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IU CH CC CHT V C HU C
A. iu ch cc cht v c
1. iu ch Clo: Nguyn tc l oxi ha ion Cl- thnh Cl2
a) Trong phng th nghim: Clo c iu ch t axit clohiric. oxi ha ion Cl- cn cht oxi ha
mnh nh MnO2, KMnO4, KClO3, Nu cht oxi ha l MnO2 th cn phi un nng, cn cht
oxi ha l KMnO4 v KClO3 phn ng xy ra nhit thng.
b) Trong cng nghip: in phn c mng ngn dung dch NaCl bo ha, ion Cl- b oxi ha thnh
Cl2 thot ra cc (+) anot, cc (-) catot nc b kh v thot ra kh H2, dung dch thu c l
NaOH. Trong cng nghip clo c sn xut nh mt sn phm ph ca cng nghip sn xut xt.
2. iu ch HCl
a) Trong phng th nghim (phng php sunfat): t NaCl rn v H2SO4 c
NaCl+H2SO4->NaHSO4+HCl (xy ra nhit thng hoc =<250 C)
NaCl+H2SO4->Na2SO4+HCl (>400 C)
b) Trong cng nghip
- phng php sunfat t NaCl rn v H2SO4 c
- thu c HCl tinh khit ngi ta dng phng php tng hp t H2 v Cl2 thu c khi in
phn dung dch NaCl
-Ngy nay mt lng ln HCl thu c t qu trnh clo ha cc cht hu c (ch yu l
hirocacbon)
3. iu ch nc Gia ven: in phn dung dch NaCl bo ha khng c mng ngn
Natri hipoclorit l mui ca axit rt yu b CO2 y ra khi mui
NaClO+CO2+H2O->NaHCO3+HClO
4. iu ch clorua vi CaOCl2: Cho clo tc dng vi vi ti hoc sa vi 30 C
Ca(OH)2+Cl2->CaOCl2+H2O
Trong khng kh m: clorua vi tc dng vi CO2:
2CaOCl2+CO2+H2O->CaCO3+CaCl2+2HClO
5. iu ch kali clorat KClO3: Nu cho kh clo tc dng vi dung dch kim nng th to ra mui
clorat.
3Cl2+6KOH->5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
Kali clorat cn c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70 75 C
6. iu ch Flo F2: phng php duy nht l dng dng in oxi ha ion F- trong florua nng
chy (phng php in phn). Trong cng nghip in phn hn hp KF+2HF (nhit nng chy
70 C). Bnh in phn c cc m lm bng thp c bit hay ng v cc dng bng than ch.
H2 thot ra cc m, F2 thot ra cc dng. 2HF->H2+F2
7. iu ch HF: phng php duy nht l cho canxi florua tc dng vi H2SO4 c 250 C
CaF2+H2SO4->CaSO4+2HF
8. iu ch oxi florua OF2: cho flo qua dung dch NaOH long (2%) v lnh
2F2+2NaOH->2NaF+OF2+H2O
OF2 l cht kh khng mu, c mi c bit, rt c. L cht oxi ha mnh, tc dng vi hu ht cc
kim loi v phi kim to ra oxit v florua
9. iu ch Br2: Ngun chnh l nc bin. Sauk hi ly mui n ra khi nc bin, phn cn li
cha nhiu mui bromua ca natri v kali. Sc kh clo qua dung dch bromua
2NaBr+Cl2->2NaCl+Br2
10. iu ch HBr: thy phn photpho tribromua
PBr3+3H2O->H3PO3+3HBr
Trong thc t ngi ta cho brom tc dng trc tip vi photpho v nc
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Ch : Khng dng phng php sunfat iu ch HBr v HI v:
2HBr+H2SO4->Br2+SO2+2H2O
8HI+H2SO4->4I2+H2S+4H2O
11. iu ch axit bromic HBrO3: dng nc clo oxi ha brom
Br2+5Cl2+6H2O->2HBrO3+10HCl
12. iu ch I2: phi kh rong bin, t thnh tro, ngm tro trong nc, gn ly dung dch em c
cho n khi phn ln mui clorua v sunfat lng xung, cn mui iodua li trong dung dch. Cho
dung dch tc dng vi cht oxi ha. V d:
2NaI+Cl2->2NaCl+I2
13. iu ch oxi
a) Trong phng th nghim: phn hy cc hp cht giu oxi km bn vi nhit nh KMnO4 rn,
KClO3 rn, H2O2, V d nung KMnO4 hoc KClO3 vi xc tc MnO2, phn hy H2O2 vi xc
tc l MnO2.
