Phn I: Xung nhiu trn ng tn hiu v

cch bo v

Xung nhin in trn ng truyn tn hiu c th ph hy thit b in t trong c mi trng kinh doanh v vn phng. Nhiu
ngi s dng nh gi cao ri ro t xung nhiu trn ng ngun nhng li b qua xung nhiu trn ng tn hiu. Bi vit ny
gii thch xung nhiu c to ra nh th no, lm th no chng c kh nng tn pha cc thit b in t, v lm th no thit b
chng xung (SPD surge suppression devices) c th gip bo v chng li xung nhiu.
Ri lon in gy ra mi e da ln cho cc thit b in t v d liu. Ri lon in c rt nhiu tn nh gai, dng, qu p tm
thi,... Bt k vi ci tn no, tc ng ca ri lon in l: s gin on, s xung cp v h hi, m chc chn l gim tui th ca
thit b. Vi s gia tng v ph bin ca mng my tnh, nh hng ca xung nhiu ln ng truyn tn hiu l vn rt quan
trng.
ng truyn tn hiu i vo mt ta nh, c th l bn trn hay di mt t u c th chuyn xung nhiu vo. c to ra t rt
nhiu on kt ni (truyn ti nng lng in t h thng ny n h thng khc thng qua cc t trng), xung nhiu l nguyn
nhn gy ph hy nghim trng vic truyn thng trong mt ta nh. C nhiu nguyn nhn to ra xung nhiu, mt lp sng t
bin i vo ng truyn c th khng ph hp che chn hon ton cho cc ng truyn ni b v cc thnh phn in t khi
xung nhiu in p.
Khi tho lun v nhng tc ng c th m mt s t bin in c th c trn ng truyn tn hiu, trc tin chng ta phi hiu
thees no l ng truyn d liu v n vn chuyn d liu di hnh thc in nng nh th no. Mt ng truyn tn hiu l mt
cp dn truyn thng mang in p thp cho mc ch truyn thng (thng tin lin lc) gia cc thit b km theo. Mt s cp truyn
d liu ph bin nh: cp ng trc, cp Ethernet CAT5, CAT6, CAT6 and PoE, v cp in thoi.
D liu c truyn t mt thit b (thnh phn) ti thit b khc bng cch gi cc cp in p khc nhau t thit b pht sng dc
theo ng truyn d liu n thit b (thnh phn) u bn kia cp d liu. Cc thit b nhn s x l cc cp in p, phn tch
v dch chng thnh d liu m n hiu.
Mc d cc ng truyn d liu c thit k ch mang cp in p thp, nhng chng u c lm bng vt liu dn in nn
xung in, t bin in u s xy ra tng t nh trn cc loi dy dn in khc. Ni chung, mt t bin in l mt sai lch
ngn hn (thong qua) t mc in p thp mong mun (hay tn hiu trong cc thit b in t, my tnh).
S sai lch khng mong mun ny c th gy ra h hng hay trc trc cho thit b in t. Mt s thit b c thit k s dng
truyn thng qua ng truyn tn hiu vi ngng in p hot ng rt thp, v c th d dng b pha hy nu in p tng qu
mc mong mun.
Hn na, t bin in c to ra t rt nhiu ngun khc nhau nn khng mt cu hnh ca thit b no c th min nhim c.
Hnh 1 minh ha kt qu nghin cu bi Florida Power chia tch vn cht lng ngun in do cc nhm nguyn nhn gy ra.
Trong , st gy ra 15%, cc trm chuyn i l 5%, v xung nhiu c to ra ch yu bi cc thit b vn phng chim 60%.

Gy, mt dng ca t bin in, l mt s qu p trong thi gian cc ngn, v thng c o bng milli giy. S vt gii hn
khng mong mun ca nng lng in c th c to ra t bt k loi dy dn no. Nng lng ca xung nhiu in c th ph
hy thit b, v l nguyn nhn gy trc trc bng vic cung cp tn hiu sai t cp in p khng ng. Cc thit b c ch to
t cc b vi x l v tch hp cc vi mch (IC- integrated ciruits) rt d b tn thng bi nhng t bin in trn ng truyn d
liu.
