March 2004 * The Indian Concrete Journal

Pnint nI View
1
Dual role of gypsum: Set retarder and
strength accelerator
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Gpsun plcs c crucicl rclc in ccncni.
1|cug| ii is usc! in c sncll ucniii, in
i|c rcngc cj 2.5-3.0 pcrccni in icrns cj
SO
3
, gpsuns rclc in ccncni is
signijiccni, ncrc prc!cnincnil ci ccrl
cgcs. Gpsun rcn!crs ucr|c|ilii ic
ncricr cr ccncrcic | |ccping i|c ccncni
in plcsiic sicic ci ccrl cgc cj |!rciicn.
1|is is cc|ic.c! | c|cnging i|c ccursc
cj |!rciicn cj cclciun clunincic i|ci
ncnijcsis cs rcicr!ciicn in ccncni
|!rciicn. 1|is is |cu gpsun is
i!cniijic! cs c sci rcgulcicr cr rcicr!cr,
cs |ncun pcpulcrl . Nc.cri|clcss,
gpsun clsc ccniri|uics jcr sircngi|
cccclcrciicn in i|c ccrl sicgcs cj
|!rciicn. 1|is !ucl rclc cj gpsun is
!iscussc! in i|c jcciurc.
Gypsum is lhc scl rclardcr for ordinary
porlIand ccmcnl (OIC). Wilhoul gypsum,
ground cIinkcr cxhibils fIash sclling in a
fcw minulcs, duc lo lhc rapid hydralion of
caIcium aIuminalcs lo form caIcium
aIuminalc hydralc (CAH). Thc hydralion
of C
3
A rcIcascs profusc cxolhcrmic hcal
making lhc malrix sliff, minimising lhc
chanccs for rcmixing. Thc CAH, lhus
formcd, docs nol conlribulc for slrcnglh of
lhc malrix and, morcovcr, hampcrs lhc hy-
dralion of caIcium siIicalc. Thc scqucncc of
rcaclions, in lhc abscncc of gypsum, lolaIIy
vclocs lhc commcrciaI usc of ccmcnl. Thc
foIIowing chcmicaI rcaclion, in lhc abscncc
of gypsum, is cxpIanalory in lhis rcgard.
3 CcO. Al
2
O
3
+ n H
2
O
rccciicns jcsi
CAH + profusc cxolhcrmic hcal
Hcncc, il was found csscnliaI lo changc
lhc rcaclion coursc of C
3
A, and lhis was
mcl by lhc usc of suIphalc saIls. Duc lo ils
affinily wilh SO
3
, aIuminalc lcnds lo rcacl
rcadiIy wilh lhc formcr and in lhis proccss
lhc rcaclions of aIuminalc wilh walcr arc
prcvcnlcd. UIlimalcIy, gypsum was
idcnlificd as lhc mosl cffcclivc form of
suIphalc lo conlroI hydralion rcaclions of
C
3
A lhal incidcnlaIIy rcsuIlcd in bcllcr
workabiIily for a Iongcr duralion.
ChcmicaI rcaclion in lhc prcscncc of
gypsum is givcn bcIow
3CcO. Al
2
O
3
+ 3CcSO
4
. 2H
2
O + nH
2
O
3CcO. Al
2
O
3
. 3CcSO
4
. 32H
2
O
(Lllringilc : caIcium lrisuIpho aIuminalc
hydralc) + modcralc cxolhcrmic hcal
Many in lhc ccmcnl and concrclc
induslry know lhc roIc of gypsum as scl
rclardcr or scl rcguIalor. Bul lhc
compIcmcnlary roIc of gypsum, as
acccIcralor lo rcndcr high carIy slrcnglhs, is
gcncraIIy unnoliccd. This knowIcdgc gap
Icad lo a misundcrslanding lhal lhc
addilion of morc gypsum mcans
addilionaI rclardalion in sclling, which is
nol lruc. Thc formalion of cllringilc al
lhrcshoId IcvcIs acccIcralcs lhc hardcning
proccss and lhus haslcns slrcnglh gain al
carIy agcs. In vicw of lhis bchaviour, lhc
Ialcsl Luropcan codc on ccmcnl LNV
197 - 1 slipuIalcs highcr dosagcs of SO
3
(bclwccn 3.5 lo 4 pcrccnl by mass)
1
. As
againsl lhis, lhc Indian spccificalions on
bolh 43 and 53 OIC gradc (IS 8112 : 1989
2
and IS 122269 : 1987
3
) spccify lhc
maximum SO
3
conlcnl of 2.5 pcrccnl by
mass (for C
3
A< 5 pcrccnl) and 3 pcrccnl
by mass (for C
3
A> 5 pcrccnl). Thc
spccificalion on porlIand pozzoIana ccmcnl
(IS 489 : 1991
4
) and lhal on porlIand sIag
ccmcnl (IS 455 : 1989
5
) slipuIalcs SO
3
IcvcI
of 3 pcrccnl by mass.
