"Politics" is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. Politics is linked to conflict and cooperation. The word politics comes from "polis" meaning literally "city"
"Politics" is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. Politics is linked to conflict and cooperation. The word politics comes from "polis" meaning literally "city"
"Politics" is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. Politics is linked to conflict and cooperation. The word politics comes from "polis" meaning literally "city"
Politics is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live.
Politics is linked to conflict and cooperation.
The word politics comes from polis meaning literally city Politics = the affair of the polis
Decisions are taken collectively in families Mistakes minimized, blame shared
The roots of politics (conducting the affair of the city)
600 thousand years ago homosaphiens 150 thousand years ago biological Eve 90 thousand years ago biological Adam
Slavery: lack of freedom
Tribe: a group of distant families Inter-marriages
Hunting gathering passive consuming Nomad Everybody works (primal equality) 30-35 years life expectancy Chiefs emerged
The most important activity of a tribe is finding food. Passive consumers 2 major consequences Moving on Division of labor
BC 12000 End of Ice Age Human population increased More places explored
First intervention in nature Agriculture Storage and building started Division of labor changed # Private property started Land - the most important turning point Inheritance laws Disputes and eventually laws, courts, justice
We still depend on agriculture (and nature) Wars happen because of it. Politics / because of it.
Summerians Hammurabi laws (first)
Aristotales Politics how to manage the affairs of the state
City (Old French, Latin civi totem) -The condition of the citizen -Community of citizen -Resident of the city (civil)
civil civilize - civilization Latin medine - medeniyet Arabic seyit (man managing one horse) - siyaset medeni x bedevi Barbarian bar, bar Barbarian yabani (savage) yabanc (foreigner)
bn-i Haldun
We need methods to make generalizations. Generalization theories (make assumption) explanation
State (most important determinant is the human society) is a manmade entity.
Plato Man is a political animal. Political Theory What is a state? Why there is a state? Comparative Politics Forms of governments International Relations Number of states, which interacts with another
$ Power Security Threat Basic need (air, water, food, shelter) Enforcement
Sanction There is no sanction for whatever you do in the forest.
State of nature There are no rules. Not desirable Needs No sanctions Absolute freedom (no security)
In order to make sure we have security and basic needs, we limit freedom. (Social contract)
Power is the legitimate use of force. Lege = Law
Legitimate use of power = authority
Law is normative.
Legality - legal law Legitimacy legitimate
Legal=lawful Legitimate = just
Codification = writing of a law codified laws
Legitimacy is not normative. It has to be proceeded by people.
Justice Fair Reasonable Common sense
All human beings are endowed with the same amount of common sense. -Descartes
% Legitimate use of force Power You cant reach legitimacy by force.
Webers definition of state The monopoly of use of legitimate force in a given territory.
Failed state: State that cant provide security, justice, basic needs to its citizens.
Government taxes security justice
Sine qua non without which none (olmazsa olmaz)
Iustitia fundamentum regnum Adalet mlkn temelidir
Mlk- melik Memleket memalik melik
Functions of government Execution of decision Legislation Adjudication
Execution executive (administration) government Legislation Legislative parliament Adjudication judiciary court
Sovereign Jean Badin sovereignty is the highest form of authority Gives legitimacy to the whole functions of government
Zillullah- fil alem = the shadow of God on the Earth
Primus inter pares = primary among equals
No Ottoman sultan ever married, to not lose power to in- laws Fratricide to keep power
Agricultural Revolution (private property) Aristocrats Landowners Peasants Work in the land Later Bourgs Bourgeois &
Candarl Halil
Raison detat hikmet-i hkmet Done for the goods of the state
Ottoman Empire was a classical empire. Not a theocratic Secular
Who should rule and why?
Divine Right to Rule God
If one has the authority (legitimate use of power), what happens if he abuses his power?
Controlling the power
Constitution
Plato He assumed -in the realm of what should be- the most knowledgeable/virtuous should rule. (Philosopher kings) Republic
Unit to be ruled determines the nature of the ruler. Characteristics of the unit have impact.
