Lectures On Feedback: Analog Circuit Design

EECS140 ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN LECTURES ON FEEDBACK
University of California
Berkeley
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science
Robert W. Brodersen
EECS140
Analog Circuit Design
Lectures
on
FEEDBACK
ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

Feedback FB-1
Basic Amplifier
νε
νin + νo
Σ a
- Error Signal
Feedback Signal
νofb
f
Feedback Amplifier
f = gain of feedback amplifier
a = gain of basic amplifier

Feedback (Cont.) FB-2
ν ε = ν in – ν ofb
ν ofb = f ⋅ ν o
ν ε = ν in – f ⋅ ν o
νo = a ⋅ νε
A ν = ν o ⁄ ν in = ----------------------- = 1--- ⋅  ------------

a T ← Closed loop gain
(1 + a ⋅ f) f  1 + T
T ≡ Loop Gain = a ⋅ f
a = Open Loop Gain

f = Feedback Factor
1
Aν a→∞ = -- T»1
f

Feedback (Cont.) FB-5
There are 4 basic kinds of Feedback Circuits :
(Type of Feedback) (Type of Sensing)
1) Series (Voltage) - Shunt (Voltage)
2) Shunt (Current) - Shunt (Voltage)
3) Shunt (Current) - Series (Current)
4) Series (Voltage) - Series (Current)

Series-Shunt (νout /νin ) FB-6
This is a voltage amplifier, a typical example is the well

known configuration shown below :
ν in
+ + νo
νG
- -
R2
νfb
R1

Series-Shunt (Cont.) FB-7

ro
+ +
νε rin a ν ⋅ ν ε + νo
-
- -
ν in +
-
+ +
+
- νo
ν fb = f ⋅ ν o
- -
R1 -
----------------
f =
R1 + R2

Gain Calculation :
νo = a ν ⋅ νε
ν fb = f ν ⋅ ν o
ν
ν in = ν ε + ν fb = ----o + f ν ⋅ ν o
aν
ν
-----o = -1-- ⋅  ------------
T  = A Closed Loop Gain
ν in f ν  1 + T
ν
ν in ⋅ a ν
νo = ---------------------
1 + aν ⋅ fν
ν in = ν ε ⋅ ( 1 + a ν ⋅ fν )

Rout Calculation (Closed Loop Output Resistance) :

ν ro it
R out νi n = 0 = ----t
it
Drive output with ν t , measure i t
νt – a ν ⋅ ν ε + + νt
it = ----------------------- - -
ro aν ν ε
ν ε + f ν ⋅ ν t = ν in = 0 ; ν ε = – fν ⋅ νt
ν in = 0
νt + a ν ⋅ f ν ⋅ ν t A ν = 10 fν = 0.1 a ν = 50 , 000
it = -------------------------------
ro
T = 0.1 ⋅ 50, 000 = 5000 r o = 100Ω
ν ro ro
----t = R out = --------------------- = ------------
it 1 + aν ⋅ f ν 1+T ro
------------
R OUT = = 0.02Ω
1+T


Rin Calculation :
ν
R in = -----in
i in
ν in = ( 1 + T ) ⋅ ν ε
ν ν in
iin = ----ε = --------------------------
rin ( 1 + T ) ⋅ r in
ν
R in = -----in = ( 1 + T ) ⋅ r in
i in

Shunt-Shunt (Transresistance νout /i in) FB-11

ro
iε
+
iin νε r in νo
+ a ⋅i
- - R ε
νo
i fb = f G ⋅ ν o
-

FB-13
Shunt-Shunt (Cont.)
Gain Calculation :
ifb = fG ⋅ ν o
i
fG = ----fb
νo
iε = i in – i fb
ν o = aR ⋅ i ε
a R has units of resistance
ν o = a R ⋅ ( i in – f G ⋅ ν o )



ifb
νo 1 ⋅  ------------
T 
---- = ---
iin f G  1 + T

Shunt-Shunt (Cont.) FB-14
iin RS

FB-15
Shunt-Shunt (Cont.)
Rin Calculation :
ν
R IN = ----ε
iin
i ε = iin – fG ⋅ ν o = iin – a R ⋅ f G ⋅ i ε
i in
∴i ε = --------------------
1 + aR ⋅ f
ν r in
R IN = ----ε = ------------
iin 1+T

