1

! Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

! Elastic-Beam Theory
! Moment-Area Method
! Conjugate Beam Method
DEFLECTIONS: GEOMETRIC METHODS
2
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
fixed-connected joint
pin-connected joint
!
"
!
#
!
!
% & '
roller or rocker
!
% & '
pin
!
% & '
! & '
fixed support
3
fixed-connected joint
4
fixed-connected joint
5
P
-M
6
P
+M
-M
inflection point
7
P
-M
8
P
inflection point
inflection point
9
P
inflection point
10
-M
+M
x
M
P
2
P
1
A
B
C
D
inflection point
11
x
-M
+M
inflection point
P
1
P
2
12
w
x
(
P
Elastic-Beam Theory
dx
x
!
Before
deformation
%x
y
%s = %x
y
%s
%x
%!
M
M
After
deformation
O
M
13
------(8-1)
Before
deformation
y
%x
%s = %x
Moment-curvature relationship
)
1
&
EI
M
Curvature
Radius of
Curvature
O
%s
%x
After
deformation
%!
%!
y
)
) !) (% & % * % s x
y x ) ( ' ! % & %
14
------(8-2)
O
%s
%x
After
deformation
%!
%!
y
)
) !) (% & % * % s x
Before
deformation
y
%x
%s = %x
! )d dx &
dx d
)
!
1
&
+
& dx
EI
M
!
15
Therefore,
2 / 3 2
2 2
] ) / ( 1 [
/
dx d
dx d
EI
M
,
,
-
&
If we chose the axis positive upward, and if we can express the curvature (1/)) in
terms of x and , we can then determine the elastic curve for the beam.
2 / 3 2
2 2
] ) / ( 1 [
/ 1
dx d
dx d
,
,
) -
&
,
------(8-3)*
EI
M
dx
d
&
2
2
,
0 ) (
2
*
dx
d,
* Small deflection theory
16
The Double Integration Method
x
1
x
3
x
2
A
w
P
D
C B
------(8-3)
EI
M
dx
d
&
2
2
,
17
Sign Convention
+w
+V
+V
+ M
+ M
x
(
' O
+!
+d!
elastic curve
+)
+)
ds
+d,
+,
+x +dx
18
pin
roller or rocker
fixed support
Boundary condition
% & '
! & '
x
1
x
2
% & '
!
% & '
!
Continuity Conditions
A
C
P
B
b
,
1
,,
2
a
,
!
at point B, x
1
= x
2
= a,
) ( ) (
2 1
a a , , &
) ( ) (
2 1
a a ! ! &
19
integration Constants
EI
M
dx
d
&
2
2
,
2 2 1 1
) ( C I dx c I - & - &
+
,
1 1
) ( C I dx
EI
M
dx
d
- & &
+
,
Deflection (%)
Slope (!)
P
P
L
PL
x
V
x
M
EI
dx
d,
x
x
,
C
2
I
1
I
2
C
1
20
0 ) (
0
& .
& x
dx
d,
EI
M
dx
d
&
2
2
,
) (
1
2
2
Px PL
EI dx
d
- / &
,
0 ) (
0
& .
& x
,
Moment-curvature relationship
) 2 ( )
6 2
(
1
2 1
3 2
/ / / - - - / & C x C
Px PLx
EI
,
) 1 ( )
2
(
1
1
2
/ / / - - / & C
Px
PLx
EI dx
d,
1
2
)
2
(
1
C
Px
PLx
EI dx
d
- - / &
,
0
0 0
0
1
& 0 // / C
Boundary Condition
2 1
3 2
)
6 2
(
1
C x C
Px PLx
EI
- - - / & ,
0
0
0
0
0
2
& 0 / C
P
L
+ Px
x
V
dx
d,
x
P
PL
x
,
x
M
P P
-PL
-PL + Px
x
A
B
Cantilever Beam
C
2
= 0
C
1
= 0
EI
PL
3
3
/
EI
PL
2
2
/
21
x
Simply Support
x
V
dx
d,
x
x
,
P
A
L/2 L/2
B
P/2 P/2
x
M
PL/4
x
P
2
C
1
C
2
= 0
)
16 4
(
1
2 2
PL Px
EI
/
)
16 12
(
1
2 3
PxL Px
EI
/
EI
PL
48
3
/
P/2
-P/2
0 ) (
2 /
& .
&L x
dx
d,
EI
M
dx
d
&
2
2
,
)
2
(
1
2
2
Px
EI dx
d
&
,
0 ) (
0
& .
& x
,
Moment-curvature relationship
2 1
3
)
12
(
1
C x C
Px
EI
- - & ,
1
2
)
4
(
1
C
Px
EI dx
d
- &
,
0
0
2
& 0 // / C
Boundary Condition
L/2
EI
PL
C
16
2
1
/ & 0 // /
0
0
0
) 1 ( )
4
(
1
1
2
/ / / - & C
Px
EI dx
d,
) 2 ( )
12
(
1
2 1
3
/ / / - - & C x C
Px
EI
,
22
A
L
B
w x
Simply Support
x
V
x
M
wL/2 wL/2
wL/2
wL/2
A
x
V
M
wL/2
wx
2 2
2
wLx wx
- / &
0 & .
&L x
,
EI
M
dx
d
&
2
2
,
2 1
3 4
)
12 24
(
1
C x C
wLx wx
EI
- - - / & ,
0 ) (
0
& .
& x
,
Moment-curvature relationship
0
0
2
& 0 // / C
Boundary Condition
0
wL
2
/4
2 2
2
wLx wx
/
dx
d,
x
C
1
x
,
)
2 2
(
1
2
2
2
wLx wx
EI dx
d
- / &
,
) 2 ( )
12 24
(
1
2 1
3 4
/ / / - - - / & C x C
wLx wx
EI
,
0 0
0
) 1 ( )
4 6
(
1
1
2 3
/ / / - - / & C
wLx wx
EI dx
d,
x C
wLx wx
EI
1
3 4
)
12 24
(
1
- - / & ,
EI
wL
384
5
4
/
EI
wL
C
24
3
1
/ & 0 /
C
2
= 0
23
Example 8-1
The beam shown is subjected to a load P

