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Rectangular Tank PCA
Rectangular Tank PCA
MultiCell Tank
MultiCell Tank
Intersecting Walls:
If intersecting walls are the walls of square cells,
moments at the intersection are maximum when any
two cells are filled and the F coefficients in Tables 1,
2, or 3 applybecause there is no rotation of the joint.
If the cells are rectangular, moments in the longer of
the intersecting walls will be maximum when two
cells on the same side of the wall under consideration
are filled, and again the F coefficients apply.
MultiCell Tank
Intersecting Walls:
Maximum moments in the
shorter walls adjacent to
the intersection occur
when diagonally opposite
cells are filled, and for this
condition the L
Coefficients apply.
Example 1 (Open-Top Single-Cell Tank)
A
C
E
B
F D
The tank shown has a clear height of a = 4 m.
horizontal inside dimensions are b = 10.0 m and
c = 5.0 m. The tops of the walls are considered
free and the bottom hinged.
Coefficients for moment and shear are selected from
tables or diagrams for:
b/a = 10/4.0 = 2.50 and c/a =5/4 = 1.25.
Moments are in ton.mif coefficients are multiplied
by wa
3
= 1.0 x 64= 64
Shears are in tonif coefficients are multiplied by
wa
2
= 16.
Moment coefficients taken from Table 5 for b/a = 2.5
and c/a = 1.25 are tabulated below.
Example 1 (Open-Top Single-Cell Tank)
x/a
y=0 y=b/4 y=b/2 z=c/4 z=0
M
x
M
y
M
x
M
y
M
x
M
y
M
x
M
z
M
x
M
z
0 0 0.069 0 0.035 0 -0.092 0 -0.030 0 -0.010
1/4 0.026 0.059 0.015 0.034 -0.016 -0.089 -0.006 -0.26 -0.002 -0.003
1/2 0.045 0.048 0.031 0.031 -0.016 -0.062 0.003 -0.012 +0.008 +0.007
3/4 0.044 0.029 0.034 0.020 -0.012 -0.059 0.011 -0.002 +0.018 +0.008
Example 1 (Open-Top Single-Cell Tank)
The largest moment occurs in the horizontal direction at the
top of the corner common to both walls (line AB) and equals
M
AB
=-0.092wa
3
= -0.092 x 64 = -5.9 ton-m.
The negative sign simply indicates that tension is on the inside
of the wall.
Maximum horizontal moment at midpoint of the longer wall
(line CD) is: M
CD
= +0.069wa
3
= 0.069 x 64 = +4.42 ton-m.
The positive sign shows that tension is in the outside of the
wall.
There is also some axial tension on this section that can be
taken equal to end shear at the top of the shorter wall.
Example 1 (Open-Top Single-Cell Tank)
For use in connection with Fig. 2, ratio of b/a for the shorter
wall is 5/4 = 1.25. The shear is 0.03wa2 = 0.03 x 16 =0.48
ton.
The effect of axial tension is negligible in this case and the
steel area can be determined as for simple bending.
Horizontally at x = a/2 the axial tension taken from Fig. 2 for
b/a = 1.25 is equal to N = -0.30wa
2
= -0.30 x 16 =-4.80 ton per
linear meter, which is not negligible.
Moment is M = 0.048wa
3
= 0.048 x 64 = 3.06 ton-m
Example 1 (Open-Top Single-Cell Tank)
In the shorter wall, positive moments are all relatively small.
Maximum positive moment is vertical: 0.018wa
3
= 0.018 x 64
=1.15 ton-m.
Maximum M
x
in the vertical strip at midpoint of longer panel
0.045wa
3
= 0.045 x 64 = 2.88 ton-m.
Example 1 (Open-Top Single-Cell Tank)
A
C
E
B
F D
The tank in this example differs from the preceding one
only in that the tops of the walls are considered hinged
rather than free.
This condition exists when the tank is covered by a
concrete slab with dowels extending from the wall into
the slab without moment reinforcement across the
bearing surface.
Example 2 (Closed Single-Cell Tank)
Coefficients for moment and shear are selected from tables or
diagrams for:
b/a = 10/4.0 = 2.50and c/a =5/4 = 1.25.
Moments are in ton-m if coefficients are multiplied by wa
3
=
1.0 x 64= 64
Shears are in ton if coefficients are multiplied by wa
2
= 16.
