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ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
A. WATER
1. A bout 65% of the human body is water .
2. An acid dissociates into hy dr ogen ions in water .
3. A base dissociates into hy dr o xyl ions in water .
4. pH is a numer ical scale sho wing the degr ee of acidity
or alkalinity .
B. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. The carbohy dr ate molecules ar e the monosacchar ides ,
disacchar ides , and polysacchar ides . They ar e a sour ce
of ener gy .
3.
4. N ucleic acids consist of nucleotide building blocks . DNA
is the her edity mater ial of cells . DNA dir ects the synthe-
sis of RNA, which dir ects the synthesis of pr oteins .
TISSUES
A. EPITHELIUM
1. E pithelial tissues co v er the fr ee sur faces of the body .
Their shapes ar e squamous , cuboidal, and columnar .
E pithelium can be simple or str atified.
B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1.
2 . Areolar or loose connective tissue has a variety of
specialized cells such as fibroblasts.
3 .
4 . C ar tilage has chondr ocytes in lacunae in the matr ix.
S ubtypes ar e hyaline , fibr ocar tilage , and elastic .
5 . B one has osteocytes arr anged in a H av ersian system.
6 . A dipose tissue stor es fat.
7 . B lood has er ythr ocytes , leukocytes , and thr ombocytes
suspended in the plasma.
C. MUSCLE TISSUE
1. The cells of muscle tissue can contr act.
2.
3.
4. C ar diac muscle tissue is str iated with inter calated disks .
Each cell has one nucleus .
D. NERVE TISSUE
1. The neur on is the cell that sends a signal. The signal
tr av els fr om the dendr ites to cell body to ax on.
2. G lial cells pr otect and suppor t neur ons .
THE SKIN
A. FUNCTIONS
1.
B. STRUCTURE
1.
2.
3. The skin and accessor y str uctur es compose the integu-
mentar y system.
C. MEMBRANES
1. The skin is the cutaneous membr ane .
2. M ucous membr anes line body cavities conti g uous with
the exter nal envir onment.
3. S er ous membr anes line body cavities sealed off fr om
the exter nal envir onment.
4. S yno vial membr anes line joint capsules .
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
A. FUNCTIONS
B. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
C. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
1.
D. AXIAL SKELETON
E. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
1. This br anch consists of the pector al gir dle , ar m bones ,
pelvic gir dle , and leg bones .
2. The pectoral girdle consists of the scapulae and clavicles.
3.
4. The two os co xa make up the pelvic gir dle .
5. B ones in each leg ar e the femur , patella, tibia, fibula,
tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), and phalanges (14).
F. ARTICULATIONS
1. The synar thr oses ar e the immo v able joints .
2. The amphiar thr oses ar e the slightly mo v able joints .
3. The diar thr oses ar e the fr eely mo v able joints .
THE SKELETAL MUSCLES
A. FUNCTIONS
1. S keletal muscles pr oduce mo v ement, gener ate heat,
and maintain postur e .
B. STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL
MUSCLE / MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1. F ibers ar e skeletal muscle cells .
2. The epimysium, per imysium, and endomysium ar e
lev els of connectiv e tissue in the muscle .
3. M y ofibr ils ar e the or ganelles of the muscle cell. They ar e
a ser ies of sar comer es . The contr actile pr oteins actin
and my osin ar e or ganiz ed in the sar comer e .
4. When signaled b y the ner v ous system, a skeletal muscle
contr acts b y the collectiv e shor tening of sar comer es .
C. PATTERNS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1. T onus pr oduces tautness without mo v ement.
2. M uscle r esponse s can be isometr ic or isotonic .
3. I sotonic r esponses can be gr aphed as simple twitches ,
summation, tetanus , and fatigue .
D. MOTIONS
1.
2. Muscles produce motions by working in groups and
are prime movers as well as antagonists and synergists.
E. NAMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
1. M uscles ar e named b y the char acter istics of location,
number of attachments , dir ection of fibers , shape/siz e ,
and action.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. The centr al ner v ous system consists of the br ain and
spinal cor d. The per ipher al ner v ous system consists of
the 12 pairs of cr anial ner v es and 31 pairs of spinal
ner ves .
1.
2. N eur ons can be sensor y , motor , or inter neur ons . They
ar e separ ated b y synapses .
3. G lial cells pr otect and suppor t neur ons .
1.
2. The signal at the synapse is chemical (neurotransmitter).
1. The r eflex ar c is a simple neur al pathway connecting
r eceptors to an effector . I ts fiv e par ts ar e activ ated in the
or der : r eceptor -sensor y neur on-inter neur on-motor
neuron-effector .
1.
2.
3. The lower forebrain consists of the third ventricle,
thalamus, and hypothalamus.
4.
5. The spinal cor d consists of white matter columns and
gr ay matter hor ns .
A. DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
B. NEURON/GLIAL CELL
C. NERVE IMPULSE / SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
D. REFLEX ARC
E. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
F. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1.
2.
3. The autonomic nervous system, part of the PNS, con-
trols the motor function of internal organs and glands.
Its sympathetic and parasympathetic branches have
opposing actions. The sympathetic branch dominates
during fight or flight.
THE SENSE ORGANS
A. RECEPTORS
1.
B. EYE / PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
1. Associated str uctur es suppor ting the ey e ar e the orbit,
extr insic muscles , palpebr a, and the lacr imal appar atus .
2.
3. F or vision, light passes thr ough the: cor nea aqueous
humor lens vitr eous body r etina. The r etina con-
tains cones for color vision and r ods for dim light.
Proteins consist of amino acid building blocks. Their
primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide. Biological functions of proteins include
structure, regulation, transport, contraction, and
catalysis.
Connective tissue consists of cells suspended in an
intercellular material or matrix. Collagen, elastin,
and reticular fibers are in the matrix.
Dense fibrous connective tissue has a compact
arrangement of collagen fibers.
Skeletal muscle tissue is striated, multinucleated,
attaches to bones, and produces movement.
Visceral muscle tissue composes all internal organs
except the heart. It is smooth and the cells have one
nucleus each.
The functions of the skin are protection, sensory
reception, regulation of body temperature, vitamin D
synthesis, and identification.
The sublayers of the epidermis are the stratum
corneum (outermost), stratum lucidum, stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
(deepest).
The specialized structures of the dermis are collagen
and elastin fibers, arteries and veins, neurons and
receptors, sweat glands and sebaceous glands, and
erector pili muscles.
By pulling on bones, skeletal muscles produce the
motions of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion.
Bones in each arm are the humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals (8), metacarpals (5), and phalanges (14).
The nerve impulse is electrical, traveling from the
dendrites to the cell body to the axon.
The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are: olfactory, optic,
oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens,
facial,vestibulocochlear, glosspharyngeal, vagus,
spinal accessory, hypoglossal.
The five groups of spinal nerves are: cervical (8),
thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), and coccygeal (1).
The eye consists of the sclera, cornea, choroid coat,
ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, iris and pupil,
retina, lens, aqueous humor, and vitreous body. The
lens changes convexity for objects at varying distances.
2. Lipids are insoluble in water. Triglycerides consist
of three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol molecule.
They store large amounts of energy.
1. The skeletal system consists of 206 countable
bones. The functions are protection, support,
movement, mineral storage, and hemopoiesis.
Bones can be long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.
1. Bones grow in diameter by the activity of osteoblasts.
2. Bones grow longitudinally at the epiphyseal plate.
1. The structures of the long bone are the epiphysis,
diaphysis, metaphysis, medullary cavity, compact
bone, cancellous bone, endosteum, periosteum,
and articular cartilage.
1. This branch consists of the skull, hyoid bone, ver-
tebral column, and thoracic cage.
