Giáo Trình Cơ Khí Đ I Cương - Ths - Lưu Đ C Hoà, 69 Trang PDF

M U
Mn hc C kh i cng l mt trong nhng mn hc c lin quan n kin thc ph

bin ca cc ngnh k thut in, nng lng, ho, cng ngh thng tin v in t vin thng
v.v...trong h thng gio dc i hc, cao ng, trung hc v dy ngh.
Gio trnh k thut c kh cp n cc vn chnh sau:
Chng 1: Gii thiu v nhng khi nim c bn v qu trnh sn xut, cht lng b mt
v chnh xc gia cng, kt cu cng ngh v cc loi dng c o trong c kh.
Chng 2: Trnh by khi qut cc loi vt liu dng trong c kh.
Chng 3, 4, 5: Gii thiu nhng nguyn l c bn ch to cc loi phi c, phi rn -
dp, phi hn v cng ngh ct kim loi.
Chng 6: Trnh by nguyn l ct gt kim loi, cc loi my cng c v cc c cu
thng dng trn my cng c, cng nh cc cng vic c th thc hin c trn cc my cng
c thng dng.
Chng 7: Gii thiu cc dng n mn kim loi, cch x l v bo v b mt cc sn
phm c kh.
y l gio trnh dnh cho cc sinh vin ngoi c kh nh ngnh k thut in, ho, in t
v cng ngh thng tin thuc cc trng i hc k thut, cao ng v trung hc ngh. Gio trnh
cng l ti liu tt cho cc cn b k thut trong cc nh my, x nghip nghin cu v tham kho.
Ngi bin son mong mun nhn c s gp ca cc ng nghip cng nh cc sinh
vin nhm hon thin hn.

GIO TRNH: C KH I CNG

1
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] PGS. TS. Hong Tng, C KH I CNG
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut - 1994

[2] Hong Tng, Nguyn Tin o, Nguyn Thc H
C KH I CNG
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut - 2000

[3] TS. Nguyn Tin o, KS. Trn Cng c
CNG NGH KHAI THC THIT B C KH
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut

[4] TS. Nguyn Tin o, ThS. Nguyn Tin Dng
CNG NGH KIM LOI V NG DNG CAD/CAM/CNC
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut

[5] Hong Tng
CNG NGH KIM LOI
i hc Bch khoa H ni - 1981

[6] Hong Tng, Nguyn Luyn, Nguyn Vn Ho, Phm B Nng
CH TO PHI
Nh xut bn B gio dc v o to - 1993

[7] Nguyn Nh T
GIA CNG CT GT TRN MY CNG C
Trng i hc bch khoa H ni - 1995

[8] B. N. ARZAMAXOV
VT LIU HC
Nh xut bn gio dc - 2000

[9] Ninh c Tn
DUNG SAI V LP GHP. Nh xut bn gio dc - 2000


2
MC LC
Trang
M U
Chng 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V SN XUT C KH 1
1.1. Khi nim v qu trnh sn xut c kh 1
1.2. Khi nim v cht lng b mt ca sn phm 4
1.3. Khi nim v chnh xc gia cng c kh 6

Chng 2: VT LIU DNG TRONG C KH 12
2.1. Tnh cht chung ca kim loi v hp kim 12
2.2. Thp 15
2.2. Gang 19
2.3. Kim loi v hp kim mu 20
2.3.1. ng v hp kim ng 20
2.3.2. Nhm v hp kim nhm 21
2.4. Hp kim cng 22

Chng 3: K THUT C 24
3.1. Khi nim chung 24
3.2. c trong khun ct 25
3.2.1. Cc b phn chnh ca phn xng c 25
3.2.2. Cc b phn c bn ca mt khun c 26
3.2.3. Cc loi vt liu lm khun v lm li 27
3.2.4. Hn hp lm khun, li 28
3.2.5. Ch to b mu v hp li 29
3.2.6. Cc phng php lm khun bng ct 30
3.2.7. H thng rt, u hi, u ngt 35
3.3. c gang xm 36
3.4. c kim loi mu 39
3.5. Cc phng php c c bit 41

Chng 4: GIA CNG KIM LOI BNG P LC 44
4.2. Cn kim loi 45
4.3. Ko kim loi 52
4.4. p kim loi 55
4.5. Rn t do 57
4.6. Dp th tch 63
4.7. K thut dp tm 66

Chng 5: K THUT HN 74

3
5.2. Hn h quang bng tay 75
5.3. Hn h quang t ng v bn t ng 81
5.4. Hn v ct kim loi bng kh 83
5.5. Hn in tip xc 91
5.6. Cc phng php hn c bit 93

Chng 6: GIA CNG CT GT KIM LOI 95
6.1. Nguyn l ct gt kim loi 95
6.2. My ct kim loi 99
6.2.1. Phn loi v k hiu 99
6.2.2. Truyn dn v truyn ng trong my ct kim loi 100
6.2.3. Cc loi c cu truyn ng trong my ct kim loi 102
6.2.4. My tin 105
6.2.5. My khoan - doa 110
6.2.6. My bo, xc 112
6.2.7. My phay 114
6.2.8. My mi 118

Chng 7: X L V BO V B MT KIM LOI 121
7.2. Cc phng php x l v bo v b mt kim loi 121
7.2.1. X l nhit kim loi 122
7.2.2. Cc phng php x l b mt khc 124
7.2.3. Bo v chng g 124

TI LIU THAM KHO 125
MC LC 126


4
I HC NNG
TRNG I HC K THUT
BIN SON: THS. GVC LU C HO

GIO TRNH
K THUT C KH

NNG - 2002


5

TRNG HBK NNG - LU C HA

GIO TRNH: C KH I CNG - 2007

1
CHNG 1
CC KHI NIM C BN V SN XUT C KH

1.1. CC KHI NIM V QU TRNH SN XUT
1.1.1. S QU TRNH SN XUT C KH
K thut c kh l mn hc gii thiu mt cch khi qut qu trnh sn xut c kh v phng
php cng ngh gia cng kim loi v hp kim ch to cc chi tit my hoc kt cu my. Qu trnh
sn xut v ch to bao gm nhiu giai on khc nhau c tm tt nh sau:

1.1.2. QU TRNH THIT K
L qu trnh khi tho, tnh ton, thit k ra mt dng sn phm th hin trn bn v k thut,
thuyt minh, tnh ton, cng trnh v.v... l qu trnh tch lu kinh nghim, s dng nhng thnh tu
khoa hc k thut sng to ra nhng sn phm mi ngy cng hon thin. Bn thit k l c s
thc hin qu trnh sn xut, l c s php l kim tra, o lng, thc hin cc hp ng. v.v...
1.1.3. QU TRNH SN XUT: Qu trnh sn xut l qu trnh tc ng trc tip ca con ngi
thng qua cng c sn xut nhm bin i ti nguyn thin nhin hoc bn thnh phm thnh sn
phm c th p ng yu cu ca x hi.
Qu trnh sn xut thng bao gm nhiu giai on. Mi giai on tng ng vi mt cng
on, mt phn xng hay mt b phn....lm nhng nhim v chuyn mn khc nhau. Qu trnh sn
xut c chia ra cc cng on nh, theo mt qu trnh cng ngh.
H.1.1.S qu trnh sn xut c kh
Ti nguyn
thin nhin
Ch to vt
liu
Ch to phi
Gia cng ct
gt
X l v bo
v
Chi tit my
Qung, nhin liu,
cht tr dung
Luyn kim
c, cn, rn dp,
hn...
Tin, phay, bo,
khoan, mi...
Nhit luyn, ho
nhit luyn, m,
sn...
Thp, gang, ng,
nhm, hp kim
Phi kim
Ph phm v
ph liu
Ph phm v
ph liu


2
1.1.4. QUI TRNH CNG NGH
QTCN l mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut nhm trc tip lm thay i trng thi ca i tng
sn xut theo mt th t cht ch, bng mt cng ngh nht nh. V d: QTCN nhit luyn nhm lm
thay i tnh cht vt l ca vt liu chi tit nh cng, bn.v.v...Cc thnh phn ca quy trnh
cng ngh bao gm:
a/ Nguyn cng: l mt phn ca qu trnh cng ngh do mt hoc mt nhm cng nhn thc
hin lin tc ti mt ch lm vic gia cng chi tit (hay mt nhm chi tit cng gia cng mt ln).
b/ Bc: l mt phn ca nguyn cng trc tip lm thay i trng thi hnh dng k thut
ca sn phm bng mt hay mt tp hp dng c vi ch lm vic khng i. Khi thay i dng c,
thay i b mt, thay i ch ...ta chuyn sang mt bc mi.
c/ ng tc: l tp hp cc hot ng, thao tc ca cng nhn thc hin nhim v ca bc
hoc nguyn cng.
1.1.5. DNG SN XUT
Tu theo quy m sn xut, c trng v t chc, trang b k thut v quy trnh cng ngh m c
cc dng sn xut sau:
a/ Sn xut n chic: l dng sn xut m sn phm c sn xut ra vi s lng t v
thng t lp li v khng theo mt quy lut no. Chng loi mt hng rt a dng, s lng mi loi
rt t v th phn xng, nh my thng s dng cc dng c, thit b vn nng. y l dng sn xut
thng dng trong sa cha, thay th...
b/ Sn xut hng lot: l dng sn xut m sn phm c ch to theo l (lot) c lp i
lp li thng xuyn sau mt khong thi gian nht nh vi s lng trong lot tng i nhiu (vi
trm n hng nghn) nh sn phm ca my bm, ng c in.v.v...Tu theo khi lng, kch thc,
mc phc tp v s lng m phn ra dng sn xut hng lot nh, va v ln. Trong sn xut
hng lot cc dng c, thit b s dng l cc loi chuyn mn ho c km c loi vn nng hp.
c/ Sn xut hng khi: hay sn xut ng lot l dng sn xut trong sn phm c sn
xut lin tc trong mt thi gian di vi s lng rt ln. Dng sn xut ny rt d c kh ho v t
ng ho nh x nghip sn xut ng h, xe my, t, xe p.v.v...
1.1.6. KHI NIM V SN PHM V PHI
a/ Sn phm: l mt danh t quy c ch mt vt phm c to ra giai on cui cng
ca mt qu trnh sn xut, ti mt c s sn xut. Sn phm c th l my mc hon chnh hay mt b
phn, cm my, chi tit...dng lp rp hay thay th.
b/ Chi tit my: l n v nh nht v hon chnh v mt k thut ca my nh bnh rng, trc
c, bi v.v...
c/ Phi: cn gi l bn thnh phm l danh t k thut c quy c ch vt phm c to
ra t mt qu trnh sn xut ny chuyn sang mt qu trnh sn xut khc. V d: sn phm c c th
l chi tit c (nu em dng ngay) c th l phi c nu n cn gia cng thm (ct gt, nhit luyn,
rn dp...) trc khi dng. Cc phn xng ch to phi l c, rn, dp, hn, g, ct kim loi v.v..
1.1.7. KHI NIM V C CU MY V B PHN MY
a/ B phn my: y l mt phn ca my, bao gm 2 hay nhiu chi tit my c lin kt vi
nhau theo nhng nguyn l my nht nh (lin kt ng hay lin kt c nh) nh hp tc , may
xe p v.v...
b/ C cu my: y l mt phn ca my hoc b phn my c nhin v nht nh trong my.
V d: a, xch, lp ca xe p to thnh c cu chuyn ng xch trong xe p.


3
1.2. KHI NIM V CHT LNG B MT CA SN PHM
Cht lng b mt ca cc chi tit my c nh gi bi nhn b mt v tnh cht c l ca
lp kim loi b mt.
1.2.1. NHN B MT (NHM)
bng b mt l nhp nh t vi ca lp b
mt (H.1.2) gm li lm, sng, bng (nhm).
nh gi nhp nh b mt ngi ta dng hai ch
tiu l R
a
v R
z
(m).
TCVN 2511- 95 cng nh ISO quy nh 14 cp
nhm c k hiu km theo cc tr s.
- R
a
l sai lch trung bnh s hc cc khong cch t nhng im ca profil o c n ng
trung bnh ox o theo phng vung gc vi ng trung bnh ca nhp nh t vi trn chiu di
chun L. Ta c th tnh: R
L
ydx
a
L
=

1
0
( )

=
= + + + + =
n
i
i n a
y
n
y y y y
n
R
1
3 2 1
1
...
1
.
- R
z
l chiu cao nhp nh t vi trn chiu di chun L vi gi tr trung bnh ca tng cc gi tr
tuyt i ca chiu cao 5 nh cao nht h
1
, h
3
, h
5
, h
7
, h
9
v chiu su ca 5 y thp nht h
2
, h
4
, h
6
, h
8
,
h
10
ca profin trong khong chiu di chun.

( ) ( )
5
10 4 2 9 2 1
h h h h h h
R
z
+ + + + + +
=
L L
.
T cp 612, ch yu dng R
a
, cn i vi cc cp 15 v 13 14 dng R
z
. khi ghi trn bn v
bng c th hin nh H.1.3. Trong thc t sn xut, c cc cp bng khc nhau. V d:
B mt rt th, th t cp 1 3 (R
z
= 320 40): c, rn
Gia cng na tinh v tinh t cp 46 (R
z
= 4010,
R
a
= 2,5): tin, phay, khoan.
Gia cng tinh t cp 6 8 (R
a
= 2,5 0,32): khot, doa, mi.
Cc gi tr thng s nhm b mt (TCVN 2511 - 78)
Cp Tr s nhm (m) Chiu di Phng php ng dng
nhm R
a
R
z
chun L(mm) gia cng
1
2
3
-
-
-
320 - 160
160 - 80
80 - 40
8
8
8
Tin th, ca, da,
khoan ...
Cc b mt khng tip xc,
khng quan trng: gi ,
chn my v.v...
4
5
-
-
40 - 20
20 - 10
2,5
2,5
Tin tinh, da tinh,
phay...
B mt tip xc tnh, ng,
trc vt, bnh rng ...
6
7
8
2,5-1,25
1,25-0,63
0,63-0,32
-
-
-
2,5
0,8
0,8
Doa, mi, nh
bng v.v...
B mt tip xc ng: mt
rng, mt pittng, xi lanh,
cht v.v...
9
10
11
12
0,32-0,16
0,16-0,08
0,08-0,04
0,04-0,02
-
-
-
-
0,8
0,25
0,25
0,25
Mi tinh mng,
nghin, r, gia cng
c bit, ph. php
khc
B mt mt, van, bi, con
ln, dng c o, cn mu
v.v...
13
14
-
-
0,1 - 0,05
0,05 - 0,025
0,08
0,08
B mt lm vic chi tit
chnh xc, dng c o
H.1.3. K hiu bng
a/ K hiu bng theo R
a

b/ K hiu bng theo R
Z

2,5
a/
R
z
20
b/
h
1
h
2
h
3

h
4
h
5

h
6

h
9 h
10
y
1
y
n
y
x
L
0
H.1.2. nhm b mt chi tit
ng y
ng nh
R
max


4
1.2.2. TNH CHT C L CA LP B MT SN PHM
Tnh cht c l ca lp b mt gm cu trc t vi b mt, cng t vi, tr s v du ca ng
sut d b mt. Chng nh hng nhiu n tui th ca chi tit my. Cu trc t vi v tnh cht c l
ca lp b mt chi tit sau gia cng c gii thiu trn H.1.4:
a/ Mt ngoi b ph hu (1) do chu lc p v ma st khi ct gt, nhit tng cao. Ngoi cng l
mng kh hp th dy khong 23 ngstron (1 = 10
-8
cm), n hnh thnh khi tip xc vi khng kh v
mt i khi b nung nng. Sau l lp b xy ho dy khong (40 80).
b/ Lp cng ngui (2) l lp kim loi b bin dng do c chiu dy khong 50.000, vi cng
cao thay i gim dn t ngoi vo, lm tnh cht c l thay i. Kim loi c bn t vng (3) tr vo.

