IP Addressing and Subnetting

.
IP address
.
:
.

1- Bit

Octet.
:

bit 8

2- Byte

Network address
3.192.168.10.0 172.16.0.0 10.0.0.0
Broadcast address
: 10.255.255.255

octet

4-

172.16.255.255 :
172.16.0.0
.10.0.0.0

byte

bit 32

.172.16.30.56 :

IP address
:
1-

.10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000 :
Windows Registry.

: AC 10 1E 38

23-

.
IP
192.168.1.2
192.168.1
.3

192.168.1.3
host address

Class A network.
Class C network.

node address

Class B network.
.

:
1

8
:
:
128

64

32

16

:1

00100110
2 + 4 + 32 = 38

:1

:
01010101
1+4+16+64 = 85

:
00001111 = 15
10001100 = 140
11001100 = 204
:
00000000 = 0
10000000 = 128
11000000 = 192
11100000 = 224
11110000 = 240
11111000 = 248
11111100 = 252
11111110 = 254
11111111 = 255

: Class A
byte
127 0

bit
Class A

Class A

0
:
00000000
:
01111111
:
00000000 = 0
01111111 = 127
Class A.

127 0

IP

: Class B
Class

byte

bit
0

1
.191 = 10111111

B
10000000 = 128

: Class C
1
192 = 11000000

0
= 223. 11011111

223

:
Cisco

routers

0.0.0.0
1default route

.
.

nodes

255.255.255.255
0
:

2-

IP
3128.2.0.0 128.2.255.255 :
192.168.1.0 128.2.0.0
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255
128.2.255.255 192.168.1.255
255

255

IP

4.0.1.5.3 :
127.0.0.1
.

A, B , C.
A:
Class A
:

5-

49

: 49.22.102.70

IP

Network.node.node.node
22.102.70
.49

127 0
126

127

0
Class A.

24
Class A

Class A

IP

node
24 ^ 2

0
.16.777,214 = 2

16,777,216
255

24^2
10
Class A
network address

broadcast address

10.0.0.0 ( Network address).

10.255.255.255 ( Broadcast address).
.10.255.255.254

10.0.0.1

IP
B:
Class B
:

172.16

: 172.16.30.56

IP

Network.Network.node.node
30.56

.
2^14=16,384

16
.191.255
16

128.0

14

Class B IP
65,534 = 2 16^2

0
node
).255

broadcast address

172.16
Class B
network address

172.16.0.0 ( Network address).

172.16.255.255 ( Broadcast address).
172.16.0.1

IP
.172.16.255.254
C:
Class C
:

: 192.168.100.102

IP
.

102

2^21=2,097,152

Network.Network.Network.node
192.168.100

C
24

.223.255.255
8
0

192.0.0

Class C
254 = 2 8^2

IP

21

3
110

node
255).

broadcast address

192.168.100
network address

Class C
:

192.168.100.0 ( Network address).

192.168.100.255 ( Broadcast address).
192.168.100.1

IP
.192.168.100.254

Subnetting

:
1.
.
.
IP
.

23-

:
.

1-

2-

Subnet Masks
IP

32
.
1

0 1
.

.
:

subnet mask
.

255
C

.
8
subnet

IP
:

masks

128
.
.

254

1
11111111.11111111.11111111.0
.

26/

255.255.255.192

255.255.255.0
/24. 1

:
255.255.255.192
192 = 11000000
.
:

1
01000000 = 64
10000000 = 128
128

(1

192 128
broadcast address (
:

64
(

128 64
)

.
:
:
1:
=
subnets= 2^x -2
:

1100000

2^2 2 = 4-2 = 2

2:
hosts = 2^x - 2
:

11000000
.

62

2^6 2 = 64 2 = 62

364

192

64 = 192 256
128

256

1
.128 64
broadcast address
1
IP

192
.191

4-

127
5.

192

:
) 64
126

65

)
) 127

)
)

).
) :27/) 255.255.255.224
255.255.255.224

192.168.10.0
:

3^ 2

11100000

224

:
.

.
32
160 = 32 + 128

30 = 2

5^ 2 =

32 = 224 256
= 12832 + 96
+ 32 = 9664
(
224 = 32 + 192
.192 160 128 96 64 32 :

16=
23-

64 = 32+32
192 = 32 + 160
(1

45.
5 4

:
) :28/) 255.255.255.240
:
.

255.255.255.240

14 = 2 4^2 =

192.168.10.0
11110000

= 14 2

240

1-

4^ 2 =

2-

16 +16 =32. 32 +16 : 16

16 = 240 256 :
3=48. 48 +16=64. 64 +16 =80. 80 +16 =96. 96 +16 =112. 112 +16 =128. 128+16 =144.
144 +16 =160. 160 +16 =176. 176 +16 =192. 192 +16 =208. 208 +16 =224. 224 +16
=240
:
240
16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96,112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224.

45.
5 4

:
) :29/) 255.255.255.248
:
.

