KL Murty page 1 NE 409/509

Ch. 5. Dislocations (Ch. 8 DRO; ref. Hull & Bacon)

(note: t and b are vectors)
Dislocation Line : line of demarcation between slipped and unslipped regions
- dislocations cannot end in a crystal
- they loop around or split (b
1
b
2
+b
3
) such that
- (i) b=0 and (ii) b
2
1
b
2
2
+b
2
3
(Franks Rule) - energetically favorable
- Burgers vector : vector of nonclosure of the Burgers circuit (Fig. 8.4)

Edge Dislocation : br to t and n = t x b
- in the fig. b=bi, t=k so that n=j
{+ive and -ive edges}

Screw Dislocation : b || to t and thus
n = t x b = 0 not uniquely defined
{+ive and -ive screws}

y (j)
x (i)
z (k)

Core : r
o
5b - around the where the atomic displacements are difficult to be
traced or theory of elasticity does not hold
Slip / Glide : conservative motion of a
Slip Plane / Glide Plane : of a contains both t and b (= n)
Change of Glide Plane : (i) Edge - climb non-conservative motion requiring
atoms or vacancies to migrate to the core by jog formation

(ii) Screw - can cross-slip (since no well defined glide plane n=txb=0)
Characteristics of Dislocations
Characteristics Edge Screw
Relation between t and b perpendicular parallel
Slip Direction parallel to b parallel to b
Change of glide plane climb cross-slip
Direction of motion relative to b parallel perpendicular
Direction of motion relative to t perpendicular perpendicular
Peierls-Nabarro Stress : lattice resistance (friction) experienced by a gliding dislocation

P-N
=
2G
1-
exp(-
2w
b
) where w=
a
1-
note as w
P-N

Mixed Dislocation : b = b
E
+ b
s

loops : (i) Glide loop - b is in the
plane of the loop and thus the loop
expands or contracts under an applied
stress (the loop has edge, screw and
mixed types of components)




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(ii) Prismatic loop - pure edge loop
b is r to the plane of the dislocation
{b=bj and t-around the circle in the x-z
plane the glide plane is the cylinder
perpendicular to the loop
this loop can

not expand or contract on

the plane of the loop conservatively}


Glissile s - mobile s vs Sessile s - immobile
Dislocation Density : (=[cm
-2
]=
N
hL
, 8.5.1) : total length of dislocations per unit
volume or number of dislocation intersections per unit area { = 1/L
2
}
Strain due to movement : = b x or bv = & Orowan Eq. 8.21
velocity : v

=(

o
)
m
, m from 1.5 to 40
Yield Points in well grown (

low
) crystals : & = bv (Orowan eqn) v

or
(to keep the strain-rate constant)

Elastic Strains and Stresses around a (or due to a ) : qualitative for NE409
Screw (b=t=k)
xz
,
yz
are non-zero (or in polar coordinates :
z
-non-zero)
Edge (b=bi, t=k)
xx
,
yy
,
zz
,
xy
- non-zero (8.3);
Strain Energy Density of a : (elastic strain energy per unit volume at r) (8.3)
E
el
(screw) =
Gb
2
8
2
r
2
E
el
(edge) =
Gb
2
8
2
(1-)r
2

line tension - T of a : (Total Elastic Strain Energy per unit length) is given by :
)
r
ln(
4
Gb
T
o
2
screw

= ; )
r
ln(
) 1 ( 4
Gb
T
o
2
edge

= where is of the order of grain diameter or
in general : T = Gb
2
where 0.51 (5-7; Eq.5-15)
note : (i) energy is minimized for b lowest - b usually along cpd
(ii) in reactions b
2
is minimized {Franks rule b
1
splits into b
2
and b
3

if and only if b=0 and b
2
1
b
2
2
+b
2
3
- as noted in the beginning}

Force on a due to an applied stress () : F = b (8.4)

Effects of External Stresses on Dislocations
1. Normal stresses (
ij

ij
) have no influence on Screw dislocations i.e. only shear stresses have
forces on them only
ij
s on the glide plane of the dislocation have non-zero forces
i.e., if k

b b =
r
and

, then
xy
has no effect on this k

=
2. Normal stresses on edge dislocations induce forces perpendicular to the glide/slip plane
has to climb (nonconservative process)
3. A glide loop expands or contracts under the appropriate applied shear stress