1.3. KHI NIM V CHNH XC GIA CNG C KH
1.3.1. KHI NIM V CHNH XC GIA CNG
chnh xc gia cng ca chi tit my l c tnh quan trng ca ngnh c kh nhm p ng
yu cu ca my mc thit b cn c kh nng lm vic chnh xc chu ti trng, tc cao, p lc
ln, nhit v.v...
chnh xc gia cng l mc chnh xc t c khi gia cng so vi yu cu thit k.
Trong thc t chnh xc gia cng c biu th bng cc sai s v kch thc, sai lch v hnh dng
hnh hc, sai lch v v tr tng i gia cc yu t hnh hc ca chi tit c biu th bng dung sai.
chnh xc gia cng cn phn no c th hin hnh dng hnh hc lp t vi b mt. l
bng hay nhn b mt, cn gi l nhm.
1.3.2. DUNG SAI
a/ Khi nim: Khi ch to mt sn phm, khng th thc hin kch thc, hnh dng, v tr
chnh xc mt cch tuyt i c sn phm ging ht nh mong mun v ging nhau hng lot, v
vic gia cng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khch quan nh chnh xc ca dng c, thit b gia cng,
dng c o, trnh tay ngh ca cng nhn v.v...Do mi sn phm khi thit k cn tnh n mt
sai s cho php sao cho m bo tt cc yu cu k thut, chc nng lm vic v gi thnh hp l.
Dung sai c trng cho chnh xc yu cu ca kch thc hay cn gi l chnh xc thit
k v c ghi km vi kch thc danh ngha trn bn v k thut.
Tr s dung sai kch thc (IT- m)
D (d)
Cp
chnh xc

3
> 3

6
> 6

10
> 10

18
> 18

30
> 30

50
> 50

80
> 80

120
> 120

180
>180

250
5
6
7
4
6
10
6
8
12
8
9
15
8
11
18
9
13
21
11
16
25
13
19
30
15
22
35
18
25
40
20
29
46
1
2
3
h
HB 1- Mt ngoi b ph hu
2- Lp cng ngui
3- Kim loi c bn
h- Chiu su kim loi
HB- cng
H.1.4. Tnh cht c l lp b mt


5
8
9
10
11
12
14
25
40
60
100
18
30
48
75
120
22
36
58
90
150
27
43
70
110
180
33
52
84
130
210
39
62
100
160
250
46
74
120
190
300
54
87
140
220
350
63
100
160
250
400
72
115
185
290
460
D (d) - Kch thc danh ngha ca chi tit.
b/ Dung sai kch thc: Dung sai kch thc l sai s cho php gia kch thc t c sau
khi gia cng v kch thc danh ngha. l hiu gia kch thc gii hn ln nht v nh nht hoc
hiu i s gia sai lch trn v sai lch di.
Theo TCVN 2244 - 99 cng nh ISO k hiu ch in hoa dng cho l, k hiu ch thng dng
cho trc. Trong : D (d): Kch thc danh ngha, s dng theo kch thc trong dy u tin ca
TCVN 192 - 66.

- D
max
, d
max
: kch thc gii hn ln nht. - D
min
, d
min
: kch thc gii hn nh nht.
- ES = D
max
- D, es = d
max
- d : sai lch trn. - EI = D
min
- D, ei = d
min
- d : sai lch di.
- IT
l
= D
max
- D
min
= D = ES - EJ : khong dung sai ca l.
- IT
t
= d
max
- d
min
= d = es - ei : khong dung sai ca trc.
Dung sai lp ghp l tng dung sai ca l v trc.
c/ Min dung sai
L l tn gi c dng k hiu
cc b mt tr trong cc chi tit. Theo ISO
v TCVN min dung sai ca l c k
hiu bng mt ch in hoa A, B, C..., Z
A
,
Z
B
, Z
C
(k hiu sai lch c bn) v mt s
(k hiu cp chnh xc), trong c l c
s c sai lch c bn H vi EI = 0 (D
min
=
D), cp chnh xc J
S
c cc sai lch i
xng ( EI ES = ).
Trc l tn gi c dng k
hiu cc b mt tr ngoi b bao ca chi
tit. Min dung sai ca trc c k hiu
bng ch thng a, b, c..., z
a
, z
b
, z
c
; trong
trc c bn c cp chnh xc h vi ei =
0 (d
max
= d), cp chnh xc j
s
c cc sai
lch i xng ( ei es = ). Tri s dung sai
v sai lch c bn xc nh min dung sai.
I
T
l

I
T
t

E
EI
es
ei
D
m
i
n

D
m
a
x

D
d
m
i
n

d
m
a
x

d

a/ Dung sai kch thc l
b/ Dung sai kch thc trc
H.1.5. Dung sai kch thc trc v l
H.1.6. V tr cc min dung sai ca Trc v L
a
b
c
cd
d
e ef
fg
za
zc
f h
g
j
k
m
p r s
t u v
z
y
x
zb
Min dung sai trc
K
c
h

t
h
c

d
a
n
h

n
g
h
a

A
B
C
C
D
E
EF
FG ZA
ZC
F
H G
J
K M
N P
R S
T U V
Z
Y X
ZB
Min dung sai l
K
c
h

t
h
c

d
a
n
h

n
g
h
a

+

S
a
i

l
c
h

JS


6
Mi kch thc c ghi gm 2 phn: kch thc danh ngha v min dung sai. Trn bn v
ch to ghi kch thc danh ngha v gi tr cc sai lch. V d: trn bn thit k ghi 20H7, 40g6 cn
trn bn v ch to ghi kch thc tng ng (tra bng): 20
+0,021
, 40
0 025
0 009
,
,
...
d/ Sai s hnh dng v v tr: Sai s hnh dng hnh hc l nhng sai lch v hnh dng hnh
hc ca sn phm thc so vi hnh dng hnh hc khi thit k nh thng, phng, cn...
Sai s hnh dng hnh hc Sai s v tr tng i cc b mt
TT Tn gi K hiu TT Tn gi K hiu
1 Dung sai thng 1 Dung sai song song
2 Dung sai phng 2 Dung sai vung gc
3 Dung sai trn 3 Dung sai ng tm
4 Dung sai i xng
4 Dung sai tr 5 Dung sai giao nhau
6 D. sai o mt u
7 D. sai o hng knh

Sai lch v tr tng i l s sai lch v tr thc ca phn t c kho st so vi v tr danh
ngha nh khng song song, khng vung gc, khng ng tm, o v.v...Cc k hiu v
v d cch ghi cc sai lch ny trn bng trn.
/ Cp chnh xc: Cp chnh xc c qui nh theo tr s t nh n ln theo mc chnh
xc kch thc. TCVN v ISO chia ra 20 cp chnh xc nh s theo th t chnh xc gim dn l
01, 0, 1, 2, ...15, 16, 17, 18. Trong :
- Cp 01 cp 1 l cc cp siu chnh xc.
- Cp 1 cp 5 l cc cp chnh xc cao, cho cc chi tit chnh xc, dng c o.
- Cp 6 cp 11 l cc cp chnh xc thng, p dng cho cc mi lp ghp.
- Cp 12 cp 18 l cc cp chnh xc thp, dng cho cc kch thc t do (khng lp ghp).
1.3.3. LP GHP V PHNG PHP LP GHP
a/ H thng lp ghp
- H thng l: l h thng lp ghp ly l lm chun, ta chn trc c cc kiu lp khc nhau;
min dung sai k hiu bng ch in hoa; ti min dung sai l c bn H c ES > 0, cn EI = 0. H thng
l thng c s dng nhiu hn h thng trc.
- H thng trc: l h thng lp ghp ly trc lm chun, ta chn l c cc kiu lp khc
nhau; min dung sai k hiu bng ch thng; min dung sai trc c bn h c es = 0, cn ei < 0.
b/ Phng php lp ghp
- Lp lng: l phng php lp ghp m kch thc trc lun lun nh hn kch thc ca l,
gia 2 chi tit lp ghp c h, chng c th chuyn ng tng i vi nhau nn dng cc mi lp
ghp c truyn chuyn ng quay hay trt. Dng lp ghp ny, theo TCVN l c min dung sai A, B,
...G, H hoc cc trc c min dung sai a, b, ...g, h.
- Lp cht: l phng php lp ghp m kch thc trc lun lun ln hn kch thc l. Khi
lp ghp gia 2 chi tit c di nn cn c lc p cht hoc gia cng nhit cho l (hoc trc), thng
dng cho cc mi lp ghp c truyn lc. Dng lp ghp ny, theo TCVN l c min dung sai P, R, ...,
Z
C
hoc cc trc c min dung sai p, r, ..., z
c
.



7
- Lp trung gian: l loi lp ghp m tu
theo kch thc ca l v kch thc trc mi lp
c th c h hoc di. Gia 2 chi tit lp
ghp c th c h rt nh hoc di rt nh.
Khi lp c th p nh c mi lp. Dng lp ghp
ny, theo TCVN l c min dung sai J
S
, K, M, N
hoc cc trc c min dung sai j
s
, k, m, n.
1.3.4. PHNG PHP O V DNG C O
a/ Phng php o: tu theo nguyn l lm vic ca dng c o, cch xc nh gi tr o, ta c
cc phng php o sau:
- o trc tip: l phng php o m gi tr ca i lng o c xc nh trc tip theo ch s
hoc s o trn dng c o: o trc tip tuyt i dng o trc tip kch thc cn o v gi tr o
c nhn trc tip trn vch ch th ca dng c. o trc tip so snh dng xc nh tr s sai lch
ca kch thc so vi mu chun. Gi tr sai s c xc nh bng php cng i s kch thc mu
chun vi tr s sai lch .
- o gin tip: dng xc nh kch thc gin tip qua cc kt qu o cc i lng c lin
quan n i lng o.
- o phn tch (tng phn): dng xc nh cc thng s ca chi tit mt cch ring bit, khng
ph thuc vo nhau.
b/ Dng c o: Cc loi dng c o thng gp l cc loi thc: thc thng, thc cun,
thc dy, thc l, thc cp, thc o gc, compa, panme, ng h so, calp, cn mu...Cc loi
thit b o tin tin thng dng nh: u o kh nn, u o bng siu m hoc laze, thit b quang
hc, thit b o bng in hoc in t v.v...
- Thc l: c vch chia n 0,5 hoc 1mm c chnh xc thp khong 0,5mm.
- Thc cp: l dng c o vn nng o cc kch thc c gii hn v ngn nh chiu di,
chiu su, khong cch, ng knh l v.v... vi chnh xc khong (0,020,05)mm.
- Panme: thng dng o ng knh ngoi, l, rnh...vi chnh xc cao, c th t
(0,0050,01)mm. Panme ch o c kch thc gii hn. V d panme ghi 0 - 25 ch o c kch
thc 25mm.
- Calp - cn mu: l loi dng c kim tra dng trong sn xut hng lot, hng khi kim tra
kch thc gii hn cc sn phm t yu cu hay khng.
- ng h so: c chnh xc n 0,01mm, dng kim tra sai s o so vi kch thc chun
bng bn r, bn g chun nn c th kim tra c nhiu dng b mt. Dng ng h so c th xc
nh c khng song song, khng vung gc, ng tm, trn, phng, thng, o
v.v...
- Dng: ch dng kim tra mt kch thc hoc hnh dng.

H.1.7. S v cch ghi k hiu lp ghp
a/ Cch ghi k hiu trn bn v thit k
b/ Cch ghi k hiu trn bn v lp
25
7
8
H
e
a/ b/

+ 0,021
25
+ 0,028
+ 0,015


8
CHNG 2
VT LIU DNG TRONG C KH
2.1. TNH CHT CHUNG CA KIM LOI V HP KIM
Kim loi v hp kim c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ch to cc chi tit my. Mi
loi chi tit my phi c nhng tnh nng k thut khc nhau ph hp vi iu kin lm vic. Mun
vy phi nm c cc tnh cht c bn ca chng sau y:
2.1.1. C TNH
C tnh l c trng c hc biu th kh nng ca kim loi hay hp kim khi chu tc dng ca
cc ti trng. Chng c trng bi:
a/ bn: l kh nng ca vt liu chu tc dng ca ngoi lc m khng b ph hu. bn c k
hiu . Tu theo cc dng khc nhau ca ngoi lc ta c cc loi bn: bn ko (
k
); bn un
(
u
); bn nn (
n
). Gi tr bn ko tnh theo cng thc :

k
P
F
=
0
(N/mm
2
).