2. The bones of the skull are the frontal, temporal (2),
parietal (2), occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillae
(2), zygomatic (2), nasal (2), lacrimal (2), palatine (2),
inferior nasal conchae (2), vomer, and mandible.
3. The vertebral column consists of four curvatures:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic.
4. The thoracic cage consists of the sternum and 12
pairs of ribs.
The hindbrain consists of the medulla oblongata,
pons, cerebellum, and fourth ventricle.
The higher forebrain (cerebrum) includes the cerebral
cortex (outer layer) with lobes that are: frontal, parie-
tal, temporal, occipital. It has an inner core of white
matter, including the corpus callosum which connects
the two cerebral hemispheres. A lateral ventricle is
found in each hemisphere.
The neuron sends signals. Its parts are the dendrites,
cell body, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, and
neurilemma.
The midbrain consists of the cerebral peduncles,
corpora quadrigemina, and cerebral aqueduct.

Receptors detect environmental changes. Examples
are chemoreceptors, proprioceptors, photoreceptors,
and mechanoreceptors.

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C. EAR/PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM
1. E xter nal ear the pinna and exter nal auditor y meatus .
2. M iddle ear the tympanic membr ane , malleus , incus ,
stapes , and eustachian tube .
4.
6. The semicircular canals function for dynamic
equilibrium.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A. HORMONE ACTION
1. An endocr ine gland secr etes a hor mone into the blood-
str eam that signals a tar get or gan.
B. PITUITARY GLAND
1. The hypothalamus contr ols the anter ior lobe thr ough
r eleasing factors .
C. THYROID GLAND
1. The thyr oid gland secr etes the thyr oid hor mone , which
incr eases metabolism. I t also secr etes thyr ocalcitonin ,
which decr eases the concentr ation of calcium in the
blood.
D. PARATHYROID GLANDS
E. ADRENAL GLANDS
1. The adr enal cor tex secr etes the glucocor ticoids which
pr omote gluconeogenesis . I t also secr etes the miner -
al o cor ticoids , including aldoster one , which incr eases
the r eabsorption of sodium.
F. PANCREAS
1. The islets of Langer hans secr ete insulin and glucagon.
I nsulin decr eases the concentr ation of glucose in the
blood. G lucagon incr eases the concentr ation of glucose
in the blood.
G. GONADS
1.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A. FUNCTIONS
1.
B. BLOOD
1. The hematocrit is the percentage of blood that is
cellular by volume.
3. Leukocytes fight infection. There are five kinds: neutro-
phil, basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte.
C. HEART STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1.
2.
3.
4. I ts conduction system signals hear t r egions in the or -
der : SA node A V node A V bundle P ur kinje fibers .
5.
6. The EC G is the r ecor ding of the electr ical activity of the
heart.
D. BLOOD VESSELS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1.
3. C apillar ies ar e micr oscopic ex change v essels .
4. T o supply a body r egion b y the systemic or pulmonar y
cir culation, blood flo ws thr ough this sequence of blood
v essels: ar ter ies ar ter ioles capillar ies v enules
veins .
5.
6 .
E. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1. This system r etur ns lymph to the cir culator y system.
L ymph is der iv ed fr om tissue fluid not r ecaptur ed
ar ound systemic capillar ies .
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A. ANATOMY/RESPIRATORY TRACT
1. I nhaled air passes thr ough the str uctur es of the tr act in
the or der : nose phar ynx lar ynx tr achea pr imar y
br onchus secondar y br onchus br onchioles alv eo-
lar ducts alv eoli.
2. Each lung r esides in an intr apleur al cavity .
B. BREATHING/PHYSIOLOGY
1. I nhalation occurs when the pr essur e in the lungs dr ops
belo w atmospher ic pr essur e .
2. Exhalation occurs when the pressure in the lungs
increases above atmospheric pressure.