Ch nu nung KClO3 khng c xc tc th sn phm l KCl v KClO4
4KClO3->KCl+3KClO4
b) Trong cng nghip
-Chng ct phn on khng kh lng: sau khi loi b CO2, bi, hi nc khng kh c ha
lng. Thu c oxi -183 C, nit -196 C
-in phn nc (c ha tan cht in li nh H2SO4 hoc NaOH tng tnh dn in). O2 thot ra
cc (+) anot, H2 thot ra cc (-) catot
c)Trong t nhin: Cy xanh quang hp.
14. Sn xut lu hunh:
a) Khai thc dng t do trong lng t, dng h thng nn nc siu nng (170 C) vo m lu
hunh y lu hunh nng chy ln mt t (phng php Frasch)
b) T hp cht:
-Trong cng nghip luyn kim mu, ngi ta thu c mt lng ln sn phm ph l SO2. Dng
H2S kh SO2
2H2S+SO2->3S+2H2O
-Trong kh t nhin, ngi ta cng tch ra c mt lng ng k kh H2S. t H2S trong iu
kin thiu khng kh
2H2S+O2->2S+2H2O
15. iu ch H2S: Trong cng nghip khng iu ch H2S. Trong phng th nghim cho FeS+HCl
16. iu ch SO2
a) Trong phng th nghim: un nng dung dch H2SO4 vi Na2SO3 v thu SO2 bng cch y
khng kh
b) Trong cng nghip:
-t chy lu hunh: S+O2->SO2
-t chy qung sunfua kim loi, v d nh pirit st (FeS2)
17. iu ch SO3: Trong cng nghip iu ch SO3 bng cch oxi ha SO2 nhit cao (450
500 C) c xc tc V2O5 (vanadi pentaoxit)
2SO2+O2=2SO3
18. Sn xut H2SO4
Cng nghip bng phng php tip xc gm 3 cng on chnh
-Sn xut SO2 t FeS2 hoc S
-Sn xut SO3 phn 17
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-Sn xut H2SO4: Kh SO3 i t di ln nh thp, H2SO4 chy t nh thp xung di. Dng
H2SO4 98% hp th SO3 c oleum
H2SO4+nSO3->H2SO4.nSO3
Sau dng nc pha long oleum c H2SO4
H2SO4.nH2O+nH2O->(n+1)H2SO4
19. iu ch nit:
a) Trong cng nghip: chng ct phn on khng kh lng phn 13
Kh N2 c vn chuyn trong cc bnh thp nn di p sut 150atm
b) Trong phng th nghim: un nng dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit NH4NO2. C th thay
bng dung dch NaNO2+NH4Cl
NH4Cl+NaNO2->N2+NaCl+2H2O
20. iu ch NH3:
a) Trong phng th nghim: cho mui amoni tc dng vi kim v un nng nh. V d
2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2->2NH3+CaCl2+2H2O
b) Trong cng nghip: tng hp t N2 v H2 (phn ng ta nhit). Theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li-
mun cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu to ra NH3 phi h nhit v tng p sut. Tuy nhin nu
nhit thp qua phn ng xy ra rt chm, nu p sut cao qu phi cn thit b cng knh phc
tp. Trn thc t thc hin phn ng 450 500 C, 200 300atm v dng xc tc Fe trn thm
Al2O3, K2O, lm cho cn bng nhanh chng thit lp. Hiu sut iu kin ch t 20
25%
21. iu ch HNO3:
a) Trong phng th nghim: cho NaNO3 hoc KNO3 tc dng vi H2SO4,n (ch iu ch c
lng nh HNO3 bc khi)
NaNO3+H2SO4->HNO3+NaHSO4
b) Trong cng nghip: sn xut t NH3 gm 3 giai on:
-Oxi ha NH3 850 900 C, xc tc Platin v Irii (phn ng ta nhit v xy ra gn nh hon
ton)
4NH3+5O2->4NO+6H2O
-Oxi ha NO thnh NO2 bng oxi
-Chuyn NO2 thnh HNO3: Cho hn hp NO2 v O2 qua nc.