255.255.255.248

30 = 2 5^2 =

192.168.10.0
11111000

6=2

3^ 2 =

248

12-

8 = 248

256 :

3-

8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104, 112, 120, 128, 136, 144,152, 160, 168,
176, 184, 192, 200, 208, 216, 224, 232, 240.

45.
5 4

:
) :30/) 255.255.255.252
:

255.255.255.252

192.168.10.0
.62 =

.248

1-

.2 =

2-

12 8 4 :

3-

45.
5 4

:
) :25/) 255.255.255.128

126

.
Cisco

CCNA

:
.x 12

router
Cisco IOS

ip subnet-zero (
).

10000000

128

128
128

128
:

255.255.255.128
192.168.10.189

128

192.168.10.5

IP
192.168.10.0
.192.168.10.128

[TABLE=width:70%;][CELL=filter: glow(color=orange,strength=5);]

:
[/CELL][/TABLE]

255.255.255.224 :

: 192.168.10.33

IP

64 = 32 +32 32 = 224-256 :
192.168.10.32
64 32
:
192.168.10.63 !!

64

: 255.255.255.240

32
.192.168.10.47

192.168.10.33 :

IP

48 =16+32 32 = 16 +16 16 = 240-256 :

192.168.10.32

48

:
255.255.255.252 :

192.168.10.16

IP : 192.168.10.17

20 16 12 8
256 252= 4
.192.168.10.19
B.

B
:

host addressing
.

16

14

B
:

255

) :18/) 255.255.192.0
255.255.192.0 :

172.16.0.0 :
:
11000000.00000000 :

192.0

:
.2 = 2

.128.0 64.0 :

) 16.382 = 2 14^2 :
).
0
128 = 64 + 64 64 = 192 -256 :
.
.

12^ 2 =
2-

8
345-

:
) :20/) 255.255.240.0
.255.255.240.0 :

172.16.0.0 :
.14 = 2 4^2 :

1-

.4094 = 2 12^2 :
.224

48 32

16 = 240
.

2256 :

3-

4-

5-

:
) :23/) 255.255.254.0

:23/
.126 = 2 7^2 :
.510 = 2 9^2 :
.252

8 6 4

2 = 254
.
.

12-

256 :
.

345-

:
) :24/) 255.255.255.0

:24/
.254 = 2 8^2 :

1-

.254 = 2- 8^2 :
.254

234

1 = 255
.

2256 :

3-

4-

5-

:
) :25/) 255.255.255.128

.510 = 2 9^2 :
.126 = 2 7^2 :
3

1 = 255

256

2:

1-

1.0 0.128 :
.255.0

2.128 2.0 1.128

.
.

4-

5-

:
) :26/) 255.255.255.192
.1022 = 2

10^2 :

1-

.62 = 2 6^2 :
-256 :

2-

3 2 1 =255-256 :

3128 64 = 192

)
192

(1

)255

)1
.

4-

5-

:
) :27/) 255.255.255.224

.2046 = 2

11^2 :

1-

.30 = 2 5^2 :
256 :
0

3 2 1 =255-256 :
224 0

:
3. 192 160 128 96 64 32 = 224
.255
.

2-

4-

5:

[TABLE=width:70%;][CELL=filter: glow(color=orange,strength=7);]

:
[/CELL][/TABLE]

.
172.16.10.33 :

: 255.255.255.224

IP

:
32 + 32 = 64

224 = 32256 :

.10.63 :

10.32

64 32

255.255.255.192 :

172.16.90.66 :
:

33
IP

= 128 64 + 64 64 = 192 256 :

172.16.90.127.
255.255.255.224 :

:
172.16.90.64

172.16.50.97 :
:

IP

128 96 64 32 = 224 256 :

172.16.50.127.
255.255.255.192 :

64

10

12 8 4 = 252

A.

172.16.10.10 :
:

IP

:
172.16.10.0

172.16.10.10 :
:

IP

256 :
.172.16.10.11
B
A:

:
172.16.50.96

64 = 192 256 :
172.16.10.63.

5.252255.255.25 :

:
172.16.10.8

host addressing
.

24

22

B C

A
255
:
) :16/) 255.255.0.0

255.255.0.0 :

10.0.0.0

A
: 2^8 2 = 254.

1-

.65.534 = 2 16^2 :
: 10.1.0.0

2-

. 3 2 1 = 255 - 256 :
10.254.0.0 .
10.3.0.0
.
.

10.2.0.0

4-

5-

:
) :20/) 255.255.240.0
.4094 = 2

12^2 :

1-

.4094 = 2 12^2 :
16 = 240 -256 :

3 2 1 =255-256 :

2:
.

348 32

240

(1

).255

)1
.

4-

5-

:
) :26/) 255.255.255.192
.262.142 = 2

18^2 :

1-

.62 = 2 6^2 :
:

2-

3 2 1 =255-256 :

:
128

64 = 192

3256

192
)1
).255
.
.

45-