Bài Giảng Điện Tử Tương Tự

LI NI U
in t tng t l mn hc c s, nhm cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c

!n nht "# ph$n t%ch, thit k c&c m'ch "in t(ong h th)ng m'ch "in t* +u)n s&ch n,
"-c chi. thnh / chng* # nghi0n cu ti liu n, "-c thu1n l-i, ngi "c c2n c3 kin
thc c4. c&c mn hc 56 thu,t m'ch 7 +u kin "in t*
+hng 89 :'ch khuch "'i t(.n;ito* < c1p c&c c&ch m=c m'ch khuch "'i c !n, 7n
"< h>i tip t(ong m'ch khuch "'i, c&ch gh?p gi. c&c t2ng t(ong m@t @ khuch "'i, c&c
m'ch khuch "'i cng sut 7 m@t s) m'ch khuch "'i kh&c9 nh khuch "'i +.sc.AB, khuch
"'i C.(lingtn, m'ch khuch "'i A!i (@ng, m'ch khuch "'i c@ng hng*
+hng D9 E@ khuch "'i thu1t to&n FEGHHI* +&c "Jc "i#m 7 t%nh cht c4. @ khuch
"'i thu1t to&n, c&c in ph&p ch)ng t(i 7 K "i#m khng c4. khuch "'i thu1t to&n, cLng
nh c&c ng AMng c4. n39 m'ch khuch "'i, m'ch c@ng, m'ch t(N, m'ch 7i ph$n, m'ch t%ch
ph$n, m'ch t'o hm lg., hm mL, m'ch nh$n tng t, m'ch lc t%ch cc*
+hng O9 :'ch t'o A.o "@ng sin9 Pgu,0n l6 t'o A.o "@ng sin* Qh$n t%ch m'ch t'o A.o
"@ng sin gh?p in &p, A.o "@ng sin gh?p R+, m'ch A.o "@ng sin . "i#m* :'ch t'o A.o
"@ng sin Sn "Tnh t2n s) AKng ph2n t &p "in th'ch .nh* :'ch t'o sin ki#u Up UV tu,n t%nh*
+hng W9 :'ch Uung9 P0u c&c th.m s) c4. t%n hiu Uung, t(.n;ito 7 EGHH lm 7ic
ch "@ Uung, c&c m'ch t'o Uung9 g>m m'ch ". hi t A.o "@ng, ". hi "-i, t(iggB(, A.o
"@ng nghXt, m'ch h'n ch, m'ch t'o "in &p (Yng c., m'ch t'o A.o "@ng "i<u khi#n ng
"in &p FZ+[I*
+hng \9 i<u ch ] H&ch s3ng ^ H(@n t2n9 i<u i0n, c&c m'ch "i<u i0n, "i<u ch "n
i0n* i<u t2n 7 "i<u ph., m'ch "i<u t2n "i<u ph.* H&ch s3ng9 c&c m'ch t&ch s3ng "i<u i0n,
"i<u t2n, "i<u ph.* H(@n t2n, m'ch t(@n t2n* Ph$n chi. t2n s) AKng 7_ng gi ph. FQ55I*
+hng `9 +hu,#n "Si abC, Cba* ci!i th%ch du& t(enh in "Si abC 7 c&c m'ch thc
hin* ci!i th%ch du& t(enh in "Si Cba 7 c&c m'ch thc hin* P0u t3m t=t du& t(enh chu,#n
"Si abC, Cba phi tu,n*
+hng /9 :'ch cung cp ngu>n* Qh$n t%ch m'ch cung cp ngu>n m@t chi<u9 in &p,
chVnh lu, lc 7 Sn &p* Qhng ph&p !o 7 du& A_ng, du& &p c4. @ ngu>n* Pgu,0n l6 @
ngu>n chu,#n m'ch*
:Jc AK "f c3 nhi<u c) g=ng, nhng cu)n s&ch ch=c ch=n c_n thiu s3t, (t mong 'n
"c "3ng g3p 6 kin "# s. ch., S sung th0m*
gin ch$n thnh c!m nh

Cc tc gi
D
MC LC
5ij Pkj lm****************************************************************************************************************************D
:n+ 5n+**********************************************************************************************************************************O
+opqPc j* :r+o Goms+o rj CtPc HRaPujH[****************************************************/
8*8* Tnh nghv., c&c chV ti0u 7 th.m s) c !n c4. m'ch khuch "'i***********************************/
8*8*8* Tnh nghv. m'ch khuch "'i*************************************************************************************/
8*8*D* +&c chV ti0u 7 th.m s) c !n c4. m@t t2ng khuch "'i*****************************************w
8*D* Qh$n cc 7 ch "@ lm 7ic m@t chi<u c4. t(.n;ito t(ng 7 t(.n;ito lxng cc******8y
8*D*8* Pgu,0n t=c chung ph$n cc t(.n;ito lxng cc******************************************************8y
8*D*D* :'ch cung cp "in &p ph$n cc cho t(.n;ito lxng cc***************************************88
8*D*O* oin t-ng t(i "i#m lm 7ic 7 c&c phng ph&p Sn "Tnh**********************************8O
8*D*W* Qh$n cc 7 ch "@ lm 7ic m@t chii tip t(ong c&c t2ng khuch "'i********************************************************************************8\
8*O*8* Tnh nghv.***************************************************************************************************************8\
8*O*D* +&c phng t(enh c4. m'ng W cc khuch "'i c3 h>i tip**************************************8`
8*O*O* znh hng c4. h>i tip $m "n c&c th.m s) t2ng khuch "'i********************************8/
8*W* +&c s "> khuch "'i t%n hiu nh{ AKng t(.n;ito lxng cc******************************************DD
8*W*8* ci|i thiu****************************************************************************************************************DD
8*W*D* H2ng khuch "'i }mito chung********************************************************************************DD
8*W*O* H2ng khuch "'i +olBcto chung******************************************************************************DW
8*W*W* ~ "> E.;o chung***************************************************************************************************D\
8*\* +&c s "> c !n AKng t(.n;ito t(ng F}HI***************************************************************D`
8*\*8* ~ "> ~ou(cB chung F~+I****************************************************************************************D`
8*\*D* ~ "> C(.in chung FC+I*****************************************************************************************D/
8*\*O* ~ "> c.tB chung Fc+I*******************************************************************************************D/
8*`* :@t s) m'ch khuch "'i kh&c****************************************************************************************Dw
8*`*8* :'ch khuch "'i C.(lingtn***********************************************************************************Dw
8*`*D* :'ch G.skoAB********************************************************************************************************D
8*`*O* :'ch khuch "'i A!i (@ng***************************************************************************************Oy
8*`*W* :'ch khuch "'i c@ng hng*********************************************************************************O8
8*`*\* H2ng khuch "'i "!o ph.***************************************************************************************O8
8*`*`* :'ch khuch "'i 7i s.i*******************************************************************************************OO
8*/* +&c phng ph&p gh?p t2ng t(ong @ khuch "'i**********************************************************OW
8*/*8* ch?p t2ng ng tM "in*******************************************************************************************OW
8*/*D* ch?p ng in &p**************************************************************************************************O\
8*/*O* :'ch gh?p t(c tip************************************************************************************************O\
O
8*w* H2ng khuch "'i cng sut*********************************************************************************************O`
8*w*8* +h "@ cng t&c 7 "i#m lm 7ic c4. t2ng khuch "'i cng sut*************************O`
8*w*D* H2ng khuch "'i cng sut ch "@ a**********************************************************************O/
8*w*O* H2ng khuch "'i cng sut ", k?o************************************************************************W8
+opqPc jj* E Goms+o rj HomH H[P***************************************************************Ww
D*8* H%nh cht 7 th.m s) c !n******************************************************************************************Ww
D*8*8* +&c t%nh cht c !n************************************************************************************************Ww
D*8*D* o s) khuch "'i hiu*********************************************************************************************Ww
D*8*O* Jc tu,n i0n "@ t2n s) 7 "Jc tu,n ph.*************************************************************W
D*8*W* o s) n?n ">ng ph.*************************************************************************************************W
D*D* +&c m'ch khuch "'i*****************************************************************************************************\y
D*D*8* :'ch khuch "'i "!o**********************************************************************************************\y
D*D*D* :'ch khuch "'i khng "!o***********************************************************************************\8
D*D*O* oin t-ng lch khng 7 in ph&p K*****************************************************************\8
D*O* +&c m'ch "in ng AMng @ GHH*******************************************************************************\D
D*O*8* :'ch c@ng***************************************************************************************************************\D
D*O*D* :'ch t(N******************************************************************************************************************\O
D*O*O* :'ch t%ch ph$n********************************************************************************************************\O
D*O*W* :'ch 7i ph$n***********************************************************************************************************\W
D*O*\* :'ch t'o hm log.**************************************************************************************************\W
D*O*`* :'ch t'o hm ")i log.********************************************************************************************\\
D*O*/* :'ch nh$n***************************************************************************************************************\`
D*O*w* :'ch chi.****************************************************************************************************************\`
D*O** :'ch so s&nh***********************************************************************************************************\/
+opqPc jjj* :r+o Hr[ Ca[ Pc jm oa******************************************************`/
O*8* Gh&i nim chung 7< A.o "@ng***************************************************************************************`/
O*D* i<u kin t'o A.o "@ng 7 "Jc "i#m c4. m'ch t'o A.o "@ng****************************************`/
O*O* n "Tnh i0n "@ 7 t2n s) A.o "@ng*******************************************************************************`w
O*W* :'ch A.o "@ng 5+*********************************************************************************************************`
O*W*8* :'ch A.o "@ng gh?p in &p**********************************************************************************`
O*W*D* :'ch t'o A.o "@ng . "i#m************************************************************************************`
O*\* :'ch A.o "@ng R+********************************************************************************************************/8
O*\*8* :'ch A.o "@ng AKng O m=t R+ t(ong kh$u h>i tip***********************************************/8
O*\*D* :'ch A.o "@ng AKng m'ch c2u Zi0n t(ong kh$u h>i tip***************************************/D
O*`* :'ch A.o "@ng AKng th'ch .nh*************************************************************************************/O
O*`*8* +&c t%nh cht c4. th'ch .nh************************************************************************************/O
O*`*D* :@t s) m'ch A.o "@ng AKng th'ch .nh******************************************************************/\
W
O*/* :'ch t'o s3ng sin ki#u Up UV tu,n t%nh**********************************************************************/`
+opqPc jZ* :r+o gmPc*********************************************************************************************/w
W*8* H%n hiu Uung 7 c&c th.m s)***************************************************************************************/w
W*D* +h "@ kh3. c4. t(.n;ito***********************************************************************************************/w
W*O* +h "@ kh3. c4. @ GHH********************************************************************************************/
W*W * H(ig******************************************************************************************************************************w8
W*W*8* H(ig "!o*****************************************************************************************************************w8
W*W*D* H(ig thu1n**************************************************************************************************************wD
W*\* :'ch ". hi "-i**************************************************************************************************************wD
W*`* :'ch ". hi t A.o "@ng************************************************************************************************wW
W*`*8* :'ch ". hi t A.o "@ng AKng t(.n;ito******************************************************************wW
W*`*D* :'ch ". hi t A.o "@ng AKng @ khuch "'i thu1t to&n***************************************w`
W*/* :'ch A.o "@ng nghXt*****************************************************************************************************ww
W*w* :'ch h'n ch i0n "@****************************************************************************************************y
W*w*8* :'ch h'n ch t(0n***************************************************************************************************y
W*w*D* :'ch h'n ch A|i**************************************************************************************************8
W*w*O* :'ch h'n ch h.i ph%.********************************************************************************************8
W** :'ch t'o Uung (Yng c.*************************************************************************************************D
W**8 Hh.m s) t%n hiu Uung (Yng c.*******************************************************************************D
W**D* :'ch t'o Uung (Yng c. AKng m'ch t%ch ph$n R+************************************************O
W**O* :'ch t'o Uung (Yng c. AKng ngu>n A_ng*************************************************************W
W**W* :'ch t'o Uung (Yng c. th0m t2ng khuch "'i c3 h>i tip************************************\
W*8y* :'ch t'o A.o "@ng c3 t2n s) "i<u khi#n ng "in &p FZ+[I************************************`
+opqPc Z* jm +os ] H+o ~kPc ^ HRP HlP*************************************************w
\*8* i<u ch*************************************************************************************************************************w
\*8*8* Gh&i nim****************************************************************************************************************w
\*8*D* i<u ch i0n "@*****************************************************************************************************w
\*8*O* i<u ch "n i0n*************************************************************************************************8yO
\*8*W* i<u t2n 7 "i<u ph.*********************************************************************************************8y/
\*D* H&ch s3ng*********************************************************************************************************************88D
\*D*8* Gh&i nim**************************************************************************************************************88D
\*D*D* H&ch s3ng "i<u i0n**********************************************************************************************88D
\*D*O* H&ch s3ng "i<u t2n 7 "i<u ph.*****************************************************************************88\
\*O* H(@n t2n************************************************************************************************************************8Dy
\*O*8* Tnh nghv.*************************************************************************************************************8Dy
\*O*D* Pgu,0n l6 t(@n t2n************************************************************************************************8D8
\*O*O* :'ch t(@n t2n********************************************************************************************************8DD
\
\*W* :r+o PoP +oja HlP ~***********************************************************************************8D\
+opqPc Zj* +omP j HpqPc H ] ~ Z ~ ] HpqPc H************************8Dw
`*8* Gh&i nim 7 c&c th.m s) c !n********************************************************************************8Dw
`*8*8* Gh&i nim chung***************************************************************************************************8Dw
`*8*D* +&c th.m s) c !n***********************************************************************************************8D
`*8*O* Pgu,0n t=c lm 7ic c4. abC*******************************************************************************8Oy
`*D* +&c phng ph&p chu,#n "Si tng t s)*******************************************************************8OD
`*D*8* Qh$n lo'i****************************************************************************************************************8OD
`*D*D* :@t s) m'ch chu,#n "Si tng t ] s)*****************************************************************8OD
`*O* +&c phng ph&p chu,#n "Si s) tng t*******************************************************************8W8
`*O*8* +hu,#n "Si Cba ng phng ph&p th.ng "in t(**********************************************8WD
`*O*D +hu,#n "Si Cba ng phng ph&p m'ng "in t(***********************************************8WO
+opqPc Zjj* :r+o +mPc +Q PcmP :H +ojm********************************************8WW
/*8* Gh&i nim chung**********************************************************************************************************8WW
/*D* Ein &p ngu>n 7 m'ch chVnh lu********************************************************************************8WW
/*D*8* +hVnh lu n. chu k********************************************************************************************8W\
/*D*D* +hVnh lu h.i n. chu k**************************************************************************************8W\
/*O* E@ lc ngu>n****************************************************************************************************************8W/
/*O*8* E@ lc AKng tM "in***********************************************************************************************8Ww
/*O*D* E@ lc R+**************************************************************************************************************8Ww
/*W* :'ch Sn &p*******************************************************************************************************************8W
/*W*8* n &p AKng "i)t uBnB(******************************************************************************************8W
/*W*D* n &p AKng t(.n;ito***********************************************************************************************8\y
/*W*O* n &p AKng j+*******************************************************************************************************8\W
/*\* Pgu>n Sn &p chu,#n m'ch*******************************************************************************************8\\
/*\*8 Gh&i nim 7< ngu>n chu,#n m'ch*************************************************************************8\\
/*\*D* ~ "> kh)i c. @ ngu>n chu,#n m'ch****************************************************************8\/
/*\*O +&c kh)i t(ong @ ngu>n chu,#n m'ch******************************************************************8\w
Hj 5jm Hoa: Goz[******************************************************************************************************8Ò
`
CHNG I. MCH KHUCH I DNG TRANIT!
".". #$% $g%&'( cc c%) ti*+ ,- t%'. /0 c1 2$ c3' .4c% 5%+6c% 74i
".".". #$% $g%&' .4c% 5%+6c% 74i
Mt trong s nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca tranzto s dng
n trong cc mch de m tang cung d dn p hay dng dn ca tn
hu m thung g mch khuech d. Thuc cht khuech d mt qu
trnh ben do nang uong c deu khen, o d nang uong mt cheu ca
nguon cung cp (khng cha thng tn), duoc ben do thnh nang uong
xoay cheu theo tn hu deu khen du vo (cha dung thng tn), m
cho tn hu ra n n nheu n v khng mo. Phn t deu khen d
tranzto. So do tong qut ca mch khuech d hnh 1-1, trong d U
n