Moment coefficients taken fromTable 6for b/a = 2.5 and c/a =
1.25are tabulated below.
Example 2 (Closed Single-Cell Tank)
x/a
y=0 y=b/4 y=b/2 z=c/4 z=0
M
x
M
y
M
x
M
y
M
x
M
y
M
x
M
z
M
x
M
z
1/4 0.032 0.011 0.022 0.010 -0.006 -0.032 0.003 0.004 0.007 0.012
1/2 0.052 0.018 0.038 0.017 -0.011 -0.053 0.008 0.007 0.018 0.019
3/4 0.048 0.015 0.037 0.014 -0.010 -0.048 0.014 0.008 0.022 0.016
Moment coefficients taken fromTable6aregiven below. All
coefficients for x =0 (top edge) and x =a (bottomedge),
beingequal tozero, areomitted.
Example 2 (Closed Single-Cell Tank)
With a free top, maximum M
x
= +0.045wa
3
and maximum M
y
= -0.092wa
3
.
With a hinged top, maximum M
x
=+0.052wa
3
and maximum
M
y
=-0.053wa
3
.
It is to be expected that a wall with hinged top will carry more
load vertically and less horizontally, but it is worth noting that
maximum coefficient for vertical moment is only 13% less for
wall with free top than with hinged top.
The maximum M
y
coefficient at y=0is 0.069 for a free top but
0.018 for a hinged top. Adding top support causes
considerable reduction in horizontal moments, especially at
y=0.
Example 2 (Closed Single-Cell Tank)
Maximum moment is M
y
=-0.053wa
3
=-0.053 x 64=-3.4 ton-m.
Maximum moment in a vertical strip is M
x
= 0.052wa
3
= 0.052
x 64 = 3.3 ton-m.
Axial compression (N) on the section subject to this moment,
and loads per linear meter can be taken as follows:
4 meter high wall: 2 x 0.30 x 2.5 = 1.5 ton
30 cm. top concrete slab: 0.30x 2.5 x5/2 = 1.9 ton
1-meter fill on top of slab: 1x1.75 x 5/2 = 4.4 ton
Live load on top of fill: 0.50 x 5/2 = 1.25 ton
_____________
Total = 9.05 ton
Example 2 (Closed Single-Cell Tank)
The closed single-cell tank is covered with a concrete slab.
Assume the slab is simply supported along all four sides and
has a live load of 500 kg/m
2
and an earthfill weighing 1.75
t/m
2
.
Estimating slab thickness as 30 cm. gives a total design load of
0.50 + 1.75 + 2.5(0.3) = 3.0 t/m
2
.
From Table 4, for a ratio of 10/5 = 2, select maximum
coefficient of 0.100, which gives maximum M=0.100wa
2
=
0.100 x 3.0 x 25 = 7.5 ton-m.
Top and Base Slabs
Top and Base Slabs
At the corners, a two-way slab tends to lift off the supports;
and if this tendency is prevented by doweling slab to support,
cracks may develop in the top of the slab across its corners.
Nominal top reinforcement should therefore be supplied at the
corners, say 0.005bd cm
2
in each direction.
Length of these bars can be taken as = a= x 5 = 1.25 m.
Assume the closed single-cell tank has a base slab of reinforced
concrete.
Weight of base slab and liquid does not create any bending or
shearing stresses in concrete provided the subsoil is uniformly
well compacted.
Weight transferred to the base through the bottom of the wall is:
Top slab: 3.0 x 5.6 x 10.6 = 178.1 ton.
Walls: 4x0.3x2.5(2x10.3 +2x5.3) = 93.6 ton
---------------
Total = 271.7 ton
Top and Base Slabs
If the base slab extends 20 cm. outside the walls, its area is 11
x 6 = 66 m
2
.
The average load of w = 271.7/66 = 4.1 t/m
2
is used for design
of the base slab just as w = 3.0 t/m
2
was used for design of the
top slab.
Total average load on the subsoil is water weight (4 x 1.0) +
4.1 + weight of base slab, say 4.0 + 4.1+1 = 9.1 ton/m
2
, which
the subsoil must be able to carry.