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Force on a curved dislocation (per unite length) : F =
Gb
2
R
= b or R =
Gb

(Fig. 8.9) thus s tend to be straight when there is no stress
Forces between dislocations (per unit length) : F = G x t = ( . b) x t (Section 8.6)
Like-Screw Dislocations repel & Opposite sign attract to annihilate
Forces between 2 Edge Dislocations
(Fig8.15) depend on their relative
positions : like s - y-force is repulsion
and - x-force is repulsion when the angles
are between -45-45; 135-225 (see Fig.)
and attraction between 45-135 and 225-
315

lead to 3 stable configurations
(see Fig.)
1
2
1 1
x-force on b
2
y-force on b
2
1
2
3

Path of a mobile edge due to a sessile edge on a parallel plane : (8.6.1)
- interaction parameter {h =
Gb
8(1-)
xy
} Eq.8.35
- defined by force balance between F

and F
-

if y
o
> h, no interaction and the
mobile
1
escapes the force due to sessile

2
(Fig. 8.16)


Subgrain boundaries (tilt and twist)
(Fig. 8.19)

b
D
=

tilt boundary large angle grain-boundary
(Dislocation Multiplication)
Frank-Read source :
FR
=
Gb
l/2

where l is the distance (DD in fig.) between
the pinning points on a dislocation (8.5.3;
Fig. 8.13)
Dislocation Intersections : Kinks and Jogs (8.5.2)
- steps formed in the plane of a are kinks
- steps on planes other than that of the are termed jogs
note : jogs on screw dislocations are of edge type and these jogs cannot glide along with the
screw - the edge-jogs need to climb for them to keep up with the gliding screw



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Dislocation pile-Up : (8.6.2)
- due to dislocations generated from a F-R source held up at an obstacle
- the obstacle could be a lead dislocation from another F-R source on a parallel
slip plane (Fig. 8.17) F-R source would generate another when the lead s
climb for mutual annihilation
Consequences of a Pile Up L =
nGb

xy

1. Just ahead of the pile-up (i.e., r is
small and 0) :
= n
xy
=
(1-) L
Gb

2
xy


2. At large r but smaller than L (such as at point P in fig.), there exists a stress
concentration due to the pile up :
at P

xy

L
r
(true for 70)

Summary of Strengthening Mechanisms and Related Equations
L
Gb
y
=
G = shear modulus, b = Burger's vector, L = characteristic spacing and
= dimensional strength factor
(depends on the mechanism but we approximate it to be unity)


Mechanism

Interaction Effect

Stress equation


Spacing formula
Dislocations
(work hardening)

Dislocation "cutting"

c
= Gb
=
1
L
2

Solutes Size misfit
Electrical + others

c
=
s
G c

c = at. frac. =
b
2
L
2

Precipitates
Size misfit
Precipitate shearing

c
=
p

Gb
L
f
v
= vol. frac. =
D
2
L
2

Grain boundaries Boundary "crossing"

c
=
o
+
k
d
d = grain size
Lattice resistance
(Peierls-Nabbaro
force)

Primary bonding

c
=
1
b
2

dG
dx
max


L = b

Note: Use the linear superposition rule to obtain
c
when more than one
strengthening mechanism is operative.

KL Murty NE 409/509

Stress Fields Around Dislocations







Screw Dislocation
b

= b
k

;

t

=

k


Cylindrical Coordinates :

z
=
z
=
Gb
2r

Cartesian Coordinates

xz
=
zx
= -
Gb
2

y
x
2
+ y
2
= -
Gb
2

sin
r

yz
=
zy
=
Gb
2

x
x
2
+ y
2
=
Gb
2

cos
r




Edge Dislocation
b

= b
i

;

t

=

k

Cylindrical Coordinates :

rr
=

=
Gb
2 (1)

sin
r

r
=
r
= -
Gb
2 (1)

cos
r

zz
= (
rr
+

)
Cartesian Coordinates

xx
= -
Gb
2(1)
y
3x
2
+y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2

yy
=
Gb
2(1)
y
x
2
- y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2

xy
=
yx
=
Gb
2(1)
x
x
2
- y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2

zz
= (
xx
+
yy
)








Forces between dislocations
Peach-Koehler formula
F = (. b) x t