In lhc manufaclurc of bIcndcd ccmcnls,
by virluc of rcaclivc aIuminalcs from fIy
ash and sIag lhal Icads lo uIlimalc ccmcnl,
lhc chanccs for cxislcncc of rcsuIlanl
caIcium aIuminalc hydralcs arc morc lhan
whal is gcncraIIy avaiIabIc in OIC, as shown
in lhc 1c|lc 1.
Hcncc, lhc incrcasing posilivc lhrcshoId
IcvcIs of gypsum is onc of lhc soIulions lo
ovcrcomc lhc wcakncss of slrcnglhs al carIy
agcs in morlar/concrclc wilh bIcndcd
ccmcnls. This aspccl is aIso of significancc
whcn lhc bIcnding is donc in rcady mix
N. DIanumaIIidas and N. KaIidas N. DIanumaIIidas and N. KaIidas N. DIanumaIIidas and N. KaIidas N. DIanumaIIidas and N. KaIidas N. DIanumaIIidas and N. KaIidas
2 The Indian Concrete Journal * March 2004
Pnint nI View
concrclc pIanls. WhiIc aII fIy ashcs may
nol nccd addilionaI gypsum, carc has lo bc
lakcn nol lo dcprivc lhosc fIy ashcs in nccd
of addilionaI gypsum.
IaI-G lcchnoIogy, dcvcIopcd by lhc
aulhors, achicvcd ils brcaklhrough by
lapping lhc polcnliaI of caIcium aIuminalcs
lowards lhc formalion of cllringilc and
mono-suIphalc, lhus changing lhc pacc of
Iimc-fIy ash chcmislry. Gypsum pIays a
prcdominanl roIc as lhc slrcnglh-
acccIcralor in lhc conlcxl of hydralcd
mincraIogy in IaI-G. Morcovcr, gypsum
works as scl-acccIcralor in Iimc-pozzoIana
bindcrs in conlrasl lo ils roIc as scl-rclardcr
in OIC.
Calcium aluminate
sulphate chemistry
Bcforc gclling inlo lhc dclaiIs of lhc min-
craIogicaI formalions, il is csscnliaI lo bricfIy
go lhrough lhc chcmislry and hydralion of
OIC, which is a producl of four principaI
mincraIogicaI phascs, namcIy,
3CcO. SiO
2
: C
3
S (TricaIcium siIicalc)
2CcO. SiO
2
: C
2
S (DicaIcium siIicalc)
3CcO. Al
2
O
3
: C
3
A (TricaIcium aIuminalc)
4CcO.AI
2
O
3
.Ic
2
O
3
: C
4
AI (TclracaIcium
aIuminofcrrilc)
Upon adding walcr, lhc anhydrous
mincraIogy gcls dissocialcd as CcO, SiO
2
,
Al
2
O
3
and Ic
2
O
3
for associaling inlo
hydralcd mincraIogy. Sclling is lhc inlcrfacc
for lhis lransformalion. Soroka
6
gavc
scqucnliaI iIIuslralions for working pcriod,
iniliaI sclling and finaI sclling for ccmcnl
paslc, by graphic rcprcscnlalion of lhc
mincraIogicaI phasc formalions as shown
in Iig 1.