at its end. Determine the equation of the
elastic curve and the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.
2a a
A
B
C
P
24
2
P
/
-
P
+
2
P
/
P
x
1
x
2
2a a
A
B
C
P
P/2
3P/2
-
Pa /
1
2
1
x
P
M
x
/ &
V
x
M
x
Double Integration of x
1
EI
Px
EI
M
dx
d
x
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
/ & &
,
dx
EI
M
dx
d
x
) (
1
1
1
+
&
,
) 1 (
4
1
2
1
/ / / - / & C
EI
Px
dx dx
EI
M
x
) ) (
1
1
+ +
& ,
) 2 (
12
2 1 1
3
1
1
/ / / - - / & C x C
EI
Px
,
2
2
Px Pa M
x
- / &
Boundary conditions
; 0
0 1
1
&
& x
, 0
2
& C
; 0
2 1
1
&
& a x
,
EI
Pa
C
3
2
1
&
25
2
P
/
-
P
+
2
P
/
P
x
1
x
2
2a a
A
B
C
P
P/2
3P/2
-
Pa /
1
2
1
x
P
M
x
/ &
V
x
M
x
2
2
Px Pa M
x
- / &
Double Integration of x
2
EI
Px
EI
Pa
EI
M
dx
d
x 2 2
2
2
2
2
- / & &
,
dx
EI
M
dx
d
x
) (
2
2
2
+
&
,
) 3 (
2
3
2
2 2
/ / - - / & C
EI
Px
EI
Pax
dx dx
EI
M
x
) (
2
2
+ +
& ,
) 4 (
6 2
4 2 3
3
2
2
2
2
/ / / - - - / & C x C
EI
Px
EI
Pax
,
; 0
0 2
2
&
& x
, 0
4
& C
;
0
2
2
2
1
1
2 1
& &
&
x a x
dx
d
dx
d , ,
EI
Pa
C
3
2
2
3
/ &
Boundary conditions
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
a x C
3 3 3 3
2
3
2
6 2
2
/
& / - / & &
&
, ,
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
dx
d
a x C
6
7
3
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
/ & / - / & &
&
,
!
Deflection and Slope at C
!
B
!
B
26
1
2
1
1
1
4
C
EI
Px
dx
d
- / &
,
EI
Pa
3
2
3
2
2 2
2
2
2
C
EI
Px
EI
Pax
dx
d
- - / &
,
EI
Pa
3
2
2
/
2 1 1
3
1
1
12
C x C
EI
Px
- - / & ,
0
EI
Pa
3
2
0
4 2 3
3
2
2
2
2
6 2
C x C
EI
Px
EI
Pax
- - - / & ,
EI
Pa
3
2
2
/
2
P
/
P
-
+
2
P
/
P
x
1
x
2
2a a
A
B
C
P
P/2
3P/2
Pa /
!
A
EI
Px
A x
4
2
1
1
/
- &! !
C
3
= !
B
C
4
= 0 = %
B
1
2
1
x
P
M
x
/ &
C
2
= 0 = %
A
C
1
= !
A
V
x
M
x
!
x
2
2
Px Pa M
x
- / &
-
y
x
%
C
EI
Pa
3
/
&
!
C EI
Pa
6
7
2
/ &
!
C
Conclusion
27
Example 8-2
The cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical load P at its end.
Determine the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.
P
L L
C A B
28
x
V
x
M
P
+
-
-PL+ P(x
1
) = M
x
-PL
P
L L
C A
B
PL
P
x
1
A
PL
x
1
P
V
x
M
x
P
Cubic
Straight line
0 0 ) (
:
1 0
& 0 // / & .
&
C
dx
d
condition Boundary
x
,
EI
M
dx
d
&
2
2
,
) (
1
2
2
Px PL
EI dx
d
- / &
,
) 2 ( )
6 2
(
1
3 2
/ / / - / &
Px PLx
EI
,
0 0 ) (
2 0
& 0 // / & .
&
C
x
,
Moment-curvature relationship
) 1 ( )
2
(
1
2
/ / / - / &
Px
PLx
EI dx
d,
2 1
3 2
)
6 2
(
1
C x C
Px PLx
EI
- - - / & ,
1
2
)
2
(
1
C
Px
PLx
EI dx
d
- - / &
,
29
Elastic Curve Equation ; x : 0 - L
EI
PL PL
PL
EI dx
d
L x
2
)
2
(
1
) (
2 2
2
/ & - / &
&
,
!
B
) )(
2
( )
3
(
2 3
L x
EI
PL
EI
PL
/ - / &
Elastic Curve Equation ; x : L - 2L
EI
PL PL PL
EI
L x
3
)
6 2
(
1
) (
3 3 3
/ & - / &
&
,
B
% 1 ,
) 2 ( )
6 2
(
1
3 2
/ / / - / &
Px PLx
EI
,
) 1 ( )
2
(
1
2
/ / / - / &
Px
PLx
EI dx
d,
P
L L
C A
B
PL
P
!
B
) ( L x
B B BC
/ - & ! , ,
30
P
L L
C A B
PL
P
x
,
x
V
P
-
x
) (
dx
d,
EI
PL
L x
3
) (
3
/ &
&
,
EI
PL
dx
d
L x
2
) (
2
/ &
&
,
Parabola
Cubic
-
Straight line
-
Horizontal
x
M
-PL
-
) )(
2
( )
3
( ) (
2 3
2 :
L x
EI
PL
EI
PL
L L x
/ - / &
/
,
EI
PL
2
2
/
EI
PL
2
2
/
EI
PL
6
5
3
/
EI
PL
3
3
/
Conclusion
31
Example 8-3
The simply supported beam shown is subjected to the concentrated force P.
Determine the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
P
C
a
B
2a
A
32
P
C
a
B
2a
A
P/3 2P/3
x
M
P/3
-2P/3
x
V
2Pa/3
1 1
3
x
P
M &
x
1
x
2
Segment AC
) 4 ( )
18
2
6
2
(
1
4 2 3
3
2
2
2 2
/ / / - - / & C x C x
P
x
Pa
EI
,
) 1 ( )
6
(
1
1
2
1
1
1
/ / / - & C x
P
EI dx
d,
) 2 ( )
18
(
1
2 1 1
3
1 1
/ / / - - & C x C x
P
EI
,
Segment AC
2 2
3
2
3
2
x
P
a
P
M / &
)
3
(
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
x
P
EI EI
M
dx
d
& &
,
)
3
2
3
2
(
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
P Pa
EI EI
M
dx
d
/ & &
,
) 3 ( )
6
2
3
2
(
1
3
2
2 2
2
2
/ / / - / & C x
P
x
Pa
EI dx
d,
33
P
C
a
B
2a
A
P/3 2P/3
x
1
x
2
Boundary Conditions
;
0
2
2
2
1
1
2 1
& &
& .
x a x
dx
d
dx
d , ,
*) 4 ( 0 0 ) ) 2 (
6
(
1
3 1
2
/ / / - / & - C C a
P
EI
; 0 ) (
0 1
1
& .
& x
,
*) 1 ( 0 0 0
2
/ / / - - & C
; ) ( ) (
0 2 2 1
2 1
& &
& .
x a x
, ,
*) 3 ( 0 0 0 0 ) 2 ( ) ) 2 (
18
(
1
4 1
3
/ / / - - / & - - C a C a
P
EI
; 0 ) (
2
2
& .
&a x
,
*) 2 ( )
18
2
6
2
(
1
0
4 3
3 3
/ / / - - / & C a C a
P
a
P
EI
) 2 ( )
18
(
1
2 1 1
3
1 1
/ / / - - & C x C x
P
EI
, ) 4 ( )
18
2
6
2
(
1
4 2 3
3
2
2
2 2
/ / / - - / & C x C x
P
ax
P
EI
,
) 1 ( )
6
(
1
1
2
1
1
1
/ / / - & C x
P
EI dx
d,
) 3 ( )
6
2
3
2
(
1
3
2
2 2
2
2
/ / / - / & C x
P
ax
P
EI dx
d,
Solving for (1*) to (4*) :
0
2
& C
EI
Pa
C
9
4
2
1
/ &
EI
Pa
C
9
2
2
3
&
EI
Pa
C
9
4
3
4
/ &
!
C
!
C
34
P
C
a
B
2a
A
P/3 2P/3
x
1
x
2
Maximum Deflection
EI
Pa
a
Pa
a
P
EI
a x
3 2
3
633 . 1
max
484 . 0 )] 633 . 1 (
9
4
) 633 . 1 (
18
[
1
1
/ & / &
&
,
)
9
4
9
2
18
2
6
2
(
1
3
2
2
3
2
2
2 2
Pa
x
Pa
x
P
ax
P
EI
/ - / & ,
)
9
2
6
2
3
2
(
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
Pa
x
P
x
Pa
EI dx
d
- / &
,
Elastic Curve Equation
; 0
max
1
1
& .
,
,
dx
d
)
9
4
6
(
1
2
2
1
1
1
Pa
x
P
EI dx
d
/ &
,
)
9
4
6
(
1
2
2
1
1
1
Pa
x
P
EI dx
d
/ &
,
0
x
1
= 1.633a
)
9
4
18
(
1
1
2
3
1 1
x
Pa
x
P
EI
/ & ,
35
Summary P
C
a
B
2a
A
P/3 2P/3
EI
x
M
P/3
-2P/3
x
V
P/3(2a)
1 1
3
x
P
M &
x
1
x
2
2 2
3
2
3
2
x
P
a
P
M / &
dx
d,
x
x
,
EI
Pa
C
9
2
2
3
&
EI
Pa
C
9
4
2
1
/ &
0
2
& C
EI
Pa
C
9
4
3
4
/ &
EI
Pa
3
max
484 . 0 / & ,
1.633a
36
Example 8-4
From the beam shown determine the slope at supports , the maximum
deflection of the beam and the deflection at C. Take E = 10 GPa and
I
NA
= 15(10
6
) mm
4
.
1 kN/m
3 m 1 m
A
B C
37
1 kN/m
A
B
3 m 1 m
C
(c) ,
2
|
x
2
= 0