nguon tn hu vo, R
n
dn tro trong ca nguon tn hu, R
t
t no nhn
tn hu ra.
Hnh 1-2 dua ra cu trc nguyn de xy dung mt tng khuech d.
Phn t co bn phn t deu khen tranzto c dn tro thay do theo su
deu khen ca dn p hay dng dn dat t cuc deu khen (cuc gc) ca
n, qua d deu khen quy ut ben do dng dn ca mch ra bao gom
tranzto v dn tro R
C
. T ra ga cuc gp v cuc pht, ta nhn duoc
mt dn p ben thn cng quy ut v tn hu vo nhung d n duoc
tang n nheu n. e don gn, g thet dn p dat vo cuc gc c dng
hnh sn.
T so do hnh 1-2 ta thy rng dng dn v dn p o mch ra (t
v dng dn v dn p tn hu vo) tong cc thnh phn xoay cheu
(dng dn v dn p) trn nen ca thnh phn mt cheu I
r0
v U
r0
. Ph
dm bo sao cho bn d thnh phn xoay cheu khng vuot qu thnh
phn mt cheu, ngha
y
r
r
I I
v
y
r
r
U U
. Neu deu kn d khng duoc
tho mn th s m mo dng tn hu ra.
/
H8$% "9". ~ "> tSng du&t c4. m'ch khuch "'i*
j
7
:'ch khuch
"'i
Pgu>n cung cp
Fm
++
I
m
7
R
n
m
n
j
(
m
(
R
t
Nhu vy de dm bo cng tc cho tng khuech d (kh tn hu vo

xoay cheu) th o mch ra ca n ph to nn thnh phn dng mt cheu
I
r0
v dn p mt cheu U
r0
. Chnh v vy, o mch vo ca tng, ngo
nguon tn hu cn khuech d, ngu ta cng ph dat thm dn p mt
cheu U
v0
(hay dng dn mt cheu I
v0
). Cc thnh phn dng dn v dn
p mt cheu d xc d}nh che d m vc tnh ca tng khuech d. Tham
s ca che d tnh theo mch vo (I
v0
, U
v0
) v theo mch ra (I
r0
, U
r0
) dac
trung cho trng th ban du ca so do kh chua c tn hu vo.
".".:. Cc c%) ti*+ ,- t%'. /0 c1 2$ c3' .;t t<$g 5%+6c% 74i
e dnh g cht uong ca mt tng khuech d ngu ta dua ra cc
ch tu v tham s co bn sau:
".".:.". H= /0 5%+6c% 74i.
N chung v tng khuech d c cha cc phn t dn khng nn K
mt s phc.
K
= K exp(j.
k
)
M dun |K| the hn quan h ve cung d (bn d) ga cc d uong
du ra v du vo, phn gc
k
the hn d d}ch pha ga chng. n
ca |K| v
k
ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hu vo. o th} hm s |K| =
w
'i l-ng "2u (.
'i l-ng tng ng "2u 7o
G
F8]8I
j
(y
Q
G
m
7
t
i R
+
m
(
m
(
t
m
+++
R
t
+
}
E
m
7
.*

m
(y
j
(
m
(
r
I
r
U
y
y
*

t
t
Hnh 1-2. a. Nguyn xy dung mt tng
khuech d.
b. Beu do th gan.
f() duoc g dac tuyen bn d - tn s ca tng khuech d. o th} hm
s
k
= f() duoc g dac tuyen pha - tn s ca n.
C the tnh |K| theo don v} ogart, g don v} de x ben (dB)
G lg Dy I AE F G =

Kh ghp n tep n tng khuech d v cc h s khuech d tuong ng
K
1
, K
2
,...K
n
th h s khuech d chung ca b khuech d xc d}nh:
K
TP
= K
1
.K
2
...K
n
.
Neu tnh theo don v} dB ta c:
K
TP
(dB) = K
1
(dB) + K
2
(dB) +... + K
n
(dB)
ac tuyen bn d ca tng khuech d dung beu dn quan h U
r
= f(U
v
) y o mt tn s c d}nh ca g tn ca tn hu vo.
Dng den hnh ca K = f() v U
r
= f(U
v
) d v mt b khuech d
dn p tn s thp nhu hnh 1-3.
".".:.:. T>? 5%$g @0i ,-A ,- @0i >'
Tro khng vo, (. c4. t2ng khuch d duoc d}nh ngha:
V
V
V
I
U
Z =

r
r
r
U
Z
I
=
F8]DI
N chung chng cc d uong phc nn ta c the vet:
Z = R + |X.
H8$% "9B. .* Jc tu,n i0n "@ ] t2n s)

* Jc tu,n i0n "@ F 8ko;I c4. m@t @ khuch "'i t2n s) thp

0 Hz
f
|K|
.*
K
0
m
(

m
Z
*
y
G
y
".".:.B. MCA t<$ /0
Mo tn s mo do d khuech d ca mch khuech d b} gm o
vng ha du g tn. o vng tn s thp c mo thp M
t
, o vng tn s
cao c mo tn s cao M
C
. Chng duoc xc d}nh theo beu thc:
+
y
+
t
y
t
G
G
:
G
G
: = =
(1-3)
Trong d: K
0
h s khuech d o vng tn s trung bnh.
K
C
h s khuech d o vng tn s cao.
K
t
h s khuech d o vng tn s thp.
:?o t2n s) cLng c3 th# "-c t%nh thBo "n 7T "< Ui Bn*
".".:.D. MCA E%i t+F6$
Mo ph tuyen do tnh cht ph tuyen ca cc phn t nhu tranzto gy
ra the hn trong tn hu du ra xut hn thnh phn tn s m (khng
c o du vo). Kh U
v
ch c thnh phn tn s th U
r
n chung c cc
thnh phn n (v n = 0,1,2...) v cc bn d tuong ng U
n
. Lc d h
s mo khng dung thng do tng khuech d gy ra duoc dnh g :

D D D
D O
8
***
n U U U
U
+ + +
=
F8]WI
".".:.G. Hi=+ /+Ht c3' t<$g 5%+6c% 74i
Hu sut ca mt tng khuech d d uong duoc tnh bng t s
ga cng sut tn hu xoay cheu dua ra t P
r
v cng sut mt cheu
ca nguon cung cp P
0
.
y
r
P
H
P
=
(1-5)
H(0n "$, "f n0u m@t s) chV ti0u du.n t(ng c4. m@t t2ng Fh., m@t @ khuch "'i g>m
nhi<u t2ngI* +Yn c 7o c&c chV ti0u n, ngi t. c3 th# ph$n lo'i c&c @ khuch "'i 7|i c&c
t0n gi 7|i "Jc "i#m kh&c nh.u* +3 th# ph$n lo'i thBo A'ng "Jc tu,n t2n s) G FI, tN "3
c3 @ khuch "'i m@t chi<u, @ khuch "'i t2n s) thp, @ khuch "'i t2n s) c.o, @ khuch
"'i chn lc t2n s)***7*7*
".:. I%J$ cKc ,- c%6 7; @-. ,i=c .;t c%iL+ c3' t>'$MitA t>NO$g ,- t>'$MitA @NP$g cKc
".:.". Ng+F*$ tQc c%+$g E%J$ cKc t>'$MitA @NP$g cKc
# t(.n;ito lm 7ic nh l m@t ph2n t t%ch cc the c&c th.m s) c4. n3 ph!i tho! mfn
"i<u kin th%ch h-p* Phng th.m s) n, c4. t(.n;ito phM thu@c (t nhi<u 7o "in &p ph$n cc
c&c chu,#n tip g3p, ph&t* P3i m@t c&ch kh&c gi& t(T c&c th.m s) phM thu@c 7o "i#m lm 7ic
c4. t(.n;ito* :@t c&ch tSng du&t, AK t(.n;ito "-c m=c thBo ki#u no, mu)n n3 lm 7ic ch
8y
"@ khuch "'i c2n c3 c&c "i 0
U
CE
= U
C
- U
E
> 0
U
E
< U
B
< U
C
Trong d U
E
, U
B
, U
C
dn the cc cuc pht, gc, gp ca tranzto nhu trn
hnh 1-4.
V tranzto p-n-p th deu kn phn cuc c du nguoc .
Hnh 1-4 beu dn dn p v dng dn phn cuc ca tranzto o che d
khuech d.