As cxpIaincd by Soroka in lhc firsl
phasc, whcn walcr is addcd lo ccmcnl, as a
rcsuIl of lhc hydroIysis of lhc caIcium
siIicalcs, a supcr-saluralcd soIulion of
caIcium hydroxidc is formcd. SuIphalc and
aIkaIi ions, as wcII as smaII amounls of
siIica, aIumina and fcrric oxidc arc aIso
prcscnl in lhc soIulion. CaIcium hydroxidc
and cllringilc prccipilalc oul and a dcnsc
C-S-H gcI coaling is formcd on lhc ccmcnl
grains. This coaling as wcII as cllringilc
coaling on C
3
A grains rclard furlhcr
hydralion, and lhis cxpIains lhc cxislcncc
of dormanl pcriod, lhal is, lhc pcriod of
rcIalivc inaclivily Iasling for onc lo lwo
hours. During lhis dormanl pcriod lhc paslc
rcmains pIaslic and workabIc. Thc cnd of
lhc dormanl pcriod can bc idcnlificd as
iniliaI scl. This is allribulabIc lo lhc brcak
up of C-S-H and cllringilc coalings, and
lhc rcsuIlanl conlinualion of hydralion
proccss. Duc lo lhc osmolic prcssurc lhc
gcI coaling gcls ruplurcd, cxposing lhc
ccmcnl grain, whcrcin hydralion is rcsumcd
and sclling lakcs pIacc.
ConscqucnlIy, as lhc hydralion
procccds, lhc hydralion producls graduaIIy
fiII in lhc spaccs of lhc ccmcnl grains. Ioinls
of conlacl arc formcd rcsuIling in sliffcning
of lhc paslc, which is idcnlificd as lhc
sclling. Al somc
Ialcr slagc, lhc
conccnlralion of
hydralion producls
and rcsuIlanl
conccnlralions of
poinls of conlacl
rcslricl lhc mobiIily
of ccmcnl grains lo
such an cxlcnl lhal
lhc paslc bccomcs
rigid, rcaching lhc
slalc of finaI scl.
Thc voIumc of
lhc hydralion
producls, lhrough
lhc proccss of
cryslaIIisalion and
malrix formalion, is
morc lhan lwicc lo
lhal of lhc
anhydrous ccmcnl.
Thc dissocialion
and associalion of
mincraIogy conlinuc
as Iong as lhc
moislurc is
avaiIabIc and
rcIcasc of Iimc is
conlinucd in lhc
malrix. This aclivily was suslainabIc for
Iongcr agcs in Iow gradc ccmcnls, accrcdilcd
for lhcir durabiIily, which is cxpIaincd in
lcrms of hcal bank and Iimc bank by lhc
aulhors
7
. In conlrasl, acccIcralcd rcaclions
lakc pIacc in high gradc ccmcnls for
rcIalivcIy shorlcr pcriods, Icading lo lhc
compIicalions and dccrcasc in durabiIily.
Ettringite in pre-hardened
and post-hardened
concrete.
Il is obscrvcd lhal lhc cllringilc formcd in
prc-hardcning slagc is conducivc for lhc
malrix formalion in comparison lo lhc samc
formcd in posl-hardcning slagc. Thc sim-
pIc rcason is ils voIumc cxpansion by lak-
ing aImosl 32 moIccuIcs as walcr of crys-
laIIisalion. As aIrcady mcnlioncd, in a hy-
dralcd ccmcnl paslc, lhc IcvcI of impcrmc-
abiIily incrcascs lhrough voIumc cxpansion
of hydralcd phascs and lhc rcsuIlanl
dcnsificalion lhrough lhc proccss of cur-
ing. In lhc iniliaI agcs of hydralion lhis cx-
pansion conlribulcs for lhc inlcrnaI
compaclion of malrix, rcsuIling in
dcnsificalion and slrcnglh. Thcsc phcnom-
cna Icad uIlimalcIy lo impcrmcabiIily of
lhc malrix. Howcvcr, if lhc samc cxpan-
sion occurs aflcr lhc malrix allains voIumc
slabiIily lhcn lhc malrix is subjcclcd lo in-
Table 1: Need of SO
3
corresponding to calcium aluminates formation in the blends
Type of cement C
3
A CA As monosulphate Need of SO
3
3CaO.Al
2
O
3
.CaSO
4
.12 H
2
O for final phase
OPC 5.00 9.28 11.50 1.47
OPC(70) + FA(30)* 3.50 16.70 29.40 6.40
OPC(50) + Slag(50)** 2.50 38.40 8.35
Note: CA - Reactive calcium alumino silicate, *Fly ash with 30 percent reactivity containing 25 percent Al
2
O
3
,
**Slag with 90 percent reactivity containing 14 percent Al
2
O
3
.
