CP302 Separation Process Principles

Mass Transfer / Set 3

1. (Diffusion of A through non-diffusing B) There is a 2 mm thick layer of water on the floor of
a room. The water vapourizes and diffuses through a stagnant film of air of estimated
thickness of 2.5 mm on the water surface. Under the condition of evaporation the water
temperature is essentially e!ual to its wet "ul" temperature. #f the am"ient temperature is
2$
o
% calculate the time re!uired for the water layer to disappear completely for the
following cases&
(a) The am"ient air has a relative humidity of '().
(") The floor has microspores and water penetrates the floor at a constant rate of (.1 kg*m
2
.h
and the am"ient air has the same humidity as in part (a).
+ead the wet,"ul" temperature from the humidity chart and calculate the vapour pressure of
water using the -ntoine e!uation given "elow. The diffusivity of water vapour in air is
(.22(1 cm
2
*s at 1 atm and (
o
%. .apour pressure p
v
(in "ar) of water is given "y& ln(p
v
) /
10.$510 2 51'(.2*T where T is the temperature in 3.
4olution&
(a) %alculate the time re!uired for the water layer to disappear completely when the am"ient air
has a relative humidity of '().
The temperature of the water film is the wet,"ul" temperature. 5or air of 2$
o
% dry,"ul"
temperature and '() relative humidity the psychrometric chart may "e used to o"tain the
wet,"ul" temperature which is 22.5
o
%.
The given case corresponds to diffusion of water vapour (-) through a 2.5 mm thick
stagnant layer or film of air (6) which is non,diffusing. The temperature in this gas film
varies from 22.5
o
% at the water,air interface to 2$
o
% at the other end of the film. 4o we take
the mean film temperature in the calculations as (2$722.5)*2 / 25.2
o
% / 28$.2 3
The steady,state flu9 of water vapour through the air can therefore "e calculated using
e!uation (1$) from :ecture notes ppt , 4et 1 as follows&

=
1
2
0
5
1
2
1 2
(10 . 1
(10 . 1
ln
m) 1( 3)(2.5 28$.2 ;*kmol.3)( $01< (
=a) 1( 1.(10 ( ) (
ln
) (
A
A
-
AB
A
A AB
A
p
p D
p P
p P
z z RT
P D
N
The diffusivity of water vapour in air at 1 atm and (
o
% as (.22( cm
2
*h. 6inary gas diffusivity
is proportional to T
1.15
at constant pressure (from :ecture notes ppt , 4et 2). Therefore
diffusivity at 28$.2 3 will "e the following&
D
AB
/ ((.22(1 cm
2
*s)(28$.2*210)
1.15
/ (.25'1 cm
2
*s
.apour pressures in the "ulk air (p
A2
) and at the interface (p
A1
) can "e calculated as follows&
p
A2
/ (.' 9 vapour pressure of water in the "ulk air
2.5 mm
2 mm
bulk air
air-film
water
concrete floor
+> / '()? T / 2$
o
%
1
Using the -ntoine e!uation the vaopur pressures can "e calculated as follows&
.apour pressure of water in the "ulk air at 2$
o
%&
ln(p
v
) / 10.$510 2 51'(.2*T / 10.$510 2 51'(.2*(21072$) / ,0.2$'2
p
v
/ e9p(,0.2$'2) / (.(0108 "ar
.apour pressure of water in the water,air interface at 22.5
o
%&
ln(p
A1
) / 10.$510 2 51'(.2*T / 10.$510 2 51'(.2*(210722.5) / ,0.'(50
p
A1
/ e9p(,0.'(50) / (.(211$ "ar
The steady,state flu9 of water vapour therefore "ecomes the following&
.s kg*m 1( '20 . 0 .s kmol*m 1( (1 . 2
(211$ . ( (10 . 1
(0108 . ( ' . ( (10 . 1
ln
m) 1( 3)(2.5 28$.2 ;*kmol.3)( $01< (
=a) 1( 1.(10 ( *s) m 1( 25'1 . ( (
ln
) (
2 5 2 '
0
5 2 <
1
2
1 2

