05 WCDMA Radio Network Capacity Planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
Huawei Confidential
Security Level:
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FrutigerNext LT Medium
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2014/9/20
WCDMA Radio Network
Capacity Planning
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
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Foreword
WCDMA is a self-interference system
WCDMA system capacity is closely related to coverage
WCDMA network capacity has the soft capacity feature
The capacity planning of the WCDMA network is performed
under certain traffic models

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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp the parameters of 3G traffic model
Understand the factors that restrict the WCDMA network
capacity
Understand the methods and procedures of estimating multi-
service capacity
Understand the key technologies for enhancing network
capacity
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Contents
1. Traffic Model
2. Uplink capacity analysis
3. Downlink capacity analysis
4. Multi-service capacity estimation
5. Network estimation procedure
6. Capacity enhancement technologies
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Contents
1. Traffic Model
1.1 Overview of traffic model
1.2 CS traffic model
1.3 PS traffic model

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Service Overview
The WCDMA system supports multiple services
Variable-rate services (e.g. AMR voice)
Combined services (e.g. CS & PS)
High-speed data packet services (384k service)
Asymmetrical services (e.g. stream service )
Large-capacity and flexible service bearing
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QoS Type
R
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e

c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y

Conversationa
l
It is necessary to maintain the time relationship
between the information entities in the stream. Small
time delay tolerance, requiring data rate symmetry
Voice service,
videophone
Streaming
Typically unidirectional services, high requirements on
error tolerance, high requirements on data rate
Streaming
multimedia
N
o
n

r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e

c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y

Interactive
Request-response mode, data integrity must be
maintained. High requirements on error tolerance, low
requirements on time delay tolerance
Web page
browse,
network game
Background
Data integrity should be maintained. Small delay
restriction, requiring correct transmission
Background
download of
Email
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Objectives of Setting Up Traffic Model
In order to determine the system configuration, we need to
determine the capacity of the air interface first
In the data service, different transmission model will
generate different system capacities
We need to set up an expected data transmission model
of the customer so that we can plan the network properly
In order to set up a right model, the operator should
provide some statistic data as reference
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Traffic Model

Traffic model is a means of researching the capacity
features of each service type and the QoS expected by the
users who are using the service from perspective of data
transmission
In the data application, the user behaviour research mainly
forecasts the service types available from the 3G, the
number of users of each service type, frequency of using
the service, and the distribution of users in different regions
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System Configuration
User behaviour
Service Pattern
Traffic Model
Results
The Contents of Traffic Model

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Typical Service Features Description
Typical service features include the following feature
parameters:
User type (indoor ,outdoor, vehicle)
Users average moving speed
Service Type
Uplink and downlink service rates
Spreading factor
Time delay requirements of the service
QoS requirements of the service
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Contents
1. Traffic Model

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CS Traffic Model
Voice service is a typical CS services.
Key parameters of the model
Penetration rate
BHCA Mean busy-hour call attempts
Mean call duration (s)
Activation factor
Mean rate of service (kbps)
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CS Traffic Model Parameters
Mean busy-hour traffic (Erlang) per user = BHCA * mean call
duration /3600
Mean busy hour throughput per user (kbit) (G) = BHCA * mean
call duration * activation factor * mean rate
Mean busy hour throughput per user (bps) (H) = mean busy hour
throughput per user * 1000/3600
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Contents
1. Traffic Model

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PS Traffic Model

The most frequently used model is the packet service
session process model described in ETSI UMTS30.03
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PS Traffic Model
Active Dormant
Data Burst Data Burst Data Burst
Packet Call
Session
Packet Call Packet Call
Downloading Downloading
Active Dormant Dormant Active
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Traffic model
PS Traffic Model Parameters
Packet Call Num/Session
Packet Num/Packet Call
Packet Size (bytes)
Reading Time (sec)
Typical Bear Rate (kbps)
BLER
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Parameter Determining

The basic parameters in the traffic model are determined in
the following ways:
Obtain numerous basic parameter sample data from the
existing network
Obtain the probability distribution of the parameters through
processing of the sample data
Take the distribution most proximate to the standard probability
as the corresponding parameter distribution through
comparison with the standard distribution function
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N
BLER
BLER N BLER N BLER N BLER N N
n
*
1
1
* * * *
3 2
= + + + + +

Typical Bearer Rate (kbps)
Bearer rate is variable in the actual transmission process
BLER
In the PS service, when calculating the data transmission time, the
retransmission caused by erroneous blocks should be considered.
Suppose the data volume of service source is N, the air interface block
error rate is BLER, the total required data volume to be transmitted via
the air interface is:
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User behaviour
PS User Behaviour Parameters
Penetration Rate
BHSA
User Distribution
(High, Medium, Low end)
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PS User Behaviour Parameters

Penetration Rate
The percentage of the users that activates this service to all the
users registered in the network.
BHSA
The times of single-user busy hour sessions of this service
User Distribution (High, Medium, Low end)
The users are divided into high-end, mid-end and low-end
users. Different operators and different application situations
will have different user distributions
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Session traffic volumeByte Average traffic of single session of
the service

Data transmission time (s) The time in a single session of service
for purpose of transmitting data.