".:.:. M4c% c+$g cHE 7i=$ E E%J$ cKc c%A t>'$MitA @NP$g cKc
".:.:.". M4c% cHE 7i=$ E E%J$ cKc
C ha cch phn p cho Tranzto phuong php d}nh dng Bazo v
d}nh p Bazo, hnh 1-5.
88
j
E
j
+
m
+
m
}
j
}
m
E
m
+}
y
m
E}
y
j
E
m
E
.*
j
+
m
+
m
}
j
}
m
+}
y
m
E}
y
*
H8$% "9D. .* Ei#u Ain "in &p 7 A_ng "in ph$n cc t(.n;ito n]p]n*
* H(.n;ito p]n]p*
+ U c c
Ur
Uv
+
Cr
+
Cv
RB
Rc
.* Tnh A_ng E.;
+ U c c
R2
Ur
Uv
+
Cr
+
Cv
R1
Rc
* Tnh &p E.;
j
Ey
j
Q
H8$% "9G. Qhng ph&p cp thi0n &p cho t(.n;ito lxng cc
Mch dn hnh 1-5a cp dn p cho cuc gc theo phuong php d}nh
dng. n p U
BE0
duoc y t nguon U
CC
dan qua dn tro R
B
vo cuc gc.
n tro R
B
c tr} s n hon nheu so v dn tro mt cheu ca mat ghp
gc-pht, do d dng d}nh thn I
B0
duoc xc d}nh gn dng.
y
y
CC BE CC
B
B B
U U U
I
R R
=
Dng dn mt cheu o du ra (dng cuc gp) I
C0
v dn p mt cheu o
du ra U
CE0
:
I
C0
= .I
B0
; U
CE0
= U
CC
- I
C0
.R
C

Mch ny don gn nhung d on d}nh dem m vc km.
Mch dn hnh 1-5b cung cp dn p cho cuc gc theo phuong php
d}nh p nh b phn p R
1
, R
2
. Thung chn I
P
>> I
B0
, nn dn p t dem
m vc ca cuc gc duoc xc d}nh theo beu thc:

++
E}y D ++ p 8
8 D
m
m *R m ] j *R
R R

H(ong "3 j
Q
l A_ng ph$n &p ch', du. "in t( R
8
, R
D
*
H. th, (ng m
E}y
khng phM thu@c 7o c&c th.m s) c4. t(.n;ito 7 nhit "@ n0n Sn "Tnh*
R (ng A_ng j
Q
cng l|n m
E}y
cng Sn "Tnh, nhng khi "3 R
8
, R
D
ph!i c3 gi& t(T nh{ s lm
gi!m t( kh&ng 7o c4. m'ch*
".:.:.:. iR. @-. ,i=c c3' t>'$MitA @NP$g cKc
+&c th.m s) m
E}y
, m
+}y
, j
Ey
, j
+y
th# hin ch "@ m@t chi<u c4. t(.n;ito lxng cc, nu i#u
Ain chng t(0n "ng t!i m@t chi<u c4. t(.n;ito the c_n "-c gi l "i#m lm 7ic m@t chi<u
h., "i#m lm 7ic tvnh F i#m t(0n "ng t!i m@t chi<uI*
8D
R E R 2
R 1
U r
+
CE
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rc
m
++
H8$% "9S.
j
Emin
m
+}
j
+

m
++
j
Ey
j
+y
j
Em.U
y CE
U
H8$% "9T. i#m lm 7ic tvnh c4. t(.n;ito*
HN henh 8]` t. U&c "Tnh "-c9
*
CC CE C C E E
U U I R I R = + +
F I
CE CC C C E
U U I R R +
F8]Ì
Ei#u thc F8]Ì l phng t(enh "ng t!i m@t chi<u, n3 "-c 7 t(0n henh 8]/* H(0n
"ng t!i "i#m lm 7ic "-c U&c "Tnh ng c&c gi& t(T m@t chVi 7iR. @-. ,i=c ,- cc E%N1$g E%E W$ 7#$%
Trong qu tnh m vc ca Tranzto
dem m vc tnh c the b} d}ch chuyen do
nht hay tp tn ca n. e g dem m
vc ca Tranzto on d}nh ngu ta dng cc
phuong php on d}nh dem m vc.
C ha phuong php on d}nh dem m
vc on d}nh tuyen tnh v on d}nh ph
tuyen:
n nh tuyn tnh: dng ho tep m
mt cheu, m thay do thn p mch
vo ca tranzto de hn che su d chuyen
ca dem m vc.
Hnh 1-8 so do on d}nh dem m
vc bng ho tep m dn p. O dy R
B
va m nhm v dua dn p vo cuc
gc bng phuong php d}nh dng Bazo,
va dan dn p ho tep ve mch vo.
Neu c mt nguyn nhn mt on d}nh
no d m cho dng mt cheu I
C0
tang
n th dn the U
CE0
gm (do U
CE0
U
CC
-
I
C0
.R
C
) m U
BE0
gm, ko theo dng I
B0
8O
R B
U r
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rc
H8$% "9X.
m
++
U r
R 1
R 2 R E
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rc

H8$% "9Y.
m
++
gm m cho I
C0
gm (v I
C0
= .
y B
I
), ngha dng I
C0
ban du duoc g on
d}nh tuong d.
Hnh 1-9 so do on d}nh dem m vc bng ho tep m dng dn.
Trong so do ny R
E
m nhm v ho tep m dng dn mt cheu. Kh I
C0
tang do nht d tang hay do d tp tn tham s ca tranzto th dn p
h trn R
E
(U
E0
= I
E0
.R
E
) tang. V dn p U
R2
y trn dn tro R
2
hu nhu
khng do nn dn p U
BE0
= U
R2
- U
E0
gm, m cho I
B0
gm, do d I
C0
khng tang n duoc, tc I
C0
duoc g on d}nh tuong d.
n nh phi tuyn: dng phuong php b nht nh cc phn t c
tham s ph thuc vo nht d nhu tranzto, dt, dn tro nht.
".:.D. I%J$ cKc ,- c%6 7; @-. ,i=c .;t c%iL+ c3' T>'$MitA t>NO$g
Ve nguyn tac, vc cung cp v on d}nh dem m vc ca Tranzto
trung cng gng nhu tranzto ung cuc. v tranzto trung xc d}nh
dem m vc thng qua I
D
, U
GS
, v U
DS
.
Tranzto hu ng trung(ET) c ha o chnh ET deu khen bng
tep xc p-n (vet tat ET) v ET c cuc ca cch dn (vet tat
IGET). Sau dy chng ta xt phn cuc v che d m vc ca ET knh n.
e ET m vc trong men khuech d ph c cc deu kn sau:
+ 0 < |I
D
| < |I
DSS
|
+ n p cuc ca - cuc nguon: U
P
 U
GS
v knh p

e phn cuc cho ET ngu ta thung dng phuong php tu phn cuc (
hnh 1-10 ). O dy R
S
duoc mac vo cuc nguon va to thn p m cho
U
GS
va c tc dng ho tep m dng dn de on d}nh dem m vc.
8W
Uv
+UD
Ur
+
Cs
Cv
Cr
RD
Rs RG
Q1
H8$% "9"Z. ~ "> cung cp 7 Sn "Tnh "i#m lm 7ic cho }H
Phuong trnh hm truyen dt ca ET Knh n duoc v trn hnh 1-11a.
Beu thc phuong trnh dac tuyen truyen dt trn hnh 1-11a :
D
F8 I
GS
D DSS
P
U
I I
U
=
(1-)
V dng qua R
G
gn nhu bng khng nn ta c:
U
GS
= - I
D
.R
S
(1-8)
G h ha phuong trnh (1-) v (1-8) ta s nhn duoc I
D0
v U
GS0

cc g tr} mt cheu, tuong ng v dem m vc trn hnh 1-11b.
T mch dn hnh 1-10, ta c phuong trnh dung t mt cheu:
U
DS
= U
D
- I
D
(R
S
+ R
D
) (1-9)
Mch on d}nh dem m vc dng ho tep m thng qua R
S
. Neu khng
mun ho tep m xoay cheu ta mac thm C
S
nhu trn mch dn.
u dem n nht ca Tranzto trung tro khng vo rt n, nn de
R
G
t nh huong t tro khng vo ca mch ngu ta chn R
G
rt n (c
M).
".B. H[i ti6E t>A$g cc t<$g 5%+6c% 74i
".B.". #$% $g%&'
Ho tep ghp mt phn tn hu ra (dn p hoac dng dn) ca b
khuech d ve du vo thng qua mch ho tep.
8\
m
c~y
m
Q
m
C~
j
C

m
C
j
Cy
y DS
U
.*
*
H8$% "9"". Jc tu,n t(u,<n "'t F.I 7 "i#m lm 7ic tvnh FI c4. }H k0nh n
j
C
m
C~
j
C~~
j
Cy
y y
Phn o ho tep:
Hi tip dng: tn hu ho tep
cng pha v tn vo, ho tep duong s
m b khuech d mt on d}nh, do d
n khng duoc s dng trong mch
khuech d, ho tep duong duoc s
dng trong mch to dao dng.
Hi tip !: tn hu ho tep nguoc
pha v tn hu vo, ho tep m dng
va tr rt quan trng trong mch
khuech d. Ho tep m c thn cc
tnh cht ca mch khuech d.
Trong ho tep m c ho tep m mt cheu v ho tep m xoay cheu.
Ho tep m mt cheu duoc dng de on d}nh dem m vc tnh.
Ho tep m xoay cheu duoc dng de on d}nh cc tham s ca b
khuech d.
Mch dn b khuech d c ho tep duoc phn m 4 o:
Hi tip n"i tip i#n $p: Tn hu dua ve du vo n tep v nguon tn
hu vo v t v dn p du ra, hnh 1-13a.
Hi tip n"i tip d%ng i#n: Tn hu dua ve du vo n tep v nguon
tn hu vo v t v dng dn ra, hnh 1-13b .
Hi tip &'ng &'ng i#n $p: Tn hu dua ve du vo song song v
nguon tn hu vo v t v dn p du ra, hnh 1-13c.
Hi tip &'ng &'ng d%ng i#n: Tn hu dua ve du vo song song v
nguon tn hu vo v t v dng dn ra, hnh 1-13d.
8`
g
ht
g
(
ht
K
g
7
H8$% "9":. ~ "> kh)i @ khuch "'i
c3 h>i tip*
t(ong "3 G l h s) khuch "'i,
G
ht
l h s) h>i tip*
K
H8$% "9"B* +&c lo'i m'ch h>i tip*
m
(G
m
ZG
m
(ht
G
j
(ht
j
7ht
j
(G
m
7ht
m
7G
m
(G
j
7G
j
7G
j
(G
G
ht
m
7ht
m
7G
m
(ht
j
(ht
j
7ht
j
(G
m
7G
m
(G
j
7G
j
7G
j
(G
m
(G
G
G
ht
.* o>i tip n)i tip "in &p
* o>i tip n)i tip A_ng "in
m
7ht
m
7G
j
(ht
j
7ht
j
(G
m
7G
m
(G
j
7G
j
7G
j
(G
m
(G
m
(ht
G
G
ht
A* o>i tip song song A_ng "in
m
7ht
m
7G
j
(ht
j
7ht
j
(G
m
7G
m
(G
j
7G
j
7G
j
(G
m
(G
m
(ht
G
G
ht
c* o>i tip song song "in &p
".B.:. Cc E%N1$g t>8$% c3' .4$g D cKc 5%+6c%
74i c\ %[i ti6E
T so do hnh 1-14 ta c:
X
r
= K.X
h
; X
ht
= K
ht
.X
r
; X
h
= X
v
- X
ht
.
T 3 phuong trnh trn ta rt ra
duoc:
8 *
ht
K
K
K K
=
+
(1-10)
Trong d:
K h s khuech d ca mng 4 cuc khuech d c ho tep m.
K h s khuech d ca mng 4 cuc khng c ho tep.
K
ht
h s ho tep.
K
v
= K.K
ht
g h s khuech d vng.
g = 1 + K.K
ht
g d su ho tep.
Kh K.K
ht
>> 1 t (1-10) ta c:
8
*
ht
K
K
=
(1-11)
T beu thc (1-11) ta c nhn xt: mt b khuech d c ho tep c h
s khuech d vng rt n th hm truyen dt ca n hu nhu khng ph
8/
G
g
h
g
ht
g
(
ht
K
g
7
H8$% "9"D. ~ "> kh)i @ khuch
"'i c3 h>i tip*
K
thuc vo tnh cht ca b khuech d m ch ph thuc vo tnh cht ca
mch ho tep. Tc cc tham s ca b khuech d khng nh huong den
hm truyen dt ca b khuech d c ho tep m ch ph thuc vo cc
tham s ca mch ho tep.
".B.B. ]$% %N?$g c3' %[i ti6E J. 76$ cc t%'. /0 t<$g 5%+6c% 74i
".B.B.". H[i ti6E J. @-. gi. %= /0 5%+6c% 74i
Ho tep m m h s khuech d ca tng khuech d c ho tep
gm g n
8 *
ht
K K
K
K K g
= =
+
g = 1 + K.K
ht
d su ho tep.
Tuy vy ho tep m c thn cc tnh cht ca mch khuech d nhu
gm tp m, gm mo ph tuyen, gm mo tn s, m on d}nh h s
khuech d
".B.B.:. H[i ti6E J. @-. W$ 7#$% %= /0 5%+6c% 74i
Kh cn dng cc b khuech d c d on d}nh cao, khng b} nh huong
bo nht d, d tp tn ca tranzto, dn p nguon v th gan s dng
th ph s dng ho tep m.
T beu thc (1-10) ta c:
D
D D
8
F I * *
F8 * I F8 * I
ht
ht ht
K
d K dK dK
K K K K
=
+ +