Shunt-Shunt (Cont.) FB-16

ν
R OUT = -- t
it ii n = 0
( νo = νt)
iin = 0 = i t + i f b
i ε = – ifb = – f G ⋅ ν o
ν o = it ⋅ ro + a R ⋅ iε = i t ⋅ ro – aR ⋅ fG ⋅ ν o
νo ro
---- = ------------ = R OUT
it 1+T

Shunt-Series (Current Amp i out/iin) FB-17
io
iε
+
ai ⋅ iε
iin νε r in
ro
-
io
ifb = fi ⋅ ν o

Shunt-Series (Cont.) FB-18

T = ai ⋅ fi
i
fi = --fb
io
Gain Calculation :
----o = 1-- ⋅  ------------
T 
i
iin fi  1 + T
Rin Calculation :
r in
R IN = ------------
1+T
R OUT = r o ⋅ ( 1 + T )

Series-Series (Transconductance iout /νin) FB-19
io
+
r in νε aG ⋅ ν ε
ro
-
+- ν in
+-
io
i fb = f R ⋅ ν o

Series-Series (Cont.) FB-20
T = a G ⋅ fR
ν
fR = -----fb
io
Gain Calculation :
A G = -----o = -1-- ⋅  ------------

i T 
ν in f R 1 + T
Rin Calculation :
R IN = r in ⋅ ( 1 + T )

R OUT = r o ⋅ ( 1 + T )

Series-Shunt Example (Without Loading) FB-21

a ν = 10 5
ν in
+ + νo R 1 = 1kΩ
νε
- R 2 = 9kΩ
-
R2 r o = 10 ⋅ kΩ
ν fb r in = ∞
ro
R1
+
νε r in +- a νν ε
νfb νo ν
f ν = -----fb
R2 νo
R1
ν fb R1
----- = ---------------- = f ν = 0.1
νo R1 + R2

Series-Shunt Example (Cont.) FB-22

ν 1 T T = aν ⋅ f ν = a ν ⋅  ----------------
R1 
A ν = -----o = -- ⋅ ------------  R 1 + R 2
ν in fν 1 + T
T = 105 ⋅  ------------------
1k  = 10 4
 1k + 9k
( No loading means we don‘t taken into account the drop

across ro due to R1 &R2 )
A ν = ------- ⋅ ----------------4 = 10.000


4
1 10
precisely 10 to 4 decimal places
0.1  1 + 10 
R in = r in ⋅ ( 1 + T ) = ∞ ⋅ ( 1 + 10 4 ) → ∞
4
r o 10
R OUT = ------------ = ----------------4 = 1Ω
1+T 1 + 10

Shunt-Shunt Example (Without Loading) FB-24
+ νo
+ νo ν
i in = -----in -
R1
-
ν in
R1 R2
R1
R2
“R “ IN
+ νo
R1
-
ν iε
i in = -----in
R1
R2

Shunt-Shunt Example (Cont.) FB-25
R IN iε ro
ν
i in = -----in +- νo
R1 ( – aν R1 ) iε
R1





– aR
R2
i fb
+
ν
- o
iε = i in – i fb
iε
-
ro
R1
+
aν ν ε = aν R 1 iε
ν ε = – iε R 1
ifb
ν O = ν in, fb i
f = ----fb-
νO
R2
ν
ifb = – -----O
R2
1
f = – -----
R2
T = ( – aR ) ⋅  – -----  = a ν ⋅  R
-----1 = 10 5 ⋅  1--- = 1.1 × 10 4
1
R2 R2 9
νo ×
A R = ---- = -- ⋅ ------------ = – R 2 ⋅  ------------------------------4 = – R 2 = – 9kΩ

4
1 T 1.1 10
i in f 1+T 1 + 1.1 × 10
ν
But we want -----O
ν in
ν
i in = -----in
R1
νo ν
= ν
R
----- ----o ⋅ --1--- = – -----2 = – 9 = -----o
ν in i in R 1 R1 ν in

ro 10 k ≈ 0.9Ω
R OUT = ------------ = ---------------------
1+T 1.1 × 10 4
R1 R1 -
R IN = ------------ = -----------------------
1+T R
1 + a ν ⋅ -----1
R2
R IN R2
+
iin νo
R1 +
R IN'
But RIN is not what we want.