Xung in cm ng c to ra trn ng truyn tn hiu t c bit n nh xung in trc tip trn ngun AC. Bt k mt dng
in no chy qua mt vt dn s to ra mt t trng. Nu mt dy dn th hai t trong t trng ca dy dn u tin, v cng
t trng l trng thi tun ra ca t thng, sau t trng s to ra mt dng in trn dy dn th hai. Vic s dng mt t
trng to ra dng v in p kch thch m khng cn mt kt ni vt l n mt dy dn in khc l c s cho hot ng ca
my bin p.
Mt my bin p s to ra mt t trng ko di t mt cun dy s cp, v gy ra mt in p trong cun dy th cp. Theo cng
mt nguyn tc, nhng si dy chy lin k trong mt ta nh c th b nh hng t tnh ln nhau gy ra xung nhiu nh
trong hnh 2. T trng c to ra bi ng ngun gy ra mt in p ln dy truyn d liu, hay t mt dy truyn d liu ln
mt dy khch (ci c xem nh mt in p xen vo).

St l nguyn nhn (c th l nhiu nht) in hnh to ra nng lng cc mnh ln mt dy dn t in trng kt ni (magnetic
coupling) khi n khng nh trc tip ln dy dn , v ch cn mt ln st c th ph hy tc thi cc thit b.
Hnh 3 cho thy hin tng st nh xung mt t. Xung quanh mi tia st c bao bc bi mt in trng cc mnh. Trong
nhiu trng hp, ging nh in trng t mt dy dn c th gy ra nhng xung in trn mt dy dn lin k, in trng ca
mt tia st c th gy ra mt dng in trong mt dy dn m khng h nh trc tip ln dy dn . iu quan trng, nu mt tia
st xut hin gn mt ta nh, n c th gy ra xung nhiu trn sut chiu di ng tn hiu ni b.
Nhng xung nhiu ny c th gy sai lch d liu trong qu trnh truyn ti trn dy dn, v nng hn l ph hy thit b i km.
Nhng thut ng din t in t cm ng l giao thoa in (EMI Electromagnetic I nterference) hay nhiu.

in t cm ng (EMI) gy xung nhiu trn ng tn hiu c to ra t hai dy dn lin k v t trng ca st l nguyn nhn
chnh, v hai dy dn lin k chnh l nguyn nhn ch yu gy phng hi n c s d liu trong mt ta nh. Do , khi lp k
hoch kim tra, b tr v tr ng truyn d liu cn ch nhng trng hp sau:
Cc ng truyn d liu c treo cc ng dn in
Chy cp d liu gn ng dy thot st (ng thot st l nhng ng hoc cu trc
trong mt ta nh c thit k truyn ti nng lng dng st xung t)
Chy cp d liu gn thp xy dng (c bit l cc vng ln cn ca ng thot st)
Chy dng d liu qu gn vi nh sng hunh quang (ngun pht ra EMI)
y l mt s trong nhng ngun chnh ca in t cm ng trong cc dng d liu, nhng c th tn ti nhiu ngun trong bt k
c s no.
Phn II. Xung nhiu ng tn hiu v cch bo v

Phn ln cc thit b in t ngy nay c xy dng da trn cng ngh mch tch hp v b vi x l. c im chung nht ca b
vi x l v mch tch hp l c bit nhy cm vi xung in p. Cc thit b kim sot v b vi x l c th tm thy trong hu ht
cc thit lp. Mt s thit b in t ny bao gm my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi ca n, mng d liu (mng LANs), thit b vin
thng, thit b chun on trong y t, my mc chnh xc CNC, thit b v tuyn, truyn hnh, v tinh, my copy, my fax,... Phn
ln cc thit b ny thng kt ni vi mt vi ng truyn tn hiu cho mc ch lin lc (truyn thng).