Democracy is the norm in 21 st century, even the least democratic state is apologetic about it.
Nature of the philosophical roots of the right to rule Eastern empires (including India, Persia, Hellenistic Empire of the Alexander the Great, Ottoman)
If the state doesnt deliver justice, you dont need it.
14 th century / Ibn-I Haldun, Mukaddime The king rules by the army (money- taxes). The state rules by the army The army is fed by taxes ' Value is created in a just environment Justice comes from righteous government, honest officials
Produce-Taxes-Army-Burocracy
If there is no justice = Law of jungle
Justice comes from good governors / righteous
Cycle of justice = Daire-I Adliye
Knalzade Ali Ahlak- Alayi, 1564 Summarizes the idea of cycle of justice Justice is the path of reason. ADL is the requirement for the Salah- Cihan art=eriat (in this case Laws) Sovereign (Melik) Army (Leker, Asker) Wealth (Mal) Subjects (Raiyet, Millet)
Collapsing feudalism Absolute monarchy 14 th Louis I am the state.
Social Contract Thomas Hobbes - John Locke (17 th century) Human nature - as a justification of ruling- In the state of nature Absolute freedom ADL-JUSTICE SALAH-I CHAN WORLD PEACE DEVLET STATE ERAT LAWS RAYET SUBJECTS MAL WEALTH LEKER ARMY MELK SOVEREIGN ( Killing one another Limit our freedom Leaving absolute freedom Accept limitation of freedom Benefit of the society Conduct life
Thomas Hobbes (founding philosopher of the absolute monarchy, conservative politics) Leviathan (a mythical monster) Human beings are selfish, violent even obey worst monarch accept the legitimacy assumption: homo homini lupus state: necessary evil Father of conservative politics
J.J. Rousseau - romanticized the state of nature, morality is innate, social contract is undesirable but necessary, general will-the basis of his social contract theory (a priory existence of a notion of general will, general interest of the society, individuals dont know, there has to be sth above), assumes general will existed a priori, Individual wills has to submit to the general will (differ john lock) Ultimate general will - preservation Gave rise to Republicanism (a community is assumed to be come together on their own will)
Meritocracy= a group of people chosen by certain criteria (merits) ruling An elected monarch is a tyrant. Freedom of thought is not equal to freedom of expression Equality and freedom are the basis of democracy. The early Greek democracy was not for slaves, women and foreigners. Democracy is a work in progress. The Weimar Republic was a perfect democracy before Hitler-1932
Evolution of democracy isnt always progressive. Voting can be used for malicious purposes. To prevent that, we must have freedom of expression and transparent discussion before a vote.
John Locke (founder of political liberalism) Essentially human nature is good and cooperative. Living together If social contract is violated, you have the right to rebel. Father of liberalism )
Liberalism Individual rights Pluralism
Political pluralism multi-party democracies
Jeremy Bentham the purpose of the state, social contract is there to achieve the greatest happiness of the greatest number (utilitarian conception)
Debate of natural rights vs. positive rights Natural right (we assume - comes from our nature - freedom, living, equality) Positive right (we know, given by law right of property)
Max Webers considered to be the founder of political sociology. Idea of state (monopoly of use of legitimate force) Categorize using history and time and space Authority (legitimate right of use of power..) Traditional (tribal structures) Patriachcial Patrimonialism (the elder is the authority) Feudalism Charismatic Extraordinary character, authority figure without questioning, dangerous, whatever he does society is ready to accept. Napoleon, Hitler Legal Domination Legal-rational authority, not because of traditional requirements (family of the ruler), Rational Rational legitimation Rule of law
Legal Rational Burocracy Defining the nature of the modern state Nianc - Reis-l Kttap - Hariciye Nazr
Application of authority Weberian Civil Service
Hegel (philosophy of state, desire to exist as a community) *
Democracy = peoples rule
The right to vote is relatively new. (late 19 th early 20 th century)
Pluralism is also required by democracy. Goes hand-in-hand with freedom of expression
Democracy is not a regime where everybody thinks the same. Its a regime where people think differently and choose not to turn to violence.