R IN
iin R1 R IN'
R
R IN = -----2
aν
R 1 ⋅ R IN' R 1 ⋅ R2
R IN = ------------------- = -------------------------
-
R 1 + R IN' R2 + a ν ⋅ R1
( R 1 ⋅ R IN' ) ⋅ ( R 2 + a ν ⋅ R 1 ) = ( R 1 ⋅ R 2 ) ⋅ ( R 1 ⋅ R IN' )
R IN ' ⋅ ( R 2 – R 2 + a ν ⋅ R 1 ) = R 2 ⋅ R 1
R
R IN' = -----2
aν
R1
+
ν in νo
+
R IN '' R
R IN' = -----2
aν
R
R IN '' = R 1 + R IN ' = R 1 + -----2
aν
is the real input resistance we want, but it doesn’t come out
R IN''
directly since we used the Norton equvalent circuit at the input
Series-Shunt Example (With Loading) FB-31

Series - Shunt with loading effects of feecback circuit
on the basic amplifier.
ro Basic amplifier
+ +
νε a νν ε
ν in +- r IN +- νo
- -
R2
R1
For loading at INPUT assume short

For loading at OUTPUT
assume open
ro R OUT'
R IN' νo
ν in
+
νε r IN +-
aν
ν ε
-
R 1 || R 2
R2
r IN R 1 + R2
ν ε = ---------------------------ν ε' a ν' = --------------------------- aν
||
R 1 R 2 + r IN R1 r o + R 1 + R2

Basic amp with loading :
r o || ( R 1 + R 2 )
νo
ν in
+
( R 1 + R 2 ) ⋅ ---------------------------
r in
ν ε'
+- a ν --------------------------- ν ε'
ro + R 1 + R2 R 1 || R 2 + r in
- r in + R 1 || R 2
( R 1 + R 2 ) ⋅ ---------------------------
r in
a ν' = a ν ---------------------------
r o + R1 + R2 R 1 || R 2 + r in
r in' = r in + ( R 1 || R 2 )
r o' = r o || ( R 1 + R 2 )
ν ofb R2
νo R1
f ν = ----------------
R 1 + R2
R1
T ' = a ν' ⋅ f = a ν ⋅  ----------------

R 1  ⋅  ---------------------------
r in  ⋅  --------------------------
R 1 + R 2 -
R 1 + R 2  r in + R 1 || R 2  r o + R 1 + R 2
T'<T Because of Loading
∞
T ' = ( 10 5 ) ⋅ ( 0.1 ) ⋅  ------------------------------ ⋅  ------------------------------
T ' = 10 4 10k
∞ + 1k || 9k 10k + 10k










without loading 1
= --- × 10 4
1 1⁄2
2 with loading

R IN = ( r in + R 1 || R 2 ) ⋅ ( 1 + T ' )
T '»1
r in ⋅ a ν -  ⋅  --------------------------
R IN = ( r in + R 1 || R 2 ) ⋅  -------------------------- R 1 + R 2 - ⋅  ----------------
R1 
 r in + R 1 || R 2  r o + R 1 + R 2  R 1 + R 2
R IN = r in ⋅ T ⋅  ---------------------------
R1 + R2 
r o + R 1 + R 2
o ⋅ (R 1 + R2 )
r------------------------------
r o' ro + R1 + R 2
R OUT = --------------- = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1+T'
a ν ⋅  ---------------------------  ⋅  --------------------------- 
r in R1
 r i n + R 1 || R 2  r o + R 1 + R 2
ro
R OUT = ----------------------------------------
T ⋅  --------------------------- 
r in
r in + R 1 || R 2
Shunt-Shunt Example (With Loading) FB-36
R2
ro
ν in
+ ν OUT
R1
νε +- a νν ε
- r in
FB-37
Shunt-Shunt Example (Cont.)
Transforming to current source input :
R2
R OUT
ro
+ ν OUT
ν R1
i in = -----in
R1 νε +- a νν ε
- r in
R IN '

Redrawing :
iε
iin ro ν OUT
+- a r i
ν in ε
rin
R2 Assume short
Assume short R1
for INPUT loasing
for OUTPUT
loading

Basic amplifier with loading :
r in' iε ro r o'
iin ν OUT
R 1 || R 2 r in +- – a r i
ν in ε R2
iε' r o || R 2
iin ν OUT
r in || R 1 || R 2 +-
R 1 || R 2  ⋅  ---------------
– a νr i n ⋅  --------------------------- R2  i '
 r in + R 1 || R 2  r o + R 2 ε
R 1 || R 2 - ⋅  ---------------
a R' = – a ν ⋅ r in ⋅  -------------------------- R 2  = – a ⋅ ( r || R || R ) ⋅  ---------------
R2 
r in + R 1 || R 2  r o + R 2  r o + R 2
ν in 1 2
r in' = r in || R 1 || R 2
r OUT' = R 2 || r o
ifb R2
ν OUT
R1 ifb 1
fG = --------
- = – ---
--
ν OUT R2