4NO+O2+2H2O->4HNO3
Dung dch HNO3 thu c c nng khng qu 60 62%. c HNO3 c nng cao hn
phi chng ct dung dch HNO3 vi H2SO4 trong thit b c bit.
22. iu ch photpho: Trong cng nghip c sn xut bng cch nung hn hp qung photphorit,
ct v than cc 1200 C trong l in (hi photpho ngng t thu c photpho trng dng rn)
Ca3(PO4)2+3SiO2+5C-> 3CaSiO3+2P+5CO
23. iu ch H3PO4
a) Trong phng th nghim: dng HNO3 oxi ha photpho
P+5HNO3->H3PO4+5NO2+H2O
b) Trong cng nghip:
-Cho H2SO4 tc dng vi qung photphorit hoc qung apatit:
Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4->3CaSO4+2H3PO4
Tch mui CaSO4 v c c, lm lnh c axit kt tinh. Axit thu c khng tinh khit, c cht
lng thp.
- c axit tinh khit, nng cao hn ngi ta t P c P2O5 ri cho P2O5 tc dng vi nc
Mt lng ln H3PO4 sn xut ra iu ch cc mui photphat v phn ln
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24. iu ch phn m Ure (NH2)2CO cha khong 46%N: Cho ammoniac tc dng vi CO2
180 200 C, p sut~200atm
25. iu ch phn ln supephotphat: C hai loi l supephotphat n v supephotphat kp u c
thnh phn chnh l Ca(H2PO4)2
a) supephotphat n cha 14 20% P2O5 c sn xut bng cch cho bt qung photphorit hoc
apatit tc dng vi H2SO4
Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4->Ca(H2PO4)2+2CaSO4
CaSO4 lm rn t
b) supephotphat kp cha 40 50% P2O5 v ch c Ca(H2PO4)2. Qu trnh gm 2 giai on nn
c gi l kp: iu ch H3PO4 v cho H3PO4 tc dng vi qung photphorit hoc apatit
Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4->2H3PO4+3CaSO4
Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO4->3Ca(H2PO4)2
26. iu ch kim cng nhn to v cc loi than
-Kim cng nhn to c iu ch t than ch bng cch nung than ch 3000 C di p sut
70 100 nghn atmotphe trong thi gian di
-Than ch nhn to c iu ch bng cch nung than cc 2500 3000 C trong l in, khng
c khng kh.
-Than cc c iu ch bng cch nung than m 1000 1250 C trong l in, khng c
khng kh
-Than g c to nn khi t g trong iu kin thiu khng kh.
-Than mui c to nn khi nhit phn metan c cht xc tc:CH4->C+2H2
-Than m c khai thc trc tip t cc va than nm cc su khc nhau di mt t.
27. iu ch kh CO (kh than t, kh l ga)
a) Trong cng nghip
-Kh CO thng c sn xut bng cch cho hi nc i qua than nung ~1050 C. Hn hp
kh to thnh c gi l kh than t (cha ~44%CO, ~45%H2, ~5%H2O, ~6%N2)
C+H2O=CO+H2
-Kh CO cn c sn xut trong cc l ga bng cch thi khng kh qua than nung , CO2 b kh
thnh CO. Hn hp kh thu c gi l kh l ga (cha 25%CO, 70%N2, 4%CO2 v 1% cc kh
khc).