If there is an appreciable upward hydrostatic pressure on the
base slab, the slab should also be investigated for this pressure
when the tank is considered empty
Top and Base Slabs
Two-Cell Tank, Long Center Wall
The tank in Figure consists of two adjacent cells, each with
the same inside dimensions as the open-top single cell tank
(a clear height of a = 4 m. Horizontal inside dimensions are
b = 10.0 m and c = 5.0 m). The top is considered free.
The tank consists of four L-shaped and two T-shaped units.
L coefficients from Table 5 for b/a = 2.50 and c/a = 1.25, and
F coefficients from Table 2, for b/a = 2.50 and 1.25, are
tabulated in the following tables:
Two-Cell Tank, Long Center Wall
Two-Cell Tank, Long Center Wall
Note that F coefficients in this tabulation are used only for
calculation of coefficients L-(L-F)/3 that are to be used for
design at the intersection of the center and outer walls as
shown.
Two-Cell Tank, Long Center Wall
Coefficients for the center wall are for one cell filled, the
negative sign indicating tension on the loaded side. All signs
must be reversed when the other cell is filled.
Shear coefficients in Tables 7 and 8 as well as in Figs. 1 and 2
(in PCA report) can be applied both to center and outer walls.
Two-Cell Tank, Long Center Wall
Two-Cell Tank, Short Center Wall
The tank in Figure consists of two cells with the same
inside dimensions as the cells in the two-cell tank with
the long center wall. The center wall is 5 m wide in this
example.
Two-Cell Tank, Short Center Wall
Design procedure is identical for both two-cell tanks, but
the schedule of coefficients is different because the
longer side of the cell in this example is continuous
instead of the shorter side.
Note from the following tabulation that the long wall
must be designed for a maximum My coefficient that
occurs at the center wall of -0.138 instead of -0.092 at
the corner in the tank in previous example.
Maximum moment is My=-0.1 38wa
3
= -0.138 x 64 = -
8.83 ton-m.
Two-Cell Tank, Short Center Wall
Two-Cell Tank, Short Center Wall
Two-Cell Tank, Short Center Wall
6m
8m
Counterforted Tank Walls
In a tank or reservoir with large horizontal dimensions, say
three or four times the height, and without a reinforced
concrete cover slab, it becomes necessary to design walls as
cantilevers or, when they are quite high, as counterforted
walls.
The slab shown in Figure is free at
the top and may be considered fixed
at the bottom.
If counterforts are spaced
equidistantly, the slab may also be
taken as fixed at counterforts.
For this type of construction,
coefficients in Table 3 apply.
Counterforted Tank Walls
Consider for illustration a wall panel of a counterforted wall in
which spacing of counterforts is b=10m and height is a = 5 m.
From Table 3, for b/a = 10/5 = 2, select the following
coefficients
Procedure for using these coefficients to determine moments
and design of the wall is similar to that illustrated for the open-
top single-cell tank.
Details at Bottom Edge
All tables except one are based on the assumption that the bottom
edge is hinged. It is believed that this assumption in general is
closer to the actual condition than that of a fixed edge.
Consider first the detail in Fig. 9, which shows the wall
supported on a relatively narrow continuous wall footing,
Details at Bottom Edge
In Fig. 9 the condition of restraint at the bottom of the footing
is somewhere between hinged and fixed but much closer to
hinged than to fixed.
The base slab in Fig. 9 is placed on top of the wall footing and
the bearing surface is brushed with a heavy coat of asphalt to
break the adhesion and reduce friction between slab and
footing.
The vertical joint between slab and wall should be made
watertight. A joint width of 2.5 cm at the bottom is considered
adequate.
A waterstop may not be needed in the construction joints when
the vertical joint is made watertight
Details at Bottom Edge
In Fig. 10 a continuous concrete base slab is provided either
for transmitting the load coming down through the wall or for
upward hydrostatic pressure.
In either case, the slab deflects upward in the middle and tends
to rotate the wall base in Fig. 10 in a counterclockwrse
direction.
Details at Bottom Edge
The wall therefore is not fixed at the bottom edge and it is
difficult to predict the degree of restraint
The waterstop must then be placed off center as indicated.
Provision for transmitting shear through direct bearing can be
made by inserting a key as in Fig. 9 or by a shear ledge as in
Fig. 10.
At top of wall the detail in Fig. 10 may be applied except that
the waterstop and the shear key are not essential. The main
thing is to prevent moments from being transmitted from the
top of the slab into the wall because the wall is not designed
for such moments.