Ti thi im khi P t n gi tr no lm cho thanh kim loi c F
0
b t s ng vi gii
hn bn ko ca vt liu . Tng t ta s c gii hn bn un v bn nn.
b/ cng: l kh nng chng ln ca vt liu khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc. Nu cng mt gi tr
lc nn, lm bin dng trn mu o cng ln, cng su th cng ca mu o cng km. cng
c o bng cch dng ti trng n vin bi bng thp cng hoc mi cn kim cng hoc mi chp
kim cng ln b mt ca vt liu mun th, ng thi xc nh kch thc vt lm in trn b mt vt
liu o. C cc loi cng Brinen; cng Rcoen; cng Vicke.
- cng Brinen: dng ti trng P (i vi thp v gang P = 30D
2
) n vin bi bng thp
nhit luyn, c ng knh (D = 10; 5; 0,25 mm) ln b mt vt liu mun th (H.2.2.a). cng
Brinen c tnh theo cng thc: HB
P
F
= (kG/mm
2
). F - din tch mt cu ca vt lm (mm
2
).
cng Brinen dng o vt liu c cng thp (< 4500 N/mm
2
)

Chn thang o cng Brinen - Rcoen
cng
Brinen HB
Thang o
Rcoen (mu)
Mi th Ti trng
chnh P (N)
K hiu
cng Rcoen
Gii hn cho php
thang Rcoen
60230
230700
> 700
B ()
C (en)
A (en)
Vin bi thp
Vin bi thp
Mi kim cng
1000
1500
600
HRB
HRC
HRA
25100
2067
> 70

P(N) P(N)
F0
H.2.1.S mu o bn
D
P
d
h
a/
P
d
b/
P
d
c/
H.2.2. S th nghim o cng


9
- cng Rcoen: (H.2.2.b) c xc nh bng cch dng ti trng P n vin bi bng thp
nhit luyn, c ng knh D = 1,587 mm tc l 1/16 (thang B) hoc mi cn bng kim cng c gc
nh 120
0
(thang C hoc A) ln b mt vt liu th. Trong khi th, s cng c ch trc tip
ngay bng kim ng h. cng Rcoen c k hiu HRB khi dng bi thp th vt liu t cng;
HRC v HRA khi dng mi cn kim cng th vt liu c cng cao (>4500 N/mm
2
).
- cng Vicke (HV) dng mi o 1 (hnh chp gc vt = 136
0
) bng kim cng (H.2.2.c)
dng o cho vt liu mm, vt liu cng v vt liu c cng nh lp mng ca b mt c
thm than, thm nit.v.v...
HV
P
d
= 18544
2
, . Trong d - ng cho ca vt lm (mm); P- ti trng (kg).
c/ Tnh do: l kh nng bin dng vnh cu ca kim loi v hp kim khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc.
Khi th mu n c th hin qua dn di tng i (%) l t l tnh theo phn trm gia lng
dn di sau khi ko v chiu di ban u:
=
l l
l
1 0
0
100% * . Trong l
1
v l
2
- di mu trc v sau khi ko (mm).
Vt liu c (%) cng ln th cng do v ngc li.
d/ dai va chm (a
k
): C nhng chi tit my lm vic thng chu cc ti trng tc dng t ngt
(ti trng va p). Kh nng chu ng cc ti trng m khng b ph hu ca vt liu gi l dai
va chm: a
A
F
k
= (J/mm
2
). Trong : A - cng sinh ra khi va p lm gy mu (J); F - din tch tit
din mu (mm
2
).
2.1.2. L TNH
L tnh l nhng tnh cht ca kim loi th hin qua cc hin tng vt l khi thnh phn ho
hc ca kim loi khng b thay i. N c c trng bi: khi lng ring, nhit nng chy,
tnh dn n, tnh dn nhit, tnh dn in v t tnh...
2.1.3. HO TNH
Ho tnh l bn ca kim loi i vi nhng tc dng ho hc ca cc cht khc nh xy,
nc, axt v.v... m khng b ph hu.
a/ Tnh chu n mn: l bn ca kim loi i vi s n mn cc mi trng xung quanh.
b/ Tnh chu nhit: l bn ca kim loi i vi s n mn ca xy trong khng kh nhit cao.
c/ Tnh chu axt: l bn ca kim loi i vi s n mn ca axt.
2.1.4. TNH CNG NGH
Tnh cng ngh l kh nng ca kim loi v hp kim cho php gia cng theo phng php no
l hp l. Chng c c trng bi:
a/ Tnh c: c c trng bi chy long, co, ho tan kh v tnh thin tch. chy long
cng cao th cng d c; co, ho tan kh v tnh thin tch cng ln th kh c.
b/ Tnh rn: l kh nng bin dng vnh cu ca kim loi khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc to thnh
hnh dng ca chi tit m khng b ph hu. Thp d rn v c tnh do cao, gang khng rn c v
dn; ng, ch rt d rn.
c/ Tnh hn: l kh nng to s lin kt gia cc chi tit hn. Thp d hn, gang, nhm, ng kh hn.


10
2.2. THP
2.2.1. THP CCBON
A/ KHI NIM CHUNG V THP CCBON
Thp ccbon l hp cht ca Fe-C vi hm lng ccbon nh hn 2,14%. Ngoi ra trong thp
ccbon cn cha mt lng tp cht nh Si, Mn, S, P ...Cng vi s tng hm lng ccbon, cng
v bn tng ln cn do v dai li gim xung. Si, Mn l nhng tp cht c li cn S v P th
c hi v gy nn dn nng v dn ngui nn cn hn ch < 0,03%.
Thp ccbon c c tnh tng hp khng cao, ch dng trong xy dng, ch to cc chi tit chu
ti trng nh v va trong iu kin p sut v nhit thp.
B/ PHN LOI THP CCBON
a/ Phn loi theo hm lng ccbon
- Thp ccbon thp C < 0,25%.
- Thp ccbon trung bnh C = 0,250,5%.
- Thp ccbon cao C > 0,50%.
b/ Phn loi theo cng dng
- Thp ccbon cht lng thng: loi ny c tnh khng cao, ch dng ch to cc chi tit
my, cc kt cu chu ti trng nh. Thng dng trong ngnh xy dng, giao thng. Nhm thp thng
dng ny hin chim ti 80% khi lng thp dng trong thc t, thng c cung cp dng qua
cn nng (tm, thanh, dy, ng, thp hnh: ch U, I, thp gc, ...). Nhm thp ny c cc mc thp sau:
Mc thp LX Mc thp VN
k
(kG/mm
2
)
0,2
(kG/mm
2
) (%)
CT0 CT31 31 - 20
CT1 CT33 3242 - 31
CT2 CT34 3444 20 29
CT3 CT38 3849 21 23
CT4 CT42 4254 24 21
CT5 CT51 5064 26 17
CT6 CT61 60 30 12
Theo TCVN 1765-75 nhm thp ny c k hiu bng ch CT vi con s tip theo ch gii hn
bn ko ti thiu.
- Thp ccbon kt cu: l loi thp c hm lng tp cht S, P rt nh, c th: S 0,04%, P
0,035%, tnh nng l ho tt thun tin, hm lng ccbon chnh xc v ch tiu c tnh r rng. Theo
TCVN 1766-75, nhm thp ny c k hiu bng ch C vi con s ch lng ccbon trung bnh theo
phn vn. V d: thp C40 l thp ccbon kt cu vi lng ccbon trung bnh l 0,40%. Thp ccbon
kt cu dng ch to cc chi tit my chu lc cao nh cc loi trc, bnh rng, l xo v.v... Loi ny
thng c cung cp di dng bn thnh phm vi cc mc thp sau: C08, C10, C15, C20, C30,
C35, C40, C45, C50, C55, C60 C65, C70, C80, C85.
- Thp ccbon dng c: l loi thp c hm lng ccbon cao (0,701,3%), tuy c cng
cao sau khi nhit luyn nhng chu nhit thp nn ch dng lm cc dng c nh c, da hay cc loi
khun dp. Theo TCVN 1822-76, nhm thp ny c k hiu bng ch CD vi con s ch lng
ccbon trung bnh theo phn vn. V d: CD70 l thp ccbon dng c vi 0,70% C. Loi thp ny
gm cc mc thp: CD70, CD80, CD90, ...CD130.


11
- Thp ccbon c cng dng ring: Thp ng ray cn c bn v kh nng chu mi mn
cao l loi thp ccbon cht lng cao c hm lng C v Mn cao (0,500,8% C, 0,61,0% Mn).
Ray hng c th dng ch to cc chi tit v dng c nh c, dao, nhp, dng c gia cng g,...Dy
thp cc loi: dy thp ccbon cao v c bin dng ln khi ko ngui (d = 0,1 mm), gii hn bn
ko c th t n 400450 kG/mm
2
. Dy thp ccbon thp thng c m km hoc thic dng lm
dy in thoi v trong sinh hot. Dy thp c thnh phn 0,50,7% C dng cun thnh cc l xo
trn. Trong k thut cn dng cc loi dy cp c bn cao c bn t cc si dy thp nh. Thp
l dp ngui: c hm lng ccbon v Si nh (0,050,2% C v 0,070,17% Si). tng kh nng
chng n mn trong kh quyn, cc tm thp l mng c th ng trng Sn (gi l st ty) hoc trng
Zn (gi l tn trng km).
2.2.2.THP HP KIM
A/ KHI NIM V THP HP KIM
Thp hp kim l loi thp m ngoi st, ccbon v cc tp cht ra, ngi ta cn c a vo
cc nguyn t c bit vi mt lng nht nh lm thay i t chc v tnh cht ca thp hp
vi yu cu s dng. Cc nguyn t a vo gi l nguyn t hp kim thng gp l: Cr, Ni, Mn, Si,
W, V, Mo, Ti, Nb, Cu,...vi hm lng nh sau:
Mn: 0,8 - 1,0%; Si: 0,5 - 0,8%; Cr: 0,2 - 0,8%; Ni: 0,2 - 0,6%;
W: 0,1 - 0,6%; Mo: 0,05 - 0,2; Ti, V, Nb, Cu > 0,1%; B > 0,002%.
Trong thp hp kim, lng cha cc tp cht c hi nh S, P v cc kh xy, hyr, nit l rt
thp so vi thp ccbon. V c tnh thp hp kim c bn cao hn hn so vi thp ccbon dc bit l
sau khi nhit luyn. V tnh chu nhit: Thp hp kim gi c cng cao v tnh chng do ti
600
0
C (trong khi thp ccbon ch n 200
0
C), tnh chng xy ho ti 800-1000
0
C. V cc tnh cht vt
l v ho hc c bit: thp ccbon b g trong khng kh, b n mn mnh trong cc mi trng axit,
baz v mui,...Nh hp kim ho m c th to ra thp khng g, thp c tnh gin n v n hi c
bit, thp c t tnh cao v thp khng c t tnh, ...
B/ PHN LOI THP HP KIM
a/ Thp hp kim kt cu: Trn c s l thp ccbon kt cu cho thm cc nguyn t hp kim. Thp
hp kim kt cu c hm lng ccbon khong 0,10,85% v lng phn trm nguyn t hp kim thp.
Loi thp ny c dng ch to cc chi tit chu ti trng cao, cn cng, chu mi mn, hoc
cn tnh n hi cao v.v...Cc mc thp hp kim kt cu thng gp: 15Cr, 20Cr, 40Cr, 20CrNi,
12Cr2Ni4, 35CrMnSi; dng lm thp l xo nh 50Si2, 60Si2CrA v.v...
K hiu mc thp biu th ch s u l hm lng ccbon tnh theo phn vn, cc ch s t
sau nguyn t hp kim l hm lng ca nguyn t , ch A l loi tt. V d: thp 12Cr2Ni4A trong
c 0,12% C, 2% Cr, 4% Ni v l thp tt.
b/ Thp hp kim dng c: L loi thp dng ch to cc loi dng c gia cng kim loi v cc loi
vt liu khc nh g, cht do v.v...Thp hp kim dng c cn cng cao sau khi nhit luyn,
chu nhit v chu mi mn cao. Hm lng ccbon trong thp hp kim dng c cao t 0,71,4%; cc
nguyn t hp kim cho vo l Cr, W, Si v Mn. Thp hp kim dng c sau khi nhit luyn c cng
t 6062 HRC. C mt s mc thp chuyn dng nh sau:
- Thp dao ct: dng ch to cc loi dao ct nh dao tin, dao bo, dao phay, mi khoan
v.v...nh 90CrSi, 140CrW5, 100CrWMn, hoc mt s thp gi nh 80W18Cr4VMo, 90W9V2,
75W18V cc loi thp gi c cng cao, bn, chu mi mn v chu nhit n 650
0
C.


12
- Thp lm khun dp: i vi khun dp ngui thng dng 100CrWMn, 160Cr12Mo,
40CrSi. i vi khun dp nng hay dng cc mc thp: 50CrNiMo, 30Cr2W8V, 40Cr5W2VSi.
- Thp ln: l loi thp dng ch to cc loi bi hay a l loi thp chuyn dng nh
OL100Cr2, OL100Cr2SiMn. Cc k hiu ca thp hp kim dng c cng c biu th nh cc loi
thp hp kim khc tr thp ln l c thm ch OL ban u.
c/ Thp hp kim c bit: Trong cng nghip cn thit phi c nhng loi thp c bit p ng
yu cu ca cng vic. C cc loi thp:
- Thp khng g: l loi thp c kh nng chng li mi trng n mn. Thng dng cc mc
thp: 12Cr13, 20Cr13, 30Cr13, 12Cr18Ni9, 12Cr18Ni9Ti,...
- Thp bn nng: l loi thp lm vic nhit cao m bn khng gim, khng b xy
ho b mt. V d 12CrMo, 04Cr9Si2 chu c nhit 300500
0
C; loi bn nng 10Cr18Ni12,
04Cr14Ni14W2Mo chu c nhit 500700
0
C; hoc l thp NiCrm chuyn ch to dy in tr
10Cr150Ni60.
- Thp t tnh: l loi thp c nhim t cao. Thp hp kim t cng thng dng cc thp
Cr, Cr-W, Cr-Co hoc dng hp kim h Fe-Ni-Al, Fe-Ni-Al-Co ch to cc loi nam chm vnh cu
Thp v hp kim t mm c lc kh t nh t thm ln dng lm li my bin p, stato my in,
nam chm in cc loi,...Thng dng: st ty nguyn cht k thut (<0,04% C), thp k thut in
(thp Si) c 0,010,1% C v 24,4% Si; c th dng hp kim permaloi c thnh phn 79% Ni, 4% Mo
cn li l Fe.
- Thp khng t tnh: l loi vt liu khng nhim t nh 55Mn9Ni9Cr3.
2.3. GANG
2.3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Gang l hp kim Fe-C, hm lng ccbon ln hn 2,14% C v cao nht cng < 6,67% C. Cng
nh thp trong gang c cha cc tp cht Si, Mn, S, P v cc nguyn t khc. c tnh chung ca gang
l cng v dn, c nhit nng chy thp, d c.
2.3.2. PHN LOI GANG
a/ Gang trng: rt cng v dn, kh ct gt ch dng ch to gang do hoc dng ch to cc
chi tit my cn tnh chng mi mn cao nh bi nghin, trc cn...Gang trng khng c k hiu ring.
b/ Gang xm: l loi gang m hu ht ccbon trng thi graphit. Gang xm c bn nn cao, chu
mi mn, c bit l c tnh c tt.
K hiu gang xm gm 2 phn cc ch ci ch loi gang v nhm s ch th t bn ko v bn
un. V d: GX 21-40 c
k
= 21 kG/mm
2
;
u
= 40 kG/mm
2
. Hin nay thng dng cc mc gang xm
GX 12-28, GX 15-32 ch to v hp s, np che, GX 28-48 c bnh , thn my hoc GX 36-
56, GX 40-60 ch to v xi lanh.
c/ Gang cu: c t chc nh gang xm nhng graphit c dng thu nh thnh hnh cu. Gang cu c
bn rt cao v c do bo m dng ch to cc loi trc khuu, trc cn.
Gang cu c k hiu theo TCVN nh sau: v d GC 42-12 l loi gang cu c
k
= 42
kG/mm
2
, dn di tng i = 12%. Thng c cc loi: GC 45-15, GC 60-2, GC 50-2.
d/ Gang do: l loi gang c ch to t gang trng, chng c bn cao, do ln. Chng c k
hiu nh gang cu v c cc mc sau: GZ 33-8, GZ 45-6, GZ 60-3 dng ch to cc chi tit phc
tp v thnh mng.