2 types of democracy Direct: only in small societies Representative
Republic & Democracy Republic is about the legitimacy of the succession Democracy is about the legitimacy of application of the power to rule
Republic is a system Democracy is a process/method
Republic means non-monarchy Democracy is opposed to all regimes or methods of ruling in which people does not have a say in the decisions.
Constitutional monarchy / If it is a democratic constitution, democratic Democracy require election
An election doesnt mean democracy. Democratic election = free, fair and regular
Monarchy, Aristocracy x Democracy Tyranny Despotism Oligarchy
Democracy = ask a number of question Who has a share making a decision? Are those people accountable? Are the people chosen (pm)
"+ Accountablity of the ruler Are they chosen?
Kanun-I Esasi // the constitution we have today President = Sultan Mostly symbolic powers Head of state, not head of government Executive powers belong to PM
How are they chosen? Free, fair, regular Single party Candidates of one party, no other political party present..
Institutions of democracy Depends on if you have a constitution that defines ins. Democratic..
Democratic regime Democratic regime depends on whether democracy is being applied.
Democratic structure Sine qua non of democracy Necessary but not sufficient
Protection of the rights of the minorities.
Minority 1) Numerically fever people in any voting 2) Categorical minorities, which is defined by belonging to a certain group. Religious, ethnic, national
Preventing the tyranny of majority
Existence of an opposition All regimes have governments, only democracies have opposition. -Sleyman Demirel Should be a blessing for a regime, not a menace
Participation to elections Who will have the right to participate? Linear evolution / restrictive to elusive Ancient Greek = male citizens British system year 1215 "" Ottoman 1808 Senedi ittifak
1215 / No taxation without representation
Even now the most important job of the parliament is passing the budget.
How many people should participate? As many as possible Land owners Tax payers Universal right to vote (every citizen has a power to vote)
Democracy is a work in progress.
Populism vs. Elitism Who should decide? Fake debate Democracy dont guarantee to select the best ruler. Democracy guarantee the replace of the government through non violent ways. People protect democracy. Democracy isnt a regime that bring the best government but its the only one where incompetent ones can be replaced. Multiparty pluralistic democracy We dont necessarily have the best government but we can replace them until we get better ones. Nobody should have the right to protect democracy from people. (Iran, military dictatorships in Turkey) Democracy is not a regime type, its a method.
1952-2012 Egypt = 3 Rulers Turkey = 20 PM
Velayet-i fakir Religious elitism
Freedom Negative freedoms Nothing prevents you from doing Positive freedom When somebody gives you the power to do sth.
"# Utilitarians Harm principle You are free to do anything as long as you dont harm others.
Ideologies Age of enlightenment French revolution Left & Right emerged French revolutionary parliament Conservatives gathered around one side Progressives gathered around one side Ottoman Parliament 1876 / Leftists & Rightists Majority & Minority emerged as a result of similar thinking people grouping together. Conservatives Against radical change Change should come gradually Support reforms Progressives Drastically change in scope and time
Difference between ideologies and theories Theory Thought Open to discussion Based on falsifiability Explanation Ideology Not discussed anymore. Applied Normative Implementing the project
A hypothesis that doesnt include the possibility of being wrong is not falsifiable. Proportional representation would result in multi party systems. Falsifiable Coalitions are bad. Difficult to falsify
Regimes based on ideologies Represent the ultimate truth Someone opposed to the regime might be persecuted. "$ Associated with human right violations.
French Revolution is a result of developments.
Liberalism & Socialism Political Liberalism = Freedom Not necessarily about economy
Liberalism Economic liberals & Political liberals Political liberalism: individual is the most important unit in the society. Limited state intervention State should protect freedoms Protecting freedom can destroy freedom
Socialism Puts importance on the community and equality Enforcing equality can destroy freedom
Political theories must be thought in place and time.
