This document summarizes a research project that aims to harvest energy from rainfall to provide power to buildings affected by power cuts during the summer monsoon season. It proposes two methods: 1) Utilizing the potential head of accumulated rainwater on building rooftops by channeling it through turbines. For large buildings, Pelton wheels could generate up to 300W per day. 2) Utilizing the kinetic energy of falling raindrops using piezoelectric generators placed on structures impacted by falling drops. Researchers have developed a system that recovers vibration energy from a piezoelectric structure impacted by rain. The harvested energy would be stored in batteries for use during power outages.
This document summarizes a research project that aims to harvest energy from rainfall to provide power to buildings affected by power cuts during the summer monsoon season. It proposes two methods: 1) Utilizing the potential head of accumulated rainwater on building rooftops by channeling it through turbines. For large buildings, Pelton wheels could generate up to 300W per day. 2) Utilizing the kinetic energy of falling raindrops using piezoelectric generators placed on structures impacted by falling drops. Researchers have developed a system that recovers vibration energy from a piezoelectric structure impacted by rain. The harvested energy would be stored in batteries for use during power outages.
This document summarizes a research project that aims to harvest energy from rainfall to provide power to buildings affected by power cuts during the summer monsoon season. It proposes two methods: 1) Utilizing the potential head of accumulated rainwater on building rooftops by channeling it through turbines. For large buildings, Pelton wheels could generate up to 300W per day. 2) Utilizing the kinetic energy of falling raindrops using piezoelectric generators placed on structures impacted by falling drops. Researchers have developed a system that recovers vibration energy from a piezoelectric structure impacted by rain. The harvested energy would be stored in batteries for use during power outages.
International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
2013; 2(3): 130-132
Published online June 30, 2013 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.co/!/i!rse doi: 10.11"#$/!.i!rse.20130203.1$
Harvesting energy from r Aashay Tinaikar %ech&nic&l 'ngineering, (id)&*&rdhini+s ,ollege o- 'ngineering .nd /echnolog) Email adress: h&rsh#00g&il.co(.. /in&i1&r) To cite this article: .&sh&) /in&i1&r. 2&r*esting 'nerg) -ro 3&in-&ll pp. 4120-132. doi: 10.11"#$/!.i!rse.20130203.1$ Abstract: /he go&l o- this pro!ect is to utili5e energ) situ&ted in the regions, &--ected b) power cuts during suer. /his c&n be &chie*ed b) &1ing use o- & structured dispos&l pipeline s)ste, use o- indi*idu&l s&ll sc&le gener&tor turbine, energ) o- -&lling w&ter. /his pro!ect de&ls with the re6uired piping design needed -or &4iu power output. &lso highlights the &d*&nt&ges &nd the shortcoings o- the proposed design Keywords: 3enew&ble, Pie5oelectric 1. Introduction 7&st production de&nds -&st utili5&tion o- resources. 8ne such &!or resource is electricit). 'lectricit) is the li-eline -or &ll the industri&l wor1. 3ising st&nd&rd o- li*ing &nd de*elopent o- technolog) h&s &de use o- &ppli&nces iper&ti*e in our d&) to d&) li-e. /hus there is &lso & *&st rise in power consuption in residenti&l &re&s. 9n order to su--ice the growing power de&nds, we &re now l&rgel) dependent on the e4tr&ction o- power -ro non-con*ention&l, renew&ble sources o- energ). /his p&per -ocuses l&rgel) on the &re&s recei*ing o er&te to he&*) r&in-&ll. :ol&r &nd wind energ) &re the &!or -ors o- renew&ble energ) our &n1ind loo1 -orw&rd to. .p&rt -ro these, high r&in-&ll regions c&n &lso utili5e the r&in to gener&te power on residenti&l could be considered &s & good <ern&ti*e to power s)stes in r&ining outdoor en*ironents where sol&r energ) is di -icult to e4ploit ;2<. 