FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

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MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1

TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

Phan Hong Phuong

OUTLINE
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. TELEGRAPHERS EQUATION
3. PARAMETERS OF TRANSMISSION LINE
4. WAVE REFLECTION
5. STANDING WAVE
6. LINE IMPEDANCE

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1. INTRODUCTION
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Low frequency

High frequency

Z = R + jL
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Multiport Microwave Network

Dimension ~

Circuit
Theory

Transmission Line Theory

1-D Wave Theory

ElectroMagnetics
Theory

Maxwell equations
in special cases

Extended
Circuit Theory
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1. INTRODUCTION (cont.)
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A signal is distributed in time and space that causes phase

delay while propagating from the source to the load;
At low
l frequencies
f
i (the
(th wavelength
l
th is
i much
h greater
t than
th
the line length >> l ) the line can be considered as short;
When l the phase delay must be taken into account;
At microwave frequencies

<< l the phase delay becomes

sognificant.

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1. INTRODUCTION (cont.)
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2. TELEGRAPHERS EQUATION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i(x , t ) i( x+x , t )

Source

v( x, t )

Z0

R x L x

Load

v( x+x , t )

ZL

G x
x x+x

C x

x+ x

R [/m] - Losses in metal

G [S/m] - Losses in dielectric
L [H/m] - induction of metal caused by
magnetic field in the line structure
C [F/m] - capacitance in the line structure

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Solution of the telegraphers equation:

V(x) = V+ e x + V-e x
I(x) = I + e x + I-e x
Z0 =

I(x) =

R + jL
G + j C

: Characteristic impedance

V
V
Z0 = + =
I+
I

Lossless transmission line:

V(z) = V+ e jx + V-e jx
V
V
I(z) = + e jx e jx
Z0
Z0

1
[V+ e x V-e x ]
Z0

= + j = j LC

vp =

= f

Z0 =

= LC
2
2
=0
=
=
LC
1

vp = =
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LC

L
C

3. Transmission line parameters

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1. Propagation constant:

() = ( R + jL)(G + jC) = + j
() - Attenuation constant [Neper/m], () - Phase constant[rad/m]

2. Characteristic impedance:
Z0 =

R + jL
G + jC

3. Phase velocity:
4. Time constant:

[]
v =

[m/s]

1
[s/m]
=
v

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4. WAVE REFLECTION

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Reflection coefficient of voltage:

g v ( x ) =

V e x

V+ e x

V 2 x
e
V+

x
Reflection coefficient of current: i ( x ) = I e = v ( x)
I + e x
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4. WAVE REFLECTION
--------------------------------------------------------------At load

x=l ;

L =

(l ) = L =

V 2 l
e
V+

Z L Z 0 Y0 YL
=
Z L + Z 0 Y0 + YL

( x ) = L e 2 d

Lossless or low loss transmission line:

Z0 R 0
ZL = R 0

L =

ZL R0
ZL + R 0

L = 0

Impedance matching
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5. STANDING WAVE

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bien o song

Song ti

Song phan xa
0

VSWR =

e x

e x
l x

Vmax 1+ | |
=
Vmin 1 | |

Distance between two maxima is /2;

Distance between two minima /2;
Distance between a maximum and a minimum is /4;
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6. LINE IMPEDANCE (1)

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Z( x ) =

Z( x ) = Z 0
Lossless transmission line:

Z( x ) = R 0

V( x)
I( x )

Z L + Z 0 th( d )
Z 0 + Z L th( d )

Z L + jR 0 tg( d )
R 0 + jZ L tg( d )

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6. LINE IMPEDANCE (2)

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Impedance matching: ZL= R0, (x)=0

Z( x ) = R 0

d = 2 d = 3 / 2

d =

d= /2

Short circuit Z L = 0
|| = 1

3 4

X(x)

Z( x ) = jR 0 tg (d ) = jX (d )

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6. LINE IMPEDANCE (3)

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Open circuit Z L =
|| = 1

Z( x ) = jR 0 ctg( x )
d = 2

d = 3 / 2

d =

Reactive load
Z L = jX L

d= /2

X(x)

u
i

3 4

X + R 0 tg
g( d )

Z( x ) = j R 0 L
R 0 + X L tg( d )

|| = 1
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