Turbo Machines

1
TURBO MACHINES
(Unit 1 & Unit 2)

DR. G.R. SRINIVASA
2

TURBO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES
VTU Syllabus

Subject Code : 06ME55 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total No.of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION: Definition of a Turbomachine; parts of a Turbomachine; Comparison with positive
displacement machine; Classification: Application of First and Second Laws to Turbomachines, Efficiencies.
Dimensionless parameters and their physical significance; Effect of Reynolds number; Specific speed; Illustrative
examples on dimensional analysis and model studies. 6 Hours

UNIT 2
ENERGY TRANSFER IN TURBO MACHINE: Euler Turbine equation; Alternate form of Euler
turbine equation components of energy transfer; Degree of reaction; General analysis of a Turbo machine effect
of blade discharge angle on energy transfer and degree of reaction; General analysis of centrifugal pumps and
compressors Effect of blade discharge angle on performance; Theoretical head capacity relationship
6 Hours

UNIT 3
GENERAL ANALYSIS OF TURBO MACHINES: Axial flow compressors and pumps general
expression for degree of reaction; velocity triangles for different values of degree of reaction; General analysis of axial
and radial flow turbines Utilization factor; Vane efficiency; Relation between utilization factor and degree of reaction;
condition for maximum utilization factor optimum blade speed ratio for different types of turbines 7 Hours

UNIT 4
THERMODYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW AND THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
OF COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION PROCESSES: Sonic velocity and Mach number;
Classification of fluid flow based on Mach number; Stagnation and static properties and their relations; Compression
process Overall isentropic efficiency of compression; Stage efficiency; Comparison and relation between overall
efficiency and stage efficiency; Polytrophic efficiency; Preheat factor, Expansion Process Overall isentropic
efficiency for a turbine; Stage efficiency for a turbine; Comparison and relation between stage efficiency and overall
efficiency for expansion process, polytrophic efficiency of expansion; Reheat factor for expansion process.
7 Hours

3

PART B
UNIT 5
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS: Classification; Expression for overall pressure ratio developed;
Blade angles at impeller eye root and eye tip; Slip factor and power input factor; width of the impeller channel;
Compressibility effect need for pre-whirl vanes; Diffuser design: Flow in the vaneless space, determination of
diffuser inlet vane angle, width and length of the diffuser passages; Surging of centrifugal compressors;
AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS: Classification; Expression for Pressure ratio developed per stage
work done factor, radial equilibrium conditions. 6 Hours

UNIT 6
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS: Definition of terms used in the design of centrifugal pumps like manometric
head, suction head, delivery head, pressure rise, manometric efficiency, hydraulic efficiency, volumetric efficiency,
overall efficiency, multistage centrifugal pumps, minimum starting speed, slip, priming, cavitation, NPSH.
6 Hours

UNIT 7
STEAM TURBINES: Classification, Single stage impulse turbine; Condition for maximum blade efficiency,
stage efficiency, Compounding Need for compounding, method of compounding. Impulse Staging Condition of
maximum utilization factor for multi stage turbine with equiangular blades; effect of blades and nozzle losses.
Reaction turbine; Parsons reaction turbine, condition for maximum blade efficiency, reaction staging. 7 Hours

UNIT 8
HYDRAULIC TURBINES: Classification; Pelton Turbine-velocity triangles, Design parameters, turbine
efficiency, volumetric efficiency; Francis turbine velocity triangles, runner shapes for different blade speeds, Design
of Francis turbine; Function of a Draft tube, types of draft tubes; Kaplan and Propeller turbines Velocity triangles
and design parameters. 7 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:
1. An Introduction to energy conversion, Volume III Turbo machinery, V. Kadambi and Manohar Prasad,
New Age International Publishers (P) Ltd.
2. Turbines, Compressors & Fans, S.M. Yahya, Tata-McGraw Hill Co., 2
nd
Edition (2002).

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Principles of Turbo Machinery, D.G. Shepherd, The Macmillan Company (1964).
2. Fundamentals of Turbomachinery: William W. Perg, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008.
3. A Text book of Turbo Machines - M.S.Govindgouda & A.M. Nagaraj-M.M.Publications-IV Edition-2008
4. Fluid Machinery B.K. Venkanna, PHI.

4

In these lectures, we will learn different type of turbo machines, their action,
as power generating turbo machines or power absorbing turbo machines.

You will be shown schematic diagrams of various turbo machines with flow
directions.

DEFINITION:
A turbo machine is a device in which energy transfer occurs between a flowing fluid and rotating element due to
dynamic action. This results in change of pressure and momentum of the fluid.

TYPE:
If the fluid transfers energy for the rotation of the impeller, fixed on the shaft, it is known as power generating turbo
machine.
If the machine transfers energy in the form of angular momentum fed to the fluid from the rotating impeller, fixed on
the shaft, it is known as power absorbing turbo machine.

Examples of a turbo machine:
The figures 1 & 2 show a typical turbo charger used in diesel engines to improve its thermal efficiency by increasing
the pressure of air pumped into engine combustion chamber.

Fig. 1

PARTS OF A TURBO MACHINE

Fig. 3(a) Schematic diagram showing parts of a steam turbine

Fig. 2
diagram showing parts of a steam turbine
5

Fig. 3(b) - Schematic diagram of an impulse water turbine (Tangential flow)


The principle components of a turbo machine are:

1. Rotating element (vane, impeller or blades)
2. Stationary elements which usually guide the fluid in proper direction for efficient energy conversion process.
3. Shaft which either gives input power or takes output power from fluid under dyn
required speed.
4. Housing to keep various rotating, stationery and other passages safely under dynamic conditions of the
flowing fluid.
E.g. Steam turbine parts and Pelton turbine parts.

Fig. 3(c) Axial flow turbo machine

Schematic diagram of an impulse water turbine (Tangential flow)
The principle components of a turbo machine are:
(vane, impeller or blades) operating in a stream of fluid.
which usually guide the fluid in proper direction for efficient energy conversion process.
which either gives input power or takes output power from fluid under dynamic conditions and runs at
to keep various rotating, stationery and other passages safely under dynamic conditions of the
E.g. Steam turbine parts and Pelton turbine parts.

6

which usually guide the fluid in proper direction for efficient energy conversion process.
amic conditions and runs at
to keep various rotating, stationery and other passages safely under dynamic conditions of the

7

Fig. 3(d) Radial flow turbo machine

CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES

1. Based on energy transfer

a) Energy is given by fluid to the rotor - Power generating turbo machine E.g. Turbines
b) Energy given by the rotor to the fluid Power absorbing turbo machine
c) E.g. Pumps, blowers and compressors

2. Based on fluid flowing in turbo machine

a) Water
b) Air
c) Steam
d) Hot gases
e) Liquids like petrol etc.