2 very important turning points in history Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Traditional classes(peasants-townfolk-aristocracy) changed
It was the crusaders who shaked up the serfdom system. First large-scale population movement. Leaders of city states perished More workers, more goods, more sale, more capital Advent of capitalism
Socialism = after Industrial revolution Industrial revolution Shake traditional classes Peasants, landowners Burgois (people living in cities), proletariat (neither have land nor capital, propertyless class) In the beginning burgois and proletariat were together against aristocracy. Proletariat class emerged after that. Propertyless class "% They did production without having the means. They started to challenge the bourgeois.
Pre Marxist Socialist Idealists / Moral & Ethics
Marx This has nothing to do with good or bad. Thats how history Reintroduced historical materialism (Hegels idea) Slave feudal capitalist - communist
Evolutionists & Revolutionists Social democracy: Evolutionist
Socialism Communism: Ultimate goal, no classes, state will disappear Welll eventually reach a point where the state will disappear because its a method of oppression. If everybody is equal, the state wont be needed. Ideal goal, classless society Utopian communists Revolutionist communists Ideological communists
Equity = fairness Equality = numeric
Conservatives & Radicals Conservatism is an ideology when people who benefit from the status quo oppose change. Radicals = change AKP come to power challenging the status quo, now they are the status quo.
Bourgeois Liberal Feudalism = decentralization Centralization
French Revolution Definitively ended feudalism in Western and Central Europe Feudalism was also a ruling and economic policy and thus was replaced by centralized regimes. Centralized states also made trade easier. Republicanism emerged "& The concept of nation emerged Citizenship emerged Whoever lives in the French territory is of the French nation, and will decide on wholl rule. 1876 Constitution Territorial definition of the nation
Political / Constitutional citizen based Populist / Ethnic
Marxism considers religion/tradition as unnecessary at best and tool of oppression at worst. (opium of the masses)
German and Italian unifications: 1860-70s a decade after the French Revolution These instead had to refer to language and ethnicity as the definition of nation, as they had no previous kingdom. Populist, still causes wars
Yugoslavia was divided according to religious lines. Same with Germany (protestant) and Austria (catholic)
Nowadays a cabinet decision is required to use the name Turk to prevent the use of Turk ethnically.
Ne mutlu Trkm diyene!
The caliphate was associated with the Ottomans. Thus the new regime couldnt use religion or the caliphate. Also the change of the language.
Enver Paa = 2 nd definition / Panturkism / Ethnic identity Mustafa Kemal = 1 st definition / Territorial identity
National socialism = Nazism
Protestantism was very decentralized and couldnt help Hitler. So, he used Germanness and blood.
Hitlers plan was ridding Europe of Jews and he even had ideas to move Jews in European Turkey to Asian Turkey.
"' Fascism and Nazism emerged as the third solution to unchecked capitalism in 20 th century Europe.
The Ottomans embraced capitalism very late.
Anarchism was another offered solution. Authority is the ultimate method of oppression and for freedom we must destroy all mechanisms leading to oppression.
Comparative Politics Compare and contrast political systems
What is a system? Structure Order & Purpose Function A structure with a function, ordered to serve a purpose. It is more than the sum of its parts
What is a states structure? The structure of a state is defined in the constitution.
Main purposes of government Justice Security Taxation
Westphalia Treaty 1648 Modern states = Post-Westphalian State Ended 30 years war Started as a religious war between catholic and protestant princes Involved every European country (Not Ottoman, Persian Wars & Celali) Rules of Western Europe came together in Westphalia One major principle Cuius region eius religio Who owns the land, the religion of his applies over the land. Sovereignty emerges. Rulers applying sovereignty individually co-existing small states Sovereign equality = co-existing sovereignties "(
UN - 193 members Article 2 of UN charter The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
American & French Revolutions Concept of sovereignty American constitution French constitution
Initial motto of the first TBMM Hkimiyet, bil kayd art milletindir. Oppose to divine right to rule
Impact of the French Revolution Not the initiator of the idea of sovereignty but the result of the idea. 1748 Montesquieu On the spirit of laws (Kanunlarn Ruhu) The idea of separation of powers argued for the first time. Introduced the powers of government into legislative, executive, judiciary Principal of separation of powers Nationalism Change in the nature of the armies Before armies of the king After national army: wars become more destructive
Napoleonic wars spread the republican ideas
Universal Conscription Everybody serves in the army
Duty of the kings soldiers = Protect the king and his possessions Citizen army = Protect nations sovereignty and territorial integrity
Absolute power to rule over the nation is authorized by the nation itself. ")
Absolute power has to be limited. Minimization of corruption of power Separation of powers Legislative Executive Executive decisions fulfill the function. Judiciary Judicial review: dare yasaya dayanmayan hibir yetki kullanamaz. Yetki kullanm kiisel deildir. Arbitrariness (Keyfilik): Judicial review prevents. Dantay is the upper court of the administrative courts.