13
2.4. KIM LOI V HP KIM MU
St v hp kim ca n (thp v gang) gi l kim loi en. Kim loi v hp kim mu l kim loi
m trong thnh phn ca chng khng cha Fe, hoc cha mt liu lng rt nh. Kim loi mu c
nhiu u im nh tnh cng ngh tt, tnh do cao, c tnh kh cao, c kh nng chng n mn v
chng mi mn tt, c dn nhit, dn in tt, ...Thng gp l ng, nhm, manh v titan.
2.4.1.NG V HP KIM NG
a/ ng : ng l mt kim loi c nhiu tnh cht qu nh: do cao, kh nng chng n mn
tt trong nhiu mi trng, c bit l dn nhit v dn n rt cao. ng c khi lng ring: 8,94
G/cm
3
; nhit nng chy: 1083
0
C; bn:
b
= 16 kG/mm
2
. Theo TCVN 1659-75 ng c 5 loi
sau y: Cu99,99, Cu99,97, Cu99,95 dng lm dy dn in; Cu99,90, Cu99,0 dng ch to brng
khng Sn.
b/ Hp kim ng Latng: La tng l hp kim ng, trong km l nguyn t hp kim chnh. La
tng c mu sc p, do, d bin dng, m tt, gi thnh thp, ph bin nht trong thc t.
nng cao mt s tnh cht c bit ca latng ngi ta a vo hp kim mt s nguyn t nh
thic tng kh nng chng n mn trong nc bin. Latng vi thnh phn 29%Zn-1%Sn-70%Cu
rt thng dng trong ngnh ng tu; hoc thm nhm, Mn v st tng c tnh v kh nng chng n
mn ca latng. Hp kim ng c 17-27%Zn, 8-18%Ni gi l mayxo dng lm dy in tr. C cc
mc Latng thng dng: LCuZn30, LCuZn40, LCuZn29Sn1, LCuZn27Ni18,...
Latng c k hiu bng ch L ri ln lt cc ch Cu, Zn, sau l cc nguyn t hp kim
khc nu c. Cc con s ng pha sau mi nguyn t ch hm lng trung bnh ca nguyn t theo
phn trm.
c/ Hp kim ng Brng: Brng l hp kim ca ng vi cc nguyn t hp kim khc nh Sn, Al,
Pb,...ng thanh c mt s loi sau:
- Brng thic: Cu-Sn (8-10%Sn) c c tnh cao v kh nng chng n mn trong nc bin tt.
Chng c s dng lm cng tc in, a ly hp, l xo, bnh rng v i khi lm bc lt. C cc mc
sau: BCuSn5P0,15; BCuSn5Zn5Pb5, ...
- Brng nhm: Cu-Al c cha khong <13% Al c tng hp c tnh cao, kh nng chng mi
mn v gii hn mi tng i ln thng dng ch to h thng trao i nhit, cc chi tit my
bm. Cc mc Brng nhm nh: BCuAl5, BCuAl9Fe4, ...
- Brng ch: Cu-Pb c s dng ch to trt, thng dng nht l hp kim BCuPb30.
- Brng berili: c bn, kh nng chng mn, chng mi, bn nng cao. c bit l gii
hn n hi rt cao. Brng berili thng cha khong 2% Be. N c s dng lm l xo, mng n
hi v cc chi tit i hi chu nhit, n hi v dn in cao. V d: BCuBe2.
2.4.2. NHM V HP KIM NHM
a/ Nhm nguyn cht: Nhm nguyn cht c mu trng bc, c khi lng ring nh khong 2,7
G/cm
3
, c tnh dn in, dn nhit cao, chng n mn tt do c lp xt nhm Al
2
0
3
bn ngoi. Nhit
nng chy 660
0
, bn thp nhng do. Nhm nguyn cht c chia thnh 3 nhm:
- Al99,999 - l loi nhm tinh khit.
- Al99,995; Al99,97; Al99,95 - l loi c sch cao.
- Al99,85; Al99,80; Al99,70,...Al99,00 - l loi nhm k thut.
Nhm sch k thut c dng ch to cp ti in trong kh quyn, cc ng bc x nhit, cc
ng ng dn v bn cha xng, du,...


14
b/ Hp kim nhm bin dng: Hp kim nhm bin dng c sn xut ra di dng tm mng,
bng di, cc thi nh hnh v cc loi ng. Hp kim nhm ny c th rn, dp, cn, p hoc cc
phng php gia cng p lc khc. Hp kim nhm bin dng c cc h sau:
- H Al-Mn: chu gia cng bin dng nng v ngui tt, c tnh hn v chng n mn trong kh
quyn cao.
- H Al-Mg: c tnh hn tt, kh nng chng n mn trong kh quyn cao, gii hn bn mi cao,
b mt sau khi gia cng p nn c dng nhiu trong cng nghip ch to t v xy dng.
- H Al-Cu v Al-Cu-Mg: chng c hiu ng ho bn cao c gi l uyra. V d:
AlCu4,5Mg0,5MnSi - dng trong t v hng khng.
- H Al-Mg-Si: c dng ch to cc chi tit chu hn, cc cu kin tu thu. V d:
AlMgSi1,5Mn.
- Hp kim h Al-Zn-Mg v Al-Zn-Mg-Cu: c s dng trong hng khng, ch to v kh,
dng c th thao, v.v... V d: AlZn5,5Mg2,5Cu1,5Cr.
c/ Hp kim nhm c: Hp kim nhm c cn tnh c tt d dng to hnh cc chi tit, chng
cha lng nguyn t hp kim ln hn. C cc dng hp kim nhm c in hnh v thng dng:
- Hp kim Al-Si: cho thm mt s nguyn t khc na ta s c mt loi hp kim c tnh c
tt, h s dn n nhit nh, chng mn tng i dng ch to pittng ng c t trong nh:
AlSi12CuMg1Mn0,6Ni.
- Hp kim Al-Cu v mt s nguyn t khc c kh nng bn nng cao v gii hn mi kh ln
rt thch hp ch to cc chi tit nh, hnh dng phc tp lm vic nhit cao nh:
AlCu5Mg1Ni3Mn0,2.
Ch : Cc k hiu ca hp kim nhm c pha sau cng c ch phn bit vi hp kim
nhm bin dng.
2.5. HP KIM CNG
Bng phng php c bit: nn thnh tng bnh hp kim cng dng bt di p sut hng
nghn at ri thiu kt 1500
0
C ngi ta to ra hp kim cng t cc ccbt (cacbit vonfram, cacbit titan,
cacbit tantan) cng vi mt lng cban lm cht dnh kt. Hp kim cng l mt loi vt liu in
hnh vi cng nng rt cao (8001000
0
C). V vy hp kim ny c dng ph bin lm cc dng
c ct gt kim loi v phi kim loi c cng cao. c bit l khng cn nhit luyn vt liu ny vn
t cng 8592 HRC. C cc loi hp kim cng thng dng:
a/ Nhm mt cacbit: WC + Co gm cc k hiu: WCCo2; WCCo4; WCCo6; WCCo8;
WCCo10; WCCo20; WCCo25. V d: WCCo8 c 8% Co v 92% WC. Nhm ny c do thch hp
vi gia cng vt liu dn, cc loi khun ko, p.
b/ Nhm 2 cacbit: WC + TiC + Co gm cc k hiu: WCTiC30Co4; WCTiC14Co8;
WCTiC5Co10, ... dng ch to dao tin v cc loi dng c ct gt khc.
c/ Nhm 3 cacbit: WC + TiC + TaC +Co gm WCTTC7Co12; WCTTC10Co8 dng ch to
dng c ct gt cc loi vt liu kh gia cng nh cc hp kim bn nhit.


15
CHNG 3
K THUT C
3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
3.1.1. THC CHT
c l phng php ch to chi tit bng cch nu chy v rt kim loi lng vo khun c hnh
dng nht nh, sau khi kim loi ho rn trong khun ta thu c vt c c hnh dng ging nh
khun c. Nu vt phm c a ra dng ngay gi l chi tit c, cn nu vt phm c phi qua gia
cng ct gt nng cao chnh xc kch thc v bng b mt gi l phi c.
c c nhng phng php sau: c trong khun ct, c trong khun kim loi, c di p lc,
c li tm, c trong khun mu chy, c trong khun v mng, c lin tc v.v... nhng ph bin
nht l c trong khun ct.
3.1.2. C IM
- c c th gia cng nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau: Thp, gang, hp kim mu v.v... c khi
lng t mt vi gam n hng trm tn.
- Ch to c vt c c hnh dng, kt cu phc tp nh thn my cng c, v ng c
v.v...m cc phng php khc ch to kh khn hoc khng ch to c.
- chnh xc v hnh dng, kch thc v bng khng cao (c th t cao nu c c bit
nh c p lc).
- C th c c nhiu lp kim loi khc nhau trong mt vt c.
- Gi thnh ch to vt c r v vn u t t, tnh cht sn xut linh hot, nng sut tng i
cao. C kh nng c kh ho v t ng ho.
- Hao tn kim loi cho h thng rt, u ngt, u hi.
- D gy ra nhng khuyt tt nh: thiu ht, r kh, chy ct v.v...
- Kim tra khuyt tt bn trong vt c kh khn, i hi thit b hin i.
3.1.4. PHN LOI

3.1.3. PHM VI S DNG
Sn xut c c pht trin rt mnh v c s dng rt rng ri trong cc ngnh cng
nghip. khi lng vt c trung bnh chim khong 4080% tng khi lng ca my mc. Trong
ngnh c kh khi lng vt c chim n 90% m gi thnh ch chim 2025%.

K THUT C
c trong khun ct
c c bit
c trong
hm khun
c trn
nn xng
c bng
dng gt
khun
kim loi
c p
lc
c ly
tm
c
lin tc
c trong khun v mng c trong khun mu chy
H.3.1. S phn loi phng php c


16
3.2. C TRONG KHUN CT
3.2.1. CC B PHN CHNH CA PHN XNG C

3.2.2. CC B PHN C BN CA MT KHUN C
Mun c mt chi tit, trc ht phi v bn v vt c da trn bn v chi tit c tnh n
ngt ca vt liu v lng d gia cng c kh. Cn c theo bn v vt c, b phn xng mc mu
ch to ra mu v hp li.

Mu to ra lng khun 6 - c hnh dng bn ngoi ca vt c. Li 7 c ch to t hp li c
hnh dng ging hnh dng bn trong ca vt c. Lp li vo khun v lp rp khun ta c mt
khun c. dn kim loi lng vo khun ta phi to h thng rt 10. Rt kim loi lng qua h thng
rt ny. Sau khi kim loi ho rn, ngui em ph khun ta c vt c.
B phn k
thut
B phn mc
mu
Ch to hn hp
lm khun
Ch to hn hp
lm li
Lm khun
Sy khun
Lm li
Sy li
Nu kim loi
Lp rp khun v
rt kim loi
Ph khun ly
vt c
Ph li khi vt
c
Lm sch vt
c
Kim tra cht
lng sn phm
H.3.2. Cc b phn chnh ca xng c
1
2
3
4
5 6 7
8 9
10 11
1- Hm khun trn
2- Cht nh v
3- Mt phn khun
4- Ct khun
5- Xng khun
6- Lng khun
7- Li
8- Rnh thot kh
9- Hm khun di
10- H thng rt
11- u hi (hoc u ngt)
H.3.3. Cc b phn chnh ca mt khun c ct


17
Lng khun 6 ph hp vi hnh dng vt c, kim loi lng c rt vo khun qua h thng
rt. B phn 11 dn hi t lng khun ra ngoi gi l u hi ng thi cn lm nhim v b sung
kim loi cho vt c khi ho rn cn gi l u ngt. Hm khun trn 1, hm khun di 9 lm na
khun trn v di. lp 2 na khun chnh xc ta dng cht nh v 2. Vt liu trong khun 4 gi l
hn hp lm khun (ct khun). nng cao bn ca hn hp lm khun trong khun ta dng
nhng xng 5. tng tnh thot kh cho khun ta tin hnh xin cc l thot kh 8.
3.2.3. CC LOI VT LIU LM KHUN V LM LI
a/ Ct: Thnh phn ch yu l SiO
2
, cn c tp cht Al
2
O
3
, CaCO
3
, Fe
2
O
3
...Ct c chn theo hnh
dng ht nh ct ni, ct sng... Ct sng ht trn u, ct ni ht sc cnh. Ngi ta xc nh ht
ca ct theo kch thc l ry.
b/ t st: Thnh phn ch yu l cao lanh mAl
2
O
3
, nSiO
2
, qH
2
O, ngoi ra cn c tp cht: CaCO
3
,
Fe
2
O
3
, Na
2
CO
3
. t st c c im: do, dnh khi c lng nc thch hp, khi sy th bn tng
nhng dn, d v, khng b chy khi rt kim loi vo.
- t st thng hay cao lanh c sn trong t nhin. Thnh phn ch yu l Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O,
loi ny lm khun c thng, c mu trng, kh nng ht nc km, tnh do v dnh km, b co
t khi sy. Nhit nng chy cao (17501785
0
C).
- t st bentnit (I ) thnh phn ch yu l: Al
2
O
3
.4SiO
2
.H
2
O. N l t st trng c tnh do
dnh ln, kh nng ht nc v trng n ln, b co nhiu khi sy, ht rt mn, nhit chy thp
(12501300
0
C). Do ni la sinh ra lu ngy bin thnh. Loi ny lm khun quan trng cn do,
bn cao.
c/ Cht kt dnh: l nhng cht a vo hn hp lm khun, li tng tnh do ca hn hp. Nhng
cht dnh kt thng dng:
- Du: du lanh, du bng, du tru... em trn vi ct v sy t
0
= 200 250
0
C , du s b xy
ho v to thnh mng xt hu c bao quanh cc ht ct lm chng dnh kt chc vi nhau.
- Nc ng (mt): dng lm khun, li khi c thp. Loi ny b sy b mt khun s bn
nhng bn trong rt do nn vn m bo thot kh v tnh ln tt. Khi rt kim loi n b chy, do
tng tnh xp, tnh ln, thot kh v d ph khun nhng ht m nn sy xong phi dng ngay.
- Cc cht dnh kt ho cng: Nha thng, ximng, hc n, nha ng. Khi sy chng chy
lng ra v bao quanh cc ht ct.
- Nc thu tinh: chnh l cc loi dung dch silicat Na
2
O.nSiO
2
.mH
2
O hoc K
2
O.nSiO
2
.mH
2
O
sy 200250
0
C, n t phn hu thnh nSiO
2
.(m-p)H
2
O l loi keo rt dnh. Khi thi CO
2
vo khun
lm xong, nc thu tinh t phn hu thnh cht keo trn, hn hp s cng li sau 1530 pht.
d/ Cht ph gia: Trong hn hp thng cho thm mn ca, rm vn, phn tru b kh, bt than... Khi
rt kim loi lng vo khun, nhng cht ny chy li trong khun nhng l rng lm tng tnh xp,
thng kh, tnh ln cho khun li.
3.2.4. HN HP LM KHUN
a/ Ct o: Dng ph st mu khi ch to khun nn cn c bn, do cao, ng thi n
trc tip tip xc vi kim loi lng nn cn phi c chu nhit cao, ht cn nh hn b mt
c nhn bng, thng thng ct o lm bng vt liu mi, n chim khong 1015% tng lng ct.
b/ Ct m: Dng m cho phn khun cn li, khng trc tip tip xc vi kim loi lng
nn tnh chu nhit, bn khng cn cao, nhng phi c tnh thng kh tt chim 8590% lng ct.