= =

=
-
A
A AB
A
p P
p P
z z RT
P D
N
The amount of water per m
2
on floor area / (2 mm) (1 m
2
) / (.((2 m
0
/ 2 kg
Time for complete evaporation / 2 kg*m
2
* 0.'2091(
,5
kg*m
2
.s / 5.52 9 1(
<
s / 15.0 h
(") %alculate the time re!uired for the water layer to disappear completely when the floor has
microspores and water penetrates the floor at a constant rate of (.1 kg*m
2
.h and the am"ient
air has the same humidity as in part (a).
The com"ined rate of loss of water "y penetration in the floor and "y vapourization
/ (.1 kg*m
2
.h (penetration) 7 0.'2091(
,5
kg*m
2
.s (vapourization)
/ (.20(< kg*m
2
.h
Time for disappearance of water / 2 kg*m
2
* (.20(< kg*m
2
.h / $.'$ h
2. (Calculation of flux and velocit) -mmonia (-) diffuses through a stagnant layer of air (6)
1 cm thick at 25
o
% and 1 atm total pressure. The partial pressures of ammonia on the two
sides of the air layer are (.8 atm and (.1 atm respectively. -ir is non,diffusing. D
AB
/ (.21<
cm
2
*s. %alculate the following&
(a) The molar flu9 of ammonia.
(") The velocities of the convective and diffusive flu9es of ammonia with respect to a
stationary o"server.
4olution&
(a) %alculate the molar flu9 of ammonia.
The given case corresponds to diffusion of ammonia (-) through a 1 cm thick stagnant layer
of air (6) which is non,diffusing. The temperature is 25
o
% total pressure is 1 atm and partial
pressure are given as (.8 atm and (.1 atm. D
AB
/ (.21< cm
2
*s. The steady,state flu9 of
ammonia through the air can therefore "e calculated as follows&
.s mol*m 1822 . (
8 . ( 1
1 . ( 1
ln
m) 1( 3)(1 8$ ;*mol.3)(2 01< . $ (
=a) 1( 1.(10 ( *s) m 1( 21< . ( (
ln
) (
2
2
5 2 <
1
2
1 2
=

=
-
-
A
A AB
A
p P
p P
z z RT
P D
N
(") %alculate the convective and diffusive flu9es of ammonia with respect to a stationary
o"server.
2
The velocity of the convective flu9 of - in 6 can "e given ("y e!uation (1() from :ecture
notes ppt , 4et 1) as follows&
) (mol*m ) (
.s) (mol*m
) (mol*m
.s) (mol*m
(m*s)
0
2
0
2

!RT p
N
C
N
v
A
A
A
A
convection A
= =
-t the end where the partial pressure is (.8 atm
cm*s (.522 m*s ((522 . (
) 3 8$ ;*mol.3)(2 01< . $ *( ) =a 1( 1.(10 8 . ( (
.s mol*m 1822 . (
(m*s)
5
2

= =

=
convection A
v
-t the end where the partial pressure is (.1 atm
cm*s <.1(1 m*s (<1(1 . (
) 3 8$ ;*mol.3)(2 01< . $ *( ) =a 1( 1.(10 1 . ( (
.s mol*m 1822 . (
(m*s)
5
2

= =

=
convection A
v
The velocity of the "ulk motion can "e given ("y e!uation (11) from :ecture notes ppt , 4et
1) as follows&
) (mol*m ) (
.s) (mol*m () (
) (mol*m
.s) (mol*m ) (
(m*s)
0
2
0
2

P!RT
N
C
N N
v
A
T
B A
"ul# A
+
=
+
=
since 6 is non,diffusing.
cm*s (.<1( m*s ((<1( . (
) 3 8$ ;*mol.3)(2 01< . $ *( ) =a 1( 1.(10 1 (
.s mol*m 1822 . (
(m*s)
5
2

= =

=
convection A
v
cm*s (52 . ( (.<1( , (.522 (m*s) (m*s) (m*s)