3. M easur able air v olumes include: T V , ER V , IR V , V C.
4. A center in the medulla contr ols br eathing.
C. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
1. B y this pr ocess o xygen diffuses fr om the alv eoli into the
blood. C arbon dio xide diffuses in the other dir ection.
D. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
1.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A. ANATOMY/DIGESTIVE TRACT AND ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES
1.
B. PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION
2.
4. A bsorption occurs in the small intestine . M onosaccha-
r ides , amino acids , gly cer ol, fatty acids , vitamins , and
miner als pass fr om the digestiv e tr act into the blood.
M ost of these ar e tr anspor ted to the liv er b y the hepatic
por tal system.
5.
THE URINARY SYSTEM
A. ANATOMY
1. Each kidney consists of a capsule , cor tex, and medulla
with r enal p yr amids . R enal columns alter nate with the
p yr amids . The papilla of each p yr amid pr ojects into a
calyx. All caly ces conv er ge into a pelvis .
2.
3. Each kidney consists of nephr ons , micr oscopic units .
The nephr on consists of the r enal corpuscle (B o wman s
capsule and glomer ulus) and sev er al r egions of tubules .
P er itubular capillar ies surr ound the tubules .
B. RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
1.
2. R eabsorption is the selectiv e r etur n of substances fr om
the tubules of the nephr ons into the blood of the
per itubular capillar ies . Aldoster one contr ols sodium
r eabsorption. W ater r eabsorption can be obligator y or
facultativ e . The hypothalamus contr ols the facultativ e
par t thr ough the secr etion of ADH.
3.
4. B y secr etion, some substances ar e tr anspor ted fr om the
blood in the per itubular capillar ies into the ends of
nephrons.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
A. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
B. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1.
2.
3. The uterus has three layers. It is the site of prenatal
development.
4.
5.
C. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
1.
DEVELOPMENT
A. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
1. F er tilization pr oduces a zygote . Cleav age and cell divi-
sion of the zygote pr oduce the embr y o (first two
months). M orphogenesis and cell differ entiation pr o-
duce the early embr y o . These two pr ocesses pr oduce
the lay ers of ectoder m, mesoder m, and endoder m.
B. FETAL DEVELOPMENT
C. PARTURITION
D. POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
For hearing, the vibration passes through the: pinna
external auditory meatus tympanic membrane
malleus incus stapes oval window vestibular
canal tympanic canal round window. The
cochlear duct in the cochlea has the hair cell receptors
for hearing.
The reproductive organs secrete testosterone, estrogen,
and progesterone. Testosterone has a masculinizing
effect. Estrogen stimulates the development of the uterus
and vagina. Progesterone stimulates the development
of primary and secondary female characteristics.
The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to cells,
serving their needs of metabolism. This system also
stabilizes pH of the extracellular fluid, transports
hormones, and establishes immunity.
By this process oxygen diffuses from the blood into
the tissue cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the other
direction.
Major pairs of veins are the: superior and inferior vena
cava, internal and external jugular, brachiocephalic,
subclavian, axillary, cephalic, basilic, brachial,
anterior and posterior tibial, popliteal, femoral,
external and internal iliac, common iliac, dorsal
venous arch, and great saphenous.
Major arteries are the: aorta, left subclavian and left
common carotid, brachiocephalic, right common
carotid and right subclavian, axillary (2), brachial
(2), radial (2), ulnar (2), celiac, superior mesenteric,
renal, inferior mesenteric, femoral (2), popliteal (2),
anterior popliteal (2), and posterior popliteal (2).
Arteries transport blood away from the heart. They are
elastic and contractile, with a pulsatile pressure
(systolic/diastolic).
The cardiac cycle has the alternating events of systole
and diastole. The blood pumped per minute is
measured by the cardiac output.
Its two pairs of valves are the AV and semilunar.
They prevent the backflow of blood.
The heart, encased in the pericardium, has four
pumping chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
Its associated blood vessels transporting blood are the
superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk,
pulmonary veins, and aorta.
Reabsorption occurs in the large intestine. Fluids
secreted for digestion are returned to the blood.