18
3.2.5. B MU V HP LI
B mu l cng c chnh dng to hnh khun c. B mu bao gm : Mu, tm mu, mu ca
h thng rt, u hi, u ngt.Tm mu kp mu khi lm khun, dng kim tra.
a/ Yu cu i vi vt liu lm b mu v hp li
- Bo m bng, chnh xc khi gia cng ct gt.
- Cn bn, cng, nh, khng b co, trng, nt, cng vnh trong khi lm vic.
- Chu c tc dng c, ho ca hn hp lm khun, t b mn, khng b r v n mn ho hc.
b/ Cc loi vt liu lm mu v hp li
G: u im l r, nh, d gia cng, nhng c nhc im l bn, cng km; d trng, nt,
cong vnh nn g ch dng trong sn xut n chic, lot nh, trung bnh v lm mu ln. Thng
dng cc loi sau: g lim, g, sn, m, d, thng, b , v.v...
Kim loi: c bn, cng, nhn bng, chnh xc b mt cao, khng b thm nc, t b
cong vnh, thi gian s dng lu hn, nhng kim loi t kh gia cng nn ch s dng trong sn xut
hng khi v hng lot. Thng dng: hp kim nhm, gang xm, hp kim ng.
Thch cao: Bn hn g (lm c 1000 ln) nh, d ch to, d ct gt. Nhng gin, d v, d
thm nc. Nn lm nhng mu nh khi lm bng tay, tin li khi lm mu ghp v dng trong c
m ngh (v d sa).
Ximng: Bn, cng hn thch cao, chu va chm tt, r, d ch to, nhng nng tuy khng ht
nc, kh gt, sa nn ch dng lm nhng mu, li phc tp, mu ln.
3.2.6. CC PHNG PHP LM KHUN BNG CT
Trong sn xut c, khun c ng mt vai tr quan trng, l mt trong nhng yu t quyt
nh cht lng vt c. Thng c ti 50 n 60% ph phm l do khun c gy ra. V vy phi
tun th quy trnh cng nhg lm khun cht ch.
Khun c c 3 loi: khun dng mt ln, khun bn vnh cu lm bng vt liu chu nng a
sy 600700
0
C, sau khi ly vt c em sa cha ri dng li c mt s ln (50200 ln). Khun
vnh cu lm bng kim loi dng trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi.
a/ Lm khun trong 2 hm khun vi mu nguyn

H.3.4. Lm khun trong 2 hm khun
c/
d/
a/
b/


19
Lm na khun di: t mu ln tm mu, t hm khun ln tm mu, ct o xung
quanh mu, ct m, dm cht ln th nht, tip ct m ri dm cht, l phng, xm kh (a).
Lm na khun trn: Quay na khun di 180
0
, ly tm mu, t hm khun trn ln, bt
cht nh v, t mu u hi, mu ng rt, mu rnh lc x, ct o xung quanh mu v tin hnh
lm khun nh hm khun di (b, c).
Tho lp khun: Tho cht nh v, tho na khun trn ra, rt b mu, khot rnh dn v cc
rt, sa cha cc h hng, qut sn ln mt phn khun, lp rp khun, bt cht c cu kp cht (d).
b/ Lm khun trn nn xng (H.3.5): Lm khun trn nn xng l dng ngay nn xng to
khun di. Phng php ny thch ng trong sn xut n chic v hng lot nh, vt c trung bnh
v ln khng yu cu b mt nhn p, kch thc khng cn chnh xc.

Trn nn xng, o mt l c chiu su ln hn chiu cao ca mu 300400 mm, dm cht
y l ri 1 lp x hoc si dy 150200 mm. tng thot kh, t hai ng nghim 2 dn kh ra
ngoi, lp ct m sau ct o 3 v dm cht mt t, n mu xung mt phn khun ca mu
trng mt bng ca nn, rc lp bt cch v t hm khun 4 ln, c nh v tr ca hm bng cht 9
st vo thnh hm v tin hnh lm khun trn. Nhc hm khun trn v ct mng dn 8, rt b mu ra
v lp khun trn vo, to cc rt 7, t ti trng 6 v rt kim loi.
c/ Lm khun trong 3 hoc nhiu hm khun
Phng php ny thch ng khi lm khun vi mu phc tp m khng th lm trong 2 hm
khun c.

Ngoi ra cn nhiu phng php lm khun bng tay khc v c th lm khun bng my.

H.3.5.Lm khun trn nn xng
1- si (hoc x)
2- ng nghim
3- Ct o
4- Hm khun trn
5- u hi
6- Ti trng
7- Cc rt
8- Rnh dn
9- Cht nh v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
H.3.6. Lm khun trong 3 hm khun


20
3.2.7. H THNG RT, U HI, U NGT
a/ H thng rt (H.3.7): H thng rt l h thng dn kim loi lng t thng rt vo khun. S b tr
h thng rt quyt nh cht lng vt c v gim c s hao ph kim loi vo h thng rt. Hao ph
do h thng rt gy nn t n 30%.
b/ u hi (H.3.8): Dng kh trong lng khun thot ra, i khi dng b sung kim loi cho vt
c. C 2 loi u hi: u hi bo hiu v u hi b sung c t v tr cao nht ca vt c.
c/ u ngt (H.3.9): Dng b sung kim loi cho vt c khi ng c. Thng dng khi c gang
trng, gang bn cao, thp, hp kim mu, gang xm thnh dy. u ngt phi c t vo ch thnh
vt c tp trung nhiu kim loi v kim loi ng c chm nht v co rt nhiu nht.

3.3. C GANG XM
Gang xm c k hiu: Gx. v d: Gx
15-28
. Thnh phn ho hc ca gang xm: 2,53,5% C;
0,83% Si; 0,61,3% Mn; 0,21% P; < 0,12%S. Trong C trng thi t do gi l graft.

3.3.1.VT LIU NU V M LIU
Khi nu gang xm phi dng nhng nguyn nhin liu sau: nguyn liu: kim loi; nhin liu
cung cp nhit; tr dung to x; trong sn xut c gi l vt liu nu. Mun nu ra loi gang c
thnh phn ho hc ng yu cu, c nhit cao, vn hnh l d dng cn phi tnh ton phi liu
cho mt m nu gi l m liu.
a/ Nguyn liu (khi lng kim loi): Lng nguyn liu thng dng trong mt m liu:
- Gang c (thi gang ch to l cao): 30 50%
- Gang vn (cc loi gang ph liu) : 20 30%
- Vt liu v l (ph liu t l c) : 30 35%
- Thp vn : 0 10%
- Fer hp kim (FeSi; FeMn...) : 1 2%
Vt liu trc khi a vo l phi theo mt t l nht nh; phi lm sch g v cc cht bn.
b/ Nhin liu: Trong thc t thng dng cc loi nhin liu sau:
- Than cc: (1016)% khi lng kim loi/ M liu.
- Than gy (than c mc cc bon ho cao): nc ta thng dng than gy ng triu,
Mo kh. Trong thc t thng dng: 20 22% khi lng kim loi/ M liu.
- Than : t dng v nhit tr thp, bn c hc khng cao.
c/ Cht tr dung: Cht tr dung dng lm long x cho d ni ln trn b mt v d dng loi b
chng cng vi tp cht. Thng dng vi (45% khi lng kim loi/M liu); hunh thch
(cha CaF
2
): (<8% khi lng kim loi/M liu) hoc x l Mctanh.

H.3.9. u ngt
1
2
3
4
1- Phu rt
2- ng rt
3- Rnh lc x
4- Rnh dn
H.3.7. H thng rt
H.3.8. u hi


21
3.3.2. L NU GANG
Thng dng l ng, l ch, l in. Nhng ch yu l dng l ng v l ch. L ng c
s dng rng ri v cu to n gin, tiu hao nhin liu t, vn u t thp, d thao tc, cng sut cao
(50025.000 kG gang lng/ gi). Song nhit gang ra l khng cao (1450
0
C), thnh phn ho hc
ca gang khng n nh.
a/ L ng nu gang: L l loi l ng, hnh tr gm cc b phn ch yu l: b phn l, thn l,
thit b tip liu v thit b gi nng, h thng gi v thit b lm ngui, ng khi c thit b dp la, l
tin v ng dn gang v.v..
L c t trn ct chng (1) ca b phn
l. Thn l gm c v ngoi (2) lm bng thp
tm dy 810 mm, pha trong xy gch chu la (3)
(gch samt, gch dint hoc l gch nung gi). B
phn tip liu (8) a than cc (5) v kim loi (6)
vo l qua ca tip liu (4). L c 1, 2 hoc 3 hng
l mt gi c cp gi t qut gi (19) qua ng gi
(9) nm trn ni l. Trn nh ng khi (10) l thit
b dp la (11) chng c g trn tr (7).
Phn ni l l phn khng gian t y l (12)
ti ng gi (9). y l c ph mt lp vt liu
chu la nn cht. Gang t l ng chy qua l
tin t ca (14) v t l tin qua ca (18) v mng
rt (17) ra gu rt. X c tho ra bng ming (15).
Ton b l c g trn 3 tr bng thp.
- ng knh trong ca l: D =
Q L K
L
. .
, . 4 71
1
(m).
Q - cng sut l (tn/gi); L v L
1
- S m
3
gi dng
cho 1 kg nhin liu (6,56,8m
3
/kg) v 1m
2
tit din
l trong 1 pht, K - T l than trong m liu (%).
- Chiu cao l: l c nh: H
o
= (35)D m; l c
ln: H
o
= (2,54)D m.
Qu trnh nu: Sau mi ln nu phi sa l: sa tng l, l ra gang, ra x, p y l ri cht
ci t sy l trong 24 gi, khi ci to chy, dn than lt xung cho n khi cao hn mt gi
chnh 1,21,5 m. Sau cht vt liu vo theo tng m liu mt theo th t: kim loi (thp vn, gang
thi, gang vn v f r) - nhin liu - cht tr dung c lp i lp li nh th cho n y l. Ch 2040
pht cho vt liu nng ri thi gi vo.
Thc cht ca qu trnh nu: Qu trnh xy ho nhin liu v tp cht pht nhit v qu trnh
trao i nhit gia kh nng v vt liu nu.
b/ L ch nu gang
Hin nay cc xng c nh u dng l ch nu gang. u im c bn l cu trc rt n
gin d ch to, vn u t rt t. Nhin liu d kim, ch cn than c nh 20-30 mm, c th nu bng
nhiu loi than . Song l ch c nng sut thp v thnh phn ho hc ca gang khng n nh. L
ch ch ph hp cho cc xng c nh, mt hng c c nh (<60 kG), iu kin c kh ho thp.
H.3.10. S cu to ca l ng nu gang


22
L ch thp hn l ng, khng c b phn dp la lng bi. Thn l chia lm 2 hoc 3 on d
dng nng h v tho lp. L ch c 2 loi: quay nghing v c nh.

L c cc thng s k thut sau:
- ng knh trong ca l: 400500 mm.
- Chiu cao ca l: H/D = 23 l hp l.
- Mt gi: gi vo l 110120 m
3
/m
2
.pht l c.
- Trng lng m liu < 60 kG; t l than/gang khong 2030%.
3.4. C KIM LOI MU
3.4.1. C IM V CNG NGH C NG
a/ c im
- Hp kim ng c nhit chy thp (1083
0
C), tnh chy long cao c th c c nhng vt
c phc tp, r nt v c th phn b nhiu vt c vo mt hm khun c chung mt h thng rt,
c c cc vt mng.
- V c co ln nn u ngt phi ln v t nhng ch tp trung kim loi.
- ng d b xy ho, ng thanh d b thin tch nn dng kim loi rt vo khun phi thp v
nhanh, chy m v lin tc nn ng rt thng hnh rn, nhiu tng.
b/ Vt liu nu:
- Vt liu chnh: Gm ng k thut, ng thanh v ng thau, hi liu.
- Hp kim ph: (50%Cu + 50%Al hoc 80%Cu + 20%Mn)
- Cht kh oxy: Dng hon nguyn oxyt kim loi trong hp kim (90%Cu + 10%P) v: 5Cu
2
0
+ 2P = 10Cu + P
2
0
5
; P
2
0
5
to thnh x ni ln.
- Cht tr dung: Dng kim loi lng khi
b oxy ho v tch tp cht ra thnh x. Thng
dng: Than ci, thu tinh lng, thch cao, mui n.
c/ L nu ng
Thng dng l ni, l ngn la, l h quang
v l cm ng. nc ta hin nay thng nu ng
bng ni grafit t bng than. Ni grafit xp, kh d
xm nhp vo kim loi lng v c bn khng cao.
Trc khi nu phi sy ni bng ci sau cho thm
than tng dn ln 600
0
C mi cht liu.
nghing l
ra gang
Mt gi Hp gi
L x
L ra gang
H
D
H.3.11. L ch nu gang
a/ L ch quay; b/ L c nh
a
b/
Lp cch nhit
Gch chu la
Nhin liu
Khng kh
Khi
Np l
H.3.12. Nu ng bng l ni nhin liu mazt
Ni l


23
d/ Qu trnh nu ng:
- Nu ng : Sy l 9001000
0
C, ri cht mt lp than ci vo y ni v ph mt lp than
ci ln trn. Tip tc nung n khi Cu nng chy. Sau khi Cu nng chy, cho dn Cu + P vo kh xy.
Kh xong rt ly mu, ngui em b mu. Nu mu b nt chng t vn cn xy v tip tc kh ht
xy ri mi rt.
- Nu ng thanh: Sy l 700800
0
c ri tin hnh nh trn. Cn khuy u, khi lng Cu chy
ht cho 1/2 lng Cu+P vo kh xy.
- Nu ng thau: Nh nu ng thanh nhng km d bc hi nn ph liu (c cha km) v cc
cht d chy sau cng.
3.4.2. C IM V CNG NGH C NHM
a/ c im:
- Thng c trong khun ct v trong khun kim loi.
- Nhm co nhiu nn hn hp lm khun c tnh ln tt, bn cao, tng cht dnh v cht ph.
- Nhm c tinh chy long cao nn c th c c ccvt c c thnh mng ti 2,5 mm v
phc tp.
- Nhm d ho tan kh nn ng rt dng loi hnh rn, bc.
- u hi, u ngt ln n 250% khi lng vt c.
- Khng nn d khun sm qu v ngui nhanh ngoi khng kh d b nt.
b/ Cng ngh c nhm
- Nguyn vt liu: Gm 40 60% vt liu c v 60 40% kim loi nguyn cht. Kim loi
nguyn cht thng dng: 90%Al + 10%Mn; 50%Al + 50%Cu; 85%Al + 15%Si.
- Cht tr dung: nga s xy ho v to x. Thng dng cc loi: 44%KCl + 56%MnCl
2

hoc 50%NaCl + 35%KCl + 15%Na
3
AlFe
6
. Nhng cht ny ph hu xyt nhm to x.
- L nu nhm: thng dng: L ni, l in tr hoc l cm ng.
- Qu trnh nu: Nu nhm kh khn do s oxy ho mnh lit v
s bo ho kh khi nung trn 800
0
C. Nn thng nu di lp cht tr
dung, tinh luyn bng kh hoc mui ri bin tnh.
+ Nu di lp cht tr dung: Cht 1/3 m liu vo l, trn ph
mt lp cht tr dung ri tin hnh nu chy. Phn m liu cn li sy
nng n 100120
0
C ri cho vo kim loi lng trong l. Khuy u ri
th mu, nu mu ngui m cn si bt th phi tip tc kh xy.
+ Tinh luyn bng kh: Nu chy 1/3 m liu, cho hp kim ph v phn cn li ca m liu vo
l. Khuy u ri thi kh clo (hoc N
2
) vo kim loi lng, khong 5 15 pht tinh luyn:
3Cl
2
+ 2Al = 2AlCl
3
+ Q v Cl
2
+ H
2
= 2HCl + Q
AlCl
3
v HCl bay ln to thnh s si mang theo cc tp cht Al
2
O
3
, SiO
2
v cc kh khc thot
ra ngoi. sau cng lm bin tnh, th v rt vo khun.