* 8
* *
F8 * I F8 * I
ht ht
ht ht ht
K K K K K
K K K K K K K

=
+ +
(1-12)
T beu thc (1-12) ta c nhn xt: Sa s tuong d h s khuech d
c ho tep m nh hon (1 + K.K
ht
) n so v kh khng c ho tep. Nhu vy
kh c ho tep m h s khuech d s on d}nh hon kh khng c ho tep.
Kh b khuech d c nheu tng, c the thuc hn ho tep tng tng
(hnh 1-15a) hoac ho tep qua nheu tng (hnh 1-15b). Ho tep qua nheu
tng cho h s khuech d on d}nh hon ho tep tng tng.
8w
g
(
8 ht
K
g
Z
8
K
htn
K
n
K
g
Z
8
K
D
K
n
K
r
X
.* o>i tip tNng t2ng*
o>i tip du. nhii tip*
".B.B.B. H[i ti6E J. @-. t%'F 7Wi t>? 5%$g ,-A( t>? 5%$g >' c3' 2; 5%+6c% 74i
Ho tep m m thay do tro khng vo ca phn mch nm trong vng
ho tep. Su thay do ny ph thuc vo cch mac ho tep ve du vo (n
tep hay song song) m khng ph thuc vo cch y tn hu ho tep o
du ra dua vo mch ho tep.
Tuong tu ho tep m cng m thay do tro khng ra ca phn mch
nm trong vng ho tep. Su thay do ny khng ph thuc vo cch mac
ho tepve du vo (n tep hay song song) m ph thuc vo cch y tn
hu ho tep o du ra dua vo mch ho tep (ho tep dn p hay dng
dn).
'. H[i ti6E J. $0i ti6E @-. t^$g t>? 5%$g ,-A c3' t<$g 5%+6c% 74i c\ %[i ti6E g @<$
Theo hnh 1-1 ta c:
Kh khng c ho tep:
h
V rht Vh rht
V
U
Z Z Z Z
I
= + = +
Kh c ho tep:
* * * * *
V h ht r rht V h ht h rht V
U U K U Z I U K K U Z I = + + = + +
*
*
V h ht h
V rht Vh rht
V V
U U K K U
Z Z Z g Z
I I
+
= = + = +
Thung ho tep n tep th Z
rht
<< Z
Vh
nn:
*
V V
Z g Z = (1-13)
Trong d Z
Vh
tro khng vo ca tng khuech d khng c ho tep. Z
V

tro khng vo ca tng khuech d c ho tep m.
8
U v
I v
Z h
Z r h t
Z r h
Z v h t
K
K h t
U h
K h t . X r
u
Zh
H8$% "9"S. ~ "> tng "ng "2u 7o m'ch
khuch "'i c3 h>i tip $m n)i tip*
2. H[i ti6E J. /A$g /A$g @-. gi. t>? 5%$g ,-A c3' t<$g 5%+6c% 74i c\ %[i ti6E g @<$
Theo hnh 1-1 ta c:
Kh khng c ho tep:
8 8 8 8 8
h h
V Vh rht h rht V rht
I I
Z Z Z U Z U Z
= + = + = +
Kh c ho tep:
* * *
V V
V h ht r h ht h
rht rht
U U
I I K I I K K I
Z Z
= + + = + +
* * 8 8 8
h ht h
V V rht Vh rht
I K K I g
Z U Z Z Z
+
= + = +
Thung ho tep song song th Z
rht
>> Z
Vh
nn:
Z
V
= Z
v
g (1-14)
Dy
U v
I v
Z h
Z r h t
Z r h
Z v h t
K
K h t
U h
K h t . X r
j
h
H8$% "9"T. ~ "> tng "ng "2u 7o m'ch
khuch "'i c3 h>i tip $m song song*
u
Zh
c. H[i ti6E J. _`$g 7i=$ @-. t^$g t>? 5%$g >' c3' t<$g 5%+6c% 74i c\ %[i ti6E g @<$.
Theo hnh 1-18 ta c:
Kh khng c ho tep:
r rh Vht rh
Z Z Z Z = +
(thung ho tep dng dn th Z
rh
>>
Z
Vht
)
Kh c ho tep:
rhm
r
rngm
U
Z
I
=
* *
8 *
rngm V V
ht
K
I K I I
K K
= =
+
* * * *
rhm h rh V rh
U K I Z K I Z = =
(V ho mch nn I
Vht
= 0, do d I
h
=
I
v
)
*
r r
Z g Z = (1-15)
Trong d Z
r

tro khng ra ca tng khuech d khng c ho tep, Z
r

tro khng ra ca tng khuech d c ho tep m.
_. H[i ti6E J. 7i=$ E @-. gi. t>? 5%$g >' c3' t<$g 5%+6c% 74i c\ %[i ti6E g @<$.
D8
Z r h t
Z r h
Z v h t
K
K h t
Z v h
K . X h
I r
U r
Hi$% "9"X. ~ "> tng "ng "2u (. m'ch
khuch "'i c3 h>i tip $m A_ng "in*
Z r h t
Z r h
Z v h t
K
K h t
Z v h
K . X h
U r

Hi$% "9"Y. ~ "> tng "ng "2u (. m'ch khuch "'i
c3 h>i tip $m "in &p*
Theo hnh 1-19 ta c:
Kh khng c ho tep:
b b
r rh Vht rh
Z Z Z Z =
(thung ho tep dn p th Z
rh
<< Z
Vht
)
Kh c ho tep:
rhm
r
rngm
U
Z
I
=
* *
8 *
rhm V V
ht
K
U K U U
K K
= =
+
* *
h V
rngm
rh rh
KU KU
I
Z Z
= =
(V ngan mch nn U
Vht
= 0, do d U
h
=
U
v
)
r
r
Z
Z
g
=
(1-1)
".B.B.D. H[i ti6E J. @-. t^$g 7; >;$g _i t%V$g
H(0n henh 8]Dy "ng n?t li<n l "Jc tu,n i0n "@ t2n s) c4. @ khuch "'i khng c3 h>i
tip $m* P?t "t l "Jc tu,n i0n "@ t2n s) c4. @ khuch "'i c3 h>i tip $m* H. c3 th# nh1n
th, khi c3 h>i tip $m h s) khuch "'i c4. ton t2ng gi!m nhng gi!i thng c4. n3 "-c
tYng l0n F I*
DD

G

y
G
G
b D K
b D K
H8$% "9:Z. Jc tu,n i0n "@ t2n s) c4. @ khuch "'i
Ngo ra ho tep m cn c tc dng quan trng trong khuech d nhu:
- Gm tp m.
- Gm mo ph tuyen.
- Gm mo tn s.
-
".D. Cc /1 7[ 5%+6c% 74i ta$ %i=+ $%b _c$g t>'$MitA @NP$g cKc
".D.". Gidi t%i=+
+3 nhi c4. m@t t2ng khuch "'i, nhng 7|i t%n
hiu nh{ ngi t. thng h., AKng s "> tng "ng "# ph$n t%ch*
+&c th.m s) c !n c2n kh!o s&t c4. m@t t2ng khuch "'i l9 H( kh&ng 7o, t( kh&ng
(.* o s) khuch "'i A_ng G
i
, h s) khuch "'i &p G
m
7 h s) khuch "'i cng sut G
Q
*
Sau dy chng ta s phn tch tng khuech d dng tranzto ung cuc
theo ba cch mac mch: Emto chung (EC), Coecto chung (CC), v Bazo
chung (BC). G thet tn hu vo hnh sn o men tn s trung bnh v
vy tro khng ca t dn co nhu bng khng, cn nh huong dn dung
k snh ca so do v tranzto, cng nhu su ph thuc ve h s khuech d
dng , ca tranzto vo tn s co nhu khng dng ke.
".D.:. T<$g 5%+6c% 74i e.itA c%+$g
Hnh 1-21 tng khuech d Emto chung, hnh 1-22 so do tuong
duong tn hu nh ca n.
Thung th R
n
kh nh, R
1
R
2
>> r
be
nn b qua R
1
, R
2
v n tro ca
nguon tn hu ta c:
H s khuech d dn p:
*F b b I *F b b I
*
B C CE C CE r
U
V B be be
I R r R r U
K
U I r r

= = =
DO
C
BE be
I
S
U r

= =
h dan ca tranzto.
*F b b I
U C CE
K S R r =
Du tr cho thy tn hu vo v tn hu ra nguoc pha nhau. V r
CE
>>
R
C
nn:
*
U C
K S R =
(1-1)
O dy
y y
* *
T T
be b e
E C
U U
r r r
I I
= +
Trong d: U
T
dn p nht, U
T
= 2mV o 25
0
C.
Thay (1-1) vo ta c:
y
*
* *
C C
U C C
be T
R I
K S R R
r U
= = =
Nhu vy ta thy h s khuech d dn p cuc d ch ph thuc vo dn
p trn coecto. Thung chn phn p sao cho R
C
.I
C0
xp x bng na nguon
nu.
H s khuech d dng dn:
*F b b I F b b I
*
C B C CE C CE
i
V C B C
I I R r R r
K
I R I R

= = =
(1-18)
Tro khng vo:
V
V be b e e
U
Z r r r r
I
= = = +
(1-19)
DW
U v U r
B
C
E
Rc
(
B (
+}
j
E
j
E
R E R 2
R 1
U r
+
CE
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
+12V
Rc
m
++
H8$% "9:"* ~ "> }mito chung H8$% "9::. ~ "> tng "ng }mito chung
cung
Tro khng ra:
b b
r
r CE C C
r
U
Z r R R
I
= =
(1-20)
".D.B. T<$g 5%+6c% 74i CA@fctA c%+$g
H s khuech d dn p:
F 8I * F 8I*
8
* F 8I * F 8I*
r B E E
U
V B be B E be E
U I R R
K
U I r I R r R

+ +
= = =
+ + + +
(1-21)
H s khuech d dng dn:
F 8I
F 8I
r B
i
V B
I I
K
I I
+
= = = +
(1-22)
Tro khng vo:
F 8I *
F 8I
V B be B E
V be E
V B
U I r I R
Z r R
I I
+ +
= = = + +
(1-23)
Tro khng ra:
rhm
r
rngm
U
Z
I
=
U
rhm
dn p ra kh ho mch du ra.
I
rngm
dng dn ra kh ngan mch du ra.
F 8I*
* *
F 8I*
E
rhm U V V
be E
R
U K U U
r R
+
=
+ +
F 8I
V
rngm B B
be
U
I I I
r
= + = +
D\
j
E
U r
R 1
R 2
R E
+ U c c
+
Cv
+
Cr
Uv
H8$% "9:B. ~ "> +olBcto chung
r B E
U v
U r
R E
R C E
j
E
H8$% "9:D. ~ "> tng "ng +olBcto chung

(
B
(
+}
F 8I* F 8I*
*
F 8I* F 8I*
b b
F 8I
8
F 8I
E E
V
be E be E be
r E
V
be be
R R
U
r R r R r
Z R
U
r r

+ +
+ + + +
= = =
+
+
+
(1-24)
V R
E
v r
be
kh nh nn tro khng ra ca mch coecto chung nh c
v chc den v tram . y uu dem ca mch coecto chung.
".D.D. g1 7[ h'MA c%+$g
H s khuech d dn p:
*
* *
*
B C r
U C C
V B be be
I R U
K R S R
U I r r

= = = =
(1-25)
Tro khng vo ca mch:
y
V B B E
I I I I + + =
F 8I y
V V
B
V E
U U
I
Z R
+ + =
F 8I y
V V V
V be E
U U U
Z r R
+ =
8 8 8
V be E
Z r R
+
= +
b b
8
be
V E
r
Z R
=
+
(1-2)
H s khuech d dng:
D`
U r
R 1
R 2
R E
+ U c c
+
CB
+
Cv +
Cr
Uv
Rc
U r U v
r B E
RE
Rc
(
+}
j
E
H8$% "9:G. ~ "> E.;o chung H8$% "9:S. ~ "> tng "ng E.;o chung
j
}
j
E
j
Z
(
B
*
r
C V r
i U
V
V C
V
U
R Z I
K K
U
I R
Z
= = =
Thay K
U
vo ta c:
F I b b
8
* * 8
8
be
E
E
i C
be
be C
E
r
R
R
K R
r
r R
R

+
= =
+
+
(1-2)
Tro khng ra:
(
r
) r
*+
,,-
*
-
*
(1-28)
Nhu vy chng ta thy rng mch Bazo chung khng khuech d dng
dn m ch khuech d dn p. n h s khuech d dn p ca mch
Bazo chung bng h s khuech d dn p trong mch Emto chung. Mch
Bazo chung thung duoc s dng o vng tn s cao do dn dung Mer
nh.
".G. Cc /1 7[ 5%+6c% 74i ta$ %i=+ $%b _c$g t>'$MitA t>NO$g ijeTk
".G.". g1 7[ gA+>cf c%+$g igCk
Tro khng vo ca mch:
(
.
) -
/
,,-
g&
-
/
(1-29)
Thung chn R
G
n de khng m nh huong t tro khng vo ca
mch.
Tro khng ra:
(
r
) -
0
,,-
d&
-
0
(1-30)
D/
RD
Rds Rgs RG
Uv
+UD
Ur
+
Cs
Cv
Cr
RD
Rs RG
Q1
H8$% "9:T.~ "> ~ou(cB chung F~+I H8$% "9:X. ~ "> tng "ng ~+
m
Z
m
(
g
m
m
gs
H s khuech d dn p:
F b b I
F b b I
m g! d! D
R
U m d! D
V g!
g U R R
U
K g R R
U U
= = =
Thung th R
ds
>> R
D
nn ta c:
K
1
) 2g
!
.-
0
(1-31)
".G.:. g1 7[ D>'i$ c%+$g iDCk
H s khuech d dn p:
*
*
*
8*
* 8 *
m g! S
m S r r
U
V g! r g! m g! S m S
g U R
g R U U
K
U U U U g U R g R
= = = =
+ + +
(1-32)
Tro khng vo ca mch:
(
.
) -
/.
(1-33)
Tro khng ra:
rhm
R
rngm
U
Z
I
=
U
rhm
dn p ra kh ho mch du ra.
I
rngm
dng dn ra kh ngan mch du ra.
*
8 *
m S
rhm U V V
m S
g R
U K U U
g R
= =
+
* *
rngm m g! m V
I g U g U = =
(Kh ngan mch U
gs
= U
V
)
8
b b
8
S
r S
m S m
R
Z R
g R g
= =
+
(1-34)
Dw
Ur
+UD
Uv
Q1
RG
Rs
Cr
Cv
Uv
Ur
Rs
Rds Rgs
RG
g
m
mgs
H8$% "9BZ. ~ "> tng "ng C+
H8$% "9:Y. ~ "> C(.in chung FC+I
".G.B. g1 7[ G'tf c%+$g iGCk
HhBo s "> tng "ng c.tB chung henh 8]OD t. c39
S
V R m g!
I I g U =
Ta thy rng U
GS
= -U
V
nn:
V
V m V
S
U
I g U
R
= +
8 8 8
8
V
V V S
m
I
Z U R
g
= = +
Vy tro khng vo ca mch :
8
b b
V S
m
Z R
g
=
(1-35)
Tro khng ra:
r D
Z R =
(1-3)
H s khuech d dn p:
*
m g! D
r
U m D
V g!
g U R
U
K g R
U U
= = =
F8]O/I
".S. M;t /0 .4c% 5%+6c% 74i 5%c
".S.". M4c% 5%+6c% 74i D'>@i$gt1$
Kh cn tro khng vo tng khuech d n de dng vo nh, h s
khuech d n ta dng mch khuech d theo Darngton. Mch gom ha
tranzto T
1
v T
2
n nhu hnh 1-33.
D
j
Rs
j
Z
Ur
+UD
Uv
Q1
RD
Rs
Cr
Cv
Uv
Ur
RD Rs
Rds
Rgs
g
m
m
gs
H8$% "9B". ~ "> c.tB chung Fc+I H8$% "9B:* ~ "> tng "ng c+
Theo hnh 1-33a ta c:
8 D 8 8 D D 8 8 D 8 8
* * * *F8 I*
C C C B B B B
I I I I I I I = + = + = + +