Kh than t v kh l ga u c dng lm nhin liu kh.
b) Trong phng th nghim: cho H2SO4 v axit fomic un nng
HCOOH->CO+H2O
28. iu ch silic
a) Trong phng th nghim: t chy hn hp bt magie v ct nghin mn
SiO2+2Mg->Si+2MgO
b) Trong cng nghip: dng than cc kh SiO2 trong l in nhit cao
SiO2+2C->Si+2CO
29. Cc phng php iu ch kim loi
a) Phng php thy luyn:
-C s: dng nhng dung mi thch hp nh dung dch H2SO4, NaOH, NaCN, ha tan kim
loi hoc hp cht ca kim loi v tch ra khi phn khng tan c trong qung. Sau cc ion kim
loi trong dung dch c kh bng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Fe, Zn,
V d: iu ch Ag bng cch nghin nh qung bc sunfua Ag2S, x l bng dung dch NaCN ri
lc thu c dung dch mui phc bc:
Ag2S+4NaCN->2Na[Ag(CN)2]+Na2S
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Sau ion Ag+ trong phc b kh bi Zn:
2[Ag(CN)2]- +Zn->[Zn(CN)4]2- +2Ag
2Na[Ag(CN)2]+Zn->Na2[Zn(CN)4]+2Ag
Phng php thy luyn cn c gi l phng php t c dng iu ch nhng kim loi c
th oxi ha kh chun cao nh Cu, Hg, Ag, Au,
b) Phng php nhit luyn:
-C s: kh nhng ion kim loi trong cc hp cht nhit cao bng cc cht kh mnh nh C,
CO, H2 hoc kim loi Al, kim loi kim, kim loi kim th. Trng hp l qung sunfua kim loi
nh Cu2S, ZnS, FeS2, th phi chuyn thnh oxit kim loi. Sau kh oxit kim loi bng cht
kh thch hp. i vi nhng kim loi kh nng chy nh Cr ngi ta dng Al lm cht kh (phn
ng nhit nhm).
-Phng php nhit luyn c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip iu ch nhng kim loi c
hot ng trung bnh nh Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb,
Vi nhng kim loi km hot ng nh Hg, Ag ch cn t chy qung cng thu c kim loi
m khng cn phi kh bng cc tc nhn khc.
c) Phng php in phn:
-C s: dng dng in mt chiu kh ion kim loi bng phng php in phn c th iu ch
c hu ht cc kim loi.
-iu ch kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Li, Na, K, Al, bng cch in phn nhng hp cht
(mui, baz, oxit) nng chy ca chng.
-iu ch kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v yu nh Zn, Cu, bng cch in phn dung dch
mui ca chng.
30. iu ch kim loi kim: Trong t nhin kim loi kim ch tn ti dng hp cht. iu ch
bng cch kh ion ca chng M+ +e->M
Tuy nhin khng c cht no kh c ion kim loi kim. Phng php duy nht iu ch l in
phn nng chy hp cht halogenua ca chng.
V d: iu ch Na ngi ta pnc hn hp 2 phn NaCl v 3 phn CaCl2 v khi lng h thp
nhit nng chy t 800 xung di 600 C. Cc dng anot bng than ch (graphit), cc m
catot bng thp. Gia 2 cc c vch ngn thp.
31. iu ch NaOH:
Trong cng nghip: in phn c mng ngn dung dch NaCl bo ha nh phn 1. Dung dch NaOH
thu c c ln nhiu NaCl nn phi cho dung dch bay hi nc nhiu ln, NaCl t tan hn NaOH
nn kt tinh trc. Tch NaCl khi dung dch c dung dch NaOH.
Trong phng th nghim c th iu ch bng cch cho Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2
32. iu ch kim loi kim th: trong t nhin kim loi kim th ch tn ti dng hp cht.
Phng php c bn iu ch l in phn nng chy mui ca chng.
33. iu ch Al: trong cng nghip c iu ch t qung boxit bng phng php in phn nng
chy gm 2 cng on chnh:
-Tinh ch qung boxit: Ngoi thnh phn chnh l Al2O3.2H2O, trong qung c tp cht l SiO2 v
Fe2O3. Bng phng php ha hc ngi ta loi b tp cht c Al2O3 nguyn cht.
