A generic system incorporating feedback

v
y
(s) or
i
y
(s)
+
+

Input
u
i
(s)
Output
u
o
(s)
Loop gain T(s)
Injection
v
z
(s) or i
z
(s)
v
x
(s) or
i
x
(s)
Loop gain is measured via voltage or current injection: see Sections 9.6.1 and 9.6.2
of the text.
A thought experiment is performed, to compute the loop gain in the same manner
that it would be measured. The exact loop gain is computed by injection directly following
an ideal voltage or current source that depends directly on the error signal. There is then
no approximation, and the impedance inequalities Eqs. (9.75) or (9.79) are satisfied exactly
(Z
1
= 0 or Z
2
= 0, respectively).
Conditions for ideal injection point:
Inject a voltage v
z
or current i
z
directly after a voltage or current source, respectively,
that is proportional to the error signal.
The forward portion of the loop must contain no parallel paths that allow the
amplified error signal to reach the output without passing through the injection
point. If the injection point is shorted to ground, then none of the amplified error
signal should reach the output.
Results are summarized on the next page.