Finally we get :
ν OUT 1 ⋅  ---------------
T' 
--------- = ---
iin f G  1 + T '
R 1 || R 2  ⋅  ---------------
T ' = a R' ⋅ f G = a ν ⋅ -r---in- ⋅  --------------------------- R2 
R 2 r in + R 1 || R 2  r o + R 2
ν OUT
--------- = --1--- ⋅  ν OUT
---------
ν in R 1  i in 
ν OUT
--------- =  R
-----2 ⋅  ---------------
T' 
νin  R 1  1 + T '
T '»1
r in' r in || R 1 || R 2
R IN ' = --------------- = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1+T' R 1 || R 2 -  ⋅  ---------------
a ν ⋅ -r---in- ⋅  -------------------------- R2 
R 2 r in + R 1 || R 2  r o + R 2
r o + R2
R IN ' = --------------- independent of R1
aν
R IN '' = R 1 + R IN ' at ν in
r OUT' R 2 || r o ro
R OUT = --------------- = --------------- = ------------------------------------------------ = R OUT'
1+T' 1+T' a ν ⋅ f G ⋅ ( r in || R 1 || R 2 )
FB-43
νOUT -
νε νOUT
ν in +
ν ε = ν in – ν OUT
Series - Shunt
= ν in – ν fb = ν in – f ⋅ νOUT
f = 1
ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 30 FALL,1998

FB-44
Replacing current sources with resistances :
νS νS
i i
g mb ν S = χ ⋅ g m ν S 1
------------
χ ⋅ gm
i = g mb νS
νS 1 1
---- = ------ = ------------
i g mb χ ⋅ gm

Single Transistor : Series - Shunt FB-45
+ ν OUT
νε gm ν ε
ν in +- ro
ν -
+
νε -
in
ν fb ν OUT
RS
1
R S || ------------
χ ⋅ gm
Open(Series) Short(Shunt)
ν fb νO
ν
RS f ν = -----fb = 1
νo

Single Transistor : Series - Shunt (Cont.) FB-46

With Loading :
ν OUT
νε
+- gm ν ε
ν ro
in
1
R S || ------------
χ ⋅ gm

Single Transistor : Series - Shunt (Cont.) FB-47
a ν' = g m ⋅  r o || R S || ------------
1  = T'
since f ν = 1
χ ⋅ g m
ro » RS
g m ⋅  R S || ------------
1
χ ⋅ gm gm ⋅ RS
A ν = 1-- ⋅ ---------------
T ' ≈ ------------------------------------------------ = ---------------------------------------------- = A ν'
fν 1 + T ' 1 + g ⋅ R ⋅ ( 1 + χ )
1 + g m ⋅  R S || ------------ 1  m S
 χ ⋅ g m
1 1
r OUT' = r o || R S || ------------ ≈ R S || ------------
χ ⋅ gm χ ⋅ gm
r in' = ∞
1
R S || ------------
r OUT' χ ⋅ gm RS
R OUT = --------------- = ------------------------------------------------ = ----------------------------------------------
1+T ' 1 + g m ⋅ ( 1 + χ ) ⋅ RS
1 + g m ⋅  R S || ------------ 1 
 χ ⋅ gm 
1
= R S || --------------------------- = R OUT
gm ⋅ ( 1 + χ )
Series - Series with Degeneration FB-48
RL
iOUT +
RL νε
- ro
ν OUT
ν in iOUT iOUT
+ +-
νε - νfb ν in
+
RS νfb RS
-
OPEN (Series) OPEN (Series)
For Simplicity,χ = 0

Series - Series Degeneration (Cont.) FB-49
ν fb
RS
i OUT
+-
RS RS
RS
ν fb = i OUT R S