A ureter extends from the pelvis of the kidney to the
urinary bladder. A urethra drains the bladder.
The kidneys control blood pressure by producing
angiotensin through renin secretion.
The external genitalia are the labia majora, labia
minora, clitoris, posterior fourchette, vestibule, and
mons pubis.
3. Inner ear the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
5. The vestibule, with its saccule and utricle, functions
for static equilibrium.
2. The anterior lobe secretes the growth hormone (GH),
in addition to ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and ICSH. GH
stimulates the increased use of amino acids. The
other five hormones are tropic hormones that stimu-
late other endocrine glands.
2. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepi-
nephrine. They produce an effect similar to the fight
or flight responses of the sympathetic nervous system.
2. Veins transport blood toward the heart. They lack a pulse.
1. By physical digestion food undergoes a physical change.
Filtration is the passage of most substances from blood
plasma in the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule.
3. The posterior lobe secretes ADH, which signals the
nephron tubules of the kidney to reabsorb water. It
also secretes oxytocin, which signals the uterus to
contract during labor.
1. Four parathyroids secrete PTH. It increases the con-
centration of calcium in the blood.
2. Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
They contain the pigment hemoglobin.
6. The four blood types are A, B, AB, and O.
5. The plasma is the liquid part of the blood.
4. Thrombocytes initiate blood clotting.
Food passes through the structures of the tract in the
following order: oral cavity pharynx esophagus
stomach small intestine large intestine rectum.
Accessory structures include the pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder.
2. By chemical digestion, hydrolysis changes: polysac-
charides into disaccharides into monosaccharides,
proteins into amino acids, and triglycerides into fatty
acids and glycerol. This is completed in the small
intestine.
3. Motility and secretion are controlled by hormones
such as gastrin, enterogastrone, secretin, and CCP.
1. In the testis, seminiferous tubules produce sperm
cells. Interstitial cells produce testosterone.
2. Sperm cells pass from the seminiferous tubules
through the male reproductive tract in the order:
rete testis epididymis vas deferens common
ejaculatory duct urethra.
3. Glands adding seminal fluid to the tract are the
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowpers gland.
4. The external genitalia are the penis and scrotum.
1. The ovary is attached to the broad ligament. It stores
sex cells and produces estrogen and progesterone.
2. The oviduct curves over the ovary and enters the
uterus. The oviduct receives sex cells from ovulation
and is the site of fertilization.
4. The vagina is the organ of copulation.
The concentrations of FSH, LH, estrogen, and pro-
gesterone fluctuate during this cycle. FSH increases
early in the cycle, beginning the follicular phase.
LH peaks during ovulation, starting the luteal phase.
The corpus luteum secretes increased levels of
progesterone.
1. Parturition is the process of birth. Oxytocin signals
the uterus for labor.
1. Refinements of morphogenesis and differentiation
produce the fetus over the last seven months.
1. The stages of postnatal development are the child,
adolescent, and adult.

THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
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MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM

RESEARCH & EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, 61 Ethel Road West, Piscataway, NJ 08854 Visit our Website at www.rea.com
A-10
A-14
A-13
A-12
A-11
A-9
A-8
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-7
A-6
B-22
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-24
B-28
B-27
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
B-19
B-2
B-1
B-11
B-19
B-8
B-12
B-14
B-18
B-13
B-15
B-17
B-16
B-21
B-28
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-14
B-6
B-24
B-25
B-26
B-15
B-23
A-15
A-1
B-20
HEAD AND NECK DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES
THORAX, SHOULDER AND ARM
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES, POSTERIOR VIEW
THORAX, SHOULDER AND ARM
ANTERIOR VIEW
THORAX, SHOULDER AND ARM
POSTERIOR VIEW
Head and Neck
A-1 frontalis of epicranius
A-2 galea aponeurotica
A-3 temporalis
A-4 occipitalis of epicranius
A-5 sternocleidomastoid
A-6 platysma
A-7 risorius
A-8 depressor anguli oris
A-9 depressor labii inferioris
A-10 levator labii superioris
A-11 mentalis
A-12 orbicularis oris
A-13 zygomaticus major
A-14 zygomaticus minor
A-15 orbicularis oculi
Thorax
B-1 levator scapulae
B-2 supraspinatus
B-3 infraspinatus
B-4 teres minor
B-5 teres major
B-6 latissimus dorsi
B-7 trapezius
B-8 deltoid
B-9 rhomboid major
B-10 rhomboid minor
B-11 sternocleidomastoid
B-12 pectoralis major
B-13 biceps brachii
B-14 lateral head of triceps
brachii
B-15 long head of triceps
brachii
B-16 medial head of triceps
brachii
B-17 brachialis
B-18 brachioradialis
B-19 clavicle
B-20 scapula
B-21 spine of scapula
B-22 acromial process of
scapula
B-23 manubrium of sternum
B-24 humerus
B-25 head of radius
B-26 olecranon process of
ulna
B-27 vertebral column
B-28 ilium of oscoxa
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Gluteal Region
C-1 gluteus medius (cut)
C-2 gluteus minimus
C-3 gluteus maximus (cut)
C-4 piriformis
C-5 quadratus externus
C-6 quadratus femoris
C-7 crest of ilium
Forearm
D-1 biceps brachii
D-2 brachialis
D-3 supinator
D-4 extensor carpi radialis longus
D-5 flexor digitorum superficialis
D-6 flexor digitorum profundus
D-7 pronator teres
D-8 brachioradialis
D-9 flexor pollicis longus
D-10 flexor carpi radialis
D-11 palmaris longus
D-12 flexor carpi ulnaris
D-13 pronator quadratus
D-14 humerus
D-15 ulna
Thigh
E-1 psoas minor
E-2 quadratus lumborum
E-3 iliacus
E-4 psoas major
E-5 gluteus medius
E-6 gluteus maximus
E-7 gracilis
E-8 semitendinosus
E-9 biceps femoris
E-10 semimembranosus
E-11 tensor fasciae latae
E-12a pectineus
E-12b pectineus (cut)
E-13 adductor longus
E-14 adductor brevis
E-15 adductor magnus
E-16 sartorius
E-17 rectus femoris
E-18 vastus medialis
E-19 vastus lateralis
E-20 tendon of quadraceps femoris
E-21 gastrocnemius
E-22 patellar ligament
E-23 ilium
E-24 crest of ilium
E-25 first lumbar vertebra
E-26 intervertebral disk
E-27 fifth lumbar vertebra
E-28 sacrum
E-29 coccyx
E-30 femur
E-31 patella
E-32 tibia
E-33 fibula
D-2
D-12
D-11
D-7
D-10
D-8
D-1
D-13
D-13
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-9
D-14
D-3
D-9
D-13
D-15
D-6
E-12b
E-23
C-7
C-1
C-2
C-4
C-6
C-3
C-3
E-24
E-5
E-6
E-15
E-8
E-9
E-10
E-21
E-25
E-2
E-26
E-27
E-28
E-29
E-12a
E-16