= 0
(b) ,
1
|
x
1
= 3

= 0
Boundary condition
(a) ,
1
|
x
1
= 0

= 0
x
1
x
2
d,
2
dx
2
x
2
=0
(d)
d,
1
dx
1
x
1
=3
=
1.333 kN
+
-
1 1.333
+
-1.667
0.888
+
-0.5
-
1.333 m
x
V (kN)
x
M (kNm)
1) Deflection at support is zero
2) The left of slope and the right of
slope at B are equivalent
2.667 kN
!
BR
!
BL
38
x
1
1 kN/m
A
B
3 m 1 m
1.333 kN
2.667 kN
Segment AB
+
2M
x1
& '3
x
1
1 kN/m
A
x
1
1.333 kN
V
x1
M
x1
x
2
Condition Boundary .
A at Slope The .
rad
m kPa
A
005833 . 0
) 10 15 )( 10 10 ( 8
7
4 6 6
/ &
4 4
/ &
/
!
Curvature Moment .
2
1
3
4
2
1 1
1
x x
M
x
/ &
) 2 ( )
24 9
2
(
1
2 1 1
4
1
3
1
1
/ / / - - / & C x C
x x
EI
,
EI
C b
x
8
7
: 0 ) (
1
3
1
1
/ & &
&
,
0 : 0 ) (
2
0
1
1
& &
&
C a
x
,
, 0 : ) 1 (
1
& x at from
E = 10 GPa and I
NA
= 15(10
6
) mm
4
.
EI
C
A
8
7
1
/ & & !
1
3
1
2
1
0
1
1
)
6 3
2
(
1
) (
1
C
x x
EI dx
d
x A
- / & &
&
,
!
C
0.0058 rad
)
2
1
3
4
(
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
x x
EI
dx
d
/ &
,
) 1 ( )
6 3
2
(
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
/ / / - / & C
x x
EI dx
d,
0 0
39
x
1
1 kN/m
A
B
3 m 1 m
1.333 kN
2.667 kN
x
2
nt Displaceme Maximum The .
) 1 ( 0 ; 0
1
1
1
1
max
in
dx
d
substute
dx
d
when & &
, ,
,
)] 10 15 )( 10 10 [( 8
7
)
6 3
2
(
) 10 15 )( 10 10 (
1
0
6 6
3
1
2
1
6 6 / - / -
4 4
/ /
4 4
&
x x
E = 10 GPa and I
NA
= 15(10
6
) mm
4
.
,
max
!