March 2004 * The Indian Concrete Journal
Pnint nI View
3
lcrnaI cxpansivc prcssurcs lhal rcsuIl in
cracking of lhc concrclc.
If lhc hydralion charl of Soroka is
obscrvcd for lhc formalion of various
mincraIogics, lhc formalion of
suIphoaIuminalc hydralcs is prcdominanl
liII lhc finaI scl lhal is foIIowcd by caIcium
siIicalc hydralcs. As cllringilc dcsccnds
from ils pcak of formalion by firsl or sccond
day, lhc formalion of monosuIphalc docs
commcncc. Whal docs il mcan` Il mcans
lhal gypsum gcls IargcIy cxhauslcd for lhc
formalion of lri-suIphalc. Al lhis slagc
caIcium aIuminalc hydralcs conlinuc lo bc
avaiIabIc wilh affinily lo form
suIphoaIuminalc hydralcs. Duc lo lhcir
affinily for suIphalc ion lhcsc aIuminalc
hydralcs rcacl wilh cllringilc. This is
manifcslcd as lhc commcnccmcnl of
monosuIphalc formalion. Thcsc rcaclions
concur wilh lhc physicaI slalus of lhc malrix
whcrc porosily of lhc malrix is IargcIy fiIIcd
up by cllringilc al carIy agc, bcyond which
lhc rcduccd porous spaccs arc
progrcssivcIy occupicd by monosuIphalc.
Thus, lhc lhrcc-day slrcnglh is IargcIy
allribulabIc lo lhc formalion of caIcium
suIphoaIuminalc hydralcs.
Thc lransformalion of cllringilc lo
monosuIphalc is as foIIows:
3CcO.Al
2
O
3
.3CcSO
4
.32H
2
O +
2(3CcO.Al
2
O
3
) + x H
2
O
3(3CcO.Al
2
O
3
.CcSO
4
.12H
2
O)
This is a sIow rcaclion lhal cilhcr Icavcs
monosuIphalc as lhc uIlimalc mincraIogy
of suIphoaIuminalcs or makcs lhc samc inlo
hcxagonaI pIalc soIid soIulion wilh CAH,
probabIy C
4
AH
13
, lo rcsuIl in a slabIc slagc.
In lhc scqucncc of caIcium aIuminalc
hydralc chcmislry, cllringilc (lrisuIphalc)
formalion is an in-buiIl mcchanism or a boon
lo rcndcr high carIy slrcnglhs lo lhc malrix.
This can bc achicvcd onIy in lhc prcscncc of
gypsum, which aIso haslcns lhc CSH
chcmislry
8
. This is how gypsum's roIc is
uphcId as carIy-slrcnglh acccIcralor.
Al lhc carIy agcs, lhc ccmcnlilious
malrix nccds hcal for rapid hydralion of
chcmislry. This is rcndcrcd by lhc hydralion
of C
3
A, which is commcnsuralcIy avaiIcd
as hcal of formalion. Thc lhrcshoId dosc of
gypsum rcguIalcs lhc hcal of hydralion as
aIso lhc cllringilc formalion for progrcssivc
chcmislry. In lhc anxicly of nol lo rclard
ccmcnl if lhc gypsum is rcduccd bcIow lhc
lhrcshoId IcvcI, hcal of hydralion is
commcnsuralcIy profusc Icading lo inlcrnaI
lhcrmaI slrcsscs and incohcsivcncss. This
is whcrc lhc roIc of gypsum is cvidcnl as
rclardcr.
Maximum amounl of gypsum is
cngagcd inlo cllringilc in lhc firsl lwo lo
lhrcc days. Thus, malrix bccomcs morc
cohcsivc wilh improvcd slrcnglh
dcvcIopmcnl. NcvcrlhcIcss, cach cIinkcr has
ils own oplimum IcvcI of dcmand for
gypsum lhal dccidcs lhc olhcr
characlcrislics. Thc dala in 1c|lc 2 cIucidalc
lhc samc.
In lhc abovc sludics on OIC, addilion
of SO
3
bcyond 2.1 pcrccnl is proving advcrsc
bolh in slrcnglh and hcal of hydralion
lhough lhc onc-day slrcnglh is imprcssivc.