E-15
E-20
E-31
E-32
E-22
E-19
E-17
E-11
E-1
E-23
E-3
E-4
E-12b
E-30
E-31
E-33
E-14
E-13
E-15
E-32
E-7
E-18
C-5
LEFT FOREARM
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES,
ANTERIOR VIEW
GLUTEAL REGION
RIGHT HIP, POSTERIOR VIEW
LEFT FOREARM
DEEPER MUSCLES,
ANTERIOR VIEW
PELVIS DEEP MUSCLES
RIGHT THIGH SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES,
ANTERIOR VIEW
RIGHT THIGH ADDUCTOR
MUSCLES, ANTERIOR VIEW
LEFT FOREARM
DEEP MUSCLES,
ANTERIOR VIEW
RIGHT THIGH
POSTERIOR VIEW
RESEARCH & EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, 61 Ethel Road West, Piscataway, NJ 08854 Visit our Website at www.rea.com

Research & Education Association

THEY GIVE MAX FACTS FOR QUICK & EASY STUDY/REVIEW
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
ARTERIAL SYSTEM VENOUS SYSTEM
HEPATIC PORTAL PATHWAY
A-2
A-4
A-7
A-9
A-11
A-14
A-17
A-20
A-15
A-16
A-19
A-22
A-21
A-23
A-26
A-28
A-27
A-1
A-3
A-18
A-25
A-24
A-5
A-8
A-10
A-12
A-13
B-4
B-6
B-12
B-10
B-9
B-17
B-18
B-21
B-22
B-25
B-3
B-2
B-14
B-20
B-19
B-5
B-7
B-8
B-16
B-15
B-1
B-13
B-23
B-11
B-10
B-9
B-24
A-6
C-2
C-9
C-10
C-11
C-3
C-4
C-15
C-5
C-7
C-17
C-21
C-19
C-20
C-18
C-16
C-21
C-6
C-8
C-15
C-13
C-14
C-12
C-1
Arterial System
Venous System
Hepatic Portal Pathway
A-1 right common carotid
A-2 left common carotid
A-3 vertebral
A-4 subclavian
A-5 brachiocephalic
A-6 axillary
A-7 aortic arch
A-8 ascending aorta
A-9 pulmonary aorta
A-10 abdominal aorta
A-11 brachial
A-12 radial
A-13 ulnar
A-14 renal
A-15 palmar arch
A-16 digital
A-17 inferior mesenteric
A-18 common iliac
A-19 external iliac
A-20 internal iliac
A-21 femoral
A-22 deep femoral
A-23 popliteal
A-24 anterior tibial
A-25 posterior tibial
A-26 peroneal
A-27 dorsalis pedis
A-28 plantar arch
B-1 superior sagittal sinus
B-2 external jugular
B-3 internal jugular
B-4 subclavian
B-5 brachiocephalic
B-6 axillary
B-7 superior vena cava
B-8 inferior vena cava
B-9 cephalic
B-10 basilic
B-11 brachial
B-12 median cubital
B-13 hepatic
B-14 renal
B-15 palmar venous arch
B-16 digital
B-17 common iliac
B-18 external iliac
B-19 great saphenous
B-20 femoral
B-21 popliteal
B-22 anterior tibial
B-23 posterior tibial
B-24 peroneal
B-25 plantar venous arch
C-1 hepatic portal vein
C-2 inferior vena cava
C-3 left gastric vein
C-4 splenic vein
C-5 inferior mesenteric vein
C-6 superior mesenteric vein
C-7 left colic vein
C-8 middle colic vein
C-9 liver
C-10 stomach
C-11 spleen
C-12 gallbladder
C-13 pancreas
C-14 duodenum
C-15 transverse colon
C-16 ascending colon
C-17 descending colon
C-18 cecum
C-19 sigmoid colon
C-20 appendix
C-21 mesentery
Other Exam Notes at www.rea.com CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
U.S. $3.95
Canada $5.50
1997 Research & Education Association I-2 Published 2008
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ISBN-13: 978-0-87891-820-1 ISBN-10: 0-87891-820-5
dense connective tissue
smooth muscle
elastic muscle
endothelium
outer layer
middle layer
inner layer
outer layer
middle layer
inner layer
heart
capillary bed
vein
artery
Note: Skeletal muscles contract to send blood
through veins (i.e., leg veins). The valves
prevent blood ow in the opposite direction.
Note: The capillary is one layer of at epithelial cells
(simple squamous epithelium).
endothelium
muscle
vein
valves

ARTERY CROSSSECTION VEIN CROSSSECTION

VEIN (LONGITUDINAL SECTION) CAPILLARY
valves