= 0
) 1 (
8
7
)
6 3
2
(
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
/ / / / / &
EI
x x
EI dx
d,
,
max
= -5.171 mm
Substitute x
1
= 1.427 m, E = 10x10
6
kPa and I = 15(10
-6
) m
4
in (2)
x
1
= 1.427 m
) 2 (
8
7
)
24 9
2
(
1
1
4
1
3
1
1
/ / / / / & x
EI
x x
EI
,
C
40
Segment BC
x
1
1 kN/m
A
B
3 m 1 m
1.333 kN
2.667 kN
x
2
Condition Boundary . Curvature Moment .
x
2
V
x2
M
x2
1 kN/m
x
2
0.5 kNm
1 kN
+
2M
x2
& '3
2 2
1
2
2
2
2
x
x M
x
/ -
/
&
3
3
2
2
2 2
2
2
)
6 2 2
(
1
C
x x x
EI dx
d
- / -
/
&
,
0 : 0 ) (
4
0
2
2
& &
&
C c
x
,
3 3 0 0 0
3
3
2
2
2 2
3
1
2
1
)
6 2 2
(
1
8
7
)
6 3
2
(
1
C
x x x
EI EI
x x
EI
- / -
/
& / /
EI
C
8
5
3
&
rad C
dx
d
x B
004167 . 0
) 15 10 ( 8
5
) (
3 0
2
2
2
&
4
& & &
&
,
!
4 2 3
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
)
24 6 4
(
1
C x C
x x x
EI
- - / -
/
& ,
0.0042 rad
C
)
2 2
1
(
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
EI
dx
d
/ -
/
&
,
0
2
2
3
1
1
2 1
& &
&
x x
dx
d
dx
d , ,
41
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1 2
8
5
)
24 6 4
(
1
2
x
EI
x x x
EI
x C
- / -
/
& &
&
, ,
x
1
1 kN/m
A
B
3 m 1 m
x
2
C at nt Displaceme .
5 &
4
& , 333 . 3
) 15 10 ( 24
12
mm
C
,
C
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
8
5
)
24 6 4
(
1
x
EI
x x x
EI
- / -
/
& ,
1 1 1
1
EI EI EI 24
12
8
5
24
3
& - / &
3.33 mm
42
x
% (mm)
Conclusion
1 kN/m
A
B
3 m 1 m
C
x
1
x
2
1.333 kN
+
-
1 1.333
+
-1.667
x
V (kN)
2.667 kN
!
BR
!
BL
x
! (rad)
1.427 m
rad C
B
004167 . 0
3
& & !
rad C
A
005833 . 0
1
/ & & !
0.888
+
1.333 m
x
M (kNm)
,
C
& 3.33 mm
C
4
= 0
C
2
= 0
,
max
= -5.171 mm
inflection point
-0.5
-
43
w
Moment - Area Theorems
A
B
!
B/A
A B
tangent A tangent B
!
B/A
x
M/EI
M
EI
dx
The angle between the tangents
Theorem 1: !
B/A
= The area under the M/EI diagram between B and A
dx
A
B
If slope is small
!
2
2
dx
d
EI M
,
&
dx
d
EI
dx
d
dx
d
EI M
! ,
& & ) (
dx
EI
M
d & !
+
&
B
A
A B
dx
EI
M
/
!
44
A
B
A
B
A
B
x
M/EI
x
M/EI
A
x
B
x
Theorem 2: t
A/B
= The moment area under the M/EI diagram between B and A, this
moment is computed about A.
A B
tangent B t
A/B
tangent A
t
B/A
tangent A
tangent B
The vertical deviation
w
A B
w
A B
A
B
+
&
B
A
A B A
dx
EI
M
x t
/
+
&
B
A
B A B
dx
EI
M
x t
/
45
P
dx
xd!&dt
d!
x
M/EI
P
Q
P
x
x
General form
w
A B
A B
! xd dt &
dx
EI
M
x dt &
+
-
&
dx x
x
dx
EI
M
x t
+
&
Q
P
Q P
dx
EI
M
x t
/
+
& dx
EI
M
x
P
+
&
x
A
x A
dx
EI
M
t
/
+
& dx
EI
M
x
A
Q
46
Example 8-5
The beam shown is subjected to a load P

at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.
2a a
A
B
C
P
,
C
47
2a a
A
B
C
P
-
Pa /
diagram
EI
M
t
B/A
t
a
n
g
e
n
t

A
A B
t
/
2
3
t
a
n
g
e
n
t

C
!
C/A
a
t
A B
A
2
/
& !
!
C
%
C
t
C/A
a
t
A B
A C A A C C
2
/
/ /
/ & / & ! ! ! ! ----------(1)
A B A C C
t t
/ /
2
3
/ & %
----------(2)
SOLUTION
48
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
a
EI
M
C
B
2
) )( (
2
1
) (
2
/
& / &
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
a
EI
M
B
A
2
) )( 2 (
2
1
) (
/
& / &
BC
C
x
a x
AB
C
3
5
&
AB
B
x
a
t
A B
A C A A C C
2
/
/ /
/ & / & ! ! ! ! -----(1)
A B A C C
t t
/ /
2
3
/ & %
-----(2)
EI
Pa a
EI
Pa a
EI
Pa
x
EI
M
x
EI
M
t
BC AB
A C
C
C
B C
B
A
3 2 2
/
2
)
3
2
)(
2
( )
3
5
)( ( ) ( ) ( / & / - / & . - . &
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
a EI
Pa
C
6
7
)
3
2
(
2
1
2
3
2 3 2
/ & / / / & !
1 / & / / / & % , )
3
2
(
2
3 2
3 2 3
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
C

a
3
2
a
3
1
3
2a
-
Pa /
diagram
EI
M
A C
B
2a a
EI
Pa a
EI
Pa
x
EI
M
t
AB
A B
B
B
A
3
2
)
3
2
)( ( ) (
3 2
/
/ & / & . &
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
M
EI
M
EI
M
C
B
B
A
C
A
A C
2
3
2
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
/
/ &
/
-
/
& - & & !
49
Example 8-6
Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the
figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(10
6
) mm
4
A
9 m
4.5 m
B
C
9 kN
50
M /EI
x (m)
4.5 m
9 m
SOLUTION
A
9 m
4.5 m
B
C
9 kN
9 kN
81 kNm
-81/EI
-40.5/EI
A
B
C
51
tangent A
tangent A
M /EI
x (m)
4.5 m
-81/EI
-40.5/EI
A
B C
!
B
= !
B/A
= the area under the M/EI diagram
between point A and B
) 5 . 4 )(
81 5 . 40
(
2
1
EI EI
- / &
2
38 . 273
m kN
EI
. / &
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
38 . 273
4 6
2
6
2
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
/ &
!
B
= -0.00547 rad
A
B
C
!
B/A
tangent B
!
B
!
C/A
!
C
tangent C
A
B
C
M /EI
x (m)
9 m
-81/EI
A
C
!
C
= !
C/A
= the area under the M/EI diagram
between point A and C
) 9 )(
81
(
2
1
EI
/ &
2
50 . 364
m kN
EI
. / &
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
5 . 364
4 6
2
6
2
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
/ &
!
C
= -0.00729 rad
52
tangent A
EI EI EI
125 . 91
)
5 . 40 81
)( 5 . 4 (
2
1
/ & / /
EI EI EI
25 . 182
) 5 . 4 )(
5 . 40 81
( / & / /
5 . 4
3
2
2
5 . 4
A
B
C
tangent B
%
B
= t
B/A
%
B
= t
B/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.
) 5 . 4
3
2
)(
125 . 91
( )
2
5 . 4
)(
25 . 182
(
2 2
m m kN
EI
m m kN
EI
. / - . / &
EI
m kN
3
44 . 683 .
/ &
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
44 . 683
4 6
2
6
3
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
/ &
%
B
= -0.01367 m = -13.67 mm
M /EI
x (m)
-81/EI
-40.5/EI
A
B C
4.5 m
53
EI EI
5 . 364
) 9 )(
81
(
2
1 /
& /
M /EI
x (m)
-81/EI
A
C
9 m
9
3
2
tangent A
A
B
C
tangent C
%
C
= t
C/A
%
C
= t
C/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
) 9
3
2
)(
5 . 364
(
2
m m kN
EI
. / &
EI
m kN
3
2187 .
/ &
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
2187
4 6
2
6
3
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
/ &
%
C
= -0.04374 m = -43.74 mm
54
Example 8-7
Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the
figure. Values for the moment of inertia of each segment are indicated in the
figure.
Take E = 200 GPa.
A B C
4 m 3 m
I
AB
= 8(10
6
) mm
4
I
BC
= 4(10
6
) mm
4
500 Nm
55
BC BC
EI EI
1000
) 4 )(
250
( &
tangent A
SOLUTION
A B C
4 m 3 m
I
AB
= 8(10
6
) mm
4
I
BC
= 4(10
6
) mm
4
500 Nm
I
AB
= 2I
BC