8 8 D 8 8 D 8 8 D 8
* * * * * *
C B B B B
I I I I I = + +
Trong d
D 8
, theo th tu h s khuech d dng ca tranzto T
1
, T
2
.
Vy h s khuech d dng ca so do Darngton:
8 D
* =
(1-38)
Theo hnh 1-33a ta c:

8 8 D D 8 8 8 D
* * * F 8I
BE B be B be B be B be
U I r I r I r I r = + = + +
8 D
8
F 8I
BE
V be be
B
U
r r r
I
= = + +
(1-39)
Nhu vy ta nhn thy rng mch Darngton chun c h s khuech d
dng bng tch h s khuech d dng ca ha tranzto v tro khng vo
n hon tro khng vo ca mt tranzto. V mch arngton b th h s
khuech da dng n hon tranzto don nhung tro khng vo bng tro khng
vo ca T
1
.
Cch mac Darngton thung duoc dng o tng cng sut c yu cu
cng sut ra n.
".S.:. M4c% K'/5A_f
Mch gom ha tranzto ghp v nhau, T
1
mac theo so do Emto chung
cn T
2
mac theo so do Bazo chung. So do mch Kaskode hnh 1-34.
Ze H
8
m=c }mito chung 7 t!i c4. n3 l
D e
r
n0n t. c39
Oy
j
E8
B
C
E
T2
T1
RE
j
}8
j
ED
j
+8
j
+
j
+D
j
}
.* :'ch C.(lington chun * :'ch C.(lington
K
H8$% "9BB* :'ch C.(lingtn*
B
C
E
T 2
T 1
8 D yD 8
8 D
8 8
y8
*
T
r
e E
U e
T
V be e
E
U
U
r I
K r
U
U r r
I
= = =
Ze j
}y8
j
}yD
n0n t. c39
8
8
U
K
O8
H2ng H
D
m=c E.;o chung n0n h s) khuch "'i "in &p c4. H
D
l9
D
D
D
*
U C
be
K R
r
=
Ph 71, t. c3 h s) khuch "'i c4. m'ch G.skoAB9

D
8 D
D
*
* ]
C
U U
be
R
K K K
r
= =
(1-40)
u dem co bn ca mch ny ngan cch nh huong ca mch ra
den mch vo ca tng khuech d, dac bt o tn s cao.
Mch Kaskode c h s khuech d dn p bng v mch Emto
chung, nhung n khc mch Emto chung o ch do tng T
1
c K
U
= -1 v
tng T
2
mac Bazo chung nn dn dung Mer nh do vy n hn che ho
tep m nheu o vng tn s cao do d mch Kaskode s mo rng d
thng ve pha tn s cao.
".S.B. M4c% 5%+6c% 74i gii >;$g
Tn hu c g tn rng den hnh tn hu vdeo. e khuech d
duoc g tn rng nhu vy mch khuech d thung dng thm cc phn
t hu chnh. Mch dn ca mt tng khuech d d rng hnh 1-35.
O mch ny L, R
2
, C cc phn t hu chnh duoc chn ph hop sao
cho o khong tn s trung bnh ca g tn c
8
* y y
*
tb
tb
"
C

nn t ca
tng R
1
.
Thung R
1
chn nh hon cc tng khuech d khc.
OD
T 2
T 1
U v
U r 2
U r 1
+ U c c
CB
RB1
R2
R1
Rc
H8$% "9BD. :'ch khuch "'i G.skoAB
O khong tn s cao
C
.L d
n nn t ca tng gom R
1
v
C
.L
nn U
ra
tang n.
O tn s thp
8
* y
*
t
t
"
C

nn t ca tng R
1
v R
2
. Nhu
vy nh cc phn t hu chnh
m tang t xoay cheu o ha du
ca g tn nh vy dn p ra
tang n o ha du vng d.
".S.D. M4c% 5%+6c% 74i c;$g %N?$g
Mch khuech d cng huong
dng pho ben o cc tng khuech
d c tn s cao. T ca tng mch cng huong song song. Mch dn
hnh o hnh 1-3.
O mch ny L
1
C
1
, L
2
C
2
cng
huong o tn s vo. Kh tn s tn
hu vo thay do cc mch L
1
C
1
,
L
2
C
2
cn ph deu chnh tn s cng
huong theo. Tc

8 8 D D
8 8
V
f
"C " C
= =
. ac dem ca
mch, ngo tc dng khuech d
tn hu n cn c kh nang chn
c tn hu theo tn s. Kh c tn
hu vo th thnh phn tn hu c
tn s bng v n cn tn s cng
huong ca khung C
1
L
1
, b} khung ny
chan dua vo tranzto khuech d. Dng dn ra st p trn khung L
2
C
2
,
cm ng qua L
3
cho dn p ra.
".S.G. T<$g 5%+6c% 74i 7A E%'
Tng do pha dng de khuech d tn hu v cho ra ha tn hu c
bn d bng nhau nhung pha ch nhau 180
0
(nguoc pha nhau).
So do tng khuech d do pha cha t v o hnh 1-3. Tn hu y ra
t cuc pht v cuc gp ca tranzto. Tn hu ra
D r
U y t cuc pht dong
pha v tn hu vo,

cn tn hu ra
8 r
U y t cuc gp nguoc pha v tn
hu vo. Dng tn hu vo ra trn hnh 1-3.
Tro khng vo ca mch:
OO
U v
+ U c c
U r
Cr
RE
Cv
L
R1
C
RB
R2
H8$% "9BG. H2ng khuch "'i gi!i (@ng
H8$% "9BS. H2ng khuch "'i c@ng hng
+ U c c
U v
U r
CE RE
C1 L1
RB
Cv
L3
L2 C2

8 D
b b b b F8 I*
V BE E
Z R R r R = + +

H s khuech d dn p:
8
*
F 8I
C
U
be E
R
K
r R
=
+ +

D
F 8I
F 8I
E
U
be E
R
K
r R
+
=
+ +

Neu chn R
C
,

R
E
tha mn th ta s c d n h s khuech d
8 U
K
bng
D U
K
c d ta c mch do pha cha t.
Tng do pha cng c the dng ben p, so do nguyn nhu hnh 1-38.
Ha tn hu y ra t ha na cun th cp c pha ch nhau 180
0
so v
dem ga.
Kh ha na cun th cp c s vng bng nhau th ha dn p ra s d
n bng nhau. Mch ny c h s khuech d n, d dng thay do cuc
tnh ca dn p ra v cn c tc dng ph hop tro khng nhung cong
kenh, nang ne v mo n nn hn nay t duoc dng.

OW
m
Z
t
y
H8$% "9BT. ~ "> t2ng "!o ph. 7 i#u "> thi gi.n
m
(D
y
t
m
(8
t
y
+ U c c
U v
U r 1
U r 2
+
Cr2
+
Cr1
Rc
R2
+
Cv
RE
R1
m
(8
m
(D
H8$% "9BX. ~ "> t2ng "!o ph. AKng in &p
+ U c c
U v
U r 1
U r 2
+
CE
R2
+
Cv
RE
R1
8*`*`* :'ch khuch "'i 7i s.i
".S.S.". Gidi t%i=+
Trong cc b khuech d tn hu xoay
cheu, ngu ta khng quan tm den hn
tuong tr, v qua cc phn t ghp tng
tr b} chan . Tr ch m thay do che
d mt cheu ca tng tng. eu ny c
the hn che bng ho tep m.
Nguoc trong cc b khuech d tn
hu mt cheu hay tn hu c tn s
ben thn chm tr cng duoc khuech
d dua den du ra nhu tn hu. V vy
cn ph gm tr bng cch dng b
khech d v sa (hnh 1-39).
B khuech d v sa khuech d hu ha dn p dat o ha du vo, do
d dn p ra ca n s hn che duoc tr do dng tr s b} kh an nhau
ca ha tranzto, trong trung hop hon ton d xng th tr duoc kh
hon ton. e o dng uu dem ny b khuech d v sa khng ch duoc s
dng khuech d hu ha dn p cn dng de khuech d mt dn p.
n p d duoc dua vo mt du cn du ka n dt.
".S.S.:. Cc t%'. /0 c1 2$
B khuech d v sa mt b khuech d tn hu mt cheu d xng,
c ha du vo v ha du ra.
n p hu:
8 D d V V
U U U =
L hu dn p dua vo ha ca ca b
khuech d v sa.
H s khuech d hu:
8 D rd r r
Ud
d d
U U U
K
U U
= =
O\
+ U c c
- U c c
Ur2
Ur1
Uv2 Uv1
RE
Rc
Rc
T2
T1
H8$% "9BY. E@ khuch "'i 7i
s.i
+ U c c
- U c c
Ur2
Ur1
Uv2 Uv1
Rc
Rc
T2
T1
j
y
H8$% "9DZ. E@ khuch "'i 7i s.i
AKng ngu>n A_ng*
Neu y tn hu trn mt du ra th:
8
8 D
D D
rd Ud r
U U
d d
U K U
K K
U U
= = = =
H%n hiu 7o ">ng ph.9
Kh dn p du vo ha ca ca b khuech d v sa bng nhau tc
U
V1
= U
V2
= U
CM
. Lc ny U
CM
g dn p dong pha v theo thuyet th
c d
U
r
= 0V, nhung thuc te th khng nhu vy m U
r
= K
CM
. U
CM
0.
K
CM
g h s khuech d dong pha, K
CM
<< K
Ud
. e dnh g b
khuech d v sa ngu ta dua ra kh nm h s nn tn hu dong pha:
Ud
C#
K
G
K
=
H s G ny cng n cng tt (G cng n tc dng gm tr cng tt).
Ngu ta chng mnh duoc rng R
E
cng n h s G cng n. Neu chn R
E