Holding Times Average duration of a single session of service
e TypicalRat
fficVolume SessionTra
BLER
s issionTime DataTransm
1000 / 8 *
*
1
1
) (
=
) (
Re * ) 1 / (
s issionTime DataTransm
adingTime Session lNum PackketCal e HoldingTim
+
=
) / ( * ) / ( * ) ( Session Num PacketCall PacketCall PacketNum PacketSize fficVolume SessionTra =
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Active factor:
The weight of the time of service full-rate transmission among the
duration of a single session.

Busy hour throughput per user (Kb):

PS throughput equivalent Erlang formula (Erlang)
e HoldingTim
issionTime DataTransm
or ActiveFact =
1000 / 8 * * / fficVolume SessionTra BHSA user roughput BusyHourTh =
)
3600
( _

=
or ActiveFact redRate TypicalBea
nEviroment Applicatio derTypical roughputUn BusyHourTh
gRate Penetratin User OfDiffrent Percentage Erlang Data
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Contents
1. Traffic Model
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Basic Principles
In the WCDMA system, all the cells share the same frequency,
which is beneficial to improve the system capacity. However, co-
frequency multiplexing causes interference between users. This
multi-access interference restricts the capacity
The radio system capacity is decided by uplink and downlink.
When planning the capacity, we must analyze from both uplink
and downlink perspectives
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N other own TOT
P I I I + + =
Uplink Interference AnalysisUplink
Interference Composition
Interference from the users of this cell
Interference from users of adjacent
cell
Noise floor of the receiver
own
I
other
I
N
P
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Receiver noise floor PN

KBoltzmann constant, 1.38
TKelvin temperature, normal temperature: 290 K
WSignal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth
3.84MHz
10lg(KTW) = -108dBm/3.84MHz
NF = 3dB (typical value of macro cell BTS)

NF W T K P
N
+ = ) * * log( 10
K J / 10
23
MHz dBm NF W T K P
N
84 . 3 / 105 ) * * log( 10 = + =
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Interference from users of this cell
Interference that every user must overcome:
is the receiving power of the user j , is active factor
Under the ideal power control :

Hence, :

The interference from users of this cell is the sum of power of all the
users arriving at the receiver
( )
j j j TOT
j
j
v R
W
P I
P
No Eb
1
/
=
N
j own
P I
1
( )
j j j
TOT
j
v R
W
No Eb
I
P
1
/
1
1 +
=
j total
P I
j
V
j
P
j
P
own
I
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:Interference from users of adjacent cell
The interference from users of adjacent cell is difficult to analyze
theoretically, because it is related to user distribution, cell layout,
and antenna direction diagram.
Adjacent cell interference factor

When the users are distributed evenly
For omni cell, the typical value of adjacent cell interference factor is
0.55
For the 3-sector directional cell, the typical value of adjacent cell
interference factor is 0.65
own
other
I
I
i =
other
I
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Define
Then
Uplink Interference Analysis
( )
( )
N
N
j j j
TOT
N other own TOT
P
v R
W
No Eb
I
i
P I I I
+
+
+ =
+ + =
1
1
/
1
1
1
( )
j j j
j
v R
W
No Eb
L
1
/
1
1
1
+
=
( )
N
N
j TOT TOT
P L i I I + + =

1
1
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Obtain
( )

+
=
N
j
N TOT
L i
P I
1
1 1
1
Suppose that:
All the users are 12.2 kbps voice
users, the demodulation threshold
Eb/No = 5dB
Voice activation factor vj = 0.67
Adjacent cell
interference factor
i = 0.55
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Load Factor
Define the uplink load factor

When the load factor is 1, is infinite, and the corresponding
capacity is called threshold capacity.