Checking the power of majority Human rights: Signed by states Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
Article 1 & 2 of UN Charter Main characteristics of nation-states Sovereignty Territorial integrity
States are functionally equal, structurally different.
Different structures Failed state: When a state unable to serve its functions. What system of law Law (hukuk) 3 kinds of legal systems Common law: Courts refer to the decisions of the other courts previous similar cases. Primitive. Anglo-Saxon. British system. Precedent basis.
Positive (Continental) law: Positive law. According to a general rule. Roman law to Hammurabi Laws (need to codify to basic rules of justice emerged). Ottoman = Mecelle (civil code) // Roman law Article 25 / Zararla telafi olunmaz.
Religious law
"* Rule by law (kanun devleti) is not the same think the rule of law (hukuk devleti). Rule by law = Legal About power Rule of law = Legitimacy About justice Law is an instrument of justice Justice preserves the right of weak.
What is law? General : Made for everyone, applied to everyone Public : Accessible, everyone should reach, official gazette (bill to law) Prospective : Laws are about people and they make a connection between an act and legality. If not prohibited an act does not constitute a crime. (Kanunsuz su olmaz.) Time point by which we are going to judge an act is crime or not. Laws cannot be retrospective. Exception = Extending rights can be retroactive. Clear Consistent : Contradictory laws damages the justice Enforceable Conformable : It should be possible to conform the law, act according to law.
Basic structure of government Monarchy (44 UN Member) Constitutional : UK, Andorra, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Sweden, Netherland Bhutan, Japan Swaziland Absolute : Liechtenstein, Monaco Religious : Bahrain, Brunei, Malaysia, Morocco, Saudi Arabia
To be democratic requires non-rejection of democracy.
The constitutional structure of the state Unitary & Federal States Federal 2 levels of government #+ Central Federal unit: May take different names. Argentina (23 provinces) Australia (6 state) Belgium Bosnia & Her (2 entities) Brazil (26 states) Canada (10 provinces) Germany (16 lander) India (28 states) Malaysia (13 states) Mexico (31 states) Nepal Nigeria Pakistan (4 provinces) Russia (83 federal subjects, 21 republic, 46 oblast different groups of federated units with different amount of power) South Africa (9 provinces) Spain (17 autonomous communities) Switzerland (26 cantons, CH, used to be a confederation) United Arab Emirates (7 emirates, president of the Emirates = Emir of the Abu Dhabi, comes closer to the confederation) United States of America (50 states) Venezuela (23 states)
Confederation Requires treaty Confederation government has the power over the units, not citizens. Swiss Confederacy German Confederation Sweden & Norway 1840-1905 Egypt Syria Egypt Syria Iraq Serbia & Montenegro
Unitary Only the government has power over individual citizens.
#" The constitutional structure of the government
Parliamentary The head of state is different from the head of government All executive power = Prime minister President = symbolic Unicameral (Tek meclisli ) 1920 - 1960 & 1980 - Today Population based Bicameral ( ki meclisli ) 1960 - 1980 = Meclis & Senato UK - House of Commons & House of Lords Federal systems
Presidential The head of the state is the head of the government. All executive power = President Afghanistan, Argentina, Brazil, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, South Korea, US
Semi Presidential A head of state, which has certain executive powers, the head of government has another executive powers. France, Finland, Russia (hybrid, between presidential and semi presidential)