Ba yu t gp phn vo s nhy cm xung in p ca IC (mch tch hp b vi x l) l:
1. Khong cch gia cc vi mch v cc board mch in t
2. Cc hot ng p dng gii hn in p
3. Vic s dng mt chu k ng h ng b ha cc hot ng nht nh (chng hn nh trong my tnh).
1. Khong cch gia cc vi mch v board mch in t:
Yu t u tin gp phn vo s nhy cm vi in p ca IC l khong cch gia cc thnh phn ca mt mch tch hp v
bng mch in t l cc k nh. Trong nhiu trng hp khong cch t hn nhiu hn so vi dy ca mt si tc con ngi.
Nng lng i qua mt bng mch in t thng qua cc ng dn cc nh. Nhng ng dn, ni b v bn ngoi ca mt vi
mch v trn cc bng mch c mt ngng nht nh cho vic m rng v co tht in p. Nhit to ra bi dng chy ca nng
lng thng qua cc vi mch in t c gy ra bi mt s m rng (qu p), v nu dng chy ny b thiu (tt p) s gy ra s
co tht. Nu nhng qu p ny i vo cc vi mch in t n c th lm cho chng b nng, gy t gy vi mch trn board mch,
v thng gy ra cc ng dn vi mch b c lp . Trong cc vi mch in t ngn (nh), iu ny c th lm cho cc thit b
khng hot ng. Trong mt s trng hp s t gy vi mch in t khng gy ra bt c thit hi ngay lp tc, nhng dn dn s
lm gia tng kch thc s gin n v co li ca cc thnh phn, hoc to ra s t gy cc ng dn vi mch nhiu hn, iu s
lm cho thit b theo thi gian t t khng th hot ng c na.
2. Cc hot ng p dng gii hn in p
Yu t th hai gp phn vo vic vi mch (IC) nhy cm vi in p l xu hng gim dn dn in p hot ng trong cc thit
b vi mch. Nh cc thnh phn my tnh gim kch thc v hiu qu hn, v trong mt n lc bo tn nng lng, in p
hot ng cn thit chy cc cc thnh phn dn dn c gim xung. Mt in p hot ng chung ca cho mt s thnh
phn ca my tnh l 5VDC c gim xung 3.3VDC v c th tip tc gim. iu ny c ngha l ngng in p ca mt h
thng da trn b x l vi mch (IC) c th x l cng c gim. Nu mt xung in p tng qu mc in p 5VDC trong mt
h thng c ngng gii hn 3.3VDC, n c th d dng gy ra thit hi cho h thng .
3. Vic s dng mt chu k ng h
Yu t th ba nh hng n s nhy cm trong cc thit b da trn vi mch (IC) l vic s dng ca mt chu k ng h ng
b ha hot ng thnh phn ni b. Hu ht cc my tnh hot ng c ng b ha da trn chu k ng h, ci da trn mt
in p ang hot ng mt tn s c th. EMI (in t cm ng) i khi c th bt chc mt chu k ng h my tnh tn s
nht nh (chu k gi mo), m s lm cho my tnh gii thch cc chu k ng h gi mo nh cc lnh. Nhng lnh ny sai c th
gy ra nhiu li h thng, biu hin c th nh kha bn phm, b ri chng trnh, hoc h thng b treo. V trn my tnh, EMI c
th gy ra vic b l mt s lnh hp l, m cng c th dn n cc vn tng t.
Thit hi ph bin c do xung nhiu in p to ra
Nhng tht bi ph bin nht c to ra bi xung qu p trong thit b in t l gy gin on, tiu tn v ph hoi.