A
B
C
!
B/A
!
B
= !
B/A
= the area under the M/EI diagram
between A and B
!
B
= 0.00125 rad
500 Nm
M /EI
BC
x (m)
BC
EI
500
BC
EI
250
!
B
=!
B/A
tangent B
) 4 )(
250
( m
EI
m N
BC
.
&
2
100
m N
EI
BC
. &
) 10 4 )( 10 200 (
100
4 6
2
9
2
m
m
N
m N
/
4 4
.
&
56
BC BC
EI EI
1000
) 4 )(
250
( &
BC BC
EI EI
1500
) 3 )(
500
( &
A B C
4 m 3 m
I
AB
= 8(10
6
) mm
4
I
BC
= 4(10
6
) mm
4
500 Nm
I
AB
= 2I
BC

M /EI
BC
x (m)
BC
EI
500
BC
EI
250
tangent A
A
B
C
tangent C
!
C/A
!
C
= !
C/A
!
C
= !
C/A
= the area under the M/EI diagram
between A and C
!
C
= 0.00313 rad
BC BC
EI
m N
EI
m N
2 2
1500 100 .
-
.
&
BC
EI
m N
2
2500 .
&
) 10 4 )( 10 200 (
2500
4 6
2
9
2
m
m
N
m N
/
4 4
.
&
57
BC BC
EI EI
1000
) 4 )(
250
( &

2 m
tangent A
A B C
4 m 3 m
I
AB
= 8(10
6
) mm
4
I
BC
= 4(10
6
) mm
4
500 Nm
I
AB
= 2I
BC

A
B
C tangent B
%
B
= t
B/A
%
B
= t
B/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and B computed about
point B.
M /EI
BC
x (m)
BC
EI
500
BC
EI
250
%
B
= 0.0025 m = 2.5 mm
) 2 (
1000
2
m
EI
m N
BC
.
&
3
2000
m N
EI
BC
. &
) 10 4 )( 10 200 (
2000
4 6
2
9
3
m
m
N
m N
/
4 4
.
&
58
BC BC
EI EI
1000
) 4 )(
250
( &
BC BC
EI EI
1500
) 3 )(
500
( &

5 m

1.5 m
tangent A
A B C
4 m 3 m
I
AB
= 8(10
6
) mm
4
I
BC
= 4(10
6
) mm
4
500 Nm
I
AB
= 2I
BC

A
B
C
%
C
= t
C/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about
point C.
tangent C
%
C
= t
C/A
M /EI
BC
x (m)
BC
EI
500
BC
EI
250
%
C
= 0.00906 m = 9.06 mm
) 5 . 1 (
1500
) 5 (
1000
2 2
m
EI
m N
m
EI
m N
BC BC
.
-
.
&
3
7250
m N
EI
BC
. &
) 10 4 )( 10 200 (
7250
4 6
2
9
3
m
m
N
m N
/
4 4
.
&
59
Example 8-8
Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
A
D
B
20 kN
C
3 m 3 m 6 m
60
C
A
B
D
3 m 3 m 6 m
A
B
C
D
A
D
B
20 kN
C
3 m 3 m 6 m
SOLUTION
M /EI
x (m)
10(6)=60 /EI
!
D/C
tangent C
!
C
= !
D/C
tangent C
tangent A
t
C/A
%
C
' %
tangent B
tangent D
horizontal
!
C
= !
D/C
--------(1)
Elastic Curve
10 10 kN
t
B/ A
12 3
'
/ A B
t
&
%
A B A B
t t
/ /
4
1
12
3
' & & %
A C C
t
/
'/ % & %
) 2 (
4
1
/ /
/ / / / / & %
A C A B C
t t
61
EI EI EI
135
) 3 )(
60 30
(
2
1
& -
M /EI
x (m)
60 /EI
A
D
B
C
3 m 3 m 6 m
!
D/C
= the area under the M/EI diagram
between C and D
1 m
t
C/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about point C.
30 /EI
EI EI
180
)
60
)( 6 (
2
1
&
EI EI
180
)
60
)( 6 (
2
1
&
4 6
3
2
&
8 6
3
1
6 & -
M /EI
x (m)
60 /EI
A
D B C
6 m 6 m
t
B/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and B computed about point B.
Moment-Area Theorem
M /EI
x (m)
60 /EI
A
D
B
C
30 /EI
EI
m kN
C D
2
/
135 .
& !
3
/
45
) 1 )](
30
)( 3 (
2
1
[ m kN
EI
m
EI
m kN
m t
A C
. &
.
&
) 8 )](
180
( ) 4 )](
180
(
2 2
/
m
EI
m kN
m
EI
m kN
t
A B
.
-
.
&
3
/
2160
m kN
EI
t
A B
. &
62
Substitute t
B/A
and t
C/A
in (2) :
!
C
= 0.01125 rad
!
C
= 0.01125 rad
tangent C
%
C
= 41.25 mm
%
C
= 0.04125 m = 41.25 mm,
A
B
C
Substitute !
D/C
in (1):
EI
m kN
C D C
2
/
135 .
& &! !
) 10 60 )( 10 200 (
135
4 6
2
6
2
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
&
A C A B C
t t
/ /
4
1
/ & %
EI EI
45
)
2160
(
4
1
/ &
EI
495
&
) 60 )( 200 (
495
&
63
Example 8-9
Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 6(10
6
) mm
4
A
C
B
4 m 4 m
5 kNm
64
A
B
C
SOLUTION
x (m)
M /EI
5 /EI
tangent A
tangent B
tangent C
!
A
!
C/A
!
C
= !
A
-