3. Based on direction of flow through the impeller or vanes or blades, with
reference to the axis of shaft rotation

a) Axial flow Axial pump, compressor or turbine
b) Mixed flow Mixed flow pump, Francis turbine
c) Radial flow Centrifugal pump or compressor
d) Tangential flow Pelton water turbine

4. Based on condition of fluid in turbo machine

a) Impulse type (constant pressure) E.g Pelton water turbine
b) Reaction type (variable pressure) E.g. Francis reaction turbine

5. Based on position of rotating shaft

a) Horizontal shaft Steam turbines
b) Vertical shaft Kaplan water turbines
c) Inclined shaft Modern bulb micro
Fig. 4 (a) Single stage axial flow pump or compressor
Fig. 4(b) Kaplan turbine (axial flow)
Based on direction of flow through the impeller or vanes or blades, with
reference to the axis of shaft rotation
Axial pump, compressor or turbine
Mixed flow pump, Francis turbine
Centrifugal pump or compressor
Pelton water turbine
4. Based on condition of fluid in turbo machine
Impulse type (constant pressure) E.g Pelton water turbine
Reaction type (variable pressure) E.g. Francis reaction turbine
5. Based on position of rotating shaft

Kaplan water turbines
Modern bulb micro-hydel turbines

Single stage axial flow pump or compressor

Kaplan turbine (axial flow) Fig. 4(c) Mixed flow pump
8

Based on direction of flow through the impeller or vanes or blades, with
Mixed flow pump

Fig. 4 (d) Modern Francis turbine (mixed flow type)

Fig. 4(e) Centrifugal compressor

Fig. 4 (f) Bulb turbine (inclined shaft)

Modern Francis turbine (mixed flow type)

Centrifugal compressor or pump

Bulb turbine (inclined shaft)
9

APPLICATION OF FIRST AND SECOND LAWS TO TURBO MACHINES

Fig. 5 Steady flow energy process in turbo

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION
Taking unit mass flow rate entering the turbo machine (1 Kg) at section 1
volume as shown in figure.

u1+p11+V1
2
/2+gZ1+q = w+u2+p22
Where,
u = Internal Energy (J/Kg)
p = Pressure Intensity (N/m
2
)
v = Specific Volume (m
3
/Kg)
V = Velocity of the fluid (m/sec)
Z = Potential head from datum (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec
q = Heat transfer through control volume (J/Kg)
w = Work done (Nm/Kg)

In a Turbo machine, during the flow process, it is assumed to be adiabatic, i.e. no heat enters or leaves the system,
hence heat transfer can be neglected i.e., q = 0.
Taking pv = RT and u = CvT, the equation (1) becomes

(CvT1+RT1)+V1
2
/2+gZ1 = w+(CvT2+RT

or

T1 (Cv+R)+V1
2
/2+gZ1 = w+T2 (Cv+R)+V

If the flow through the turbo machine is horizontal as shown in figure and aligned, Z

Hence, rearranging equation (3) it becomes

w = (Cv+R) (T1 T2)+(V1
2
-V2
2
/2) ...... (4)
Steady flow energy process in turbo machine
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION I Law of Thermodynamics
Taking unit mass flow rate entering the turbo machine (1 Kg) at section 1-1 and leaving at section 2
2+V2
2
/2+gZ2 ...... (1)

Velocity of the fluid (m/sec)
Potential head from datum (m)
Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec
2
)
gh control volume (J/Kg)
hence heat transfer can be neglected i.e., q = 0.
T, the equation (1) becomes
+RT2)+V2
2
/2+gZ2 ...... (2)
+R)+V2
2
/2+ gZ2 ...... (3)
If the flow through the turbo machine is horizontal as shown in figure and aligned, Z1 = Z2
Hence, rearranging equation (3) it becomes
/2) ...... (4)
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I Law of Thermodynamics
1 and leaving at section 2-2 through control
11

Taking Cp Cv = R, the above equation becomes

w = Cp (T1 T2)+(V1
2
-V2
2
/2) ...... (5)
Taking enthalpy h = CpT,
w = (h1 h2)+(V1
2
-V2
2
/2) per unit mass rate

or

w = (h1+ V1
2
/2) (h2+V2
2
/2) ....... (6)
where,
h = Static enthalpy
V
2
/2 = Kinetic energy

Taking stagnation enthalpy = Static enthalpy + Kinetic energy, i.e.
h0 = h +V
2
/2

The equation (6) becomes
w = (h01 h02) = - h0 [Stagnation enthalpy change]
Thus, in a turbo machine, we assume that there will be kinetic energy (high velocity) during flow and normally
stagnation enthalpy change is considered under dynamic conditions.
In power generating turbo machines, 'w' will be positive and h0 will be negative i.e., stagnation enthalpy will be
decreasing from inlet to outlet of a turbo machine rotor.

In a power absorbing turbo machine, 'w' will be negative and h0 will be positive i.e., stagnation enthalpy will
be increasing from inlet to outlet of a turbo machine rotor.
It should be understood that work done or enthalpy change will occur only during transfer of energy through
impellers or rotors and not through stators or fixed passages.
Only pressure change, kinetic energy change or potential energy change will occur through stationery or stator
passages depending on shape during the dynamic action of flow in the turbo machine.

COMPARISON BETWEEN POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES AND
TURBO MACHINES

Action:
A positive displacement machine creates thermodynamic and mechanical action between near static fluid and
relatively slow moving surface and involves in volume change and displacement of fluid as in IC engines.
12

A turbo machine creates thermodynamic and dynamic action between flowing fluid and rotating element involving
energy transfer with pressure and momentum changes as shown in gas turbines.

Operation:
The positive displacement machine commonly involves reciprocating motion
and unsteady flow of fluids like in reciprocating IC engines or slow rotating
fluids like in gear pumps.
A turbo machine involves steady flow of fluid with pure rotary motion of
mechanical elements. Only unsteadiness will be there during starting,
stopping and changes in loads on the machine.

Mechanical features:
A positive displacement machine commonly work at low speeds and
involves complex mechanical design. It may have valves and normally will
have heavy foundation.
A turbo machine works at high speeds, simpler in design, light in weight,
have less vibration problems and require light foundation.

Efficiency of energy conversion:
A positive displacement machine gives higher efficiency due to energy transfer
near static conditions either in compression or expansion processes.
A turbo machine gives less efficiency in energy transfer. The energy transfer due
to dynamic action will be less during compression process of fluid like pumps and
compressors and will be slightly more during expansion processes like in turbines
but still lower than reciprocating machines.

13

Volumetric efficiency:
The volumetric efficiency of a positive displacement machine is low
due to closing and opening of the valves during continuous
operation.
In turbo machines, since there are no valves under steady flow
conditions, the volumetric efficiency will be close to 100 per cent. A
turbo machine has high fluid handling capacity.

Weight to mass flow rate:
A reciprocating air craft IC engine power engine
developing 300 KW handles 2 kgs/sec of air weighs
around 9500 N. Whereas, a rotary gas turbine of an air
craft for same 300 KW power can handle 22 kgs/sec of
air and weighs only 8000N handling more mass of
air/sec. In stationary power plants, the specific weight of
reciprocating power plants will be 10-15 times higher than
the turbo power plants.

Fluid phase:
Turbo machines have the phase changes occurring in fluid like cavitation in hydraulic pumps and turbines and surge
and stall in compressors, blowers and fans if the machines are operated at off design condition leading to associated
vibrations and stoppage of flow and damage to blades.
Positive displacement machines have no such problems

EFFICIENCIES

Efficiency = Output (in same units) as percentage
Input
Power generating turbo machine
Efficiency adiabatic = Mechanical energy supplied to the rotor
isentropic Hydrodynamic energy available from fluid
hydraulic
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Efficiency mechanical = Work output of the shaft
Mechanical energy supplied to the rotor

Overall Efficiency overall = mechanical x adiabatic

adiabatic = t t = ho1 ho2
isentropic ho1 ho2s
hydraulic
Total Total
(Stagnation Stagnation)
adiabatic = s s = h1 h2
isentropic h1 h2s
hydraulic

Static Static
If V1 = V2 t t = s s
If V1 V2 t t s s

Fig. 6 (a) hs diagram of power generating turbo machine
(Expansion process)

adiabatic = ho2s ho1 = t t
isentropic ho2 ho1
hydraulic
Total Total
(Stagnation Stagnation)

adiabatic = h2s h1 = s s
isentropic h2 h1
hydraulic
Static Static

If V1 = V2 tt = ss
If V1 V2 tt ss

ds is always positive as process is irreversible
If ds 0
loss 0
If ds = 0 (Ideal)
Process is reversible and is not possible as is
violates II law of thermodynamics, i.e.
t t cannot be equal to 100% and is always less
than100% depending on the process. Fig. 6 (b) hs diagram of power absorbing turbo machine
(Compression process)

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Problem No. 1
Air flows through an air turbine rotor where the stagnation pressure drops at a rate 5:1. Total to total efficiency is 0.8
and the air flow rate is 5 kgs/sec. If the total power output is 400 KW, = 1.4, and Cp = 1004 J/kgK, find:
i) Inlet total temperature ii) Actual exit total temperature if exit velocity is 100 m/sec and total to static efficiency of the
rotor.