Tc dng gy gin on - thng gp khi hin tng xung qu p tc thi i qua thit b
bi hin tng in t cm ng do hai ng dy dn t qu gn nhay (hoc v dy truyn d liu hoc cc ng dy in). Cc
thnh phn in t sau c gng x l tm thi nh l mt lnh logic hp l. Kt qu l h thng b kha, trc trc, kt qu u ra
b sai, tp tin b mt hoc b hng, v mt lot cc hiu ng khng mong mun khc.
nh hng Tiu tn - c lin quan ti nhng xung qu p lp i lp li trn cc thnh phn vi mch (IC). Cc vt liu c s dng
ch to IC c th chu c mt s lng nht nh mc nng lng ca xung qu p lp i lp li, nhng khng phi cho mt
thi gian di. Trong di hn cui cng s lm cho cc thnh phn ca vi mch (IC) khng th hot ng tr li.
nh hng ph hy - bao gm tt c cc iu kin qu vi mc cao ca xung in qu p l nguyn nhn gy ph hy tc
thi cho thit b in t. Thng thng, c thit hi vt cht r rng, nh b chy v / hoc cc thnh phn trn board mch my tnh
b nt, tan chy ca, hoc cc du hiu r rng khc.
Phn III: Xung nhiu trn ng tn hiu v cch bo
v

Mt xung in p din ra trong thi gian cc ngn nhng li c s thay i gi tr ln t mt in p mong mun. Nhng xung in
p c bin cng ln, th kh nng gy gin on hoc ph hy thit b in t cng cao. Nh cp Phn I, xung nhiu c
th xy ra trn bt k dy dn lm t vt liu dn in no, do chng khng ch nh hng ti cc thit b kt ni vi cc ng
dy dn tin ch m cn nh hng ti cc thit b kt ni vi ng dy in thoi, Ethernet, cp ng trc, cp thng tin, ...
Thit b bo v xung in p (SPD)
Mt SPD (surge protection device) c tc dng lm gim ln (bin ) ca cc xung in p bo v cc thit b khi nh
hng ca chng. Tuy nhin, mt SPD khng nht thit lm gim cc xung in p v bin 0. Mt SPD ch n gin l lm gim
xung in p v mc an ton v c th i qua cc thit b. iu ny l do ngng in p hot ng c th khc nhau gia cc
linh kin trong mt thit b v suy gim in p bng 0 s khng kh dng cho hot ng lin tc ca thit b.
Thay vo , SPD s lm gim in p xung cp chp nhn c cho cc thit b i km bo v chng. Mt s SPD cn
cung cp b lc sng hi nhm gim thiu bt k s thiu nht qun no trong nng lng dng sng c gy ra bi EMI n
khng i qua cc thit b nh km.
Trong thut ng n gin nht, SPDs ngn chn s ph hy ca cc cp xung in p ln cc thit b m chng bo v. SPDs
thc hin nhim v ny bng cch hp th in p d, chuyn hng chng, hoc kt hp c hai hnh thc. Hnh 4cho thy mt
mi tn c bn vo mt bng mc tiu. Bng mc tiu i din cho SPD v mi tn l xung in p.
Khi mi tn c bn ti bng mc tiu n s dnh vo bng mc tiu. Tuy nhin, dy ca bng mc tiu s quyt nh kh nng
mi tn c xuyn qua c hay khng hay dng li trn bng mc tiu. Nu mi tn xuyn qua c bng mc tiu v ph hy n,
khi bng mc tiu s khng th cn kh nng cn cc mi tn xuyn qua n na. By gi tng tng c mt l chn bng kim
loi t pha trc bng mc tiu. Khi mi tn bn vo bng mc tiu n s gp phi l chn kim loi v chuyn hng xa ri bng
mc tiu.
y chnh l hot ng kt hp ca hu ht thit b SPDs.SPDs hoc hp th nng lng v, (ty thuc vo chng c ch to nh
th no, c th ngn chn xung in p nhng vn s c thit hi), hoc chuyn dng nng lng xung t. Trong hu ht cc
trng hp SPDs s dng mt s kt hp gia hp th v chuyn xung in p.

Kp l mt chc nng m SPDs s dng gii hn xung in p. Kp l qu trnh cc thnh phn bn trong ca mt SPD lm
gim (bin ) xung in p n mc chp nhn c vi cc thit b in t kt ni pha sau. Xung in p sau khi i qua thit b
SPD v i qua cc thit b in t kt ni gi l in p cho qua. Mt ln na, vi hu ht cc SPDs, qu trnh lm gim in p ca
xung in p khng a v gi tr 0 volt, hoc di mc cn thit cho hot ng ca cc thit b. S suy gim in p qu mc cn
thit c th gy ra nhng h hi cho chnh bn thn SPD.