Under the above assumption, the threshold capacity is approx 96 users.
( ) ( )
( )

+
+ = + =
N
j j j
N
j UL
v R
W
EbvsNo
i L i
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1 q
TOT
I
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Uplink Interference AnalysisLoad
Factor and Interference
According to the above mentioned relationship, the
noise will rise:
( )
1
1 1
1
1 1
TOT
N
N UL
j
I
NoiseRise
P
i L
q
= = =
+

50% Load 3dB
60% Load 4dB
75% Load 6dB
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Limitation of the Current Method
The above mentioned theoretic analysis uses the following
simplifying explicitly or implicitly:
No consideration of the influence of soft handover
The users in the soft handover state generates the interference which is
slightly less than that generated by ordinary users.
No consideration of the influence of AMRC and hybrid service
AMRC reduces the voice service rate of some users, and makes them
generate less interference, and make the system support more users. (But
call quality of such users will be deteriorated)
Different services have different data rates and demodulation thresholds.
So, we should use the previous methods for analysis, but it will complicate
the calculation process.
Since the time-variable feature of the mobile transmission environment,
the demodulation threshold even for the same service is time-variable.
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Limitation of the Current Method
Ideal power control assumption
The power control commands of the actual system have
certain error codes so that the power control process is not
ideal, and reduces the system capacity
Assume that the users are distributed evenly, and the
adjacent cell interference is constant
Considering the above factors, the system simulation is a
more accurate method:
Static simulation: Monte_Carlo method
Dynamic simulation
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Contents
1. Traffic Model
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N other own TOT
P I I I + + =
Downlink Interference Analysis
Downlink Interference Composition
: Interference from the users of this cell
: Interference from the users of adjacent cell
: Noise floor of the receiver
own
I
other
I
N
P
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Receiver noise floor PN

K Boltzmann constant, = 1.38*
T Kelvin temperature, normal temperature 290 K
W Signal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth 3.84MHz
NF: Receiver noise figure
10lg(KTW) = -108dBm/3.84MHz
NF = 7dB UE typical value

NF W T K P
N
+ = ) * * log( 10
K J / 10
23
MHz dBm NF W T K P
N
84 . 3 / 101 ) * * log( 10 = + =
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:Interference from downlink DCH of this cell
The downlink users are identified with the mutually orthogonal OVSF
codes. In the static propagation conditions without multi-path, no mutual
interference exists.
In case of multi-path propagation, certain energy will be detected by the
RAKE receiver, and become interference signals. We define the
orthogonal factor to describe this phenomenon.

In the formula, PT is a total transmitting power of BTS, which includes the
dedicated channel transmitting power and the common channel transmitting
power
( ) ( )
1
T
own j
j
j
P
I
PL
o =
+ =
N
j CCH T
P P P
1
own
I
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: Interference from the downlink DCH of adjacent cell
The transmitting signal of the adjacent cell BTS will cause
interference to the users in the current cell. Since the
scrambling codes of users are different, such interference is
non-orthogonal
Assume the service is distributed evenly, the transmitting
power of all BTSs will be equal. k,j In the system, there are K
adjacent cell BTSs, where path loss from the number k BTS
to the user j is PLk,j. Hence we obtain:
( )

=
K
j k
T
j
other
PL
P I
1
,
1
other
I
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( )
N
K
j k
T
j
T
j
N other own TOT
P
PL
P
PL
P
P I I I
+ + =
+ + =
1
,
1
1 o
Suppose the power control is desired, we obtain
( )
( )
j j j TOT
j
j
j
v R
W
I
PL
P
EbvsNo
1
=
Then
( ) ( )
j j TOT j
j
j j
PL I v
W
R
EbvsNo P =
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Because
+ =
N
j CCH T
P P P
1
Then
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(
(
+ +
(
+ =
(
(
+ +
(
+ =
(
+ =

j N
K
j k
j
T T j
N
j
j
j CCH
N
K
j k
T
j
T
j
N
j j
j
j CCH
N
j j TOT j
j
j CCH T
PL P
PL
PL
P P v
W
R
EbvsNo P
P
PL
P
PL
P
PL v
W
R
EbvsNo P
PL I v
W
R
EbvsNo P P
1
,
1
1
,
1
1
1
1
1
o
o
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Resolve PT to obtain
( )
( ) ( )
+
(
+
=
N
j
j
j j j
N
j j
j
j N CCH
T
v
W
R
EbvsNo i
PL v
W
R
EbvsNo P P
P
1
1
1 1 o
where i
j
is the adjacent cell interference factor of the user,
defined as:
=
K
j k
j
j
PL
PL
i
1
,
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Page 45
According to the above analysis, we can define the downlink load factor:

When the downlink load factor is 100%, the transmitting power of the BTS is
infinite, and the corresponding capacity is called threshold capacity.
As different from the theoretic calculation of uplink capacity, and in
the downlink capacity formula are variable related to user position. Namely,
the downlink capacity is related to the spatial distribution of the users, and
can only be determined through system simulation.
( ) ( )
(
+ =
N
j
j
j j j DL
v
W
R
EbvsNo i
1
1 o q
j
a
j
i
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Simulation Result
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Simulation Result Analysis
When the transmitting power of the BTS is 43dBm (20W), the
supported maximum number of users is approx 114.
In order to ensure system stability, we do not allow the mean
transmitting power of the BTS to be more than 80% of the
maximum transmitting power, namely, 42dBm. This way, the
supported number of users is 111.
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Contents
1. Traffic Model
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Contents
4.1 Network capacity restriction factors
4.2 Typical capacity design methods

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Capacity Restriction Factors
The WCDMA network capacity restriction factors in the
radio network part include the following:
Uplink interference
Downlink power
Downlink channel code resources (OVSF)
Channel element (CE)
Iub interface transmission resources
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Downlink Transmit Power
The downlink transmit power has two parts:
one part is used for common channel, and
the other part for dedicated (traffic) channel.

The transmit power is allocated by the cell
to each user varies with service
demodulation threshold, propagation path
loss and the interference received by the
user
The downlink transmit power of the cell is
shared by all the users in the cell
We generally use the simulation method to
analyze the downlink interference.
+ =
N
j CCH T
P P P
1
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Downlink Channel Code Resources
The WCDMA network use the codes
whose SF is 4~512. The smaller the
SF is, the higher the supported data
rate will be.
In the code tree, the allocable codes
should meet the following conditions:
No codes on the path from this
code to the root node of code tree
are allocated
No codes in the sub-tree whose
root node is this code are allocated
Try to reserve the code words
whose SF is small, so as to
improve the utilization efficiency
1
1 -1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1
C
1,0
C
2,0
C
2,1
C
4,0
C
4,1
C
4,2
C
4,3
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
1
1 -1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1
C
1,0
C
2,0
C
2,1
C
4,0
C
4,1
C
4,2
C
4,3
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
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Downlink Channel Code Resources
Following is an example of code resources allocation
SF 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
C(256,0):PCPICH 2
0
C(256,1):PCCPCH 3
0
C(256,2): AICH 6
1
C(256,3): PICH 10
0
C(64,1):SCCPCH 8
0
C(64,2):SCCPCH 9
1
3
0
1
0
1

1
2

3
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Channel Element (CE)
The Channel element the quantitative data that measures the
resources logically occupied for service processing
The resource occupied by the service processing is mainly related
to the spreading factor of this service. The smaller the SF is, the
greater the data traffic will be, and more resources will be occupied
The SF of typical services are:
AMR12.2kbps SF=128
CS64kbps SF=32
PS64kbps SF=32
PS144kbps SF=16
PS384kbps SF=8
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Channel element (CE)
If we define the resources required for processing AMR 12.2kbps
services as a channel processing unit, the number of channel
processing units occupied by other services is:
AMR12.2kbps 1
CS64kbps 4
CS144kbps 8
CS384kbps 16
PS64kbps 4
PS144kbps 8
PS384kbps 16
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Iub Interface Capacity
The contents transmitted on the
Iub interface include:
The user data encapsulated in
the AAL2 format (common
channel and dedicated channel)
Signaling data encapsulated in
the AAL5 format
BTS operation & maintenance
data
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Iub Interface Capacity
Factors to be considered when estimating the interface
capacity:
Frame coding efficiency. Through segmentation and
encapsulation of the application data at each layer, the data
quantity at the bottom layer will be increased to different
extents compared with the application data at the upper
layers
Traffic. More users will generate more data traffic
Maintenance efficiency. Certain bandwidth is required in the
background maintenance for BTS data transmission
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Contents
4.1 Network capacity restriction factors
4.2 Typical capacity design methods