H.3.13. L in tr nu nhm


24
3.5. CC PHNG PHP C C BIT
c trong khun ct c bng, chnh xc thp, lng d gia cng ln, nhiu khuyt tt, gi
thnh ch to cao nn hin nay xut hin cc phng php c c bit.
3.5.1. C TRONG KHUN KIM LOI
a/ c im: - Khun c th dng c nhiu ln (vi trm n hng vn) tu thuc vo khi lng
vt c. Vt c c chnh xc v bng cao (cp 7, 8; R
Z
= 20 R
a
= 0,63)
- Tit kim c vt liu lm khun v iu kin lao ng tt.
- Gi thnh khun t nn dng sn xut hng lot.
- dn nhit khun ln nn kh c thnh mng v phc tp.
- Khun, li bng kim loi nn khng c tnh ln d lm cho vt c b nt.
Hin nay thng s dng rng ri c thp, gang, ng, nhm, magi khi ch to cc chi tit
nh scmng- xilanh ca bm thu lc, van, piston, trc khuu, cam ...
b/ Vt liu lm khun, li v kt cu khun
- Vt liu lm khun: thp hp kim, thp ccbon, hp kim ng. Vt liu lm li: kim loi hoc
lm bng ct-t st.
- Kt cu khun: Khun gm hai na 1 v 2, lng
khun 3, h thng rt 4 (h thng rt thng b tr mt
phn khun d ch to khun), g khun 5 m bo
cng vng cho khun, cht nh v 6 lp hai na khun
vi nhau chnh xc. kp cht khuon ln my ta dng g 7
c l bt bulng. t li ct 8 nh gi li 9. Kh trong khun
thot ra theo rnh thot kh 10 (t dc theo mt phn khun
v su 0,2 0,5mm). d ly vt c ra khi khun, ta
dng cht y thng ch to thnh thi hnh tr v lp vo
cc l 11 thnh khun.
c/ Qu trnh cng ngh c:Lm sch b mt khun, li; sy khun n T
0
nht nh; sn ln b mt
khun, li mt lp sn chu nhit dy 2mm. Sn ph ln lp sn m mt lp sn o bng du mazt,
du hi hoc du thc vt. Lp rp khun v rt kim loi. ngui vt c mt thi gian ri d khun.

3.5.2. C DI P LC
a/ c im: Vt c c chnh xc, bng cao (cp 6,7; R
Z
=10 R
a
= 0,63). c c nhng
vt c mng v phc tp. Vt c ngui nhanh cho nn c tnh cao; nng sut cao. Khun lm vic
di p sut cao, dng chy kim loi ln nn khun mau mn v chng b hng.

c di p lc dng ch to cc chi tit phc tp nh: van dn kh, v bm xng du, np
bung p. Vt liu c p lc: Thic ch, km, magi, nhm, ng.

b/ Nguyn l chung ca c p lc
c di p lc dng ch to cc chi tit phc tp nh v bm xng du, np bung p, van
dn kh, kn ng...Hp kim c di p lc thng l hp kim thic, ch, km, magi, nhm,
ng. Khun kim loi c di p lc thng gm hai na, mt na khun c nh v mt na
khun di ng. Li kim loi c nhiu mnh ghp vi nhau nh c trong khun kim loi. Ngoi ra,
cn c cht y vt c, hp kp khun v cc chi tit ph khc nh inh tn, bulng kp...Kim loi
lng c vo xi lanh, Piston trn nn xung, piston di i xung, kim loi lng theo rnh dn vo
khun c, sn phm c y ra nh c cu bn y.
H.3.14. Khun kim loi
Comment [TH1]:


25

c/ My c p lc:
- My c p lc thp c p sut p khong 6 75at. Loi my ny c th vn hnh bng tay
hoc t ng. N ch dng c kim loi c im chy < 450
0
C (nh thic, ch, km).
- My c p lc cao c p sut p khong 100 200at. V c p sut ln nn n khc phc
c nhc im ca loi my c p lc thp, c th dng c nhng kim loi mu c im chy
> 450
0
C nh ng, nhm v hp kim ca chng.
3.5.3. C LY TM
a/ Thc cht: c ly tm l rt kim loi vo khun quay, nh lc ly tm m kim loi lng c phn
b u trn b mt bn trong ca khun to thnh vt c. Lc ly tm c xc nh bng cng
thc: P = m.r.
2
. y m - khi lng ring ca kim loi vt c; r - bn knh khun quay; - vn
tc quay ca khun.
b/ c im: - c c nhng chi tit hnh trn xoay, rng m khng cn li, nhng vt c c
thnh mng, c gn, hoc hnh ni mng. Vt c sch, t chc kim loi mn cht.
- Ch thch ng cho cc chi tit hnh trn xoay, rng. Cht lng b mt trong khng tt.
- Khun cn c bn cao, chu nhit tt. My c ly tm cn c kn tt, kh nng cn bng
ng cao v kh xc nh chnh xc ng knh trong ca sn phm chnh xc.
c/ Cc phng php c ly tm
- c ly tm ng: Khun quay theo trc thng ng. Vt c thng c dng mt Parabonloit.
Phng php ny dng c cc chi tit ngn.

- c ly tm nm ngang: Khun quay theo phng nm ngang. Vt c l mt ng hnh tr c
chiu dy nh nhau. Nhng c ly tm nm do phi dng mng rt kim loi nn khng th c c
nhng ng c ng knh nh.
kim loi chy u vo trong khun, i khi ngi ta t trc quay ca khun nghing vi mt
phng ngang mt gc 5
0
.

H.3.16. my c p lc
H.3.18. S c ly tm ng H.3.17. s c ly tm nm

26
CHNG 4
GIA CNG KIM LOI BNG BIN DNG
4.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
4.1.1. THC CHT, C IM
a/ Thc cht
Gia cng kim loi bng bin dng l mt trong nhng phng php c bn ch to cc chi tit
my v cc sn phm kim loi thay th cho phng php c hoc gia cng ct gt. Gia cng kim loi
bng bin dng thc hin bng cch dng ngoi lc tc dng ln kim loi trng thi nng hoc ngui
lm cho kim loi t n qu gii hn n hi, kt qu s lm thay i hnh dng ca vt th kim loi
m khng ph hu tnh lin tc v bn ca chng.
b/ c im
- Kim loi gia cng th rn, sau khi gia cng khng nhng thay i hnh dng, kch thc m
cn thay i c c, l, ho tnh ca kim loi nh kim loi mn cht hn, ht ng u, kh cc khuyt
tt (r kh, r co v.v ...) do c gy nn, nng cao c tnh v tui bn ca chi tit v.v ...
- Gia cng kim loi bng bin dng l mt qu trnh sn xut cao, n cho php ta nhn cc chi
tit c kch thc chnh xc, mt chi tit tt, lng ph liu thp v chng c tnh c hc cao.
c/ ng dng: Sn phm c dng nhiu trong cc xng c kh; ch to hoc sa cha chi tit my;
trong cc ngnh xy dng, kin trc, cu ng, dng hng ngy.v.v...
4.1.2. BIN DNG DO CA KIM LOI
a/ Bin dng ca kim loi
Nh chng ta bit, di tc dng ca ngoi lc, kim loi bin dng theo cc giai on: bin
dng n hi, bin dng do v bin dng ph hu. Tu theo cu trc tinh th ca mi loi, cc giai
on trn c th xy ra vi cc mc khc nhau.
- Bin dng n hi (oa): di tc dng ca ngoi lc, kim loi b
bin dng; nu thi lc tc dng th bin dng s mt i v kim loi tr v
v tr ban u. l bin dng m ng sut sinh ra trong kim loi cha
vt qu gii hn n hi
- Bin dng do (bc): khi ng sut sinh ra trong kim loi vt qu
gii hn n hi. Bin dng do l bin dng vnh cu, n lm thay i
hnh dng ca kim loi sau khi thi lc tc dng.
- Bin dng ph hu (cd): Nu lc tc dng vt qu gii hn ban u ca kim loi th n lc
lc khng cn tng na, bin dng vn tip din v dn n ph hu kim loi.
b/ Tnh do ca kim loi
Tnh do ca kim loi l kh nng bin dng do ca kim loi di tc dng ca ngoi lc m
khng b ph hu. Tnh do ca kim loi ph thuc rt ln vo nhit , hu ht kim loi khi tng nhit
, tnh do tng. Trng thi ng sut chnh cng nh hng ng k n tnh do ca kim loi. Qua
thc nghim ngi ta thy rng kim loi chu ng sut nn khi c tnh do cao hn khi chu ng sut
nn mt, nn ng hoc chu ng sut ko. ng sut d, ma st ngoi lm thay i trng thi ng
sut chnh trong kim loi nn tnh do ca kim loi cng gim.
H.4.1. th quan h
gia lc v bin dng
P
L
o
a
b
c
d

27
4.2. CN KIM LOI
4.2.1.THC CHT CA QU TRNH CN
Qu trnh cn l cho kim loi bin dng gia hai trc cn quay ngc chiu nhau c khe h nh
hn chiu cao ca phi, kt qu lm cho chiu cao phi gim, chiu di v chiu rng tng. Hnh dng
ca khe h gia hai trc cn quyt nh hnh dng ca sn phm. Qu trnh phi chuyn ng qua khe
h trc cn l nh ma st gia hai trc cn vi phi. Cn khng nhng thay i hnh dng v kch
thc phi m cn nng cao cht lng sn phm.
My cn c hai trc cn t song song vi nhau v quay ngc chiu. Phi c chiu dy ln hn
khe h gia hai trc cn, di tc dng ca lc ma st, kim loi b ko vo gia hai trc cn, bin dng
to ra sn phm. Khi cn chiu dy phi gim, chiu di, chiu rng tng. Khi cn dng cc thng s
sau biu th:
- T s chiu di (hoc t s tit din)
ca phi trc v sau khi cn gi l h s ko
di:
=
1
0
0
1
F
F
l
l
=
- Lng p tuyt i:
h = (h
o
- h
1
) (mm).
- Quan h gia lng p v gc n:
h = D(1 - cos ) (mm).
- S thay i chiu di trc v sau khi
cn gi l lng gin di:
l = l
1
- l
o

- S thay i chiu rng trc v sau khi cn gi l lng gin rng: b = b
1
- b
o

Cn c th tin hnh trng thi nng hoc trng thi ngui. Cn nng c u im: tnh do ca
kim loi cao nn d bin dng, nng sut cao, nhng cht lng b mt km v c tn ti vy st trn
mt phi khi nung. V vy cn nng dng cn phi, cn th, cn tm dy, cn thp hp kim. Cn ngui
th ngc li cht lng b mt tt hn song kh bin dng nn ch dng khi cn tinh, cn tm mng,
di hoc kim loi mm.
iu kin kim loi c th cn c gi l iu kin cn vo. Khi kim loi tip xc vi trc
cn th chng chu hai lc: phn lc N v lc ma st T. iu kin cn vo l h s ma st f phi ln tg
ca gc n . Hoc gc ma st ln hn gc n.
4.2.2. SN PHM CN
Sn phm cn rt a dng, c phn ra bn nhm chnh: dng hnh, dng tm, dng ng v
dng c bit.
a/ Loi hnh: Cc sn phm dng hnh c chia ra dng hnh n gin (a), gm c thanh, thi tit
din trn, vung, ch nht, lc gic, bn nguyt v dng hnh phc tp (b) c tit din ch V, U, I, T, Z

A

I B
A
B
A
A
B
B
l
R
C
h
o

h
1

A

P
A
N
T
T

H.4.2. S cn kim loi

a/ Cc loi thp hnh n gin.
b/ Cc loi thp hnh phc tp

28
b/ Thp tm: c ng dng nhiu trong cc ngnh ch to tu thu, t, my ko, ch to my bay,
trong ngy dn dng. Chng c chia thnh 3 nhm:
- Thp tm dy: S = 4 60 mm; B = 600 5.000 mm; L = 4000 12.000 mm
- Thp tm mng: S = 0,2 4 mm; B = 600 2.200 mm.
- Thp tm rt mng: S = 0,001 0,2 mm; B = 200 1.500 mm; L = 4000 60.000 mm.
c/ Thp ng: c s dng nhiu trong cc ngng cng nghip du kh, thu li, xy dng... Chng
c chia thnh 2 nhm:
- ng khng hn: l loi ng c cn ra t phi thi ban u c ng knh = 200 350 mm;
chiu di L = 2.000 4.000 mm.
- ng cn c hn: c ch to bng cch cun tm thnh ng sau cn hn gip mi vi
nhau. Loi ny ng knh t n 4.000 8.000 mm; chiu dy t n 14 mm.
d/ Thp c hnh dng c bit: Thp c hnh dng c bit c cn theo phng php c bit: cn
bi, cn ren, n ray xe la, cn bnh xe la, cn v t v cc loi c tit din thay i theo chu k.
4.2.3. CC B PHN CHNH CA MY CN

My cn gm 3 b phn chnh dng thc hin qu trnh cng ngh cn.
- Gi cn: l ni tin hnh qu trnh cn bao gm: cc trc cn, gi, trc cn, h thng nng
h trc, h thng cn bng trc,thn my, h thng dn phi, c cu lt tr phi ...
- H thng truyn ng: l ni truyn mmen cho trc cn, bao gm hp gim tc, khp ni,
trc ni, bnh , hp phn lc.
- Ngun nng lng: l ni cung cp nng lng cho my, thng dng cc loi ng c in
mt chiu v xoay chiu hoc cc my pht in.

H.4.3. S my cn
I- nguin ng lc; II- H thng truyn ng; III- Gi cn
1: Trc cn; 2: Nn gi cn; 3: Trc truyn; 4: Khp ni trc truyn; 5: Thn gi
cn; 6: Bnh rng ch V; 7: Khp ni trc; 8:Gi cn; 9: Hp phn lc; 10: Hp
gim tc; 11: Khp ni; 12: ng c in

29
4.3. KO KIM LOI
4.3.1. THC CHT, C IM V CNG DNG
a/ Thc cht: Ko si l qu trnh ko phi kim loi qua l khun ko lm cho tit din ngang ca
phi gim v chiu di tng. Hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit ging l khun ko.