Mt trong cc thnh phn c s dng ph bin nht trong SPDs l Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV). Mt MOV l mt in tr phi
tuyn vi tnh cht bn dn c bit. MOV s duy tr trng thi khng dn in, cho php dng in i qua bnh thng, cho n khi
mt t bin in xut hin. Ti thi im ny MOV bt u dn in, dn in p vt qu bnh thng xung t. Cng dng
in tng ln l tng lng in p kp, iu ny s cho in p cho qua c cp chp nhn c i vi cc thit b cho n khi
xung in p gim dn.
MOVs thng c kt hp vi cu ch nhit c t ni tuyn vi ng i ca dng in (c loi cu ch c tch hp trn
MOV) bo v thit b bng cch ngt dng in trong trng hp c mt thm ha xung in p. Nu xung in p l ln v lin
tc, n c th t nh im hot ng in p ca MOV, lc ny MOV s m l thng.
Nu tht bi ny xy ra, nhit ca cu ch nhit s tng ln (thng c tch hp vi MOV) ph v dng chy ca ngun
in v ngn chn bt k dng d no ca xung in p c th i vo thit b c bo v. MOVs c s dng trong SPDs v tnh
cht thng nht. Mt MOV s tip tc cho php thng qua mt lng in p, v s bt u thc hin ti cng cp ca in p
d, lin tc cho n khi t ti im tht bi.
SPDs khng th gii quyt mi vn v cht lng ngun in. Chng khng gii quyt c hin tng st in p (under-
voltages) v n (qu p trong thi gian di) trong ngun in AC. Chng cng khng c tc dng i vi cc sng hi (harmonic)
c to ra t cc ti phi tuyn nh vic chuyn i ngun cp trong my tnh v mt s h thng chiu sng hunh quang. Nu c
mt mt mt in p trn ng dy (st p, mt in,...) th mt thit b nh UPS nn c s dng, trong UPS c mt Pin c chc
nng tm thi cung cp ngun nng lng cho n khi in nng c khi phc li bnh thng.
Phn IV: Xung nhiu trn ng tn hiu v cch bo
v
Tip t
Mt trong nhng vn ln nht ca mi trng in, c bit trong ti liu tham kho ca SPDs l tip t. Tip t l thnh phn
khng th thiu trong bt k ngun in, tn hiu, hoc mng d liu no. Tt c cc in p v mc tn hiu u c tham
chiu vi dy tip t. Hu ht cc SPDs u s dng cc ng dy tip t chuyn in p d trong qu trnh xung in p.
Nu khng c ng dy tip t, nhng SPDs khng th hot ng ng cch c.
Tip t trong mt ta nh ch nn kt ni vi mt im tie t ti cng vo bng iu khin h thng in. im kt ni duy nht
n mt t ny s loi tr nhng pht trin vo ca cc im tip t khc. Nhiu im tip t c th to nhiu in p tin ch
khc nhau, v l nguyn nhn gy ra dng khng mong mun chy trong ng truyn d liu c in p thp. Nhng dng khng
mong mun gy ph hy nh nhiu trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu, hay xung in p ln c th lm h ti thit b.
Hnh 5 minh ha mt vng lp tip t. Mi phn ca h thng c mt im tip t c lp (mi mt cm in c mt im tip
t khc nhau). Vn c th xy ra nu thit b c kt ni thng qua mt loi dy dn truyn d liu.
hnh 5 my tnh c kt ni vi my in bng mt cp d liu song song. Nu c mt s khc bit tim n gia in p (nng
lng) so vi t gia hai thit b s dng trn th dng c th chy t thit b ny qua thit b khc thng qua cp d liu song song
cn bng in p (nng lng) gia hai thit b.
iu ny gi l mt vng lp tip t vng t (ground loop) v chnh l nguyn nhn gy h hi cho thit b, ci trong khi
hot ng bnh thng s dng mt ngng in p (nng lng) rt nh thc hin chc nng. Trong v d trn cho thy hai thit
b trong mt c s, nn nu c nhiu c s gn nhau th s c kh nng lm pht trin nhiu vng t khc nhau.