-in phn nng chy Al2O3: h nhit nng chy ca Al2O3 t 2050 xung 900 C, ngi
ta ha tan Al2O3 trong criolit (Na3AlF6) nng chy. Vic lm ny mt mt tit kim nng lng
ng thi to c cht lng c tnh dn in tt hn Al2O3 nng chy, mt khc hn hp ny c
khi lng ring nh hn Al, ni ln trn v ngn cn Al nng chy khng b oxi ha trong khng
kh. Kh O2 sinh ra cc dng t chy dn dn than ch sinh ra CO2 do vy trong qu trnh in
phn phi h thp dn cc cc dng vo thng in phn.
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34. iu ch Cr:
Trong t nhin khng c crom dng n cht m ch c dng hp cht. Hp cht ph bin nht
l qung cromit st FeO.Cr2O3 (Fe(CrO2)2), qung ny thng c ln Al2O3 v SiO2.
Cr2O3 c tch ra t qung sau iu ch Cr bng phng php nhit nhm
2Al+Cr2O3->Al2O3+2Cr
Bng phng php ny thu c Cr tinh khit t 97 99%, tp cht ch yu l Al, Fe, Si
35. Sn xut gang
a) Nguyn liu: Qung st dng sn xut gang c cha 30 95% oxit st, khng cha hoc cha
rt t lu hunh, photpho. Than cc (khng c sn trong t nhin, phi iu ch t than m) cung
cp nhit khi chy, to ra cht kh l CO v to thnh gang. Cht chy CaCO3 nhit cao phn
hy thnh CaO, sau ha hp vi SiO2 l cht kh nng chy c trong qung st to thnh x
silicat d nng chy, c khi lng ring nh ni ln trn gang.
b) Nhng phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh luyn qung thnh gang:
-to cht kh CO: t chy hon ton cc: C+O2->CO2
Nhit lng phn ng ln n 1800 C. Kh CO2 i ln pha trn gp lp cc b kh thnh CO:
CO2+C->2CO
Phn ng ny thu nhit lm cho nhit phn trn ca phu l khong 1300 C.
-Phn ng kh oxit st: Cc phn ng kh oxit st u c thc hin trong phn thn l, c nhit
400 800 C
+ phn trn thn l (khong 400 C) xy ra phn ng:
3Fe2O3+CO->2Fe3O4+CO2
+ phn gia thn l (500 600 C) xy ra s kh oxit st t Fe3O4 thnh FeO:
Fe3O4+CO->3FeO+CO2
+ phn di ca thn l (700 800 C) xy ra phn ng kh FeO thnh Fe:
FeO+CO->Fe+CO2
-Phn ng to x: phn bng l (khong 1000 C) xy ra phn ng:
CaCO3->CaO+CO2
CaO+SiO2->CaSiO3 (canxi silicat)
c) S to thnh gang: phn bng l (khong 1500 C) st nng chy c ha tan mt phn
cacbon v mt lng nh mangan, silic, l gang. Gang nng chy tch t ni l. Sau mt thi
gian nht nh, ngi ta tho gang v s ra khi l cao.
36. Sn xut thp
a) Nguyn liu: gang trng hoc gang xm, st thp ph liu, cht chy l CaO, nhin liu l du ma
dt hoc kh t, kh oxi.
b) Nhng phn ng ha hc xy ra trogn qu trnh luyn gang:
Kh oxi c dng lm cc cht oxi ha cc nguyn t trong gang thnh nhng oxit, -C v S b oxi
ha thnh CO2 v SO2 tch ra khi gang:
C+O2->CO2
S+O2->SO2
-Si v P b oxi ha thnh nhng oxit kh bay hi l SiO2 v P2O5:
Si+O2->SiO2
4P+5O2->2P2O5
Nhng oxit ny ha hp vi cht chy l CaO to thnh x ni trn b mt thp lng:
3CaO+P2O5->Ca3(PO4)2
CaO+SiO2->CaSiO3

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B. iu ch cc cht hu c
37. iu ch ankan
a) Trong cng nghip: Metan v cc ng ng c tch t kh thin nhin v du m
b) Trong phng th nghim: Khi cn lng nh metan, ngi ta nung natri axetat vi vi ti xt
hoc c th cho nhm cacbua tc dng vi nc:
CH3COONa+NaOH(r) c CaO v nung->CH4+Na2CO3
Al4C3+12H2O->3CH4+4Al(OH)3
38. iu ch xicloankan: Ngoi vic tch t qu trnh chng ct du m cn c iu ch t ankan.