Solution
Since this is an expansion process drop in heat or drop in temperature will give work to the rotor i.e.
h0 = w (J/kg = Nm/kg)
Mass rate = 5 kg/sec
w = P/
= 400/5 = 80 KJ/kg or KNm/kg
w = h0 = Cp (T01 T02)

For isentropic expansion process,

( - 1)/

0.4/1.4

T01 = p01 = 1 = 0.631 .... (1)
T02s p02 5

T01 T02 = 80/1.004 = 79.681 K .... (2)

tt = (T01 T02)
(T01 T02s)

T01 T02 = tt (T01 T02s) = tt T01 (1 0.631)

= 0.8 (1 0.631) T01 = 0.295 T01 .... (3)

From eqn. 1, 2 and 3

0.295 01 = 79.681 K

T01 = 79.691 / 0.295 = 270.105 K
T02 = 270.105 79.681 = 190.424 K

Hence, T2 = T02 V2
2

2Cp
= 190.424 100
2
/ 2x 1004
= 190.424 4.980
= 185.444K
t s = T01 T02 = 79.681
T01 T2 (270.105 185.444)

= 0.941

DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

The Performance of a turbomachine like pumps, water turbines, fans or blowers for incompressible flow can be
expressed as a function of:
(i) density of the fluid
(ii) Speed of the rotor N
(iii) Characteristic diameter D
(iv) Discharge Q
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(v) Gravity head (gH)
(vi) Power developed P and
(vii) Viscosity .
Obtain dimensionless groups and explain their significance.

Solution
Using Buckingham theorem
Turbomachine = f [, N, D, Q, gH, P, ]
Performance
Taking N, D as repeating variables and grouping with other variables as non dimensional groups
1 = [
a1
N
b1
D
c1
Q]
2 = [
a2
N
b2
D
c2
gH]
3 = [
a3
N
b3
D
c3
P]
4 = [
a4
N
b4
D
c4
]

Parameter SI Unit MLT Units
kg/m
3
ML
3

N rpm T
1

D m L
Q m
3
/s L
3
T
1

gH m
2
/s
2
L
2
T
2

P Nm/sec ML
2
T
3

(N=kgm/s
2
)
Ns/m
2
or ML
1
T
1

kg/ms

Equating powers of mass, length and time in the LHS and RHS of the terms, we obtain
1 = Q/ND
3
= , Flow coefficient
2 = gH/N
2
D
2
= Head coefficient
3 = P /N
3
D
5
= Power coefficient
4 = /ND
2
= Re Reynolds number

For model studies for similar turbomachines, we can use
Q1 = Q2
N1D1
3
N2D2
3

gH1 = gH2
N1
2
D1
2
N2
2
D2
2

P1 = P2
1 N1
3
D1
5
2 N2
3
D2
5

1 = 2
1 N1D1
2
2 N2D2
2

SIGNIFICANCE OF NON DIMENSIONAL GROUPS

Loss in efficiency and head in a moderate CF pump (With reduced Reynolds number)


Loss in efficiency and head in a moderate CF pump (With reduced Reynolds number)
17

18

DIFFERENT SPECIFIC SPEED TURBO MACHINE ROTORS

1. Pelton Wheel 4. Steam turbine
2. Pelton Wheel 5. Centrifugal pump
3. Francis turbine 6. Radial compressor

7. Steam turbine
8. Steam turbine
9. Centrifugal pump
10. Gas turbine
11. Radial Compressor
12. Axial Compressor

19

13. Steam turbine
14. Francis turbine
15. Francis turbine
16. Mixed flow pump
17. Kaplan turbine
18. Axial compressor

19. Axial compressor
20. Propeller pump
21. Axial blower
22. Propeller pump
23. Kaplan turbine

20


1. Discharge coefficient or capacity coefficient

1 = Q/ND
3
= C1 is capacity coefficient or flow coefficient for similar

Turbo machines.
1 = Q

D
2
V V
2
as Q = AV = D
2
V
ND
3
ND
3
ND 4

1 = V = 1
U
Where, is called speed ratio = U = tangential velocity of runner
V theoretical jet velocity of runner

For any giver turbo machine, speed ratio is fixed.

For a given pump or fan of certain diameter running at various speeds the discharge is proportional is speed.

2. Head coefficient

2 = gH/N
2
D
2
is called head coefficient.
2 = gH = gH as U ND
N
2
D
2
U
2

2 = H = = head coefficient dimensionless
U
2

g
The above ratio shows that head coefficient will be similar for same type of pumps or turbines for given impeller size
and head varies as square of the tangential speed of the rotor.

3. Power coefficient
3 = P / N
3
D
5
is called power coefficient or Specific power.
For a given pump or a water turbine, the power is directly proportional to the cube of the speed of runner.

SPECIFIC SPEED Pumps, fans, blowers and compressors
Specific Speed () is a dimensionless term of great importance in pumps, fans, blowers and compressors

Where

5 = (1)
1/2
= Q
1/2
x (N
2
D
2
)
3/4
=

NQ
1/2
=
(2)
3/4
(ND
3
)
1/2
(gH)
3/4
(gH)
3/4

Dimensionless
= N Q where N = radians / sec
(gH)

Q = m
3
/sec
H = meters
g = m/ sec
2

21

SPECIFIC SPEED OF A TURBINE

The specific speed of a turbine () is obtained by the combination of head coefficient and power coefficient as
follows.

6 = (3)
1/2
where 3 = P / N
3
D
5

(2)
5/4
2 = gH/N
2
D
2

= P
1/2
x (N
2
D
2
)
5/4
= NP
(N
3
D
5
)
1/2
(gH)
5/4
(gH)
5/4

= N P/ (Dimensionless) where, N = radians / sec
(gH)
5/4
P = watts
= kg / m
3

g = m/ sec
2

H = meters

SN Turbo machine
(Power absorbing)

(Non dimensional)
Equation
1 Centrifugal pump (Slow fast speed) 0.24 1.8 = N Q
(gH)
3/4

where
N = radians / sec
Q = m
3
/sec
H = meters
g = m/ sec
2

2 Mixed flow pump 1.8 4.0
3 Axial flow pump, Propeller pump 13.2 5.7
4 Radial flow compressor, blower, etc. 0.4 1.4
5 Axial flow blower, compressor, etc. 1.4 20

SN Turbo machine
(Power generating)

(Non dimensional)
Equation
6 Pelton turbine
Single Jet
Double Jet
Multi Jet
0.02 0.19
0.1 0.3
0.14 3.9
= N P/
(gH)
5/4

Where,
N = radians / sec
P = watts
= kg / m
3

g = m/ sec
2

H = meters

7 Francis turbine
Radial flow slow speed
Mixed flow medium
Mixed flow fast
0.39 0.65
0.65 1.2
1.2 2.3
8 Propeller turbine axial 1.6 3.6
9 Kaplan turbine axial 2.7 5.4
10 Axial flow steam and gas turbines 0.35 1.9

Even though non dimensional specific speed
= N Q /(gH)
3/4
for pumps and compressors and

= N P/
(gH)
5/4

for turbines gives relationship for blade shapes in various turbo machines, in practice it is not used.
22

Specific speed based on model studies only for hydraulic pumps and turbines are adapted in design practice for
incompressible turbo machines.