Chng xung nhiu bng phng php nhiu tng (lp)
y l cch thc c p dng trong hu ht thit b SPDs mang n nhiu lp bo v chng li nhng xung nhiu. Lp u tin
s c s dng kim sot xung in p ln i vo mt c s (cn nh, cao c, ...), v d nh xung nhiu trn ng ngun in.
V cng c th l do hin tng st nh. Cc lp sau s c s dng kim sot dng (nng lng) bn trong c s v xung
nhiu trn ng tn hiu. V phn ln xung nhiu c to ra trong mt ta nh nn vic hiu bit v lp t SPDs l cp thit
nhm nng cao cht lng ngun in trong bt k c s no.
Phng php bo v theo nhiu lp l phng tin hiu qu nht ngn chn nhng hu ht nhng tc ng ca xung nhiu.
Trong khi iu quan trng l phn lp vn xung nhiu ngun in theo cch thc ca n, iu cng khng km phn quan trng
l phi p dng phng php bo v trn cho ng truyn d liu.
Hu ht cc c s ln c hnh thc bo v chng xung nhiu trn ng truyn tn hiu vo. V d, nhiu gia nh v cc c s s
dng mt ng kh (gas tube) hoc ng phng in (spark gap) SPD (thng c cng ty vin thng cung cp chng ta thng
thy trn ng line in thoi) gip gim bin ca xung in p ln xung mc c th chp nhn c cho thit b in
thoi.
Tuy nhin, in p cho qua ca lp u tin thng khng nh bo v cc thit b nhy cm vi in p khi s h hng nh
mn hnh my tnh, DSL ca my tnh, dial-up modern hoc thm ch c my tnh gn lin vi cc modems. V s h hng ny
cng xy ra vi cc thit b nhy cm vi in p khc gn lin vi cp ng trc, nh thit b hnh nh, m thanh, hay cp bng
thng rng. V l do ny, vic s dng b sung SPDs nn c s dng tip tc lm gim in p cho qua in p i qua lp
u tin ca ng kh (ng phng in, lp u tin ca SPDs)- nhm bo v cc thit b ring l trong c s.
Kt lun
Xung nhiu thng c nguyn nhn t nhng ri lon trn ng dy in. Tuy nhin, t l xung nhiu sinh ra trn ng truyn d
liu trong mng truyn thng ca mt c s l rt quan trng nh gi s cn thit phi c thit b chng xung nhiu trn dy dn
tn hiu. Bt k dy dn no cng l nh cung cp tim nng ca xung nhiu, ngun gy ra t thng cm ng (inductive coupling)
trong bt k c s no.
Ngy nay, thit b my tnh hot ng vi ngng in p nh dn, iu c ngha l s quan tm n nhng xung nhiu nh ngy
cng tr nn quan trng v cp thit ngn chn s sai lch trong d liu. Phng php chng xung nhiu theo lp l cch thc l
tng, vi lp u tin s gim xung in p ln i vo u tin, sau cc lp tip theo tip tc lm gim in p ny trc khi
cho i vo cc thit b in t nhy cm.
Chng xung nhiu trn ng tn hiu l rt cn thit bo v cc thit b nhy cm khi cc dng d liu v, ngn chn s ph
hy i vi cc dng d liu in p thp, v ngn chn nhng con ng m xung nhiu c th i vo.
i nt v tc gi:
Joseph Seymour l ngi ng u ban phn tch bi thng ca Schneider Electric ti West Kingston, RI. ng nh gi v
kim tra nhng thit hi gy ra bi thm xung nhiu, v phn x (x l) khiu ni ca khch hng theo chnh sch bo hnh thit b
ca APC