Hcncc, il wouId bc highIy inapproprialc lo
dccidc lhc quaIily of ccmcnl bascd on onc-
day slrcnglh aIonc, which unforlunalcIy is
projcclcd as a quaIily paramclcr by many.
Strength data of calcium
aluminates to calcium
sulpho aluminates
Gypsum in FaL-G
In IaI-G sludics, lwo formuIalions wcrc
madc for fIy ash Iimc mixcs wilh and wilh-
oul gypsum. Thc prcdominanl diffcrcncc
is lhc formalion of caIcium aIuminalc hy-
dralc whcrc lhcrc was no gypsum, and lhc
formalion of caIcium suIphoaIuminalc hy-
dralc whcrc gypsum was avaiIabIc. Thcsc
mincraIogicaI formalions wcrc subslanli-
alcd by XRD. Nolwilhslanding lhcsc for-
malions, lhc slrcnglh dala aIso subslanli-
alc lhc obscrvalion bolh al 7-day and 28-
day as shown in 1c|lc 3. In lhc Iighl of mod-
cralc pcrformancc by caIcium siIicalc chcm-
islry in fIy ash Iimc mixcs al carIy agcs, lhc
crcdil of lhc carIy slrcnglh gocs lo cllringilc.
1c|lc 3 shows lhal IT fIy ashcs show highcr
rcaclivily lhan HT fIy ashcs. This couId bc
allribulcd lo lhc prcscncc of highcr rcaclivc
amorphous aIumino siIicalcs in IT fIy ashcs
which produccs CAH lhal can furlhcr form
cllringilc wilh gypsum.
Gypsum in blended cements
Thc hydralion chcmislry of bIcndcd cc-
mcnls is a lwo-phasc mcchanism. In lhc
firsl phasc, lhc OIC chcmislry surfaccs and
in lhc sccond phasc pozzoIanic chcmislry
comcs inlo forcc. This is rcprcscnlcd as foI-
Iows:
OIC + H
jcsi
Irimary hydralcd mincraIogy + CH
IozzoIana + CH + H slcu
Sccondary hydralcd mincraIogy
In pozzoIanic rcaclions, aIumina is
noliccd bul lhc addilion of commcnsuralc
gypsum is nol givcn much wcighlagc. Lvcn
lhc ASTM dcfinilion of pozzoIanic
chcmislry is siIcnl on lhis issuc, which says,
SiIiccous or siIiccous and aIuminous
malcriaIs, which, lhough nol ccmcnlilious
lhcmscIvcs, rcacl wilh Iimc, whcn in fincIy
dividcd form, in lhc prcscncc of walcr al
ordinary lcmpcralurc, and form slabIc and
insoIubIc mincraIogicaI phascs, posscssing
ccmcnlilious characlcrislics.
Bul lhc principIc bchind usc of
addilionaI gypsum in bIcndcd ccmcnls Iics
in lhc capabiIily of SO
3
lo brcak lhc gIass of
pozzoIana. This occurs duc lo lhc affinily
bclwccn SO
3
and aIumina lhal faciIilalcs
lhc formalion of caIcium suIphoaIuminalc
hydralcs. Thc indirccl bcncfil is lhc
avaiIabiIily of rcaclivc siIica, frccd from
gIass of pozzoIana, for rcaclions. Thc
formalion of addilionaI cllringilc and CSH
makcs lhc ccmcnl malrix morc dcnsificd
and impcrmcabIc al carIy agcs. Thc sludics
on fIy ash bIcndcd morlars and concrclc
subslanlialc lhis phcnomcnon as shown in
1c|lc 4.