Effect of Reynolds Number

Just like flow in pipes with friction, with decreasing Reynolds number, the loss factor increases at first slowly, then
more and more rapidly in Turbo machines.
The majority of ordinary turbo machines, (handling water, air, steam or gas) are found to operate in fully rough region.
The critical Reynolds number at which the flow becomes fully rough, varies with the size of the machine (it depends
on relative roughness) and its exact location for a given machine is difficult to predict.

The understanding of boundary layer and its separation is of importance in loss effects.
The graph shows the loss factor in head and efficiency of a moderate size centrifugal pump.

Specific Speed of Pump (Ns) based on Model Studies

The specific speed Ns of a pump is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar pump of such size and
dimensions that it will develop unit head (1m) and gives unit discharge (1 m
3
/sec).

From head coefficient,
gH / N
2
D
2
is common for similar pumps i.e.

H1 = H2 for similar pumps for model studies
N1D1
2
N2D2
2

N
2
D
2
H Therefore, D
2

H/N
2

OR
D H / N ... (1)

From flow coefficient,
Q / ND
3
is constant for similar pumps.

OR
Q1 = Q2 for model studies.
N1D1
3
N2D2
3

Therefore, Q ND
3

Q N ( H/N) (H/N
2
) as D H/N

Therefore, Q H
3 /2
... (2)

N
2

OR
Q = C H
3 /2

N
2
where, C is a constant

C = N
2
Q taking roots, C1 = NQ
H
3/2
H
3/4

Hence, N1Q1 = N2 Q2 for similar pumps for model studies

H1
3/4

H2
3/4

Form definition of specific speed for a model pump, when
H = 1m and Q = 1m
3
/sec, we have

NQ = Ns 1
H
3/4
1
3/4

Ns = N Q where, Ns is in rpm.
H
3/4

Ns is same for similar pumps of different sizes

SN Pumps
Ns = N
H
1
Centrifugal pump
Slow Fast speed
12 95
2 Mixed flow pump 95 210
3
Axial flow pump
Propeller pump
172 -320

Specific Speed of a water turbine based on Model Studies

Definition
The specific speed Ns of a water turbine is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar turbine of such size and
shape that it will produce 1kW power under a head
From power coefficient,

3 = P / N
3
D
5
= constant for similar water turbines.
P N
3
D
5

H/N
... (2)

where, C is a constant
for similar pumps for model studies
Form definition of specific speed for a model pump, when
in rpm.
Ns is same for similar pumps of different sizes
Ns = N Q rpm
H
3/4

95
210
320
Specific Speed of a water turbine based on Model Studies
shape that it will produce 1kW power under a head of 1m.
= constant for similar water turbines.
23


Since D H/N
P N
3
H
5/2
Taking roots,
N
2
P H
N

NP = constant for similar turbines.
H
5/4

Form the definition of specific speed of a water turbine when P = 1kW and H = 1m
N P = Ns1
H
5/4
1
5/4

Ns = N P where Ns is in rpm of the model turbine.
H
5/4

Ns is same for similar turbines of different sizes.

SN Water Turbines
(Power generating)
1 Pelton turbine
Single Jet
Double Jet
Multi Jet
2 Francis turbine
Radial flow slow speed
Mixed flow medium
Mixed flow fast
3 Propeller turbine
axial fixed blades
4 Kaplan turbine
axial adjustable blades

Problems in model studies

1. A model of a water turbine 0.5 m diameter develops 10 kW running at 800 rpm under a head of 20 m. The
prototype has to work under a head of 180 m at 200 rpm. If the efficiencies are same, find
i) Diameter of the prototype ii) specific speed iii) power developed and name the type of tu

Solution
Data
Suffix 1 Model
Suffix 2 Prototype

H
5/4

N
Form the definition of specific speed of a water turbine when P = 1kW and H = 1m
where Ns is in rpm of the model turbine.
Ns is same for similar turbines of different sizes.
Ns = N P rpm
H
5/4

Equation
3 30
17 50
24 70
Ns = N P
H
5/4

rpm
Where,
N in rpm
P in kW
H in meters

60 102
102 188
188 368
256 578
428 856
Problems in model studies
diameter develops 10 kW running at 800 rpm under a head of 20 m. The
prototype has to work under a head of 180 m at 200 rpm. If the efficiencies are same, find:
Diameter of the prototype ii) specific speed iii) power developed and name the type of turbine runner.
24

diameter develops 10 kW running at 800 rpm under a head of 20 m. The
rbine runner.

D1 = 0.5 m; N1 = 800 rpm; H1 = 20 m; P
Type of turbine runner =?

Ns1 = N1P1 = 800 10 = 59.81 rpm
H1
5/4
20
5/4

From model studies, H1 = H2
N1D1 N2D2

D2 = H2 x N1 x D1
H1 N2

= 180 x 800 x 0.5 = 6 m
20 200

As 1 = 2 , Ns1 = Ns2

Ns2 = N2P2
H2
5/4

P2 = Ns2 (H2)
5/4
= 59.81(180)
5/4

N2

200

P2 = 38874.86 kW,

As Ns = 59.81 rpm, it must be a slow speed Francis turbine runner.

Problem 2
An axial flow pump with an impeller rotor diameter of 30 cm handles water at a rate of 2.7 m
rpm. The energy input is 125 J/kg and Total to Total efficiency is 0.75. If a geometrically similar pump has a diameter
of 20 cm running at 3000 rpm, find its
i) Flow rate ii) change in total pressure iii) input power.

Solution
Data
Pump 1: D1 = 0.3 m
Q1 = 2.7 m
3
/minute
N1 = 1500 rpm
E1 = 125 J/kg
t t = 0.75

From model studies,
Q1 = Q2
N1D1
3
N2D2
3

Q2 = N2 x D2
3
x

Q1
N1 D1
3

= 3000 x (0.2)
3
x 2.7
1500 (0.3)
3

= 1.6 m
3
/minute

= 20 m; P1 = 10 kW; D2 =? ; N2 = 200 rpm; H2 = 180 m; P2 =? 1 =
10 = 59.81 rpm
As Ns = 59.81 rpm, it must be a slow speed Francis turbine runner.
An axial flow pump with an impeller rotor diameter of 30 cm handles water at a rate of 2.7 m
3
/minute running at 1500
Flow rate ii) change in total pressure iii) input power.
Pump 2: D2 = 0.2 m
Q2 = ?
N2 = 3000 rpm
p0 = ?
P2 = ?
25

= 2
/minute running at 1500
26

Similarly,
gH1 = gH2
N1
2
D1
2
N2
2
D2
2

Nm/kg = J/kg = kg m m = m
2
/sec
2

sec
2
kg

Energy input E = gH = J/kg = (m
2
/sec
2
)

E1 = E2
N1
2
D1
2
N2
2
D2
2

E2

=

N2
2
x

D2
2
x

E1

N1
2
D1
2

= (3000)
2
x (0.2)
2
x 125
(1500)
2
(0.3)
2

E2 = 222.22 J/kg (actual)

t t = E2s = h0s

E2 h0

E2s = tt E2 = 0.75 x 222.22 = 166.65 J/kg
(Ideal)

h0s = p0

Hence, p0 = h0s x = 166.67 x 1000
=1.667 x 10
5
N/m
2

= 1.667 bar

Input power P2 = x E2 [kgs/sec x J/kg = Watts]
= Q x E2
= 1000 x 1.6 x 222.22
60 x 1000
= 5.926 kW

Problem 3
A small scale model of a hydraulic turbine runs at 360 rpm under a head of 22 m and produces 10 kW output.
Determine its:
i) Unit discharge
ii) Unit speed
iii) Unit power, assuming turbine Total to Total efficiency = 0.8
If a prototype turbine is 12 times the model size and its efficiency is given by the Moodyss formula p = 1(1 m)
[Dm/Dp]
0.2
,
iv) what is output power of the prototype
v) type of turbine runner if head available for prototype is 250 m.