Basic amplifier with loading :
νin +
νε
RL i OUT
g mνε ro
-
RS RS
Redrawn :
iOUT
ν in
ν ε ⋅ g m  --------------------------- 
ro
r o + RL + RS
 r o + R L + R S
= r OUT'









aG


Feedback Network :
ν fb
RS i OUT
ν
fR = -------fb = R S
iOUT
T ' = a G ⋅ fG = g m ⋅  ---------------------------  ⋅ RS
ro
r o + R L + R S
ro ⋅ RS 
R OUT' = r OUT' ⋅ ( 1 + T ' ) = ( r o + R L + R S ) ⋅  1 + g m ⋅ ---------------------------
r o + R L + R S
= r o + RL + R S + gm ⋅ ro ⋅ R S = R L + RS + ( 1 + gm ⋅ RS ) ⋅ ro

i OUT
= -1-- ⋅ ---------------
T'
G M = -------
ν in fR 1 + T '
 ro ⋅ RS 
g m ⋅ ---------------------------
1 r o + RL + R S
gm ⋅ ro 
=  ----- ⋅ ------------------------------------- = --------------------------------------------------------
- 
R g m ⋅
 S 1 + ---------------------------
r o ⋅ R S
r o + R L + R S + g m ⋅ r o ⋅ R S 
 ro + R L + RS 
gm ⋅ ro gm
- ≈ ----------------------------
G M = ------------------------------------------------------------ -
RL + R S + ro ⋅ ( 1 + gm ⋅ RS ) ( 1 + g m ⋅ R S)
r o » R L ,R S

FB-53
Shunt - Shunt
Short RD
RD RF
ifb Short
RF R IN '
ν OUT ν OUT
R IN RG
ν in
ν in' ν
i in = -----in RG
RG
iin

Shunt - Shunt (Cont.) FB-54

Basic amp with loading :
R D || R F
iin ν OUT
R G || R F
ν OUT = – iin ⋅ ( R G || R F ) ⋅ g m ⋅ ( R D || R F || r o )
ν OUT-
a R' = -------- = – ( R G || R F ) ⋅ g m ⋅ ( R D || R F || r o )
iin
r in' = R G || R F r OUT' = R D || R F

ifb
ν OUT ν OUT 1
RF fG = --------
- = – -----
i fb RF
1
T ' = a R ⋅ f G = ----- ⋅ ( R G || R F ) ⋅ g m ⋅ ( R D || R F || r o )
RF
T '»1
r in' R G || R F
R IN ' = --------------- = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1+T ' 1
----- ⋅ ( R G || R F ) ⋅ g m ⋅ ( R D || R F || r o )
RF
RF
= ---------------------------------------- ≈R
-----F
g m ⋅ ( R D || R F || r o ) a ν
ν OUT
At νin a ν = --------
-
ν in'
R
R IN = R G + R IN' = R G + -----F ≈ R G
aν
T '»1
r OUT' ( R D || R F || r o )
R OUT = --------------- = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1+T ' 1
----- ⋅ ( R G || R F ) ⋅ g m ⋅ ( R D || R F || r o )
RF
1
= ---------------------------------
g m ⋅  -----------------
RG 
R F + R G

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EECS140 ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN LECTURES ON FEEDBACK

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

f = gain of feedback amplifier

a = gain of basic amplifier

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

Feedback (Cont.) FB-2

A ν = ν o ⁄ ν in = ----------------------- = 1--- ⋅  ------------

a = Open Loop Gain

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

Feedback (Cont.) FB-5

There are 4 basic kinds of Feedback Circuits :

(Type of Feedback) (Type of Sensing)

1) Series (Voltage) - Shunt (Voltage)

2) Shunt (Current) - Shunt (Voltage)

3) Shunt (Current) - Series (Current)

4) Series (Voltage) - Series (Current)

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

Series-Shunt (νout /νin ) FB-6

This is a voltage amplifier, a typical example is the well

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

Series-Shunt (Cont.) FB-7

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

Series-Shunt (Cont.) FB-8

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

Series-Shunt (Cont.) FB-9

Rout Calculation (Closed Loop Output Resistance) :

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 27

Series-Shunt (Cont.) FB-10

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Shunt-Shunt (Transresistance νout /i in) FB-11

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

a R has units of resistance

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Shunt-Shunt (Cont.) FB-14

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Shunt-Shunt (Cont.) FB-16

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Shunt-Series (Current Amp i out/iin) FB-17

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Shunt-Series (Cont.) FB-18

Rout Calculation (Closed Loop Output Resistance) :

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Series-Series (Transconductance iout /νin) FB-19

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Series-Series (Cont.) FB-20

A G = -----o = -1-- ⋅  ------------

Rout Calculation (Closed Loop Output Resistance) :

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Series-Shunt Example (Without Loading) FB-21

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Series-Shunt Example (Cont.) FB-22

( No loading means we don‘t taken into account the drop

A ν = ------- ⋅ ----------------4 = 10.000

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28

Shunt-Shunt Example (Without Loading) FB-24

ROBERT W. BRODERSEN LECTURE 28