c th gi s 1 a = . Khi (Q):
( )
1 2 1 4 0 x b y bz b + + + + = .
T
2
cos
5 4 2
b
b b
=
+ +
. Xt hm s
( )
2
2
2
cos
5 4 2
b
g b
b b
= =
+ +
.
Ta c
( )
( )
2
2
2
4 4
0 0 1
5 4 2
b b
g b b b
b b
+
= = = =
+ +

Do
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
0 0; 1 ; lim
3 5 b
g g g b

= = = nn cos ln nht bng

1
3
khi 1 b =
Kt lun: So snh hai trng hp trn ta thy cos ln nht hay (Q) to vi
mt phng (xOy) gc nh nht khi 1 b = . Lc (Q) 3 0 x y z + =
4. PT (R): ( ) ( ) 1 2 4 0 a x y b y z + + + + = . Trc Oz c VTCP l ( ) 0; 1; 0 v

Nu 0 a = th (R): 2 4 0 y z + = th = ((Q), Oy) tha mn
2
sin
5
= .
Nu 0 a

ta c th gi s 1 a = . Khi (R):
( )
1 2 1 4 0 x b y bz b + + + + =
Khi
2
1 2
sin
5 4 2
b
b b
+
=
+ +
. Xt hm s
( )
2
2
2
4 4 1
sin
5 4 2
b b
h b
b b
+ +
= =
+ +
.
Ta c
( )
( )
2
2
2
4 6 4 1
0 2
2
5 4 2
b b
h b b b
b b
+ +
= = = =
+ +
.
Do
( )
( )
( )
5 1 4
2 ; 0 ; lim
6 2 5 b
h h h b

= = = nn sin ln nht bng

5
6
, khi 2 b = .
Kt lun: So snh hai trng hp ta thy sin ln nht khi 2 b = . Khi mt
phng (R) c phng trnh 5 2 9 0 x y z + + = .
5. Gi s
2
d l ng thng bt k i qua A v ct d ti ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 2 M t t t + .
Khi ( )
2 2
2
2
2
;
56 304 416 28 152 208
;
3 10 20
6 20 40
AM AB
t t t t
d B d
t t
AM t t
(
+ +
= = =
+
+

Xt
( )
2
2
28 152 208
3 10 20
t t
u t
t t
+
=
+
. Ta c
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
16 11 8 60
0 2
3 10 20
t t
u t t
t t

= = =
+
;
30
11
t = .
Do
( )
( )
( )
30 28 4
2 48; ; lim
11 35 3 b
u u u t

= = = nn khong cch t B n
2
d ln
nht bng 48 khi 2 t = v nh nht bng
4
35
khi
30
11
t = . Khi
2
d tng ng
c phng trnh l
2
4
1 2
:
1 4 3
y
x z
d


= =

v
2
4
1 2
:
15 18 19
y
x z
d


= =