Solution
Data
Model Prototype
Nm = 360 rpm Dp/Dm = 12
Hm = 22 m Hp = 250 m
Pm = 10 kW Pp = ?
m = 0.8 Type of turbine = ?
Qum = ?
Num = ?
Pum = ?

Discharge through the model turbine

tt= Pm / Qm (gHm)
Qm = 10 x 1000
0.8 x 1000 x 9.81 x 22

= 0.058 m
3
/sec

i) Unit discharge Qum = Qm / Hm
= 0.058 /22
= 0.012 m
3
/sec
ii) Unit speed Num = Nm / Hm
= 360 /22
= 76.752 rpm
iii) Unit power Pum = Pm /(Hm)
3/2

= 10 /(22)
3/2

= 0.097 kW

Efficiency of the prototype
p = 1(1 m) [Dm/Dp]
0.2

= 1 (1 0.8) [1/12]
0.2

= 0.878
From model studies,
Hm = Hp
Nm
2
Dm
2
Np
2
Dp
2

Np
2
= Hp Dm
2
Nm
2
=
Hm Dp
2
Np = 101.13 rpm

Similarly,
Qm = Qp
NmDm
3
NpDp
3

Qp = Dp
3
Np x Qm = 12
Dm Nm 1
Qp = 28.155 m
3
/sec

p = P p
g Qp Hp

= 250 1
2
x 360
2
= 10227.273
2
22 12
3
101.13 x 0.058
1 360
27

iv) Output power of the prototype
P p = 1000 x 9.81 x 28.155 x 250 x 0.878
1000

= 60626 .021 kW

(Ns) p = N p P p = 101.13 x 60626.021
(Hp)
5/4
(250)
5/4

Hence (Ns) p = 25.049 rpm
25 rpm

Therefore, pelton turbine rotor with two jets is ideal.

THERMAL TURBO MACHINES
As applicable to Compressible flow turbo machines like compressors, steam turbines, gas turbines

The performance parameters h0s, , P for a thermal turbo machine can be expressed as
h0s , , P = f [ , N, D, , 01 , a01, ]

As stagnation density and stagnation sound velocity change through the turbo machine at high velocity,
inlet conditions are selected.
Turbo machine performance = f [ h

Using Bukinghams theorem, to obtain dimensionless groups, we get by taking
and grouping with other variables and following the procedure as usual,

= 1000 x 9.81 x 28.155 x 250 x 0.878
60626.021
Therefore, pelton turbine rotor with two jets is ideal.
THERMAL TURBO MACHINES - DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
, P for a thermal turbo machine can be expressed as
As stagnation density and stagnation sound velocity change through the turbo machine at high velocity,
h0s , , P , , N, D, , 01 , a01, ]
theorem, to obtain dimensionless groups, we get by taking 01, N and D as repeating variables
and grouping with other variables and following the procedure as usual,
28


As stagnation density and stagnation sound velocity change through the turbo machine at high velocity, 01 and a01 at
, N and D as repeating variables
29

Parameter SI units MLT units
h0s J/kg OR Nm/kg L
2
T
2

-- Dimensionless group
P J/sec OR Nm/sec ML
2
T
3

Ns/m
2
ML
1
T
1

N RPM T
1

D Metre L
kgs/sec MT
1

01 kg/m
3
ML
3

a01 m/sec LT
1

= Cp/Cv -- Dimensionless

We get dimensional groups as follows

h0s , , P = f , 01ND
2
, ND , ... (1)
N
2
D
2
01 N
3
D
5
01ND
3
a01

The term = ... (2)
01ND
3
01a01 D
2

30

As ND a01

, stagnation sound velocity and ND/a01 is taken as blade Mach number.
Also a01 = RT01

Using the laws of perfect gases and from I principles,
Isentropic enthalpy rise
h0s = Cp (T02s T01) ... (3)

Using relationship P/

= C
P/ = RT
h = CpT

For stagnation conditions,

( - 1)/

T02 = p02 ... (4)
T01 p01

Using eqn. 4 in eqn. 3,
h0s = Cp T01 p02
( - 1)/
1
p01

Since Cp = R and
( - 1)

a01
2
= R T01

We can write
h0s f p02 ...(5)
a01
2
p01

From flow coefficient,
= RT01 = RT01 ... (6)
01 a01 D
2
p01( RT01)D
2
D
2
p01

From power coefficient,
P = Cp T0 = CpT0 T0 ... (7)
01 N
3
D
5
[01 D
2
(ND)] (ND)
2
(ND)
2
T01

By collecting the above non dimensional groups and putting in eqn. 1,
p02 , , T0 = f RT01 , ND , Re , ... (8)
p01 T01 D
2
p01 RT01
For a given turbo machine of specific size D and constant R and for
gas neglecting Re (viscous effect ) eqn. 8 can be written in simplified
form as

p02 , , T0 = f T01 N ... (9)
p01 T01 p01 , T01

where, T01 / p01 and N/ T01 are no longer dimensionless.
31

Operating characteristics of Compressor

Operating characteristics of a Steam Turbine

The graph shows that the compressor performance strongly depends on N/T01, whereas for a turbine, the
dependence is weak. The operating characteristics of a compressor shows that if mass rate is reduced below certain
value for given speed, the machine will surge leading to machine vibrations and stall. For a steam turbine, increasing
the mass flow rate for various speeds will lead to choking of the flow for given pressure drop.

* * * * *

32

UNIT 2

ENERGY TRANSFER IN ENERGY TRANSFER IN ENERGY TRANSFER IN ENERGY TRANSFER IN
TURBO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES

33

34

Referring to figure,
1 is inlet; 2 is outlet of rotor

V = Absolute velocity of fluid (m/s)
R = Radius of the wheel (m)
= Angular velocity of rotor
(rad/s)
N = Speed of rotor (rpm)
U = Linear velocity of vane (m/s)
= Mass flow rate of fluid (kg/s)

Tangential momentum of fluid at inlet
Vu1 (N)
Momentum of momentum OR
Angular momentum of fluid at inlet
. Vu1 . r1 (Nm)
Angular momentum of fluid at outlet
. Vu2 . r2 (Nm)
Torque on the wheel
= Change in angular momentum
T = (Vu1 r1 Vu2 r2 ) (Nm)

Work done/sec = Torque x angular velocity = T x
Taking r1 = 2 r1/N = U1
r2 = 2 r2 /N = U2
Work done/sec = [Vu1U1 Vu2U2] Nm/s
or Watts
Work done/Unit mass when m = 1kg
WD/kg = Energy transfer
= [Vu1U1 Vu2U2] ...[Nm/kg = m
2
/sec
2
]
The above equation is known as EULERS TURBINE EQUATION.

If Vu1U1 >> Vu2U2

Then, [Vu1U1 Vu2U2] is +ve
It is applicable to Power Generating Turbo Machines or Turbines.
35

If Vu1U1 << Vu2U2

Then, [Vu1U1 Vu2U2] is ve
It is applicable to Power Absorbing Turbo Machines like
pump, fans, blowers and compressors.

In a turbine if Vu1U1 >> Vu2U2 and
Vu2 is in opposite direction to rotation of wheel, then work
done will be greater.