V d:
n-C6H14->xiclohexan +H2
39. iu ch anken
a) Trong cng nghip: etilen, propilen, butilen c iu ch bng phn ng tch H2 t ankan tng
ng hoc bng phn ng crckinh.
b) Trong phng th nghim: etilen c iu ch bng cch un etanol vi H2SO4 170 C
CH3CH2OH->CH2=CH2+H2O
40. iu ch ankaien: Hin nay trong cng nghip butaien v isopren c iu ch bng cch
tch H2 t ankan tng ng:
CH3CH2CH2CH3 nhit,xt->CH2=CH-CH=CH2+2H2
(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 nhit,xt->CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2+2H2
41. iu ch ankin
-phng php chnh iu ch axetilen trong cng nghip hin nay l nhit phn metan 1500 C
lm lnh nhanh, phn ng thu nhit mnh:
2CH4->C2H2+3H2
- nhng ni m cng nghip du kh cha pht trin, ngi ta iu ch axetilen t caxi cacbua:
CaC2+2H2O->Ca(OH)2+C2H2
Canxi cacbua c sn sut trong cng nghip (t vi sng v than ) l cht rn, mu en xm
cn c gi l t n. Trong phng th nghim vn dng t n iu ch axetilen. C2H2
c iu ch t t n thng c tp cht H2S, NH3, PH3, c mi kh chu gi l mi t n.
42. iu ch Aren
-Benzen, toluene, xilen thng tch c bng cch chng ct du m v nha than . Chng
cn c iu ch t ankan hoc xicloankan:
n-C6H14 nhit,xt->C6H6+4H2
n-C7H16 nhit,xt->C6H5CH3+4H2
-Etylbenzen c iu ch t benzene v etilen
C6H6+CH2=CH2 nhit,xt->C6H5CH2CH3
Trong cng nghip, iu ch stiren ngi ta lm nh sau: cho etilen phn ng vi benzene c xc
tc axit thu c etylbenzen ri cho etylbenzen qua xc tc ZnO nung nng.
43. iu ch ancol
a) iu ch etanol trong cng nghip:
-hirat ha etilen xc tc axit (H3PO4), 300 C:
CH2=CH2+HOH->CH3CH2OH
-ln men tinh bt: (C6H10O5)n+nH2O->nC6H12O6 glucoz
C6H12O6 nh enzim->2C2H5OH+2CO2
b) iu ch methanol trong cng nghip:
-oxi ha khng hon ton metan
2CH4+O2 xt Cu, 200 C, 100atm->2CH3OH
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-t CO v H2: CO+2H2 xt ZnO, CrO3, 400 C, 200atm->CH3OH
44. iu ch phenol
Trc kia ngi ta sn xut phenol t clobenzen.
Phng php ch yu trong cng nghip ngy nay l sn xut ng thi phenol v axeton theo s
:
C6H6 (+CH2=CHCH3, H+)->C6H5CH(CH3)2 (g 1:O2 kk, g 2:H2SO4)-
>C6H5OH+CH3COCH3
Ngoi ra, phenol cn c tch t nha than (sn phm ph ca qu trnh luyn than cc).