qu n th s gy st p trn n n, de trnh deu ny ngu ta thay R
E

bng mt nguon dng c n tro trong rt n m st p trn n nh (hnh
1-40).
".T. Cc E%N1$g E%E g%CE t<$g t>A$g 2; 5%+6c% 74i
Mt b khuech d thung gom nheu tng mac n tep nhau (v thuc
te mt tng khuech d khng dm bo d h s khuech d cn thet). Kh
c nheu tng ghp n tep th tn hu ra ca tng du hay tng trung
gan bt k s tn hu vo cho tng sau n v t ca mt tng dn
tro vo ca tng sau n. e ghp ga cc tng c the dng t dn, ben
p hay ghp truc tep
".T.". G%CE t<$g 2l$g tm 7i=$
B khuech d nheu tng ghp t dn v trn hnh 1-41.
O`
H8$% "9D". ~ "> @ khuch "'i nhi<u t2ng gh?p "in Aung*
Uv
+Ucc
R2
R1
+
CE2 RE2
Rt
+
Cr
Rc2
Q2
+
Cn
+
CE1
RE1
+
RB Rc1
Q1
+
Z
u dem: Mch don gn, gn nh, d d}nh thn v thn p mt cheu
ca cc tng khng nh huong an nhau.
Nhuoc dem: Thnh phn tn s thp kh qua do t cn tro thnh phn
ny.
".T.:. G%CE 2l$g 2i6$ E
oenh 8]WD l s "> @ khuch "'i gh?p t2ng ng in &p* ch?p t2ng ng in &p c&ch
l, "in &p m@t chi<u gi. c&c t2ng m c_n lm tYng h s) khuch "'i chung 7< "in &p h.,
A_ng "in tu thu@c 7o in &p tYng h., gi!m &p*
u dem ca mch ny dn p nguon cung cp cho cuc gp ca
tranzto n v dn p mt cheu st trn cun dy b, do d cho php
nguon c dn p thp. Ngo ra tng ghp ben p d dng thuc hn ph
hop tro khng v thay do cuc tnh dn p tn hu trn cc cun dy. Tuy
nhn n c nhuoc dem dac tuyen tn s khng bng phng trong g
tn, ket cu mch nang ne, cong kenh, hu hng sa cha thay the phc
tp.
".T.B. M4c% g%CE t>Kc ti6E
Mch ghp truc tep cho o hnh 1-43. Mch c du ra ca tng truc n
truc tep vo du vo ca tng sau. Cch n truc tep ny m gm mo
tn s thp trong b khuech d, mch duoc dng trong b khuech d tn
hu c thnh phn mt cheu (tn hu ben thn chm).
O/
H8$% "9D:. ~ "> @ khuch "'i nhi<u t2ng gh?p in &p*
U v
+ U c c
Rt
+
CE2
RE2
+
Cn
R4
R3
+
CE1
RE1
+
Cv
R2
R1
Q2
Q1
Nhuoc dem ca mch khng tn dng duoc d khuech d ca
tranzto do che d cp dn mt cheu v kh d}nh thn.
".X. T<$g 5%+6c% 74i cV$g /+Ht
".X.". C%6 7; cV$g tc ,- 7iR. @-. ,i=c c3' t<$g 5%+6c% 74i cV$g /+Ht
Tng khuech d cng sut tng cu cng ca b khuech d, c tn
hu vo n. N c nhm v khuech d cho ra t mt cng sut n nht
c the duoc, v d mo cho php vo bo dm hu sut cao.
Cc tham s co bn ca tng khuech d cng sut:
H s khuech d cng sut K
P
t s ga cng sut ra v cng sut
vo.
r
P
V
P
K
P
=
(1-41)
Hu sut t s cng sut ra v cng sut nguon mt cheu cung cp
P
0
.
y
r
P
H
P
=
(1-42)
Hu sut cng n th cng sut ton hao trn cuc gp ca tranzto cng
nh.
Tu thuc vo dem vc tnh ca tranzto m tng khuech d
cng sut c the m vc o cc che d , B, B hoac C.

Ow
E
ZKng t=t
j
+
m
++
m
+}
j
E
y
a
aE
y
Q
+m.
U
ZKng fo h_.
H8$% "9DD. i#m lm 7ic c4. c&c ch "@ khuch "'i
Q
+m.U
Uv
+Ucc
+
CE2 RE2
Rt
+
Cr
Rc2
+
CE1
RE1
+
RB Rc1
Q2
Q1
H8$% "9DB. :'ch khuch "'i gh?p t(c tip
Che d che d m dem m vc tnh ca Tranzto nm ga dung
t mt cheu, o che d ny tn hu duoc khuech d c ha bn chu k. O
che d dng tnh un n hon bn d dng dn ra nn mo nh nhung
hu sut rt thp (H < 50), che d ny ch dng kh yu cu cng sut
ra nh.
Che d B che d m dem m vc tnh ca Tranzto dem chuyen
tep ga vng tat v vng khuech d ca n. O che d ny tn hu duoc
khuech d mt na chu k. Nhu vy che d B c dng tnh bng khng
nn hu sut cao (trn du 8).
Che d B che d m dem m vc tnh ca Tranzto dem ga
che d v che d B. O che d ny tn hu duoc khuech d hon mt na
chu k. Lc ny dng tnh b hon che d nn hu sut cao hon (H <
0). Che d B v B c hu sut cao nhung mo n. e gm mo
ngu ta dng mch khuech d keu dy ko.
Che d C che d m dem m vc tnh ca Tranzto nm trong vng
tat. O che d ny tn hu duoc khuech d nh hon mt na chu k. N
duoc dng trong cc mch khuech d cao tn c t khung cng huong
de chn c sng h mong mun v c hu sut cao.
O
y t
j
+
j
+y
FaI
j
+
t
j
+y
FaEI
t
j
+
FEI
t
F+I
j
+
y y y
H8$% "9DG. C'ng A_ng "in (. ng 7|i c&c ch "@ cng t&c c4. H(.n;ito*
".X.:. T<$g 5%+6c% 74i cV$g /+Ht c%6 7; A
".X.:.". T<$g cV$g /+Ht c%6 7; A /1 7[ e.itA c%+$g

*
D D
r r
r
U I
P =
Neu b qua vng tat v vng bo ha ca Tranzto t do th} hnh 1-4 ta
thy:
.U
y
.U
y
D
CC
rm
CE
rm
C
U
U U
I I
=
Cng sut ra n nht:

y
.U
*
W
CC C
r m
U I
P =
Cng sut nguon cung cp cho
mch:
y y
*
CC C
P U I =
Ta c hu sut cuc d ca mch :
.U
y
8
*8yy *8yy D\*
Q W
r m
P
H = = =
(1-43)
Hu sut ny c duoc d b qua vng tat v vng bo ha, trn
thuc te hu sut cuc d ca mch nh hon 25.
Neu du ra ghp dn dung v t th hu sut ra cn nh hon na v
tn hu b} ton hao trn R
C
.
e tang hu sut cho mch ngu ta thung ghp ben p v t. Kh
d va ph hop duoc tro khng v t va khng b} ton hao cng sut
nguon do dn tro thun ca cun cm rt nh.
Wy
+ U c c
Ur
Uv
+
Cr
+
Cv
RB
Rc
H8$% "9DS. H2ng cng sut m=c } chung
r
U
j
+
m
++
m
+}
j
Ey

y
CC
C
U
R
j
+y

t
m
+}
m
+}y
j
E
y
H8$% "9DT. C'ng t%n hiu t(0n "Jc tu,n (.
".X.:.:. T<$g cV$g /+Ht /1 7[ e.itA c%+$g g%CE 2i6$ E ,di ti
C the nhn thy dung t
mt cheu (hnh 1-49) gn nhu
song song v trc tung do dn
tro thun ca cun
1
rt b.
Cng sut ra:

* *
D* D D* D
C r C
r
r
U I U I
P = =
B qua vng tat v vng bo
ha ca tranzto t do th} hnh 1-49
ta thy:
.U
y
.U
y
Cm
CE CC
Cm
C
U U U
I I
=
W8
j
Emin
m
+}
j
+
ng t!i 8 chi<u
C
U
E
C
I
j
Ey
j
+y
j
Em.U
min CE
U
.U CEm
U
CC
U
y CE
U
H8$% "9DY. C'ng t%n hiu t(0n "Jc tu,n (.
+ U c c
U v
1 2
+
C
R1
Rt
Q
H8$% "9DX. H2ng cng sut gh?p in &p
j
(
m
(

Cng sut ra n nht:
y
.U
*
D
CC C
r m
U I
P =
Cng sut nguon cung cp cho mch:
y y
*
CC C
P U I =
Ta c hu sut cuc d ca mch :
.U
y
8
*8yy *8yy \y
Q D
r m
P
H = = =
. (1-44)
".X.X.B. g1 7[ CA@fctA c%+$g
H2ng cng sut m=c +olBcto chung henh 8]\y*

*
D D
r r
r
U I
P =
Neu b qua vng tat v vng bo ha ca Tranzto t do th} hnh 1-51
ta thy:
.U
y
.U
y
D
CC
rm
CE
rm
E
U
U U
I I
=
Cng sut ra n nht:

y
.U
*
W
CC E
r m
U I
P =
Cng sut nguon cung
cp cho mch:
y y
*
CC E
P U I =
Ta c hu sut cuc d ca
mch :
.U
y
*8yy
Q
8
*8yy D\*
W
r m
P
H =
= =
(1-45)
WD
j
Emin
m
+}
j
}
r
U
E
E
I
j
Ey
j
}y
j
Em.U
min CE
U
.U CEm
U
y CE
U
H8$% "9G". C'ng t%n hiu t(0n "Jc tu,n (.
+ U c c
U v
U r Rt
+
Cv
RB
H8$% "9GZ. H2ng cng sut m=c
+olBcto chung
Neu du ra ghp dn dung v t (hnh 1-52) th hu sut ra cn nh
hon na v tn hu b} ton hao trn R
E
.

e tang hu sut cho mch ngu ta thay R
E
bng mt nguon dng c
d}nh (hnh 1-53) kh d dng tn hu s hon ton d qua R
t
, do d s dt
duoc hu sut gn 25. T
2
, R
1
, D to thnh nguon dng.
".X.B. T<$g 5%+6c% 74i cV$g /+Ht 7nF 5CA
Kh mun tang hu sut v cng sut ra ngu ta dng tng
khuech d dy ko. Tng khuech d dy ko gom t nht ha Tranzto
mac chung t, chng s thay nhau khuech d ha na chu k tn hu.
Tng dy ko c ha cch mac dy ko n tep v dy ko song
song. y ko song song ph ghp ben p v t.
y ko c the dng Tranzto cng o hoac khc o (mt Tranzto
thun mt tranzto nguoc). Neu dng Tranzto khc o th tn hu dua vo
ha tranzto cng pha, neu dng Tranzto cng o th tn hu dua vo
ha tranzto nguoc pha, do d truc tng dy ko dng Tranzto cng o
ph c tng do pha tn hu.
Tng dy ko thung m vc o che d B hoac B cng c the m vc
o che d nhung t gap. Che d B cho cng sut v hu sut ra n hon
nhung mo n hon che d B. Hu sut v Cng sut ra ca ha che d
ny gn bng nhau, do d kh tnh ton de don gn ngu ta tnh cc
thng s ca mch o che d B.
".X.B.". T<$g 5%+6c% 74i cV$g /+Ht 7nF 5CA /A$g /A$g
Mch gom ha Tranzto T1 v T2 thay nhau khuech d ha na chu k
tn hu. B2 ben p ghp 2 na chu k tn hu de dua ra t. Cun so
WO
+ U c c
U v
+
Cr
Rt
RE
+
Cv
RB
H8$% "9G:. H2ng cng sut m=c +olBcto
chung gh?p "in Aung 7|i t!i
+ U c c
U v
T 1
T 2
R1
D
+
Cr
Rt
+
Cv
RB
H8$% "9GB. Hh., R
}
ng ngu>n A_ng
cp ca B2 bao gom ha cun c s vng
1
, cun so cp c s vng
2
.
B1 ben p do pha de dua ha na chu k tn hu vo T1 v T2,
cun th cp bao gom ha cun c s vng bng nhau.
Mch c the m vc o che d B hoac B. Neu chn R
1
v R
2
de g
tr} dn p mt cheu trn cuc Bazo ca T
1
v T
2
tha mn th mch m
vc o che d B. Neu mun mch m vc o che d B tc dn p mt
cheu trn cuc Bazo ca T
1
v T
2
bng khng, kh d ch vc b R
1
v n
tat R
2
.
Nguyn m vc ca mch:
V na chu k duong ca tn hu qua B1 cuc Bazo ca T
1
duong nn
T
1
s khuech d, cuc Bazo ca T
2
m nn T
2
tat . Trn cun
1
n v cuc
Coecto ca T
1
s c dng I
C1
=
1
.I
B1
, dng ny s qua B2 dua ra t,
cn trn cun
1
n v cuc Coecto ca T
2
khng c dng do T
2
tat.
V na chu k m ca tn hu qua B1 cuc Bazo ca T
2
duong nn T
2
s khuech d, cuc Bazo ca T
1
m nn T
1
tat . Trn cun
1
n v cuc
Coecto ca T
2
s c dng I
C2
=
2
.I
B2
, dng ny s qua B2 dua ra
t, cn trn cun
1
n v cuc Coecto ca T
1
khng c dng do T
1
tat.
Nhu vy trn t s c d ha na chu k tn hu d duoc khuech d.
e tnh cng sut v hu sut ca mch th ch cn tnh trong mt na
chu k tn hu. V hu sut v cng sut ca ha che d B v B gn
bng nhau nn de don gn ta tnh cng sut v hu sut ra o che d B.
Kh c tn hu trn Coecto ca T
1
v T
2
s c dn tro t
t
R do R
t
phn nh qua B
2
.
t
R duoc tnh nhu sau:
WW
U v
+ U c c
U r
1
1
2
R1
R2
Q2
Q1
Rt
H8$% "9GD. H2ng ", k?o gh?p in &p
Ea8 EaD
H
D
H
8
j
(
D
8
t t
R R
n
=
Trong d:
D
8
n =
t s B
2
.
Ta c phuong trnh dung t xoay cheu cho T
1
:

] *
CE CC C t
U U I R =
ung t xoay cheu duoc v trn hnh 1-55. ung t 1 cheu gn
nhu thng dng do dn tro thun ca cun
1
rt b.
Cng sut ra ca mch duoc tnh:

* *
D D
r C r C
r
U I U I
P = =
Cng sut ra cuc d:

.U .U
.U
*
D
Cm Cm
r m
U I
P =
Can c vo do th} hnh 1-55 ta thy:
.U
.U min
.U
Cm
CEm CE CC
CC
Cm
t
U U U U
U
I
R
=
Nhu vy cng sut ra cuc d ca mch :