Work done/kg
WD/kg = [Vu1U1 (Vu2) U2]
= Vu1U1 + Vu2U2 (Nm/kg)
Generally, for a turbine,
work done/kg
WD/kg = [Vu1U1 Vu2U2] (Nm/kg)
where, Vu1U1 > Vu2U2

For pumps, fans, blowers and compressors
Work done/kg = [Vu2U2 Vu1U1]
where Vu2U2 > Vu1U1
If = mass rate of flow in kgs/s
Power developed in a turbine
P = [Vu1U1 Vu2U2]
Watts or Nm/s or J/s
Power given to fluid in pumps, fans, blowers and compressors
P = [Vu2U2 Vu1U1]
Watts or Nm/s or J/s

ALTERNATE FORMS OF EULERS TURBINE EQUATION

Radial inward flow Francis Water Turbine

36

Inlet and Outlet Velocity Triangles

Referring to velocity triangles
1 inlet , 2 outlet
V1 = Absolute velocity of the fluid at inlet (before entering the rotor vanes)
Vr1 = Relative velocity of the fluid at rotor inlet
Vu1 = Tangential component of absolute velocity

OR

Whirl component of velocity at inlet
Vf1 = Flow component of absolute velocity at inlet
Vru1 = Whirl component of relative velocity at inlet
U1 = Linear rotor vane velocity at inlet
1 = Absolute jet angle at inlet
1 = Vane (blade) angle at inlet

Referring to outlet velocity triangle
2 outlet
V2 = Absolute velocity of the fluid at outlet after leaving the rotor
vanes.
Vr2 = Relative velocity of the fluid rotor outlet (Just about to leave
the rotor)
Vu2 = Whirl component of absolute velocity at outlet
Vf2 = Flow component of absolute velocity at outlet

Vru2 = Whirl component of relative velocity at outlet
U2 = Linear rotor velocity at outlet
2 = Fluid or jet angle at outlet (To the direction of wheel rotation)
2 = Vane (blade) angle at outlet (To the direction of wheel rotation)
37

From inlet velocity triangle
Vf1
2
= V1
2
Vu1
2

Vr1
2
= Vf1
2
+ Vru1
2

Vr1
2
= V1
2
Vu1
2
+ (Vu1 U1)
2

= V1
2
Vu1
2
+ Vu1
2
2Vu1U1 + U1
2

Rearranging
2Vu1U1 = V1
2
+ U1
2
Vr1
2

Vu1U1 = V1
2
+ U1
2
Vr1
2
m
2
/s
2
OR Nm/kg... (1)
2

From outlet velocity triangle
Vr2
2
= Vru2
2
+ Vf2
2

= (U2 Vu2)
2
+ (V2
2
Vu2
2
)

Taking Vru2 = (U2 Vu2) in magnitude only and not in directions
Vr2
2
= U2
2
2Vu2U2 + Vu2
2
+ V2
2
Vu2
2

Vu2U2 = V2
2
+ U2
2
Vr2
2
m
2
/s
2
OR Nm/kg... (2)
2

CASE 1:

Taking direction of rotation as positive
Vu1 +ve and Vu2 also +ve.
Work done/kg or Energy transfer in Turbine
Work done/kg = (Vu1U1 Vu2U2)

Energy Transfer (E) = V1
2
+ U1
2
Vr1
2

V2
2
+ U2
2
Vr2
2

2

2

= V1
2
V2
2
+ U1
2
U2
2
+ Vr2
2
Vr1
2

2 2 2

COMPONENTS OF ENERGY TRANSFER
1) V1
2
V2
2
is change in absolute kinetic energy in m
2
/s
2
or Nm/kg
2
2) U1
2
U2
2
is change in centrifugal energy of fluid felt as
2 static pressure change in rotor blades in
m
2
/s
2
or Nm/kg
3) Vr2
2
Vr1
2
is change in relative velocity energy felt as
2 static pressure change in rotor blades in m
2
/s
2
or
Nm/kg

CASE 2:

If Vu2 is ve
E = WD/kg = Vu1U1 + Vu2U2 (Work done will be more)
38

= V1
2
V2
2
+ U1
2
U2
2
+ Vr2
2
Vr1
2

2 2 2

CASE 3:

If Vu2 = 0 No whirl at outlet commonly used in
high capacity turbines
E = WD/kg = (Vu1U1) Nm/kg only

Degree of Reaction R

Degree of Reaction R is the ratio of Energy Transfer due to
Static Enthalpy change to Total Energy Transfer due to Total
Enthalpy change in a rotor.

R = Static head = Static enthalpy change = h
Total head Total enthalpy change h0

h = (U1
2
U2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
)
2 2

h0 = (V1
2
V2
2
) + (U1
2
U2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
)
2 2 2

R = (U1
2
U2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
) ... (1)
(V1
2
V2
2
) + (U1
2
U2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
)

Taking (U1
2
U2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
) = S as static component
2 2

and (V1
2
V2
2
) = KE Kinetic Energy Component (Absolute velocity change energies)
2

R = S = 1
KE + S 1 + KE/S

KE + 1 = 1
S R

KE = 1 1 = 1 R
S R R

S = R KE
1 R

when S = Static energy felt by rotor
KE = Kinetic energy change in rotor (in terms of V1 and V2, Absolute velocities)

Examples
1. For axial flow turbo machines, centrifugal forces can be neglected as U1 = U2

R = (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
)
(V1
2
V2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
)
(blade shapes become very important for energy transfer)

2. If U1 = U2 and there is no relative velocity energy change in the rotor,
then Static Pressure (S) is 0.
R = 0 which is known as Impulse
Turbo machine.

If R 0, then the machine is a
Reaction Turbo machine. The turbo
machine must be running under
controlled flow conditions inside the
casing and flow passages for
pressure changes.



q + [h1+V1
2
/2 +gz1] = WD + [h2+V2

Taking 1 as inlet and 2 as outlet conditions
q = Rate of heat transfer
WD = Work done
V2
2
/2 = Kinetic Energy
gz = Potential Energy
h0 = Stagnation Enthalpy
h0 = Total enthalpy change
Where h0 = h + V
2
/2 + gz

When q = 0 for isentropic flow
WD = (h01 h02) = h0
In differential form, dh0 = + dw
J = V1
2
V2
2
+ U1
2
U2
2
+ Vr2
kg 2 2 2

is known as Ideal Eulers Work.

Effect of Blade Discharge Angle
Energy Transfer E and Degree of
Reaction R

Consider an outward radial flow turbo machine as shown in
figure, where 1 is inlet, 2 is outlet
Assumptions
1) Radial velocity of flow is constant, i.e.
Vf1 = Vf2 = Vf
2) No whirl component at inlet
Vu1 = 0

(blade shapes become very important for energy transfer)
and there is no relative velocity energy change in the rotor,
2
2
/2+gz2]
Taking 1 as inlet and 2 as outlet conditions
Rate of heat transfer
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Stagnation Enthalpy
Total enthalpy change
r2
2
Vr1
2
= dw (Nm/kg)
2 2
Effect of Blade Discharge Angle
2
on
Energy Transfer E and Degree of
Consider an outward radial flow turbo machine as shown in
Radial velocity of flow is constant, i.e.
39

40

3) Diameter at outlet is twice as at inlet, i.e.
D2 = 2D1 or U2 = 2U1
4) Blade angle at inlet 1 = 45
0
, V1 = Vf1 = U1

Assuming Turbine Equation
E = WD/kg = (Vu1U1 Vu2U2)
Vu1 = 0 as there is no whirl at inlet
Vu1U1 = 0
E = [ Vu2U2] ... Nm/kg or J/kg or m
2
/sec
2

Considering outlet velocity triangle,
E = U2 [U2 Vru2] as Cot 2 = Vru2
Vf2
= U2 [U2 Vf2 Cot 2]

From assumptions
Vf1 = Vf2 = Vf
U2 = 2U1= 2Vf
E = 2Vf [2Vf Vf Cot 2]
= 2Vf
2
[2 Cot 2]
E = 2Vf
2
[Cot 2 2] taking Vf = 1 (unity) for all 2
E = 2 [Cot 2 2] Nm/kg or J/kg