Khi ko si, phi (1) c ko qua khun ko (2) vi l hnh c tit din nh hn tit din phi
kim loi v bin dng theo yu cu, to thnh sn phm (3). i vi ko ng, khun ko (2) to hnh
mt ngoi ng cn l c sa ng ng knh nh li (4) t trong.
b/ c im: Ko si c th tin hnh trng thi nng hoc trng thi ngui. Ko si cho ta sn
phm c chnh xc cp 1214 v bng Ra = 0,63 0,32.
c/ Cng dng: Ko si dng ch to cc thi, ng, si bng thp v kim loi mu. Ko si cn
dng gia cng tinh b mt ngoi cc ng cn c mi hn v mt s cng vic khc.
4.3.2. QU TRNH KO SI
a/ Tnh s ln ko n:
Ty theo tng loi kim loi, hnh dng l khun, mi ln ko tit din c th gim xung 15%
35%. T l gia ng knh trc v sau khi ko gi l h s ko di:

( )
K
d
d
P f g
= = +
+
0
1
1
1

cot

Trong d
o
, d
1
- ng knh si trc v sau khi ko (mm). - gii hn bn ca kim loi
(N/mm
2
); - gc nghing l khun. p - p lc ca khun p ln kim loi (N/mm
2
). f - h s ma st.
Ko si c th ko qua mt hoc nhiu l khun ko nu t s gia ng knh phi v ng
knh sn phm vt qu h s ko cho php. S lt ko c th c tnh ton nh sau:
n
d d
k
n
=
lg lg
lg
0

b/ Lc ko si
Lc ko phi m bo ln thng lc ma st gia kim loi v thnh khun, ng thi
kim loi bin dng tuy nhin ng sut ti tit din ra khi khun phi nh hn gii hn bn cho
php ca vt liu nu khng si s b t. Lc ko si c th xc nh:
( ) P F
F
F
f g = + . .lg cot
1
0
1
1 (N)
- Gii hn bn ca kim loi ly bnh tr s trung bnh gii hn bn ca vt liu trc v sau khi
ko. F
0
, F
1
- tit din trc v sau khi ko (mm
2
). f - h s ma st gia khun v vt liu.
P P
1 2 3 1
2
3
4
a) b)
H.4.4. S ko si
a/ Ko si b) Ko ng
1) Phi 2) Khun ko 3) Sn phm 4) Li sa l

30
4.3.3. MY KO SI
My ko si c nhiu loi, cn c vo phng php ko c th chia lm 2 loi: my ko thng
hay my ko c tang cun. My ko si c tang cun dng khi ko si di c th cun trn c. Trn
my ko mt khun (a) dng ko nhng si hoc thi c = 610 mm. khi tang ko (3) quay, si
c ko qua khun (2) ng thi cun thnh cun. Theo tc ko, tang cp si (1) lin tc quay
theo cp cho khun ko. My ko si nhiu khun ko c s trt (b) th cc khun ko c tit din
gim dn v gia nhng khun ko l nhng con ln (3). S quay ca trng (4) ng thi to nn tng
lc ko ca cc khun.

4.4. P KIM LOI
Ep l phng php ch to cc sn phm kim loi bng cch y kim loi cha trong bung p
kn hnh tr, di tc dng ca chy p kim loi bin dng qua l khun p c tit din ging tit din
ngang ca chi tit. Trn hnh sau trnh by nguyn l mt s phng php p kim loi:

Khi p thanh, thi ngi ta c th tin hnh bng phng php p thun (a) hoc p nghch (b).
S hnh (c) trnh by nguyn l p ng.
p l phng php sn xut cc thanh c tit din nh hnh c nng sut cao, chnh xc v
nhn b mt cao, trong qu trnh p, kim loi ch yu chu ng sut nn nn tnh do tng, do c th
p c cc sn phm c tit din ngang phc tp. Nhc im ca phng php l kt cu p phc
tp, khun p yu cu chng mn cao. Phng php ny c ng dng rng ri ch to cc
thanh kim loi mu c ng knh t 5200 mm, cc ng c ng knh trong n 800 mm, chiu dy
t 1,58 mm v mt s prfin khc.
1 2
3
a
1
2 3
4
b.
H.4.5. My ko c tang cun
a-My ko mt khun; b- My ko nhiu khun
a/ b/ c/

H.4.6. S nguyn l p kim loi
a, b/ p si, thanh c/ p ng
1. Pistng 2. Xi lanh 3. Kim loi 4. Khun o 5. Li to l
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5

31
4.5. RN T DO
4.5.1. THC CHT, C IM V DNG C RN T DO
a/ Thc cht: Rn t do l mt phng php gia cng p lc m kim loi bin dng khng b khng
ch bi mt mt no khc ngoi b mt tip xc gia phi kim loi vi dng c gia cng (ba v e).
Di tc ng ca lc P do ba (1) gy ra v phn lc N t e (3), khi kim loi (2) bin dng, s
bin dng ch b khng ch bi hai mt trn v di, cn cc mt xung quanh hon ton t do.
b/ c im:
- chnh xc, bng b mt
chi tit khng cao. Nng sut thp
- Cht lng v tnh cht kim loi
tng phn ca chi tit kh m bo
ging nhau nn ch gia cng cc chi tit
n gin hay cc b mt khng nh
hnh.
- Cht lng sn phm ph thuc
vo tay ngh ca cng nhn. Thit b
v dng c rn t do n gin.
- Rn t do c dng rng ri trong sn xut n chic hay hng lot nh. Ch yu dng cho
sa cha, thay th.
c/ Dng c:
- Nhm 1: L nhng dng c cng ngh c bn nh cc loi e, ba, bn l, bn tp, sn, cht,
mi t.
- Nhm 2: L nhng dng c kp cht nh cc loi km, t v cc c cu kp cht khc.
- Nhm 3: L nhng dng c kim tra v o lng: ke, thc cp (o trong o ngoi, o chiu
su, cc loi compa.
4.5.2. NHNG NGUYN CNG C BN CA RN T DO
a/ nguyn cng vut:
Nguyn cng lm gim tit din ngang v tng chiu
di ca phi rn. Dng rn cc chi tit dng trc, ng,
dt mng hay chun b cho cc nguyn cng tip theo nh
t l, xon, un. Thng thng khi vut dng ba phng,
nhng khi cn vut vi nng sut cao hn th dng ba c
dng hnh ch V hoc cung trn.
b/ Nguyn cng chn: L nguyn cng nhm tng tit din ngang v gim chiu cao phi. N thng
l nguyn cng chun b cho cc nguyn cng tip theo nh t l, thay dng th trong t chc kim
loi, lm bng u, chuyn i kch thc phi. C 2 dng chn:
- Chn ton b: l nung c chiu di phi, khi chn thng xy ra cc trng hp sau:
Khi
h
d
0
0
2 th vt chn c dng hnh trng (a). Khi
h
d
0
0
2 2 5 , Ty theo ln ca lc tc
dng m c th xy ra cc b, c, d.
1
2
3
N
P
H.4.7. S rn t do
B
L
h
b
b
h s
c
H.4.8. S vut

32
- Chn cc b: Ch cn nung nng vng cn chn hay lm ngui trong nc phn khng cn
chn ri mi gia cng. Cng c th nung nng ton b ri gia cng trong nhng khun m thch hp.

c/ Nguyn cng t l: c 2 dng
- t l thng sut: Nu chi tit t mng v rng th khng cn lt phi trong qu trnh t.
Cn phi c vng m d thot phoi. Nu chiu dy vt t ln th t n 7080% chiu su l, lt
phi 180
0
t phn cn li. Nu l t qu su (h/d 2,5) th khi ht mi t ta dng cc tr m
t n chiu su yu cu. Nu l t c ng knh qu ln (D>50100mm) nn dng mi t rng
gim lc t.
- t l khng thng: c coi nh l giai on u ca t l thng, song bit c chiu
su l t th trn mi t v tr m phi c khc du. khng dng c mi t rng. Nu l
t ln trc ht dng mi t nh t, sau dng mi t ln dn cho n ng knh yu cu.
V rng s bin dng trong khi t l khng thng rt kh khn.
4.5.3. THIT B RN T DO
Thit b rn t do bao gm: thit b gy lc, thit b nung, my ct phi, my nn thng, my vn
chuyn.v.v...Rn t do c th tin hnh bng tay hoc bng my. Rn tay ch yu dng trong sn xut
sa cha, trong cc phn xng c kh ch yu l rn my. Theo c tnh tc dng lc, cc my dng
rn t do c chia ra: my tc dng lc va p (my ba), my tc dng lc tnh (my p). Trong
, my ba hi l thit b c s dng nhiu nht.

H.4.9. Chn ton b
a
h
0

d
0

b
P
L
c
P
tb
d
P
nh
H.4.10. Chn cc b
a
P P
P
P
b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
H.4.11. S nguyn l my ba hi
1- ng c in 2- B truyn ai 3- Trc khuu 4- Tay bin 5- Xi lanh p
6-Pistng p 7- Van phn phi kh 8- Pistng ba 9- Xi lanh ba 10- e
trn 11- e di 12- gi e 13-B e 14- bn p iu khin

33
Nguyn l lm vic ca my ba: ng c 1 truyn ng cho trc khuu 3 qua b truyn ai 2.
Thng qua bin truyn ng 4 lm cho pittng p 6 chuyn ng tnh tin to ra kh p bung trn
hoc bung di trong xi lanh ba 9.
Tu theo v tr ca bn p iu khin 14 m h thng van phn phi kh 7 s to ra nhng
ng dn kh khc nhau, lm cho pittng ba 8 c gn thn pittng ba v e trn 10 chuyn ng
hay ng yn trong xi lanh ba 9. e di 11 c lp vo gi e 12, chng c gi cht trn b
e 13.
Ngoi my ba hi trong thc t cn s dng cc loi my sau y trong rn t do: My ba hi
nc- khng kh p rn t do, My ba ma st kiu vn g, My ba l xo.

4.6. DP TH TCH
a/ nh ngha: Dp th tch l phng php gia cng p lc trong kim loi bin dng trong mt
khng gian hn ch bi b mt lng khun.
Qu trnh bin dng ca phi trong lng khun phn
thnh 3 giai on: giai on u chiu cao ca phi gim,
kim loi bin dng v chy ra xung quanh, theo phng
thng ng phi chu ng sut nn, cn phng ngang chu
ng sut ko. Giai on 2: kim loi bt u ln kn ca ba-
via, kim loi chu ng sut nn khi, mt tip gip gia na
khun trn v di cha p st vo nhau. Giai on cui:
kim loi chu ng sut nn khi trit , in y nhng
phn su v mng ca lng khun, phn kim loi tha s
trn qua ca bavia vo rnh cha bavia cho n lc 2 b mt
ca khun p st vo nhau.
b/ c im: - chnh xc v bng b mt phi cao (cp 6 - 7; R
Z
= 80 20)
- Cht lng sn phm ng u v cao, t ph thuc tay ngh cng nhn.
- C th to phi c hnh dng phc tp hn. Nng sut cao, d c kh ho v t ng ha.
- Thit b cn c cng sut ln, cng vng v chnh xc cao.
- Chi ph ch to khun cao, khun lm vic trong iu kin nhit v p lc cao. Bi vy dp
th tch ch yu dng trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi.
4.6.2. THIT B DP TH TCH
Thit b dng trong dp th tch bao gm nhiu loi khc nhau nh thit b nung, thit b vn
chuyn, my ct phi, thit b lm ngui, thit b kim tra v.v...Tuy nhin ay ta ch nghin cu mt
s my gia cng chnh.
Dp th tch i hi phi c lc dp ln, bi vy cc my dp phi c cng sut ln, cng
vng ca my cao. Mt khc, do yu cu khi dp khun trn v khun di phi nh v chnh xc vi
nhau, chuyn ng ca u trt my dp phi chnh xc, t gy chn ng. Trong dp th tch thng
dng nht l s dng cc loi my sau: my ba hi nc - khng kh nn, my p trc khuu, my p
thu lc, my p ma st trc vt.

p
1
2
3
4
5
6
H.4.12. S kt cu ca mt b khun rn
1-khun trn; 2- rnh cha ba-via;
3- khun di; 4- chui ui n;
5- lng khun; 6- ca ba-via

34
a/ My p thy lc: My c ch to vi lc p t 300 - 7.000 tn.
My p thy lc c u im l lc p ln, chuyn ng ca u p
m v chnh xc, iu khin hnh trnh p v lc p d dng. Nhc
im ca my p thu lc l ch to phc tp, bo dng kh khn.
to p lc p ln, trong cc my p thy lc thng dng
b khuch i p sut vi hai xi lanh: xi lanh hi (1) v xi lanh du
(3). Pittng (2) c hai phn ng knh khc nhau, phn nm trong
xi lanh hi c ng knh ln (D) v phn nm trong xi lanh du c
ng knh b (d). Vi p sut hi p
1
, p sut du (p
2
) c tnh theo
cng thc sau: p p
D
d
2 1
2
2
=
b/ My p trc khuu
My p trc khuu c lc p t 1610.000 tn. My ny c loi hnh trnh u con trt c
nh gi l my c hnh trnh cng; c loi u con trt c th iu chnh c gi l hnh trnh
mm. Nhn chung cc my ln u c hnh trnh mm. Trn my p c kh c th lm c cc cng
vic khc nhau: rn trong khun h, p phi, t l, ct bavia v.v... S nguyn l c trnh by
trn hnh sau:
Nguyn l lm vic ca my nh sau: ng c (1) qua b
truyn ai (2) truyn chuyn ng cho trc (3), bnh rng (4) n
khp vi bnh rng (7) lp lng khng trn trc khuu (5). Khi ng
li hp (6), trc khuu (8) quay, thng qua tay bin (8) lm cho u
trt (9) chuyn ng tnh tin ln xung, thc hin chu trnh dp.
e di (10) lp trn b nghing c th iu chnh c v tr n
khp ca khun trn v khun di.
c im ca my p trc khuu: chuyn ng ca u trt
m hn my ba, nng sut cao, tn hao nng lng t, nhng c
nhc im l phm vi iu chnh hnh trnh b, i hi tnh ton
phi chnh xc v phi lm sch phi k trc khi dp.