= = =
convection A "ul# A diffusion A
-v v v
0. - test tu"e 1.5 cm in diameter and 12 cm tall is partly filled with a solution of alkaline
pyrogallate. The depth of the empty space a"ove the solution is 5 cm. The temperature is
25
o
% and the total pressure is 1 atm. -ir may "e assumed to contain 21) o9ygen (-) and
18) nitrogen (6). D
AB
is taken as (.21 cm
2
*s. -lkaline pyrogallate readily a"sor"s o9ygen
and nitrogen is virtually insolu"le in it. %alculate the rate of a"sorption of o9ygen (in mol*s)
from air in alkaline pyrogallate at steady state if air flows gently over the open end of the test
tu"e.
4olution&
The given case corresponds to diffusion of o9ygen (-) through a 5 cm thick stagnant layer of
air (6) which is non,diffusing. The temperature is 25
o
% and total pressure is 1 atm. =artial
pressure of o9ygen at the open end of the tu"e is (.21 atm and it is zero at the li!uid surface.
D
AB
/ (.21 cm
2
*s.
The steady,state flu9 of o9ygen through the air can therefore "e calculated using e!uation
(1$) from :ecture notes ppt , 4et 1 as follows&
.s mol*m ((<(5 . (
21 . ( 1
( 1
ln
m) 1( 3)(5 8$ ;*mol.3)(2 01< . $ (
=a) 1( 1.(10 ( *s) m 1( 21 . ( (
ln
) (
2
2
5 2 <
1
2
1 2
=

=
-
-
A
A AB
A
p P
p P
z z RT
P D
N
+ate of a"sorption of o9ygen "y the li!uid / N
A
(area of diffusion)
0
-rea of diffusion / @ ((.(15*2)
2
m
2

Therefore rate of a"sorption of o9ygen "y the li!uid
/ ((.((<(5 mol*m
2
.s) (@ ((.(15*2)
2
m
2
) / 1.1' 9 1(
,1
mol*s
<. - reagent "ottle containing 0 kg of iso,propanol is accidentally dropped on the floor of an
empty room adAacent to a la"oratory causing a spill of the entire li!uid. The li!uid !uickly
spreads on the floor of the room (0 m 9 < m 0 m high) and starts vapourizing. -lthough the
temperature of the vapourizing li!uid will "e lower than that of the am"ient air for
simplicity it may "e assumed that "oth are at the same temperature 21
o
%. The pressure is 1
atm. Two e9haust fans are switched in immediately after the spill to ventilate the room. #t
takes 5 minutes for the li!uid to vapourize completely. #f it is assumed that the concentration
of iso,propanol in the air of the room remain small ("ecause of efficient ventilation) and the
alcohol vapour diffuses out from the li!uid surface through a stagnant film of air calculate
the thickness of the air,film.
Bata provided& .apour pressure of iso,propanol at 21
o
% is (.('5 "ar and its diffusivity in air
is (.(885 cm
2
*s. Colecular mass of iso,propanol / '(.
4olution&
The given case corresponds to diffusion of iso,propanol (-) through a D m thick stagnant
layer of air (6) which is non,diffusing. The temperature is 21
o
% and total pressure is 1 atm.
=artial pressure of - on one end of the air layer is (.('5 "ar and it is zero on the other end.
D
AB
/ (.(885 cm
2
*s.
The steady,state flu9 of o9ygen through the air can therefore "e calculated using e!uation
(1$) from :ecture notes ppt , 4et 1 as follows&
.s mol*m * 1( '1885 . 2
('5 . ( (10 . 1
( (10 . 1
ln
m) 3)( (( ;*mol.3)(0 01< . $ (
=a) 1( 1.(10 ( *s) m 1( (885 . ( (
ln
) (
2 5
5 2 <
1
2
1 2

=
-
A
A AB
A
p P
p P
z z RT
P D
N
Cass of - evaporated / 0 kg / 0(((*'( mol / 5( mol
-rea of evaporation / 0 m 9 < m / 12 m
2

Time of evaporation / 5 min / 0(( s
Therefore rate of evaporation of - is given as follows&
N
A
/ 5( mol * (12 m
2
9 0(( s) / (.(10$$$ mol*m
2
.s
%om"ining the a"ove two we get the following&
D / (2.'1885 9 1(
,5
mol*m
2
.s) * (.(10$$$ mol*m
2
.s) / (.((1828 m / 1.80 mm
Source: %hapter 2 of Dutta B! 200"! =rinciples of Cass Transfer and 4eparation =rocesses
Prentice-#all of $n%ia &P't( )t%*
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