D
.U
D*
CC
r m
t
U
P
R
=
Cng sut ca nguon cung cp:
y
.U
.U
y
*
8 D*
sinF I* F I
TB CC
Cm
Cm
TB
P i U
I
i I t d t

=
= =
D
.U
y
D* D*
*
*
Cm
CC
CC
t
U I
P U
R
= =
Hu sut n nht ca mch:
.U
y
*8yy *8yy /w, \
Q W
r m
P
H

= = =
(1-4)
W\
y
+
j
j
+
m
+}min
j
+y
m
+}
m
+}m.U
m
++
C
U
ng t!i 8 chi'$MitA cc$g @A4i
V tng ra dy ko dng Tranzto cng o nn truc n tng do
pha (hnh 1-5), tng do pha T
3
n c nhm v do pha tn hu de
dua t du vo T
1
v T
2
. Ph chn R
C
v R
E
tha mn de tn hu ta khng
b} mo, dong th ph d}nh thn sao cho kh khng c tn hu vo dn
p mt cheu trn coeto ca T
2
v emto ca T
1
bng khng de khng c
dng mt cheu qua t.
V na chu k duong tn hu t coecto ca T
3
nguoc pha tn hu
vo nn tro thnh na chu k m
do d T
1
tat cn tn hu trn
emto dong pha tn hu vo nn
van na chu k duong do d T
2
thng, c ny trn t c dng
dn t v na chu k duong
ca tn hu. Dng dn chy t
dt, qua R
t
, qua T
2
ve -U
CC
.
V na chu k m tn hu t
coecto ca T
3
nguoc pha tn hu
vo nn tro thnh na chu k
duong do d T
1
thng cn tn hu
trn emto dong pha tn hu vo
nn van na chu k m do d T
2
tat, c ny trn t c dng dn t
W`
+ U c c
- U c c
U v
Rt
RE
RC
+
Cv
R2
R1
T2
T1
T3
m
R
H8$% "9GS. H2ng ", k?o AKng H(.n;ito cKng lo'i
v na chu k m ca tn hu. Dng dn chy t +U
CC
, qua T
1
, qua R
t
ve
dt.
Ta c the tnh cng sut ra v hu sut n nht ca mch nhu sau:
Cng sut ra ca mch:

*
D
r r
r
U I
P =
Cng sut ra cuc d:

.U .U
.U
*
D
rm rm
r m
U I
P =
Can c vo do th} hnh 1-5 ta thy:
.U
.U min

.U .U
rm
CEm CE CC
CC
rm Cm
t
U U U U
U
I I
R
=
=
Nhu vy cng sut ra cuc d ca mch :
D
.U
D*
CC
r m
t
U
P
R
=
Cng sut ca nguon cung cp:
W/
y
R
I
j
+
m
+}min
j
+y
m
+}
m
+}m.U
m
++
R
U
H8$% "9GT. ng t!i Uo., chi<u 7 A'ng t%n hiu (.*
ng t!i Uo., chi<u
y
.U
.U
y
*
8 D*
sinF I* F I
TB CC
Cm
Cm
TB
P i U
I
i I t d t

=
= =
D
.U
y
D* D*
*
*
Cm
CC
CC
t
U I
P U
R
= =
Hu sut n nht ca mch:
.U
y
*8yy *8yy /w, \
Q W
r m
P
H

= = =
(1-4)
2. T<$g 5%+6c% 74i cV$g /+Ht 7nF 5CA $0i ti6E _c$g T>'$MitA 5%c @A4i
T
1
v T
2
m vc o che d B v thay nhau khuech d ha na chu k tn
hu nhu mch dy ko dng tranzto cng o. V mch ny s xy ra
mo tn hu ra (hnh 1-59.a) vng chuyen tep ca na chu k duong v
na chu k m ca tn hu do tnh ph tuyen ca dac tuyen vo, gn gc
to d khng thng. e trnh vng mo ngu ta dua tn hu vo vng
tuyen tnh ca dac tuyen, bng cch d}ch na chu k duong sang ph mt
don U
BE0
, v dch na chu k m sang tr mt don U
BE0
(tc cung
cp cho U
BE0
ca T
1
v T
2
dn p ban du). Hay d}ch dac tuyen vo ca
T
1
sang tr mt don U
BE0
, v d}ch dac tuyen ca T
2
sang ph mt don
U
BE0
neu g c d}nh tn hu vo (hnh1-59.b). Kh d mch s m vc o
che d B.
+ U c c
- U c c
U v
T2
Rt
+
Cv
T1
m
R
H8$% "9GX. H2ng ", k?o AKng t(.n;ito kh&c lo'i
Ww
m
E}
j
E
j
E8
j
ED
y
H
D
H
8

j
E
H
8
H
D
j
E8
j
ED
j
Ey
j
Ey
m
E}y
m
E}y
*
H8$% "9GY. C'ng t%n hiu khi t2ng ", k?o lm 7ic ch "@
EF.I 7 ch "@ aEFI
e tng khuech d m vc o che d B mch dn s nhu hnh 1-
0.a, theo mch dn ta c 2U
DT
= U
BE01
+ U
EB02
, tc U
BE0
m tranzto d
duoc cp dn p ban du U
DT
. Mch c the dng nguon don nhu hnh 1-
0.b, kh d du ra ph c C
R
de ngan dng mt cheu qua t dong th
np dn o na chu k duong de cp cho T
2
o na chu k m.
C the tang cng sut ra ca mch bng cch thay T
1
v T
2
bng cc
cap Darngton nhu hnh 1-1, kh d de mch van m vc o che d B
ph c 4 t mac n tep nhau v c ny c 4U
BE0
.
W
+ U c c
R t
T 1
T 2
T 3
R c
R 1
R 2
U v
- U c c
D4
D3
D2
D1
+
Cv
H8$% "9S". H2ng cng sut ", k?o AKng C.(lington
+ U c c
- U c c
R t
T 1
T 2
T 3
R c
R 1
R 2
U v
D2
D1
+
Cv
+ U c c
R t
T 1
T 2
T 3
R c
R 1
R 2
U v
+
CR
D2
D1
+
Cv
.*
*
H8$% "9SZ* H2ng ", k?o lm 7ic ch "@ aE
CHNG II. ho KHUCH I THUpT T!qN
:.". Ta$% c%Ht ,- t%'. /0 c1 2$
:.".". Cc ta$% c%Ht c1 2$
E@ khuch "'i thu1t to&n FGHHI l j+ khuch "'i c3 h s) khuch "'i (t l|n, t( kh&ng
7o l|n, t( kh&ng (. nh{* E@ khuch "'i thu1t to&n "3ng 7.i t(_ du.n t(ng 7 "-c AKng
(@ng (fi t(ong khuch "'i, t'o t%n hiu sin, Uung, t(ong m'ch Sn &p, @ lc t%ch cc
\y
G6 hiu c4. @ khuch "'i thu1t to&n nh henh D]8*
m
P
, j
P
"in &p 7 A_ng "in 7o c. "!o
m
Q
, j
Q
"in &p 7 A_ng "in 7o c. thu1n
m
(
"in &p l)i (.
E@ khuch "'i thu1t to&n thng "-c cp ngu>n ")i Ung }*
m
A
l "in &p 7o hiu9 m
A
m
Q
] m
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t(.n;ito t|i gi& t(T g2n ng khng* Hhi gi.n du?t thu1n c4. m'ch ng thi gi.n t>n t'i c4.
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W
# Uung (. tYng l0n g2n nh tu,n t%nh c2n chn t(T s) R, + "4 l|n s.o cho
R+ t
U7o
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l "@ (@ng Uung 7oI
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A_ng Sn "Tnh "# n'p cho tM*
D.Y.B. M4c% t4A |+$g >^$g cN' _c$g $g+[$ _`$g
H(0n henh W]D8 l s "> ngu,0n l6 m'ch t'o Uung (Yng c. thBo ngu,0n t=c AKng ngu>n
Sn A_ng*
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du. n3*
\
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7
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T1
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+
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Ze 71, nu A_ng n'p cho tM l, tN m@t ngu>n A_ng, tc l9
i j
y
const*
the "in &p t(0n tM s in "Si tu,n t%nh thBo thi gi.n*

t
*
6
t d 6
*
1
t
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1
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FW]D/I
:'ch henh W]D8 t(.n;ito H
8
ho't "@ng nh m@t kho& "in t* Eenh thng khi ch. c3
Uung 7o Ao "-c cp A_ng j
E8
"4 l|n n0n H
8
fo ho, Ao "3 "in &p (. g2n nh ng khng*
H(.n;ito H
D
"3ng 7.i t(_ ngu>n A_ng* Ph c3 "i)t Sn &p C
u
n0n "in &p cc g)c H
D
lun Sn
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D
, j
}D
cLng nh j
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c3 gi& t(T Sn "Tnh*

}
C D }E +
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R
m m }
j j

=
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8
fo ho, A_ng j
+D
n, ng A_ng j
+8
* Ghi c3 Uung $m 7o H
8
t=t, tM + n'p
"in i A_ng j
+D
7 "in &p t(0n tM tYng tu,n t%nh thBo thi gi.n9

D
D
y
8
*
t
C BE D
r C C
E
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= = =
FW]DI
Ghi ht Uung k%ch th%ch H
8
l'i thng 7 fo ho, tM + ph3ng "in nh.nh du. H
8
lm cho
m
R
gi!m Uu)ng nh.nh ch3ng 7< "in &p g2n ng khng*
D.Y.D. M4c% t4A |+$g >^$g cN' t%*. t<$g 5%+6c% 74i c\ %[i ti6E
# tYng "@ tu,n t%nh c4. "ng du?t thu1n, t(ong m@t s) m'ch t'o Uung (Yng c. t.
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H(ong m'ch n, H
8
lun thng fo ho khi khng c3 Uung 7o, Ao "3 "in &p t(0n tM +
lun Up UV ng khng Fm
+
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+
, du. "i)t C,
du. R "n H
8
* H2ng khuch "'i H
D
m=c cc g3p chung, c3 "@ khuch "'i "in &p g2n ng m@t
n0n "in &p (.
y
r C
U U =
, tM +
y
Fc3 "in Aung (t l|n hn tM + (t nhi<uI lc n, n'p "in
t|i gi& t(T }
+
,
y
C
U

}
+
*
Ghi c3 Uung k%ch th%ch, t(.n;ito H
8
t=t, tM + =t "2u "-c n'p "in i A_ng Ao tM +
y
ph3ng (. du. R* HhBo mc "@ n'p c4. tM +, "in &p (. tYng A2n 7 Ao "3 "i)t t=t* H. th, A_ng
n'p cho tM + kh& Sn "Tnh nh "in &p t(0n tM +
y
h2u nh khng "Si t(ong su)t thi gi.n du?t
thu1n n0n "in &p (. tu,n t%nh*
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y C R C R
U U U U
I
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+
= = FW]OyI
`
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D
c3 h s) khuch "'i "in &p g2n ng 8,
C r
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n0n9

y
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I
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= FW]O8I
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y
8
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*
t
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r C
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8
thng 7 fo ho t( l'i, tM + ph3ng "in du. H
8
* Ghi tM +
ph3ng "in gi!m Uu)ng Up UV ng khng "i)t C thng 7 tM +
y
l'i n'p S sung "n gi& t(T
y
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.n "2u*
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"in &p "i<u khi#n 7 t2n s) Af, Uung (. ph!i tu,n t%nh* Pgoi (. m'ch ph!i c3 "@ Sn "Tnh
t2n s) c.o, gi!i in "Si c4. t2n s) thBo "in &p (@ng, "n gi!n, A "i<u chVnh*
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in thi0n "-c t(ong ph'm 7i 8y "n \y Uung du.nh t2n s) A.o "@ng t Ao
y
* Hu,
nhi0n ngi t. thng AKng c&c @ t'o Uung ch nh1t hn c!, 7e lo'i n, c3 th# lm 7ic t(ong
ph'm 7i t2n s) kh& (@ng* H(ong ph'm 7i F \y 8 :o;I thng AKng c&c m'ch t'o A.o "@ng ".
hi* +&c @ t'o A.o "@ng "i "n gi!n c4. Z+[ l m'ch A.o "@ng ". hi "-c i#u Ain t(0n henh W]DO*
/
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A
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8
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CHNG {. IxU CH 9 TqCH gNG TRoN TN
G.". iL+ c%6
G.".". K%i $i=.
i<u ch l du& t(enh ghi tin tc 7o A.o "@ng c.o t2n nh in "Si m@t thng s) no "3
nh i0n "@, t2n s) h., g3c ph. c4. A.o "@ng c.o t2n thBo tin tc*
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"i<u ch, tin tc mi<n t2n s) thp "-c chu,#n l0n 7Kng t2n s) c.o "# c U', t(u,<n "i U.*
Hin tc "-c gi l t%n hiu "i<u ch*
C.o "@ng c.o t2n "-c gi l t!i tin h., t!i t2n*
C.o "@ng c.o t2n m.ng tin tc gi l A.o "@ng c.o t2n "f "im c! "i<u t2n 7 "i<u ph.*
G.".:. iL+ c%6 2i*$ 7;
G.".:.". I%W c3' ta$ %i=+ 7iL+ 2i*$
i<u i0n l du& t(enh lm cho i0n "@ t!i t%n hiu in "Si thBo tin tc*
# "n gi!n, gi! thit tin tc m
~
7 t!i tin
t
U
">

Co "3 t%n hiu "i the m'ch c3 hin t-ng du&
"i<u ch lm cho t%n hiu T m?o t(2m t(ng* Foenh \]8cI*
HN F\]8I t. c39

cos cosF I cosF I

D D
t t
t
db t t S t S
mU mU
. U t t t = + + +
F\]DI
Ph 71,, t%n hiu "iA$g 7iL+ 2i*$.