!
C/A
!
C
t
B/A
Elastic Curve
A
C
B
4 m 4 m
5 kNm
A
B
C
t
C/A
%
C
' %
t
B/A
tangent A
tangent B
tangent C
4 m 4 m
8
/ A B
A
t
& !
) 1 (
8
;
/
/
A C
A B
C
t
So ! ! / &
8 4
'
/ A B
t
&
%
A B
t
/
2
1
' & %
A C C
t
/
'/ % & %
) 2 (
2
1
;
/ /
/ / / / / & %
A C A B C
t t So
65
EI EI EI
5
)
5 . 2 5
)( 4 (
2
1
& /
EI EI
10
) 4 (
5 . 2
&
EI EI
20
)
5
)( 8 )(
2
1
( &
8
3
2
x (m)
M /EI
5 /EI
A
B
8 m
t
B/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and B computed about
point B.
4
3
2
2
!
C/A
= the area under the M/EI diagram
between A and C
x (m)
M /EI
5 /EI
2.5 /EI
A C B
4 m
t
C/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about point C.
Moment-Area Theorem
) 8
3
2
(
20
2
/
m
EI
m kN
t
A B
4
.
&
EI
m kN
3
667 . 106 .
&
EI
m kN
EI EI
A C
2
/
15 5 10 .
& - & !
) 4
3
2
(
5
) 2 (
10
2 2
/
m
EI
m kN
m
EI
m kN
t
A B
.
-
.
&
EI
m kN
3
333 . 33 .
&
66
A
B
C
Substitute t
B/A
and !
C/A
in (1) :
= -0.0014 rad
Substitute t
B/A
and t
C/A
in (2) :
tangent C
!
C
= 0.0014 rad
%
C
= 0.01667 m = 16.67 mm,
%
C
= 16.67 mm
A C
A B
C
t
/
/
8
! ! / &
)
15
( )
667 . 106
(
8
1
EI EI
C
/ & !
EI
m kN
2
667 . 1 .
/ &
) 10 6 )( 10 200 (
667 . 1
4 6
2
6
2
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
/ &
A C A B C
t t
/ /
2
1
/ & %
EI
m kN
EI
m kN
3 3
333 . 33
)
667 . 106
(
2
1 .
/
.
&
EI
m kN
3
20 .
&
) 10 6 )( 10 200 (
20
4 6
2
6
3
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
&
67
Example 8-10
Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(10
6
) mm
4
A
B
C
8 m 8 m
1 kN/m
68
8 m 8 m
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
1 kN/m
8 m 8 m
SOLUTION
4 kN 12 kN
x (m)
M /EI
C B
A
-32/EI
tangent C
%
tangent A
%
C
t
C/A
t
B/A
Elastic Curve
tangent C
tangent A
%
C
t
A/C
!
C
tangent B
) 1 (
16
/
/ / /
% -
&
C C A
C
t
!
8 16
'
/ A B
t
&
%
A B
t
/
2 ' & %
'
/
% / & %
A C C
t
) 2 ( 2
/ /
/ / / / & %
A B A C C
t t
69
EI EI
333 . 85
)
32
)( 8 (
3
1
/ & /
EI EI
128
)
32
)( 8 (
2
1
/ &
/
EI EI
333 . 85
)
32
)( 8 (
3
1
/ & /
EI EI
128
)
32
)( 8 (
2
1
/ &
/
Moment-Area Theorem
8
4
3
x (m)
M /EI
C B
A
-32/EI
8 m 8 m
t
C/A
= the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about
point C.
x (m)
M /EI
C B
A
-32/EI
8 m 8 m
t
A/C
= the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about
point A.
8
4
1
8-
8
3
2
Note
b
h
x
8
) 8
3
1
8 )(
128
( ) 8
4
3
)(
333 . 85
(
/
-
/
-
/
&
EI EI
t
A C
EI
m kN
3
37 . 1877 . /
&
) 8
3
1
)(
128
(
/
EI
t
A B
/
&
EI
m kN
3
33 . 341 . /
&
) 8
4
1
8 )(
33 . 85
( ) 8
3
2
)(
128
(
/
-
/
-
/
&
EI EI
t
C A
EI
m kN
3
1536 . /
&
bh A
3
1
&
b x
4
3
&
3
8
70
Substitute t
C/A
and !
B/A
in (2) : Substitute t
A/C
and %
C
in (1) :
!
C
= 0.00341 rad
%
C
= -23.89 mm
tangent C
!
C
= 0.00341 rad
%
C
= 0.02389 m = 23.89 mm,
A
B
C
A B A C C
t t
/ /
2 / & %
)
33 . 341
( 2
37 . 1877
EI EI
/ &
EI
m kN
3
71 . 1194 .
&
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
71 . 1194
4 6
2
6
3
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
&
) (
16
1
/ C C A C
t
m
% - & !
)
71 . 1194 1536
(
16
1
3 3
EI
m kN
EI
m kN
m
C
.
-
.
& !
EI
m kN
2
67 . 170 .
&
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
67 . 170
4 6
2
6
2
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
&
71
Example 8-11
(a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B.
(b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
20 kN
Hinge
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
72
10 kNm
20 kN
2.5 kN
0
75 kNm
22.5 kN
2.5 kN
2.5 kN
0
V (kN)
x (m)
-2.5 -2.5
-22.5
-22.5
-
-
-
10
M (kNm)
x (m)
-75
+
-7.5
20 kN
Hinge
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
73
-
+
x (m)
diagram
EI
M
EI
75 . 3 /
EI
5 . 37 /
tangent C = horizontal
%
B
= t
B/C
ta
n
g
e
n
t B
L
t
a
n
g
e
n
t

A
!
A
4
/ / A B C B
A
t t -
& !
A B
A B C B
A B A BL
t t
/
/ /
/
4
! ! ! ! /
-
& / &
t
B/A
t
a
n
g
e
n
t

B
R
Deflected Curve
Moment-Area Method
EI
10
-7.5
M (kNm)
x (m)
-
+
10
-75
!
C/B
!
BR
= !
C/B
!
BL
!
B/A
20 kN
Hinge
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
74
A
C
B
EI
25 . 5 /
EI
625 . 50 /
EI
25 . 11 /
EI
20
4.5 m
5 m
A
B C
-
+
x (m)
diagram
EI
M
EI
10
EI
75 . 3 /
4 m
3 m 3 m
EI
5 . 37 /
2 m
4
3
2
EI EI EI EI
C B BR
5 . 67 265 . 50 25 . 11 625 . 5
/
&
/
-
/
-
/
& & ! !
EI EI EI EI
t
C B B
315
) 5 (
265 . 50
) 5 . 4 (
25 . 11
) 2 (
625 . 5
/
&
/
-
/
-
/
& & %
) 200 )( 200 (
5 . 67
&
= 0.00168 rad
) 200 )( 200 (
315
& = 7.875 mm
) 200 )( 200 (
08 . 72
&
= 0.0018 rad
EI EI
EI EI
t t
A B
A B C B
BL
08 . 72 20
)
4
) 4
3
2
)(
20
(
315
(
4
/
/ /
& /
-
& /
-
& ! !
!
BR
= 0.00168 rad
!
BL
= 0.0018 rad
%
B
= 7.875 mm
75
Conjugate-Beam Method
w
dx
dV
/ &
+ +
/ & dx wdx M ] [
+
/ & wdx V
EI
M
dx
d
&
2
2
,
w
dx
M d
/ &
2
2
EI
M
dx
d
&
!
Or integrating,
+ +
& dx dx
EI
M
] ) ( [ ,
+
& dx
EI
M
) ( !
76
Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to
the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically
equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
w
L
A
B
real beam
M/EI
' A
' B
L
conjugate beam
77
Conjugate - Beam Supports
Real Beam Conjugate Beam
V
M = 0
hinge
V
M = 0
hinge
5) !
%
hinge
7) !
%
free
V = 0
M = 0
free
1) !
% = 0
external pin
3) !
% = 0
internal pin
2) !
% = 0
external roller
pin
V
M = 0
4) !
% = 0
internal roller
V
M
internal roller
6) ! = 0
% = 0
fixed
V
M = 0
roller
V
M
fixed
78
Real Beam Conjugate Beam
hinge
hinge
hinge
hinge
79
Example 8-10
The beam shown is subjected to a load P