7ollowing -igure shows the brie- bloc1 di&gr& o- this pro!ect. Figure 1. International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.co/!/i!rse) Harvesting energy from rainfall (id)&*&rdhini+s ,ollege o- 'ngineering .nd /echnolog), %ub&i, 9ndi& 2&r*esting 'nerg) -ro 3&in-&ll. International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 10.11"#$/!.i!rse.20130203.1$ /he go&l o- this pro!ect is to utili5e energ) stored in r&in w&ter to pro*ide power to the buildings, which &re situ&ted in the regions, &--ected b) power cuts during suer. /his c&n be &chie*ed b) &1ing use o- & structured dispos&l pipeline s)ste, use o- indi*idu&l s&ll sc&le gener&tor turbine, &nd use o- pie5oelectric gener&tors to h&rness the 1inetic /his pro!ect de&ls with the re6uired piping design needed -or &4iu power output. &lso highlights the &d*&nt&ges &nd the shortcoings o- the proposed design &nd &lso its -e&sibilit). Pie5oelectric, 9nel&stic, P(=7 7&st production de&nds -&st utili5&tion o- resources. 8ne such &!or resource is electricit). 'lectricit) is the li-eline -or &ll the industri&l wor1. 3ising st&nd&rd o- li*ing &nd de*elopent o- technolog) h&s &de use o- &ppli&nces to d&) li-e. /hus there is &lso & *&st rise in power consuption in residenti&l &re&s. 9n order to su--ice the growing power de&nds, we &re now l&rgel) dependent on the e4tr&ction o- power -ro con*ention&l, renew&ble sources o- energ). ocuses l&rgel) on the &re&s recei*ing od- er&te to he&*) r&in-&ll. :ol&r &nd wind energ) &re the &!or -ors o- renew&ble energ) our &n1ind loo1 -orw&rd to. .p&rt -ro these, high r&in-&ll regions c&n &lso utili5e the r&in to gener&te power on residenti&l b&sis. /his wor1 could be considered &s & good <ern&ti*e to power s)stes in r&ining outdoor en*ironents where sol&r energ) is di-- . 7ollowing -igure shows the brie- bloc1
/his s)ste con*erts the energ) o- -&lling r&in drops in two w&)s. A. Utilizing the potential head available at building tops %ulti-store) buildings h&*ing l&rge terr&ce &re&s &ct c&n &ct &s w&ter reser*oirs. /he w&ter &ccuul&ted c&n be &de to p&ss through & turbine situ&ted &t result in gener&tion o- electricit). B. Utilizing the kineti energy of falling raindrops /hese consist o- using pie5oelectric &teri&ls to con*ert the ech&nic&l energ) o- -&lling drops into electricit). Pie5oelectric &teri&ls e4hibit the uni6ue propert) 1nown &s the pie5oelectric e--ect. >hen these &teri&ls &re sub!ected to & copressi*e or tensile stress, &n electric -ield is gener&ted &cross the &ter ence resulting in current -low. /his e--ect &s)etric n&ture o- their unit cell when & stress .s seen in 7igure, the unit cell cont&ins & s&ll positi*e ch&rges p&rticle in the centre. >hen & stress is &pplied this p&rticle becoes shi-ted in one direction which cre&tes & ch&rge distribution, &nd subse6uent electric -ield. /hese &teri&ls coe in se*er&l di--erent -ors. /he ost co on is cr)st&ls, but the) &re &lso -ound &s pl&stics &nd c r&ics. Figure 2. !attie struture of piezoeletri rystal
International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. (ol. 2, ?o. 3, 2013,
stored in r&in w&ter to pro*ide power to the buildings, which &re situ&ted in the regions, &--ected b) power cuts during suer. /his c&n be &chie*ed b) &1ing use o- & structured dispos&l &nd use o- pie5oelectric gener&tors to h&rness the 1inetic /his pro!ect de&ls with the re6uired piping design needed -or &4iu power output. /his pro!ect &nd &lso its -e&sibilit).