H(ong t%n hiu "i<u i0n, c&c i0n t2n ch. tin tc, c_n t!i tin khng m.ng tin tc* H. U?t
UBm nYng l-ng "-c ph$n ) th no t(ong t%n hiu "i<u i0n*
+ng sut c4. t!i tin l cng sut t(ung enh t(ong m@t chu k t!i tin*

Q
t
Ft lI
2
2
1
t
1
1

+ng sut i0n t2n9

2
)
2
.
(
t
7t
1 !
P
+ng sut c4. t%n hiu "f "i thT thi gi.n c4. tin tc 7 t%n
hiu "i<u i0n khi m 8 7 m 8
smin

sm.U
y
m
~
y
m
"
m
t
t
]
~m.U

t
]
~min

t
~m.U
~min
t
m
~
y t
m
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y t
t
m
"
m 8
m 8
c*
.*
*

Q
_2 I
D
m
8 F Q Q D Q
D
t t t
+ = + =
H. th, (ng cng sut c4. t%n hiu "f "i<u i0n phM thu@c 7o h s) "i<u ch m* o s)
"i<u ch m cng l|n the cng sut t%n hiu "f "i<u i0n cng l|n* Ghi m 8 the t. c3 du.n h
cng sut h.i i0n t2n 7 t!i t2n nh s.u9

D
Q
Q D
t
t
=
# gi!m m?o h s) "i<u ch m 8 Ao "3 cng sut c&c i0n t2n thc t chV kho!ng m@t
ph2n . cng sut t!i tin* Pghv. l ph2n l|n cng sut ph&t U' "-c ph$n S cho t!i tin, c_n
cng sut c4. tin tc chV chim ph2n nh{* 3 l nh-c "i#m c4. t%n hiu "i<u i0n so 7|i t%n
hiu "i<u ch "n i0n*
G.".:.B. M4c% 7iL+ 2i*$
:'ch "i<u i0n c3 th# AKng c&c ki#u "i<u i0n "n, "i<u i0n 7_ng 7 "i<u i0n c$n
ng*
:'ch "i<u i0n "n chV AKng m@t ph2n t( t%ch cc nh "i)t hoJc t(.n;ito n0n t%n hiu
s.u "i<u i0n c_n nhi<u hi 1c c.o*
:'ch "i<u i0n 7_ng c3 u "i#m gi!m "-c m?o phi tu,n* oenh \]D l c&c m'ch "i<u
i0n 7_ng AKng "i)t 7 t(.n;ito lxng cc*
HhBo henh \]D. "in &p "Jt l0n c&c "i)t
8
,
D
l2n l-t l9

8
D
*cos *cos
*cos *cos
S S t t
S S t t
. U t U t
. U t U t

= +
= +
) )
) ) F\]OI
C_ng "in du. mi "i)t "-c i#u Ain thBo chui H.,lo(9

D O
8 y 8 8 D 8 O 8
D O
D y 8 D 8 D O D
* * ***
* * * ***
i ( ( . ( . ( .
i ( ( . ( . ( .
= + + + +
= + + + +
F\]WI
C_ng "in (.9
i i
8
] i
D
F\]\I
Hh., F\]OI 7 F\]WI 7o F\]\I, chV l, )n s) h'ng "2u "-c9

t I D cosF t I D *cosF C
t I cosF t I *cosF + t O cos * E t cos * a i
~ t ~ t
~ t ~ t ~ ~
+ + +
+ + + + + =
F\]Ì
t(ong "39
8y8

*
* *
D
O
* * D
* *
D
8
* *
D
8
I* O D F
O
D
O
O
D
O
D
O 8
t S
t S
!
! t S
U U ( D
U U ( C
U ( B
U ( U ( ( U &
=
=
=
+ + + =
F\]/I
+Lng c3 th# chng minh tng t cho m'ch henh \]D*
H(ong t(ng h-p c2n c3 t!i tin "2u (., s.u khi "i<u ch ". th0m t!i tin 7o*
QhS c4. t%n hiu (. c4. m'ch "i<u i0n 7_ng nh henh \]Dc*
:'ch "i<u ch c$n ng henh \]O* :'ch "i<u ch c$n ng thc cht l h.i m'ch "i<u
ch 7_ng chung t!i*
8yD
m
~ m
"
8
i
8
D
i
D
+
E
+
E
m
t
.*
m
~
H
8
*
m
"
H
D
m
t
}
+
]
m
"
~
O
~

~t
]
~

~t

~

D
~t
]
~

D
~t

~

c*
H8$% G9:. :'ch "i<u i0n 7_ng
.* AKng "i)t * AKng t(.n;ito c* phS t%n hiu (.
ci A_ng "in (. c4. m'ch "i<u ch 7_ng C
8,
C
D
l
I
i 7 A_ng "in (. c4. m'ch "i<u ch
7_ng C
O,
C
W
l
II
i
H. c39

I D cosF t I D *cosF C t I cosF
t I *cosF + t O cos * E t cos * a i
~ t ~ t ~ t
~ t ~ ~ j
+ + +
+ + + + =

W C O C jj
i i i =
t(ong "39

D O
O y 8 O D O O O
D O
W y 8 W D W O W
* * * ***
* * * ***
D
D
i ( ( . ( . ( .
i ( ( . ( . ( .
= + + + +
= + + + +
7|i m
O
7 m
W
l "in &p "Jt l0n C
O
, C
W
U&c "Tnh

O
W

*cos *cos

*cos *cos
t t S S
t t S S
. U t U t
. U t U t

=
= +

th., 7o

t I D cosF t I D *cosF C
t I cosF t I *cosF + t O cos * E t cos * a i
~ t ~ t
~ t ~ t ~ ~ jj
+ +
+ + + =
a, E, +, C U&c "Tnh nh m'ch "i<u ch c$n ng t(|c "$,
i
"
I cosF I *cosF * D t t C i i
S t S t II I
+ + = + =
i<u ch c$n ng cho m?o nh{ nht 7e n3 kh "-c c&c hi 1c l c4.
S
7 c&c i0n
t2n
t
D
*
QhS c4. m'ch "im t!i t2n 7 h.i i0n t2n, t(ong "3 chV c3 i0n t2n m.ng tin
tc* Ze h.i gi!i i0n t2n m.ng tin tc nh nh.u n0n chV c2n t(u,<n "i m@t i0n t2n l "4 thng
tin 7< tin tc* H!i t2n chV c2n AKng "# t&ch s3ng, Ao "3 c3 th# n?n ton @ hoJc m@t ph2n t!i
t2n t(|c khi t(u,<n "i* u& t(enh "i<u ch "# nhm t'o (. m@t gi!i i0n t2n gi l "i<u ch
"n i0n*
i<u ch "n i0n tu, t)n k?m nhng c3 c&c u "i#m s.u9
] @ (@ng t!i t2n gi!m m@t n.*
] +ng sut c U' ,0u c2u thp hn cKng 7|i m@t c l, thng tin* Ze c3 th# t1p
t(ung cng sut c4. t!i t2n 7 m@t i0n t2n cho i0n t2n c_n l'i*
] H'p $m "2u thu gi!m Ao gi!i t2n c4. t%n hiu hXp hn*
Ei#u thc c4. t%n hiu "i<u ch "n i0n l9
.
/b
t U
m
t
S t t
I cosF *
*
D
I F + = F\]wI
t(ong "3
t
S
U
U
m
=
"-c gi l h s) n?n t!i tin, m c3 th# nh1n c&c gi& t(T tN y *
G.".B.". iL+ c%6 71$ 2i*$ t%fA E%N1$g E%E @vc
HN s ph$n t%ch phS c4. t%n hiu "i<u i0n ( (ng mu)n c3 t%n hiu "n i0n t. chV c2n
lc |t m@t gi!i i0n t2n* Phng thc t khng lm "-c nh 71,* Ghi t!i t2n l c.o t2n the
7n "< lc "# t&ch (. m@t gi!i i0n t2n gJp kh3 khYn* Hh1t 71,, gi! thit t2n s) thp nht c4.
tin tc
o; Dyy
min ~
=
, lc "3 kho!ng c&ch gi. h.i i0n t2n
o; Wyy D
min ~
= =
Fhenh \]8I*
Pu t!i t2n
:o; 8y
t
=
the h s) lc c4. @ lc
\
t
8y * W
g

=
=
, kh& nh{* Ghi "3 s ph$n
) c4. h.i i0n t2n g2n nh.u "n ni ng., AKng m@t m'ch lc Hh'ch .nh cLng (t kh3 lc
"-c gi!i i0n t2n mong mu)n* Co "3 t(ong phng ph&p lc, ngi t. AKng m@t @ in "Si
t(ung gi.n "# c3 th# h' thp ,0u c2u ")i 7|i @ lc*
8yW
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t
m
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t8
kh& thp so 7|i t!i t2n ,0u c2u s.o cho h s) lc 7N. ph!i "# lc { m@t i0n t2n A Ang*
H(0n "2u (. c4. @ lc th nht nh1n "-c m@t t%n hiu c3 gi!i phS ng gi!i phS c4. t%n hiu
8y\
tD
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t8
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c
++E8
5c j 5c jj
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t8
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H'o A.o
"@ng D
tD
t8
H8$% G9G. ~ "> kh)i m'ch "i<u ch "n i0n ng phng ph&p lc
~min
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m
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y
m
t8
t8
y
m
c
t8
tD
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H8$% G9S. QhS c4. t%n hiu (. c4. c&c kh)i henh \]\
.* QhS c4. t%n hiu 7o
* QhS c4. t%n hiu "i<u ch c$n ng 8

c* QhS c4. t%n hiu "2u (. @ lc 8
A* QhS c4. t%n hiu "2u (. @ lc D
7o
min ~ m.U ~
=
nhng ATch "i m@t l-ng
t8
t(0n th.ng t2n s)* H%n hiu n, "-c ".
7o "i<u ch @ "i<u ch c$n ng D m t(0n "2u (. c3 phS c! h.i i0n t2n c&ch nh.u m@t
kho!ng
I *F D
min ~ 8 t
+ =
s.o cho 7ic lc l, m@t i0n t2n nh @ lc D A thc hin* Ghi
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Bài Giảng Điện Tử Tương Tự

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LI NI U

in t tng t l mn hc c s, nhm cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c

Nhu vy de dm bo cng tc cho tng khuech d (kh tn hu vo

H8$% "9B. .* Jc tu,n i0n "@ ] t2n s)

Cng sut ra n nht:

Cng sut ra n nht:

Nhu vy cng sut ra cuc d ca mch :

H'i thi "i#m t y thng m

I t. c3 m'ch enh phng9

7 chn R t. cLng c39

7 chn + t. t%nh "-c9

, chn + t. t%nh "-c R

Z|i m'ch D]D`c c3 hm t(u,<n "'t9

9 c3c ATch ph. c4. @ khuch "'i*

9 c3c ATch ph. c4. m'ch h>i tip*

, "# th{. mfn "i<u kin c$n ng ph. the

, Ao "3 cu@n s cp 7 cu@n th

# th., "Si t2n s) c@ng hng c4. th'ch .nh t(ong

l i0n "@ Uung t.m gi&c l)i 7o*

thng the m'ch c3 h s) ph$n &p nh{ nht tng ng 7|i

a/8y, a88y, 5:O8y ]OO lo'i n, "'t mc tYng Zb ns*

D,D R*+ FW]8/I

7 R s th., "Si "-c t

} "i)t t=t n0n m

]}, C t=t n0n m

]} "i)t t=t n0n m

H8$% D9:"* :'ch t'o Uung (Yng c. AKng ngu>n A_ng*

yI* 5c "3 t>n t'i m@t A_ng "in ch', tN ngu>n }

cos cosF I cosF I

G.".:.:. +'$ %= $^$g @NU$g t>A$g 7iL+ 2i*$.

l t2n s) t(ung t$m c4. t%n hiu "i<u t2n

* 7 gi l l-ng Ai t2n cc "'i*

* 7 gi l l-ng Ai ph. cc "'i*

*F8 *cos I*cos

*cos *cosF I cosF I

*F8 *cos I*sin

*sin *sinF I sinF I

in thi0n thBo du, lu1t tin tc*

H8$% S9"Z. ~ "> ngu,0n l6 m'ch t'o Uung (Yng c.

kh$u cu)i cKng

= gi l "@ U)p c4. Uung Fo s) lp "2,I

7 "@ (@ng c4. Uung* HN "3 t. th,9 mu)n U

th., "Si t. lm th., "Si "@ U)p c4. Uung 1

H8$% T9BS. +hu,#n m'ch ki#u ", k?o song song*

H8$% T9BT. :'ch "i<u ch "@ (@ng Uung

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F8 cos I*cos

cos cosF I cosF I

F8 cos I*sin

sin sinF I sinF I