at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.
2a a
A
B
C
P
,
C
80
Conjugate Beam
2a a
A
B
C
P
Real Beam
EI
diagram
EI
M
EI
Pa
/
!
% = 0
!
%
EI
Pa
2
2
EI
Pa
2
!
% = 0
V
M = 0
V
M = 0
V
M
EI
Pa
3
V
! diagram
EI
Pa
3
2
EI
Pa
3
2
2
/
EI
Pa
6
7
2
/
M
% diagram
EI
Pa
3
3
/
SOLUTION
Hinge
EI
Pa
6
7
2
EI
Pa
3
2
81
EI
Pa
2
A
B
2a
) 2 (
3
1
a
R
A
V
B
N
B
= 0
Conjugate Beam
Member BC:
V
B
0 = N
B
EI
Pa
/
B
C
EI
Pa
2
2
a
a
3
2
R
C
M
C
0 '
2 3
2
2 2
& - / /
C
R
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
2F
y
= 0:
+
EI
Pa
R
C
6
7
'
2
&
+
2M
C
= 0: 0 ) (
3
2
)
3
2
(
2
'
2 2
& - - / a
EI
Pa
a
EI
Pa
M
C
EI
Pa
M
C
3
' &
Member AB:
0 '
3
2 2
& / /
B
V
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
2F
y
= 0:
+
EI
Pa
V
B
3
2
'
2
/ &
+
2M
B
= 0: 0 ) 2 ( ' ) 2
3
1
(
2
& / a R a
EI
Pa
A
EI
Pa
R
A
3
'
2
&
82
Example 8-11
Use the conjugate beam method for
Determine the slope and deflection at points B of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(10
6
) mm
4
.
A
3 m
B
10 kN
3 m
83
SOLUTION
A
3 m
B
10 kN
3 m
10 kN
30 kNm
Real Beam
3 m
3 m
A
B
Conjugate Beam
EI
45
/
EI
30
/
5 m
EI
225
EI
45
30 ) 3 ( 10 &
10 10
x (m)
V
(kN)
-30
-
x (m)
M
(kNm)
x (m)
V
(kNm
2
)
x (m)
M
(kNm
3
)
-45/EI -45/EI
!
6
%
6
-
-225/EI
Deflected Curve
B
84
3 m
3 m
A
B
Conjugate Beam
EI
45
/
EI
30
/
5 m
EI
225
EI
45
x (m)
V
(kNm
2
)
-45/EI -45/EI
-
x (m)
M
(kNm
3
)
-225/EI
EI
V
B B
45
' / & & !
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
45
4 6
2
6
2
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
/ &
!
B
= -0.0009 rad
EI
M
B B
225
' / & & %
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
225
4 6
2
6
3
m
m
kN
m kN
/
4 4
.
/ &
%
B
= -0.0045 m = -4.5 mm
%
B
= 4.5 mm
Real Beam
B
!
B
= 0.0009 rad
85
Example 8-12
Use the conjugate beam method for
Determine the maximum deflection , the slope and deflection at points C of the
beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
.
A B
8 kN
C
9 m 3 m
86
A B
8 kN
C
9 m 3 m
Conjugate Beam
A B
C
9 m 3 m
SOLUTION
Real Beam
2 kN 6 kN
x (m)
M
(kNm)
18
%
C
!
C
18/EI
EI
81
EI
27
6 m
10 m
EI
45
EI
63
x (m)
V
(kNm
2
)
x (m)
M
(kNm
3
)
-45/EI
63/EI
+
-
% & %
max
x
36/EI
V