the energ) o- -&lling r&in drops in Utilizing the potential head available at building tops store) buildings h&*ing l&rge terr&ce &re&s &ct c&n &ct &s w&ter reser*oirs. /he w&ter &ccuul&ted c&n be &de to p&ss through & turbine situ&ted &t ground le*el. /his will result in gener&tion o- electricit). Utilizing the kineti energy of falling raindrops /hese consist o- using pie5oelectric &teri&ls to con*ert the ech&nic&l energ) o- -&lling drops into electricit). e4hibit the uni6ue propert) 1nown &s the pie5oelectric e--ect. >hen these &teri&ls &re sub!ected to & copressi*e or tensile stress, &n electric -ield is gener&ted &cross the &teri&l, cre&ting & *olt&ge di--er- current -low. /his e--ect is due to the &s)etric n&ture o- their unit cell when & stress is &pplied. , the unit cell cont&ins & s&ll positi*el) . >hen & stress is &pplied this p&rticle becoes shi-ted in one direction which cre&tes & ch&rge distribution, &nd subse6uent electric -ield. /hese &teri&ls coe in se*er&l di--erent -ors. /he ost co- the) &re &lso -ound &s pl&stics &nd ce-
/he power gener&ted -ro &bo*e ethods &re then stored in stor&ge b&tteries. /his power c&n be used during suer when there &re l&rge power cuts. 2. Components and Desin 2.1. Turbines 7or utili5&tion o- the potenti&l he&d o- the &ccuul&ted w&ter, the w&ter is ch&nneled through pipes &nd &de to p&ss through turbine situ&ted &t the ground le*el. /he dis- ch&rge out -ro the guiding pipe will be in the r&nge o- se*er&l liters/ in. /his is & low disch&rge condition &nd hence Pelton wheel will result in higher e--iciencies. 7or ulti-store) buildings @2+ t&ll. /he potenti&l energ) o- *olue ( 3 o- w&ter &ccuul&ted will be e6u&l to Potenti&l energ)A dB(Bg 2 >here, dA densit) o- r&in w&ter gA &cceler&tion due to gr&*it) (C.$1 /s 2 ) 7or regions recei*ing he&*) r&in-&ll during onsoon o- &bout 100 per d&), the potenti&l energ) &*&il&ble per d&) -or the buildings with terr&ce &re& o- 100 2 is P.' &*&il&ble/d&)AdB(0.1B100)BC.$1B2 /he &ccuul&ted w&ter is &de to p&ss through & no55le on the turbine bl&des. /he power gener&ted per d&) with &n o*er&ll e--icienc) o- @n o + is Power gener&ted/d&)An o BdB(0.1B100)BC.$1B2 ,onsidering densit) o- w&terA10001g/3, 2e&d 2AD0 with n o A0.E. /he tot&l power output -ro the turbine will be PA3.# %J/ d&). /hus power gener&ted in the entire r&in) se&son will be &bout 3#0%J -or & building o- D0 height &nd roo- &re& o- 100 2 . 2.2. Piezoelectric Generators /his ethod &is &t utili5ing the 1inetic energ) o- the -&lling drop, to gener&te electricit). :cientists -ro ,'./Feti-%in&tec, &n 3G= institute in Hrenoble, 7r&nce, speci&li5ing in icroelectronics, h&*e recentl) de*eloped & s)ste th&t reco*ers the *ibr&tion energ) -ro & pie5oelec- tric structure ip&cted b) & -&lling r&indrop ;#<.
Figure 3. /he r&indrop -&lling -ro the s1) is &cceler&ted &long its otion. /his tends to incre&se its *elocit). .t the s&e tie the =r&g -orce o--ered b) the &ir incre&ses &s its *elocit) incre&se. .t & cert&in point the drop e4periences e6uili- briu &nd the drop continues to -&ll with & const&nt speed c&lled &s terin&l *elocit). 9t is this 1inetic energ) o- the drop which gets con*erted into electricit) due to pie5oelec- tric &teri&ls.
Figure 4. "iezoeletri effet in #uartz >hen & r&indrop ip&cts & sur-&ce, it produces & per- -ectl) inel&stic shoc1. ;#< 7or &pplic&tion in our r&in drop scen&rio we h&*e to consider & ebr&ne &teri&l sensiti*e to sur-&ce ip&cts. 3e-er to di&gr& below -or & sipli-ied represent&tion o- our s)ste. /o c&pture the r&indrops+ ech&nic&l energ), we c&n use & P(=7 (pol)*in)lidene -luoride) pol)er, & pie5oelectric &teri&l th&t con*erts ech&nic&l energ) into electric&l energ). >hen & r&indrop ip&cts the 2D-icroeter-thic1 P(=7, the pol)er st&rts to *ibr&te. 'lectrodes ebedded in the P(=7 &re used to reco*er the electric&l ch&rges gener&ted b) the *ibr&tions ;#<.