Considering outlet velocity triangle
Vr2
2
= Vf2
2
+ Vru2
2

= Vf2
2
+ (Vf2 Cot 2)
2

= Vf2
2
[1 + Cot
2
2]

41

From inlet velocity triangle
Vr1
2
= Vf1
2
+ Vf1
2
= 2 Vf
2

Degree of reaction R is given by

R = (U1
2
U2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
)
2 x E Transfer

Substituting for Vf

R = [(Vf
2
4Vf
2
) + Vf
2
(1+ Cot
2
2) 2Vf
2
]
2 x 2Vf (Cot2 2)

= 5Vf
2
+ Vf
2
+ Vf
2
Cot
2
2
4Vf
2
(Cot2 2)

= Vf
2
[Cot
2
2 4] Taking Vf = Unity
4Vf
2
(Cot2 2)

= Cot
2
2 4
4 (Cot2 2)

= (Cot 2 2) (Cot 2 +2)
4 (Cot 2 2)

R = Cot 2 + 2
4

42

INFERERNCE

WD/kg or E = 2 (Cot 2 2)

R = 2 + Cot 2
4

43

For 2 = 10
0
E = + 7.343
R > 1 1.918

The machine is a Reaction Turbine and Vu2 is to direction of rotation

For 2 = 26.5
0
E = 0
R = 1
The machine is rotating and Transferring no energy as Vu2 = 0

For 2 > 26.5
0
and E = - ve
< 153.5
0
R = + ve

The machine is Power Absorbing like pump or compressor, Vu2 in
same Direction of rotation.

For 2 = 153.5
0
E = - ve

The machine works as R = 0 power absorbing impulse type, Vu2 and
rotation of wheel are in same direction.

For 2 > 153.5
0
E = - ve
R = - ve
The machine is power absorbing reaction type, Vu2 is very high.
Static head is less at outlet than at inlet.

WD/kg or E = 2 (Cot 2 2)
R = 2 + Cot 2
4

Problem 1

In an inward flow radial turbine, water enters at an angel of 22
0
to the direction of rotation and leaves axially without
whirl at outlet. The inlet and exit diameters are 0.6 m and 0.3 m respectively. The rotor speed is 300 rpm. The flow
44

velocity is 3 m/s and constant throughout. The width of the wheel at inlet is 15cms. Neglecting thickness of blades,
calculate:
(1) Rotor blade angles at inlet and outlet
(2) Power developed

Solution

Data:
d1 = 0.6 m ; d2 = 0.3 m ; b1 = 15 cm; N = 300 rpm; 1 = 22
0
; Vf1 = Vf2 = 3 m/s; 2 = 90
0
; Vu2 = 0; V2 = Vf2 ;
K1 = 1 (blockage by blades neglected).

U1 = d1 N = x0.6x300 = 9.425 m/s
60 60

U2 = d2 N = x0.3x300 = 4.713 m/s
60 60

V1 = Vf1 = 3 = 8.008 m/s
sin 1 sin 22
0

Vu1 = Vf1 = 3 = 7.425 m/s
tan 1 tan 22
0

U1 > Vu1 and hence the velocity triangles at inlet is
as indicated

Vru1 = U1 Vu1
= 9.425 7.425
= 2 m/s

tan (180 1) = Vf1 / Vru1
tan 1 = Vf1 = 3
(U1 Vu1) 2

tan 1 = 56.13
0

Blade angle at inlet
1 = 180 56.13 = 123.87
0

From outlet velocity triangle,
tan 2 = Vf2 / U2

2 = tan
1
Vf2
U2
= tan
1
[3/4.713]
= 32.478
0

Mass flow rate = Q
= K1 d1 b1 Vf1
Taking K1 = 1 (no blockage by blades)
= 1000 x x 0.6 x 0.15 x 3
= 848.23 kgs/sec of water
P = [Vu1U1 Vu2U2] Nm/s or Watts
45

but Vu2 = 0 for no whirl at outlet

P = [Vu1U1]
=848.23 x 7.42 x 9.425
= 59319.693 watts
= 59.32 Kw

Problem

In a certain turbo machine, the inlet whirl velocity is 15 m/s, inlet flow velocity is 10 m/s, blade speeds are 30 m/s and
8 m/s at inlet and outlet respectively. Discharge is radial with absolute velocity of 15 m/s. If water is the working fluid
flowing at a rate of 1500 liters/sec, calculate:
(1) Power in KW
(2) Change in total pressure in bar
(3) Degree of reaction
(4) Utilization factor (VTU Dec, 2010)

Solution

Data: Vu1 = 15 m/s V2 = 15 m/s = Vf2
Vf1 = 10 m/s Q = 1000 liters/sec
U1 = 30 m/s P =? Kw
U2 = 8 m/s R =?
Vf1 = Vf2 =?

U1 > Vu1
Vru1 = U1 Vu1
= 30 15 = 15 m/s

1 = tan
1
Vf1 / Vru1
= tan
1
10/15
1 = 33.69
0

Blade angle at inlet 1 = 180 1
1 = 188 33.69
= 146.31
0

Vr1 = Vf1 / 1
= 10 / sin 33.69
Vr1 = 18.028 m/s

V1 = (Vu1
2
+ Vf1
2
)
= (15
2
+ 10
2
)
= 18.028 m/s

Taking discharge as radial, Vf2 = V2
tan 2 = (15/8)
2 = tan
1
(15/8)
= 61.928
0

46

p0 = (U1 Vu1) x 10
5
bar
p0 = /2 [U1
2
U2
2
+ Vr2
2
Vr1
2
+ V1
2
V2
2
] x [1/10
5
]

= 1000/2 [30
2
8
2
+ 17
2
18
2
+18
2
15
2
] x [1/10
5
]
= 4.5 bar (1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
)

Work done = Vu1U1 Nm/kg
P = Vu1U1 = QVu1U1
= 1000 x (1500/1000) x 15 x 30
= 675000 watts = 675 Kw

R = (U1
2
U2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
)
2 x Vu1U1
= 30
2
8
2
+ 17
2
18.028
2 x [15 x 30]
= 0.889

Utilization factor
= WD
WD + V2
2
/2

= Vu1U1
Vu1U1 + (V2
2
/ 2)

= 15 x 30
(15 x30) + 15
2
/2

= 460
562.5

= 0.80

Problem on Water Turbine

A hydraulic reaction turbine of radial inward flow type, works under a head of 160 m of water. At a point at entry, the
rotor blade angles are 119
0
and the diameter of the runner 3.65 m. At the exit the diameter is 2.45 m. The absolute
velocity of the flow is radially directed with a magnitude of 15.5 m/s and the radial component of velocity at inlet is
10.3 m/s. Determine:
(1) Power developed by the machine for a flow rate of 110 m
3
/s
(2) Degree of reaction
(3) Utilization factor

Solution
Inward flow
1 inlet; 2 outlet; H = 160 m; 1 = 119
0
d1 = 3.65 m
d2 = 2.45 m V2 = Vf2 = 15.5 m/s Vf1 = 10.3 m/s P =? Q = 110 m2/s
R = ? = ?