Table 2: Relation of strength and heat of hydration to increase in SO
3
in OPC
SO
3
, Setting time, min Compressive strength, MPa Heat of hydration, kCal/kg
percent Intial Final 1-day 3-day 7-day 28-day 12-hour 1-day 3-day 7-day 28-day
1.80 115 150 17.7 37.4 53.8 61.6 22.5 33.2 45.4 59.3 67.2
2.10 130 165 20.9 40.2 59.0 65.4 28.2 33.2 44.5 63.0 65.7
2.40 135 180 20.9 32.1 47.8 62.0 46.0 54.2 63.2 80.3 88.5
Surface area of OPC : 320 kg/m
2
Table 3: Increase in strength upon
addition of gypsum in fly ash-lime mixes
both in LT and HT fly ashes
Source Compressive strength MPa
Fly ash + lime FaL-G
7-day 28-day 7-day 28-day
LT fly ash 1 9.0 17.9 25.0 32.0
LT fly ash 2 11.0 15.8 20.0 25.8
HT fly ash 1 2.6 7.8 8.4 24.0
HT fly ash 2 3.3 4.9 6.5 24.8
4 The Indian Concrete Journal * March 2004
Pnint nI View
Durability aspects
Chloride permeability with
change in dose of gypsum
Whcn gypsum is addcd as a lhird compo-
ncnl in Iimc rcaclivily sludics, lhc IR vaIuc
improvcs slrikingIy lhal indicalcs forma-
lion of quilc cohcsivc malrix associalcd wilh
improvcd slrcnglh as shown in 1c|lc 5.
Sludics on bIcndcd concrclcs using
SampIc 3 havc broughl in inlcrcsling
phcnomcna lowards improvcd durabiIily
dcspilc highcr workabiIily as shown in
1c|lc 6.
The rationale of gypsum in
European codes:
Sludics wcrc conduclcd on OIC al diffcr-
cnl doscs of gypsum mcnlioncd in lcrms of
SO
3
. Thc hcal of hydralion diminishcs up
lo a parlicuIar IcvcI bcyond which, il is nolcd
lhal, incrcasc of SO
3
lhc incrcascs hcal of
hydralion aIso, which is cvidcnl from lhc
dala aIrcady givcn in 1c|lc 2.
This mcans, gypsum Iibcralcs morc hcal
of hydralion on accounl of rapid chcmislry.
Howcvcr, bcyond a lhrcshoId IcvcI of SO
3
,
such rapid chcmislry wouId nol conlribulc
for slrcnglh gain. This cxpIains lhc ralionaIc
bchind lhc incrcasc of gypsum for rapid
hardcning ccmcnls vidc Luropcan codc,
kccping an cyc on lhc lhrcshoId Iimils.
Conclusions
Gypsum works as a doubIc-cdgcd sword
in ccmcnl chcmislry. Onc nccds lo havc com-
prchcnsivc undcrslanding of lhc ccmcnl
mincraIogy and hydralion chcmislry bcforc
dcciding on lhc dosagc of gypsum. As
much onc can gcl oplimum rcsuIls by judi-
cious inpul of gypsum, so much so onc
may gcl disaslrous rcsuIls loo by impropcr
dosing. This is whcrc lhc hoIislic knowI-
cdgc on ccmcnl chcmislry is of significancc.
Acknowledgements
Thc aulhors acknowIcdgc lhc guidancc of
Irof I.K. Mchla and his wcaIlh of Iibrary
madc avaiIabIc. Thc aulhors aIso rccord
lhcir gralcfuIncss lo Madras Ccmcnls Ild.,
for making avaiIabIc lhc Iaboralorics lo lhis
rcscarch.
References
1. ______Ccncni pcri | . Ccnpcsiiicn, spccijicciicns
cn! ccnjcrnii criicric jcr ccnncn ccncni, LNV,
197-1 : 1995, Luropcan Commillcc for
Slandardisalion, BrusscIs.
Table 5: Improvement in lime reactivity
strength with the addition of gypsum
Fly ash Lime reactivity strengths MPa
Without gypsum With gypsum
10-day 90-day 10-day 90-day
Sample 1 2. 8 6. 4 5. 2 10.8
Sample 2 7. 7 11.9 11.9 19.3
Sample 3 9. 1 15.9 17.7 21.7
Table 6: Reduction in permeability upon addition of gypsum
Cementitious Slump, mm Compressive strength, MPa Chloride permeability
Content, percent 3-day 7-day 28-day 90-day 180-day 360-day material, Coulombs
OPC Sample 3 28-day 90-day 180-day 360-day
100 14 21.6 31.2 43.3 47.2 51.4 54.7 3852 2451 2251 1912
65 35 80 12.2 17.7 35.1 53.7 58.4 65.9 2529 313 166 155
65 35* 139 13.1 18.8 35.7 54.9 61.3 63.7 2107 234 130 151
*Added with 2.76 as SO
3
.