45. iu ch anehit xeton
a) T ancol
-phng php chung iu ch anehit v xeton l oxi ha nh ancol bc I, bc II tng ng bng
CuO un nng:
RCH2OH+CuO->RCHO+Cu+H2O
RCH(OH)R+CuO->RCOR+Cu+H2O
-Fomanehit c iu ch trong cng nghip bng cch oxi ha methanol nh oxi khng kh 600
700 C vi xc tc Cu hoc Ag:
2CH3OH+O2->2HCHO+2H2O
b) T hirocacbon
-oxi ha khng hon ton metan l phng php mi sn xut fomanehit:
CH4+O2 nhit,xt->HCHO+H2O
-oxi ha etilen l phng php hin i sn xut axetanehit:
2CH2=CH2+O2 xt PdCl2, CuCl2->2CH3-CH=O
-oxi ha cumen iu ch axeton:
C6H6 (+CH2=CHCH3, H+)->C6H5CH(CH3)2 (g 1:O2 kk, g 2:H2SO4)-
>C6H5OH+CH3COCH3
46. iu ch axit cacboxylic
a) Trong phng th nghim:
-oxi ha hirocacbon, ancol, v d:
C6H5CH3 g 1:+KMnO4, H2O, nhit ; g 2:+H3O+->C6H5COOH
-i t dn xut halogen:
R-X (+KCN)->R-CN (+H3O+, nhit)->R-COOH
b) Trong cng nghip: Axit axetic c sn xut theo cc phng php sau:
-Ln men gim l phng php c nht, ngy nay ch cn dng sn xut gim n:
CH3CH2OH+O2 (men gim, 25 30 C)->CH3COOH+H2O
-Oxi ha anehit axetic trc y l phng php ch yu sn xut axit axetic:
CH3CH=O+1/2 O2 nhit, xt->CH3COOH
-T methanol v CO l phng php hin i sn xut axit axetic:
CH3OH+CO nhit,xt->CH3COOH
47. iu ch Este
a) Este ca ancol: Phng php thng dng iu ch este ca ancol l un hi lu ancol vi axit
hu c c H2SO4 xc tc gi l phn ng este ha. V d:
CH3COOH+(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH = CH3COOCH2CH2CH(CH3)2+H2O
Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch. nng cao hiu sut ca phn ng c th ly d mt
trong hai cht u hoc lm gim nng cc sn phm. H2SO4 va lm xc tc, va ht nc do
gp phn lm tng hiu sut.
V Ngc Giang Boy Ki ST:01694728290
9

b) Este ca phenol: iu ch este ca phenol khng dng axit cacboxylic m phi dng anhirit
axit hoc clorua axit tc dng vi phenol. V d:
C6H5OH+(CH3CO)2O->CH3COOC6H5+CH3COOH
c) Este dng RCOOCH=CH2:
RCOOH+CHCH nhit, xt->RCOOCH=CH2
48. Sn xut saccaroz mantoz
Sn xut ng t cy ma qua mt s cng on chnh theo s :
Cy ma (p, ngm hoc chit)-> nc ma cha 15 20% ng (+vi sa, lc b tp cht)->dung
dch ng c canxi saccarat (+CO2, lc b CaCO3)->dung dch ng c mu (+SO2 ty mu)-
>dung dch ng khng mu (c c kt tinh)->ng knh, nc r ng. Ln men nc r
ng->Ru.
Mantoz c iu ch bng cch thy phn tinh bt nh enzyme amilaza (c trong mm la). Phn
ng thy phn ny cng xy ra trong c th ngi v ng vt.
49. iu ch glucoz: Trong cng nghip iu ch bng cch thy phn tinh bt nh xc tc HCl
long hoc enzyme. Ngi ta cng thy phn xenluloz (c trong v bo, mn ca nh xc tc
HCl) thnh glucoz lm nguyn liu sn xut ancol etylic.
(C6H10O5)n+nH2O xt H+->nC6H12O6
50. iu ch amin
a) Thay th nguyn t H ca ammoniac
Cc ankylamin c iu ch t ammoniac v ankyl halogenua. V d:
NH3+CH3I->CH3NH2+HI
CH3NH2+CH3I->(CH3)2NH+HI
(CH3)2NH+CH3I->(CH3)3N
b) Kh hp cht nitro
Anilin v cc amin thm thng c iu ch bng cch kh nitrobenzene (hoc dn xut nitro
tng ng) bi hiro mi sinh nh tc dng ca kim loi (nh Fe, Zn) vi axit HCl. V d:
C6H5NO2+6H (Fe+HCl, nhit)->C6H5NH2+2H2O
Ngoi ra cc amin c th c iu ch bng nhiu cch khc.
*** CHC CC EM HC TT V THNH CNG!***