47

V1 = 2gH
= 2x9.81x160
= 56.029 m/s

Vu1 = (V1
2
Vf1
2
)
=(56.029
2
10.3
2
)
= 55.074 m/s

1 = tan
1
(Vf1 / Vu1 )
= tan
1
(10.3/55.074)
= 10.593
0

1 = 119
0
indicates
U1 > Vu1
1 = 180
0
119
0
= 61
0

tan 1 = Vf1 / Vru1
Vru1 = Vf1 / tan 1
= 10.3 / tan 60
0

= 5.709 m/s

Vr1 = (Vf1
2
+ Vru1
2
)
= (10.3
2
+ 5.709
2
)
= 11.775 m/s

U1 = [Vu1 + Vru1]
= [55.074 + 5.709]
= 60.783 m/s

U1 = d1N / 60

N = (60 x U1) / d1

N = 60 x 60.783
x 3.65

= 318.047 rpm

U2 = d2N / 60

= x 2.45 x 318.047
60

U2 = 40.8 m/s

For radial discharge Vu2= 0, d2 = 90
0

V2 = Vf2 = 10.5 m/s

tan 2 = Vf2 / U2
2 = tan
1
(10.5 / 40.8)
= 14.432
0

48

Vr2 = (Vf2
2
+ U2
2
)
= (10.5
2
+ 40.8
2
)
= 42.129 m/s

Given
Q = 110 m
3
/s and w = 1000 kg/m
3

Power developed
P = Q Vu1U1 watts
= [1000 x 110 x 55.074 x 60.783] watts
= 368231.924 Kw
or P = 368.232 MW

R = (U1
2
U2
2
) + (Vr2
2
Vr1
2
)
2 x Vu1U1

= (60.783
2
40.8
2
+ 42.129
2
11.775
2
)
2 x 55.074 x 60.783

= 0.548

Utilization Factor
= WD
[WD + V2
2
/2]

= Vu1 U1
Vu1 U1 + (V2
2
/2)

= 3347.563
3347.563 + 55.125

= 0.984

GENERAL ANALYSIS OF PUMPS
& COMPRESSORS

In compressors and pumps work is done on the
fluid
Vu2 U2 > Vu1 U1
Work done = [Vu2U2 Vu1U1] Nm/kg or m
2
/sec
2

= (V2
2
V1
2
) + (U2
2
U1
2
) + (Vr1
2
Vr2
2
)
2 2 2

Assuming no whirl at inlet
1= 90
0
, Vu1 = 0
Head developed (m)
H = Vu2U2
g
H = U2 [U2 Vru2 ] / g
= U2 [U2 Vf2 Cot 2]
g

49

For flow rate in m
3
/s
Q = A2 Vf2 Vf2 = Q / A2

H = U2 [U2 Q Cot 2]
g 2

For a given pump or compressor D2 , N , A2 and 2 are fixed, H and Q are variable.

H = U2
2
[U2 Q Cot 2]
g A2

H = U2
2
(U2Cot 2) Q
g gA2

H = K1 K2 Q
where K1 = U2
2
/g
K2 = U2Cot 2 / gA2

For backward curved vanes
2 < 90
0

K2 is +ve
[HQ] curve has ve slope

For Radial vanes
2 = 90
0

K2 = 0
H = K1 = U2
2
/g = Constant for all Q

For Forward curves vanes
K2 = ve
[HQ] curve has +ve slope

Majority of centrifugal pumps will have 2 25
0
to 45
0

(Backward curved vanes)
Radial flow compressors will have 2 = 90
0

50

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP & COMPRESSORS

Basic Analysis
= 1Q1 = 2 Q2
Q1 = A1Vf1
Q2 = A2Vf2
A1 = D1B1
A2 = D2B2
When Velocity of flow in constant i.e.
Vf1 = Vf2 = Vf

For given mass rate of flow
= D1B1 Vf1 = D2B2Vf2
or D1B1 = D2B2
or D2 = B1
D1 B2

If Vu1 = 0 i.e. No whirl at inlet
Theoretical work done = WD/kg = U2 Vu2
= U2
2
Vu2 ... (1)
U2

For constant velocity of flow
V1 = Vf1 = Vf2 = U1tan1

From exit velocity triangle for 2 < 90
0

Vu2 = U2 Vru2
= U2 Vf2 Cot 2
Vu2 = 1 (Vf2 Cot 2)
U2 U2

Putting in theoretical work done equation
WD/kg = U2
2
[1 (Vf2 Cot 2)]
U2

From sine rule in outlet velocity triangle
V2 = U2
sin 2 sin (2 + 2)

Vu2 = V2 Cos2 = U2 sin 2 . Cos 2
sin (2 + 2)

Vu2 = sin 2 . Cos 2
U2 (sin 2+ Cos 2) + (Cos 2 + sin 2)

Vu2 = tan2
U2 tan2 + tan2

51

Power developed Theoretical

P = WD/kg = U2 Vu2 Nm/s or J/s or Watts
= h0
= Cp T0
For isentropic process, Total Energy or Stagnation Energy
Transfer
h0 = (p)0

or p0 = (h0)
= U2
2
[1 (Vf2 Cot 2)]
U2

Taking static pressure rise due to centrifugal forces and relative
velocity of flow known as diffusion effect.
(p2 p1) = (p)static

= [U2
2
U1
2
] + [Vr1
2
Vr2
2
]
2 2

(p02 p01) = (p)0 = [ (U2
2
U1
2
) + (Vr1
2
Vr2
2
) + (V2
2
V1
2
)]
2 2 2

p0 = (p2 p1) + (V2
2
V1
2
) N = kg . m . m
2 m
2
m
3
sec
2

Degree of Reaction R
R = (p) static
(p) stagnation

R = Vu2U2 (V2
2
V1
2
)
2
Vu2U2

R = Vu2U2 [(Vf2
2
+ Vu2
2
) Vf1
2
]
2
Vu2U2

= 1 Vu2
2

2Vu2U2

R = 1 Vu2
2U2

From velocity triangle at outlet for various 2

1. When 2 < 90
0
backward curves vane
Vu2 < U2
R < 1 > 0.5

52

2. For Radial blades 2 = 90
0

Vu2 = U2
R = 1 = 0.5

3. For forward curved vanes 2 > 90
0

Vu2 > U2
R < 0.5

Problem on Centrifugal Pump

The internal and external diameters of a Centrifugal pump are 20 cm and 40 cm respectively. The pump is running at
1200 rpm. The vane angles at inlet is 20
0
. Water enters the impeller radially and velocity of flow is constant. Find
the work done by the impeller per kg of water for the following conditions
(a) 2 = 30
0
(b) 2 = 90
0
(c) 2 = 100
0

Solution

Data
Internal diameter d1 = 0.2m
Outer diameter d2 = 0.4 m
Speed N = 1200 rpm
Vane angle at inlet 1 = 20
0

Water enters radially Vu1 = 0, 1 = 90
0
, V1=Vf1
Flow velocity constant Vf1 = Vf2 = Vf

U1 = d1N = x 0.2 x 1200 = 12.5666 m/s
60 60

U2 = d2N = x 0.4 x 1200 = 25.133 m/s
60 60

From inlet velocity triangle and constant velocity of flow
V1 = Vf1 = Vf2 = Vf = U1 tan1
53

Vf = 12.566 x tan 20
0

= 4.574 m/s

(a) 2 = 30
0

tan 2 = Vf2 = Vf2
Vru2 (U2 Vu2)

Vu2 = U2 Vf2
tan2

= 25.133 4.574
tan 30

= 17.211 m/s

WD/kg = [Vu2U2]
= 17.211 x 25.133
= 432.554 Nm/kg

(b) 2 = 90
0

U2 = Vu2 = 25.133 m/s
WD/kg = U2
2
= (25.133)
2

2 2

= 631.666 Nm/kg

From velocity triangle at outlet
(c) 2 > 90
0
= 100
0

tan2 = Vf2
Vru2
tan2 = Vf2
Vru2

or tan (180 2) = Vf2
(Vu2 U2)

tan 80
0
= 4.574
[Vu2 25.133]

Vu2 = 25.133 + 4.574
tan 80
0

= 25.921 m/s

WD/kg = Vu2U2
= 25.921 x 25.133
E = 651.48 Nm/kg (J/kg)

* * * * *

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