=

! & '
A
B
87
EI
x
2
A
EI
45
EI
x
EI
x 2
)
18
)(
9
( &
x
V = 0
M
3
x
maximum deflection
+
2M
x = 6.71
= 0:
0 ) 71 . 6 (
45
)
3
71 . 6
(
) 71 . 6 (
'
2
& - /
EI EI
M
2F
y
= 0:
+
0
45
2
& - /
EI
x
EI
x = 6.71 m
EI
M
246 . 201
' / &
slope and deflection at point C
A
C
9 m
18/EI
EI
81
EI
45
V
C
M
C
3 m
+
2M
C
= 0:
0 ) 9 (
45
) 3 (
81
' & - /
EI EI
M
C
2F
y
= 0:
+
0 '
81 45
& / - /
C
V
EI EI
EI
M
C
162
' / &
Note : V
C
is the same value from previously
obtained V diagram.
EI
V
C
36
' &
EI
M
246 . 201
'
max
/ & & %
88
) 10 60 )( 10 200 (
81 81
'
4 6
2
6
2
m
m
kN
m kN
EI
V
C C
/
4 4
.
& & & !
!
C
= 0.003 rad
) 10 60 )( 10 200 (
25 . 201 25 . 201
'
4 6
2
6
3
max
m
m
kN
m kN
EI
M
/
4 4
.
/ & / & & %
) 10 60 )( 10 200 (
162 162
'
4 6
2
6
3
m
m
kN
m kN
EI
M
C C
/
4 4
.
/ & / & & %
%
max
= -0.01677 m = -16.77 mm
%
C
= -0.0135 m = -13.35 mm
%
C
= 13.35 mm
%
max
= 16.77 mm
!
C
= 0.003 rad
A
B
C
89
Example 8-13
Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(10
6
) mm
4
A
B
C
8 m 8 m
1 kN/m
90
A
B
C
1 kN/m
8 m 8 m
Real beam
A
B
C
8 m 8 m
Conjugate beam
SOLUTION
4 kN 12 kN
x (m)
M
C B
A
-32
-32/EI
91
-32/EI
A
B
8 m
B
x
B
y
A
y
A
x
128/EI
+
2M
A
= 0:
EI
B
EI
B
y
y
33 . 85
'
0 ) 8
3
2
(
128
' 8
&
& /
+
2M
C
= 0:
2F
y
= 0:
+
EI
V
C C
67 . 170
' / & &!
rad 00341 . 0
) 250 )( 200 (
67 . 170
/ & &
0 ) 6 (
33 . 85
) 8 (
33 . 85
' & - - -
EI EI
M
C
m
EI
M
C C
024 . 0
) 250 )( 200 (
62 . 1194 62 . 1194
' / & / & / & % &
B
C
8 m
85.33/EI
EI EI
33 . 85
)
32
)( 8 (
3
1
&
V
C
M
C
(3/4)(8) = 6 m
-32/EI
92
%
C
= 24 mm
tangent C
!
C
= 0.00341 rad
A
B
C
A
B
C
1 kN/m
8 m 8 m
Real beam
93
Example 8-14
(a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B.
(b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
20 kN
Hinge
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
94
10 kNm
20 kN
SOLUTION
2.5 kN
0
75 kNm
22.5 kN
2.5 kN
2.5 kN
0
V (kN)
x (m)
-2.5 -2.5
-22.5
-22.5
-
-
-7.5
M (kNm)
x (m)
-
+
10
-75
20 kN
Hinge
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
Deflected Curve
95
Conjugate Beam
-
+
x (m)
diagram
EI
M
Real Beam
EI
10
EI
75 . 3 /
EI
5 . 37 /
EI
5 . 37 /
EI
75 . 3 /
EI
10
-7.5
M (kNm)
x (m)
-
+
10
-75
20 kN
Hinge
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
96
20
(EI)
-5.625
(EI)
-11.25
(EI)
-50.625
(EI)
Conjugate Beam
4 m
3 m 3 m
A
B
C
!
BL
= 0.0018 rad
V
(kNm
2
)
(EI)
92.08
(EI)
139.58
EI
875 . 61
EI
5 . 67
EI
08 . 72 /
EI
08 . 92 /
M
(kNm
3
)
-
+
) 200 )( 200 (
08 . 72 /
& &
BL
! = -0.0018 rad.
BR
! & &
) 200 )( 200 (
5 . 67
00168 . 0
!
BR
= 0.00168 rad
97
Slope before support B Slope after support B
V
BR
M
B
20
(EI)
A
B
(EI)
92.08
(EI)
139.58
2F
y
= 0:
+
0 '
58 . 139 20 08 . 92
& / - - /
BR
V
EI EI EI
EI
V
BR
5 . 67
' &
2F
y
= 0:
+
0 '
20 08 . 92
& / - /
BL
V
EI EI
EI
V
BL
08 . 72
' / &
rad V
BL BL
0018 . 0
) 200 )( 200 (
08 . 72
' / & / & & ! rad V
BR BR
00168 . 0
) 200 )( 200 (
5 . 67
' & & & !
V
BL
M
B
20
(EI)
A
B
(EI)
92.08
!
BR
= 0.00168 rad
!
BL
= 0.0018 rad
A
C
B
98
Deflection at point B
V
BR
M
B
20
(EI)
4 m
A
B
(EI)
92.08
(EI)
139.58
2.667 m
+
2M
B
= 0:
0 ) 4 (
08 . 92
) 667 . 2 (
20
' & - /
EI EI
M
B
EI
M
B
315
' / &
%
B
= 7.88 mm
B A
C
mm
EI
M
B
88 . 7
) 200 )( 200 (
315 315
' / & / & / &
99
Example 8-15
The girder in the figure below is made from a continuous beam and reinforced at
its center with cover plates where its moment of inertia is larger. The 3 -m end
segments have a moment of inertia of I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
, and the center portion has
a moment of inertia of I = 120(10
6
) mm
4
. Determine the slope and deflection at
point C, the maximum deflection. Take E = 200 GPa.
A B
6 kN
C
3 m 3 m
1.5 1.5
6 kN
8 kN
I = 120(10
6
) mm
4
.
I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
. I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
.
E
D
100
A B
C E D
EI
45
EI
45
EI
5 . 22
EI
5 . 22
EI
25 . 2
EI
25 . 2
A B
6 kN
C
3 m 3 m
1.5 1.5
6 kN 8 kN
I = 120(10
6
) mm
4
.
I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
. I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
.
E
D
Conjugate Beam
3 m 3 m
1.5 1.5
A B
C E D
SOLUTION
Real Beam
10 kN 10 kN
x (m)
M
(kNm)
30
36
30
+
EI
75 . 69
EI
75 . 69
x (m)
V
(kN)
10
4
-4
-10
-10
10
+30
-30
-6
+6
EI
15
EI
30
EI
18
EI
15
EI
30
A
B
Deflected curve
101
A B
C E D
EI
45
EI
45
EI
5 . 22
EI
5 . 22
EI
25 . 2
EI
25 . 2
EI
75 . 69
EI
75 . 69
3 m 3 m
1.5 1.5
x (m)
V
(kNm
2
)
EI
75 . 69 /
EI
75 . 24 /
EI
75 . 24
EI
75 . 69
-
+
V
C
M
C
+
2M
C
= 0: 0 ) 3 (
75 . 69
) 1 (
45
' & - /
EI EI
M
C
) 60 )( 200 (
25 . 164 25 . 164
' / & / & & %
EI
M
C C = -13.69 mm
) 200 )( 200 (
75 . 24 75 . 24
'
/
&
/
& &
EI
V
C C
! = -0.002063 rad
%
C
= 13.69 mm
!
C
=0.002063 rad
Slope and deflection at point C
x (m)
M
(kNm
3
)
A
C
EI
45
EI
75 . 69
3 m
1 m
102
A B
C E D
EI
45
EI
45
EI
5 . 22
EI
5 . 22
EI
25 . 2
EI
25 . 2
Maximum deflection
+
2M
D
= 0:
) 75 . 0 (
5 . 22
) 5 . 0 (
25 . 2
'
EI EI
M
D
/ /
EI
M
D
375 . 183
' / &
V
D
= 0
M
D
= -15.3 mm
) 60 )( 200 (
375 . 183
'
max
/ & & % & %
D D
M
0 ) 5 . 4 (
75 . 69
) 5 . 2 (
45
& - /
EI EI
EI
75 . 69
EI
75 . 69
3 m 3 m
1.5 1.5
x (m)
M
(kNm
3
)
x (m)
V
(kNm
2
)
EI
75 . 69 /
EI
75 . 24 /
EI
75 . 24
EI
75 . 69
-
+
V = 0
= 15.3 mm %

= %
max
A
C D
EI
45
EI
5 . 22
EI
25 . 2
EI
75 . 69
0.5 m
0.75 m
2.5 m
4.5 m