2. ______|n!icn sicn!cr! cc!c jcr 43 grc!c cr!incr
pcrilcn! ccncni, IS 8112 : 1989, Burcau of Indian
Slandards, Ncw DcIhi.
3. ______|n!icn sicn!cr! cc!c jcr |ig| sircngi|
cr!incr pcrilcn! ccncni, IS 12269 : 1987, Burcau
of Indian Slandards, Ncw DcIhi.
4. ______ |n!icn sicn!cr! cc!c jcr jl cs| |csc!
ccncni, IS 1489 : 1991, Burcau of Indian
Slandards, Ncw DcIhi.
5. ______|n!icn sicn!cr! cc!c jcr |lcsi jurnccc slcg
|csc! |lcn!c! ccncni, IS 455 : 1989, Burcau of
Indian Slandards, Ncw DcIhi.
6. Soroka I: Pcrilcn! Ccncni Pcsic cn! Ccncrcic,
ChcmicaI IubIishing Co.,Inc. Ncw York, 1979.
7. BHANUMATHIDAS, N and KAIIDAS, N MclaboIism
of ccmcnl chcmislry, 1|c |n!icn Ccncrcic jcurncl,
Scplcmbcr 2003, VoI 77, No 9, pp. 1304-1306.
8. MLHTA, I.K. and MONTLIRO, IAUIO }.M. Ccncrcic.
Micrcsiruciurc, Prcpcriics, cn! Mcicricls, Thc
McGraw HiIIs Companics Inc, Ncw York, 1993.
Table 4: Impact of gypsum on compressive strength at different inputs of fly ash
OPC Compressive strength of mortar, MPa
Fly ash 7-day 14-day 28-day 60-day 270-day
(a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b)
50 : 50 24.4 20.0 32.4 22.8 40.8 29.6 50.8 44.4 56.8 48.0
(PPC-I)
40 : 60 21.2 15.2 29.6 22.0 38.0 34.0 45.2 44.4 56.0 47.8
(PPC-II)
100 : 0 27.2 35.2 40.4 48.0 54.4
(control mortar)
(a): Added with anhydrite commensurate to fly ash quantity, (b): Without anhydrite
Dr N Bhanumathidas is lhc
dircclor gcncraI of Inslilulc
for SoIid Waslc Rcscarch and
LcoIogicaI BaIancc
(INSWARLB), lhc rcscarch
body dcdicalcd lo lhc uliIisa-
lion of induslriaI waslcs lo-
wards buiIding malcriaI. Aflcr oblaining
hcr poslgradualc dcgrcc in physics from
Andhra Univcrsily, shc did hcr docloraI
sludics in chcmicaI cnginccring (inlcr-dis-
cipIinary). Dr Bhanumalhidas has aulhorcd
scvcraI lcchnicaI papcrs in coIIaboralion wilh
hcr associalc, Mr N KaIidas, and prcscnlcd
al scvcraI nalionaI and inlcrnalionaI scmi-
nars. IaI-G is lhc oulcomc of lhis lcam-
work. Shc is currcnlIy focussing on ad-
vanccd concrclc lcchnoIogy, usc of indus-
lriaI byproducls as compIcmcnlary ccmcn-
lilious malcriaI and promolion of bIcndcd
ccmcnls.
Mr N KaIidas is cngagcd in
lhc pursuil of waslc uliIisa-
lion lcchnoIogics for lhc Iasl
18 ycars as a lcchnocral and
by virluc of his assignmcnl
wilh ccrlain ovcrscas compa-
nics. In ordcr lo consoIidalc
his work on waslc uliIisalion, hc aIong wilh
his associalc, Dr N Bhanumalhidas,
foundcd lhc rcscarch body, INSWARLB. Hc
is lhc dircclor of INSWARLB. His ficId of
inlcrcsl incIudcs: advanccd concrclc lcch-
noIogy, usc of induslriaI byproducls as
compIcmcnlary ccmcnlilious malcriaI, pro-
molion of bIcndcd ccmcnls. AIong wilh Dr
N Bhanumalhidas, hc has aulhorcd scv-
craI lcchnicaI papcrs and prcscnlcd al vari-
ous nalionaI and inlcrnalionaI scminars.
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