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Erlang-B Formula (I)
Erlang-B formula is used for
estimating the peak traffic that
meets certain call loss rate when
the average traffic (Erlang) is given
Erlang-B formula is only used for
Circuit switched services
Single service
The WCDMA system provides CS
and PS domain multi-services
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Page 60
Erlang-B Formula (II)
The prerequisite of the Erlang-B is the requests of
resources take on a Poisson distribution, namely, its
variance is equal to its mean value
If, when a service establishes a link, the service requires
the resources which are more than the unit resources, the
resource request is no longer equal to its mean value, and
the Erlang-B formula is not applicable in this case
Comparison of multi-service capacity estimation methods :
Post Erlang-B
Equivalent Erlangs
Campbells Theorem
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Post Erlang-B
By summing up the capacities
required for different services,
we obtain the capacities
required for the combined
services
No consideration of the
resource efficiency of different
services
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Post Erlang-B (II)
Consider that two services share resources
Service 1: 1 unit resource/connection.12 Erlang
Service 2: 3 unit resources/connection.6 Erlang
Calculate capacity required for each service
Service 1: 12 Erlangs require 19 connections (19 unit
resources), meeting the 2% blocking rate
Service 2: 6 Erlangs require 12 connections (equivalent to the
36 unit resources of service 1), meeting the 2% blocking rate
Total 55 unit resources
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Page 63
Post Erlang-B overestimates
the capacity requirements!
Post Erlang-B (III)
Consider that two services use the same resources
Calculate capacity required for each service
Service 1: 12 Erlangs require 19 connections, meeting the 2%
blocking rate
Service 2: 6 Erlangs require 12 connections, meeting the 2%
blocking rate
Total 31 unit resources
However, the reasonable results should be: 18 Erlangs
require 26 connections for meeting the 2% blocking rate 2
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Page 64
Equivalent Erlangs (I)
By converting the bandwidth
from one service to another
service, combine different
services and then calculate the
required capacity
Selecting different services as
the measurement benchmark
will lead to different capacity
requirements
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Equivalent Erlangs (II)
If using service 1 as measurement benchmark, the two services
are equivalent to 30 Erlangs in total
30 Erlangs require 39 connections (39 unit resources), meeting the 2%
blocking rate
If using service 2 as measurement benchmark, the two services
are equivalent to 10 Erlangs in total
10 Erlangs require 17 connections (equivalent to 51 unit resources of service
1), meeting the 2% blocking rate
The predication results
are not unique!
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Page 66
i
a
Campbells Theorem (I)
The Campbell theorem sets up a combined distribution

Here:
is service amplitude, namely, the channel resources
required for a single link of the service.
is the mean value, v is the variance.
c
ffic OfferedTra
o
=
c
a C
Capacity
i i
) (
=
= =
i
i
i
i
a Erlangs
a Erlangs
v
c
2
o
o
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Page 67
Campbells Theorem (II)
The system mean value is

The system variance is

The capacity factor c is 1
30 6 3 12 1 = + = =
i
a Erlangs o
2 . 2
30
66
= = =
o
v
c
66 3 6 1 12
2 2
2
= + = =
i
a Erlangs v
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Campbells Theorem (III)
Combined traffic is:

The number of connections for meeting the blocking rate of 2% is 21
For the target services that meet the same GoS, the capacity
required is (calculated on the basis of the unit resource of service 1)
Goal is service 1: C1 = (2.221) +1 =47
Goal is service 2: C2 = (2.221) +3 =49
For different services, the same GoS requires different capacities.
For the given capacity, the GoS of different services will differ slightly.
63 . 13
2 . 2
30
= = =
c
f fic OfferedTra
o
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The comparison of the different
capacity method
Post Erlang-B
Service 1 (1 unit resource/connection, 12Erl) and service 2 (3 unit
resources / connection, 6Erl), requiring 55 unit resources in total
Equivalent Erlangs
Calculated according to benchmark of service 1 (1 unit
resource/connection, 12Erl), a total of 39 unit resources are
required
Calculated according to benchmark of service 2 (3 unit
resources/connection, 6Erl), a total of 51 unit resources are
required
Campbells Theorem
In the same conditions, 47~49 unit resources are required in total.
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Summary of This Chapter
This chapter deals with the three methods of estimating the
multi-service capacity
The detailed process of using the Campbell theorem to
calculate the capacity is described
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Contents
1. Traffic Model
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Network estimation procedure
Cell
radius
Assumption of cell
load and carrier
number
Uplink capacity
dimension , downlink
capacity dimension
User density
Number of
user per cell
Service message
Compare
over
Adjustment of cell
load and carrier
number
Yes
No
Cell
area
Balance between
capacity and
coverage
dimension?
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Contents
1. Traffic Model
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Transmission Diversity TxDiv
Transmission diversity can enhance the downlink capacity
and coverage
Conclusion of capacity enhancement of transmission
diversity
STTD mode: Capacity increase of 17 ~ 24%
TxAA(1) mode: Capacity increase of 16 ~ 23%
TxAA(2) mode: Capacity increase of 31 ~ 37%
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Page 75
Sectorization
In the dense urban areas and the normal urban areas with high
traffic, increasing sectors of the BTS is a method of improving the
capacity
6-sectors BTS generally use the antenna whose horizontal lobe is
33
The capacity of a 6-sector BTS is 1.67 times that of a 3-sector
BTS
The capacity of a 3-sector BTS is 2.77 times that of a omni- BTS
Thank you
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