Figure 5. she$ti diagra$ of vibration%eletrial onvertor asse$bly (&rious tests conducted b) the *&rious rese&rches showed th&t, the inst&nt&neous power con*erted per r&in drop -or & con*erter &re& o- -ew s6.cs r&nges -ro -ew icro w&tts &nd goes up to 12> ;2<. /he reco*er&ble energ) depends directl) on the si5e o- the pie5oelectric ebr&ne, the si5e o- r&indrops, &nd their -re6uenc). /he &*&il&ble energ) per drop *&ries between 2 IJ -ro 1 %J depending on its si5e ;2<. 7ollowing t&ble shows the *&ri&tion in power gener&ted -or *&rious drop si5es. 132 .&sh&) /in&i1&r: 2&r*esting 'nerg) 7ro 3&in-&ll
Table 1. &ariation in power generated for various drop sizes '() Types o! drop Cable dimen" sion #eco$era" ble $oltae #eco$era" ble electric" al enery #eco$erable instantane" ous power 3&in: =: 1 (:2.$/s F:10c >:3 2:2Du 1."( 1.EnJ 1.$u> %ediu =:2 (:0.ED/s F:10c >:3 2:2Du 3( DnJ 2.Du> =own- pour =:D (:D.E/s F:10c >:1.3c 2:2Du C$( 2DuJ 12.D> J&sed on d&t& &*&il&ble, energ) gener&ted -or & sp&n o- # onths in & region h&*ing r&in-&ll o- 100 per d&) will be &ppro4i&tel) 21." 1J per s6. o- con*erter &re&. /hus -or & con*erter &re& o- 100 s6., the energ) gener&ted will be ne&rl) 2.1"%J -or the entire se&son. 2.3. Design of Rooftops /he iport&nt -&ctor to be considered in ipleent&tion o- this pro!ect is the design o- roo-tops. 3&in w&ter &1ing cont&ct with the roo- tops will be used to gener&te electric- it) in &bo*e entioned two w&)s. Power gener&ted b) the turbine is due to the -low o- w&- ter &ccuul&ted on the roo-tops o- buildings. 7or &4iu power gener&tion, &!orit) o- the r&in w&ter -ro the roo- top ust be ch&nneled down the pipe. 7or this, the roo- sur-&ce ust be pro*ided with D-10 degrees o- inclin&tion with the hori5ont&l. .lso, ultiple outlets ust be pro*ided -or l&rge terr&ces so th&t there is &4iu out-low o- w&- ter &nd iniu w&ter logging. .lso -or &4iu power output -ro pie5oelectric ge- ner&tors, r&in drops need to stri1e the sur-&ce e*er) single tie. >&ter &ccuul&tion results in pie5oelectric sensors getting suberged thus rendering the useless. 2ence proper inclin&tion o- D-10 degrees ust be pro*ided. %. &ene!its and Drawbacks 3.1. Benefits 1. /his s)ste c&n be considered &n <ern&ti*e to power s)stes in r&in) outdoor en*ironents where sol&r energ) is di--icult to g&ther. 2. /his is & cle&n source o- energ) with 5ero pollut&nt eissions. 3. /his energ) gener&tion ethod is independent o- tie o- the d&). 9t is -ull) -unction&l during d&) &s well &s night. #. Kse o- new renew&ble sources o- electricit) is the need o- the d&) &nd &d*&nceent in pie5o sensor industr) will ipro*e the output c&p&cit). 3.2. Drawbacs 1. 'lectricit) produced b) these e&ns, &t present would cost ore th&n electricit) gener&ted -ro -ossil -uels &t their current costs. 2. /he Pie5oelectric sensors &nd turbine th&t is needed to be inst&lled &re costl) coponents. 3. Power gener&ted is *er) low -or direct use. 7or e--ec- ti*e utili5&tion in needed ties, the energ) gener&ted ust be stored in b&tteries which &lso incre&se the s)ste cost. #. :uch s)ste is onl) oper&tion&l during r&in) se&son. /hus the p&)b&c1 period o- this pl&n is 6uite l&rge. '. Conclusion /he current power output o- this pro!ect is *er) less with respect to the power consuption. /he in*estent cost is high &nd returns &re low, thus currentl) it c&n+t be iple- ented. Pie5oelectric technolog) c&n &lso be used to epower obile ob!ects li1e c&rs &nd busses. ,onst&nt rese&rch in the -ield pie5oelectric &teri&ls &ssures the po- tenti&l o- this pro!ect.