4.7. K THUT DP TM
a/ Thc cht: Dp tm l mt phng php gia cng p lc tin tin ch to cc sn phm hoc chi
tit bng vt liu tm, thp bn hoc thp di. Dp tm c tin hnh trng thi ngui (tr thp
ccbon c S > 10mm) nn cn gi l dp ngui.
Vt liu dng trong dp tm: Thp ccbon, thp hp kim mm, ng v hp kim ng, nhm v
hp kim nhm, niken, thic, ch vv...v vt liu phi kim: giy cctng, bnt, fp, aming, da, vv...
b/ c im: Nng sut lao ng cao do d t ng ho v c kh ho. Chuyn ng ca thit b n
gin, cng nhn khng cn trnh cao, m bo chnh xc cao. C th dp c nhng chi tit
phc tp v p, c bn cao..v.v...
c/ Cng dng: Dp tm c dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip c bit ngnh ch to my
bay, nng nghip, t, thit b in, dn dng v.v...
n u p
Hi
P
1
P
2
1
2
3
d
D
B khuyt i p sut
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
H.4.13. My p trc khuu

35
4.7.2. CNG NGH DP TM
Cng ngh dp tm c c trng bi 2 nhm nguyn cng chnh: nguyn cng ct v nguyn
cng to hnh.
A/ NHM NGUYN CNG CT
Ct phi l nguyn cng tch mt phn ca phi khi phn kim loi chung. Nguyn cng ny c
3 loi: ct t, ct phi, t l.
a/ Ct t: L nguyn cng ct phi thnh tng ming theo ng ct h, dng ct thnh tng di
c chiu rng cn thit, ct thnh ming nh t nhng phi thp tm ln. C cc loi my ct t sau:
My ct li dao song song:
- Ct c cc tm rng B 3200 mm, chiu
dy S n 60 mm.
- Ch ct c ng thng, chiu rng tm
ct phi nh hn chiu di dao.
- ng ct thng, p, hnh trnh dao nh;
Lc ct ln: P = 1,3.B.S.
c
(N).
c
= (0,60,8)
b
(N/mm
2
) - Gii hn bn ct.
My ct dao nghing:
- Li dao trn nghing mt gc = 26
0
.
- h gia 2 dao Z = 0,05 0,2mm
- Lc ct khng ln, ct c cc tm dy; Ct
c cc ng cong; ng ct khng thng v
nhn. Hnh trnh ca dao ln:
P = 1,3
0 5
2
, . . S
tg
c
(N)
My ct chn ng: My c 2 li dao
nghing to thnh mt gc = 2430
0
; gc trc
= 67
0
, khi ct li ct trn ln xung rt nhanh
(20003000 ln/pht) v vi hnh trnh ngn 23
mm. Ct c tm c S 10 mm.
My ct dao a:

b/ Dp ct v t l: y l nguyn cng ct m ng ct l mt
chu vi kn. V nguyn l dp ct v t l ging nhau ch khc
nhau v cng dng. t l l qu trnh to nn l rng trn phi,
phn vt liu tch khi phi gi l ph liu. i vi dp ct th
phn ct ri l phi phn cn li l ph liu.
+ + +
B S
H.4.14.My ct li dao song song

+ + +
S

Z H.4.15.My ct li dao nghing

H.4.16. My ct chn ng
S
B
h
D
H.4.17.a/ My ct dao a mt cp dao
H4.17.b/ My ct dao a nhiu cp dao
z
P
H.4.18. S dp ct v t l
Chy
Ci

36
B/ NHM NGUYN CNG TO HNH
L nhng nguyn cng dch chuyn mt phn ca phi i vi phn khc m khng b ph hu.
a/ Nguyn cng un: L nguyn cng lm thay i hng ca
trc phi. Trong qu trnh un cong lp kim loi pha trn b
nn, lp kim loi pha ngoi b ko.
Bn knh un cho php: Khi un bn knh un pha trong
c gii hn nht nh. Nu qu ln, vt un cha n mc
bin dng do. Ngc li nu qu nh th c th lm t vt liu
tit din un: r
min
= (0,250,3)S (mm) < r < r
S
c
max
=

2
.
Trong - mun n hi khi ko (N/mm
2
);
c
- gii hn chy
ca vt liu, (N/mm
2
).
S n hi khi un cong: Sau khi thi lc tc dng, do c s n hi nn vt un c xu hng
gin ra. c c gc un ca chi tit
0
, ngi ta phi un vi gc l , v gc n hi c biu
th l:

=

0
2
. Trong thc t = 012
0
.
b/ Nguyn cng dp vut: Dp vut l nguyn cng ch to cc chi tit rng c hnh dng bt k t
phi phng v c tin hnh trn cc khun dp vut.
- Dp vut khng lm mng thnh:
+ Chn hnh dng v kch thc phi: Nu chi tit l hnh
hp y ch nht th phi c dng hnh bu dc hay elp, cn
nu chi tit l hnh hp y vung hoc hnh tr y trn th
phi l ming ct trn. Nu S < 0,5 mm th din tch phi bng
din tch mt trong hoc din tch mt ngoi ca chi tit, cn nu
S > 0,5mm th ly bng din tch lp trung ho ca chi tit.
+ Xc nh s ln dp vut: Khi dp vut tu theo tnh do
ca vt liu mi ln dp cho php dp thnh chi tit c ng
knh nht nh. H s dp cho php c tnh nh sau:
m =
d
D
ct
ph
= 0,550,95; S ln dp n ca phi c dng knh D
thnh chi tit c ng knh d
n
: n
d m D
m
n
tb
= +

1
1
lg lg( . )
lg

+ Qu trnh dp vut: Nhng chi tit c phi l tm dy th
tin hnh trn khun khng cn vnh p, nhng nu phi l tm
mng s xy ra hin tng nhn xp thnh sn phm nn dng
thm vnh p.
- Dp vut lm mng thnh: c thc hin khi h
gia chy v khun nh hn chiu dy phi. ng knh gim
t, chiu su tng nhiu v gim chiu dy thnh phi. rt
ngn s ln dp gin, mt s ln dp u khng lm mng
thnh, sau mi dp gin lm mng thnh.

d
1
d
2
d
3
d
ct
D
Chy
Lp trung ho
r
S
x.S
Ci
H.4.19. Nguyn cng un
z =( 0,3-0,8)S
P
S
S
S
rch
H.4.21. Dp vut lm mng thnh
H.4.20. Qu trnh dp vut
1. chy p; 2. khun p, 3. phi k.loi; 4. vnh p
1
2
3
4
d
1
D
P
Q Q

37
c/ Tp ming: l nguyn cng lm cho ming ca phi rng (thng l
hnh tr) thu nh li. Phn tp nh li c th l hnh cn, cn v tr, na
hnh cu v.v... Khun di lm nhim v nh v chi tit, khun trn c
l hnh cn ng knh gim dn, phn cui ca khun trn l hnh tr.
trnh xy ra hin tng xp ming tp th: K
d
d
= =
0
1 2 1 3 , , . Khi
cn tp n chi tit c ng knh nh hn gii hn cho php th phi
qua mt s ln tp.
d/ Vin mp: tng thm cng vng ca cc chi tit rng dp vut
t kim loi tm mng, ngi ta vin mp chi tit sau khi dp. C th
vin p con ln trn my tin, vin mp trn my chuyn dng hoc
bng khun dp trn my p. Vin p trn my tin c thc hin nh
sau: Trc chnh 1 quay nh mt in, trc ta 2 c th quay v chuyn
ng qua li dc theo trc. Con ln tin vo v cun mp phi theo bn
knh cong ca n. Con ln 3 c th quay quanh trc ca g trn bn
dao my tin, bn knh un ca con ln r 3S.
/ Ghp mi
Lp ghp cc chi tit t vt liu tm bng phng php dp vi s
phi hp cc nguyn cng un, tp, nong, gin rng vv... cc chi tit
ni li vi nhau thnh sn phm hay cm chi tit gi l ghp mi.
Ghp mi phn ln dng cho mi ghp khng tho ri v n
gin. Hnh sau trnh by mt phng php ghp mi bng con ln.
e/ Mit: Mit l phng php ch to cc chi tit trn xoay mng. c
bit mit c dng ch to nhng chi tit c ng knh ming thu
nh vo v thn phnh ra nh bi ng, l hoa...k tip sau nguyn cng
dp vut. Cng ngh mit c ng dng i vi cc chi tit bng thp
mm hay kim loi mu.
Mit khng bin mng thnh i vi thp chiu dy khng qu
1,5mm, i vi kim loi mu khng qu 2mm, cn mit mng thnh th
ng dng vi vt liu c chiu dy ln hn (20mm).
S vng quay ca trc chnh ph thuc vo vt liu: thp mm
400 - 600 v/ph; nhm 800 - 1200 v/ph; uara 500 - 900 v/ph; ng
600 - 800 v/ph.
Cn
Phi
Ta
Khun
H.4.25. S mit
d
0
d
H.4.22. S tp ming
P
P
H.4.23. G vin mp bng
con ln trn my tin
H.4.24. Ghp mi

38
CHNG 5
K THUT HN
5.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
a/ Thc cht: Hn l phng php ni hai hay nhiu chi tit kim loi li vi nhau m khng th tho
ri bng cch nung nng kim loi vng tip xc n trng thi nng chy, sau ngui t do v
ng c hoc nung n trng thi do, sau tc dng lc p ln.
b/ c im:
- Tit kim kim loi: so vi tn ri v tit kim t 1020%, c t 3050% ...
- Thi gian chun b v ch to phi ngn, gi thnh phi thp.
- C th to c cc kt cu nh nhng kh nng chu lc cao.
- bn v kn ca mi hn ln. C th hn hai kim loi c tnh cht khc nhau.
- Thit b hn n gin, vn u t khng cao. Trong vt hn tn ti ng sut d ln. Vt hn b
bin dng v cong vnh. kh nng chu ti trng ng thp.
Hn c s dng rng ri ch to phi trong ngnh ch to my, ch to cc kt cu dng
khung, gin, dm trong xy dng, cu ng, cc bnh cha trong cng nghip v.v...
c/ Phn loi cc phng php hn
- Hn nng chy: kim loi mp hn c nung n trng thi nng chy kt hp vi kim loi b
sung t ngoi vo in y khe h gia hai chi tit hn, sau ng c to ra mi hn. Nhm ny
gm hn h quang, hn kh, hn in x, hn bng tia in t, hn bng tia laze, hn plasma v.v...
- Hn p lc: khi hn bng p lc kim loi vng mp hn c nung nng n trng thi do
sau hai chi tit c p li vi lc p ln, to ra mi hn. Nhm ny gm hn in tip xc, hn
ma st, hn n, hn siu m, hn kh p, hn cao tn, hn khuch tn v.v...
5.2. HN H QUANG BNG TAY
5.2.1. THC CHT V PHN LOI HN H QUANG
a/ Thc cht: Hn h quang l phng php hn nng chy dng nhit ca ngn la h quang sinh ra
gia cc in cc hn. Thc cht ca h quang hn l dng chuyn ng ca cc in t v ion trong
mi trng kh gia hai in cc, km theo s pht nhit ln v pht sng mnh.
b/ Phn loi:
- Phn loi theo dng in hn: Hn bng dng in xoay chiu cho ta mi hn c cht lng
khng cao, kh gy h quang v kh hn song thit b hn dng xoay chiu n gin v r tin nn
trn thc t hin c khong 80% l my hn xoay chiu. Hn bng dng in mt chiu tuy my hn
t tin nhng d gy h quang, d hn v cht lng mi hn cao.
- Phn loi theo in cc:
+ in cc hn khng nng chy c ch to t cc vt liu c nhit nng chy cao nh
grafit, vonfram. ng knh in cc d
q
= 15 mm i vi in cc vonfram v d
q
= 612 mm i vi
in cc grafit, chiu di que hn thng l 250 mm, u vt cn.

1 2
L
l
1

H.5.1. in cc hn
a/ Que hn nng chy; b/ Que hn khng nng chy
1- li kim loi; 2- thuc bc
l
2

l
3
b/
a/

39
+ in cc khng nng chy cho h quang hn n nh, b sung kim loi cho mi hn phi s
dng thm que hn ph. in cc hn nng chy c ch to t kim loi hoc hp kim c thnh
phn gn vi thnh phn kim loi vt hn. Li que hn c ng knh theo l thuyt d
q
= 612 mm.
Trong thc t thng dng d
q
=16 mm, L = 250450 mm; l
1
= 30
5
mm; l
2
< 15mm; l
3
= 12 mm.
Lp thuc bc c ch to t hn hp gm nhiu loi vt liu dng dng bt, sau trn u
vi cht dnh v bc ngoi li c chiu dy t 12 mm. N c tc dng:
+ Tng kh nng ion ha d gy h quang v duy tr h quang chy n nh.
+ Bo v c mi hn, trnh s oxy ho ho tan kh t mi trng.
+ To x lng v u, che ph kim loi tt gim tc ngui ca mi hn trnh nt.
+ Kh xy trong qu trnh hn.
- Phn loi theo cch u cc in cc khi hn:

5.2.3 NGUN IN V MY HN
a/ Yu cu: Ngun in hn trong hn h quang tay c th l
ngun in xoay chiu hoc mt chiu. Nhn chung ngun in
hn v my hn phi m bo cc yu cu chung sau:
- in p khng ti U
0
phi < 80 v.
+ My hn xoay chiu: U
0
= 5580V, H
h
= 3055 V.
+ My hn mt chiu: U
0
= 2545 V, H
h
= 1635 V.
- ng c tnh ng V-A phi l ng dc lin tc.
- C kh nng qu ti khi ngn mch I
= (1,31,4)I
h
.
- C th iu chnh dng in hn trong phm vi rng.
- My hn phi c khi lng nh, h s hu ch ln, gi thnh r, d s dng v d sa cha.
b/ My hn h quang xoay chiu
My hn h quang dng dng in xoay chiu c s dng rng ri trong hn h quang tay v
chng c kt cu n gin, gi thnh ch to thp, d vn hnh v sa cha. Tuy nhin cht lng mi
hn khng cao v h quang chy khng n nh so vi h quang dng dng in mt chiu.
- My bin p hn:

H.5.2. Cc phng php ni cc in cc vi ngun in hn
a/ u dy trc tip; b/ u dy gin tip; c/ u dy 3 pha
a/ b/ c/
u (V)
I (A)
A
B
1
2
1- ng c tnh tnh ca h quang
2- ng c tnh ng ca my hn
H.5.3. c tnh ca h quang hn
u
1 u
2
u
h
B
W
1
W
2
H.5.4. S my bin p hn
1

2

40
- My hn c li t di ng:
My hn kiu ny c mt li t di ng
(A) nm trong gng t (B) ca my bin p.
Khi li t (A) nm hon ton trong mt phng
ca gng t (B) th t thng do cun s cp
sinh ra
1
c mt phn r nhnh
r
qua li t
lm cho
2
i qua cun th cp gim, do
dng in trn cun th cp gim. Khi di ng
li t (A) ra ngoi,
r
gim lm cho
2
tng v
dng in trn cun th cp tng.
My hn c li t di ng c kt cu gn, iu chnh dng in hn v cp, khong iu chnh
rng do hin nay c dng nhiu.
b/ My hn h quang mt chiu
- My pht hn h quang: My hn gm my pht in mt chiu (M) c cun dy kch t
ring (2) c cp in ring t ngun in xoay chiu qua b chnh lu (1). Trn mch ra ca my
pht t cun kh t (3). Ngi ta b tr sao cho t thng (
c
) sinh ra trn cun kh t lun lun ngc
hng vi t thng (
kt
) sinh ra trong cun kch t.
ch khng ti, I
h
= 0 nn
c
= 0, my pht
c kch t bi t thng (
kt
):
kt kt
k
I
W
R
= . .
(Trong I
kt
, W v R
k
l dng in, s vng dy v
t tr ca cun kch t). Khi : u C
kt kt
= . .
ch lm vic, dng in hn I
h
0 nn t
thng
c
0, my pht c kch t bi t thng
tng hp () do cun dy kch t (2) v cun kh t
(3) sinh ra: =
kt c
.
Sc in ng sinh ra trong phn cm ca my ph thuc vo t thng kch t:
E C C
kt c
= = . . ( ) . Trong C l h s ph thuc vo my.
- My hn in chnh lu: My hn dng dng in chnh lu c hai b phn chnh: Bin p p
hn (1) v b chnh lu (2), bin tr (3) dng iu chnh cng dng in hn. My hn dng
dng in chnh lu c h quang chy n nh hn my hn xoay chiu, phm vi iu chnh dng in
hn rng, h s cng sut hu ch cao, cng sut khng ti nh, kt cu n gin hn. Nhc im ca
my hn chnh lu l cng sut b hn ch, cc i-t d b hng khi ngn mch lu v dng in hn
ph thuc ln vo in p ngun.

n p
kt

1
2
K
M
c

3
H.5.6. S
nguyn l my
pht hn mt
chiu
H.5.7. a/ S nguyn l my hn chnh lu ba pha
b/ S nguyn l my hn chnh lu mt pha
1
a/
2
3
U
h

R
u
1 u
2

u
h
A
B
W
1
W
2
H.5.5. S my hn xoay chiu c li di ng
1
2
r

41
5.2.4. CH HN H QUANG IN
a/ ng knh que hn: ng knh que hn ph thuc vo vt liu hn, chiu dy vt hn, v tr mi
hn trong khng gian, kiu mi hn... c th tra theo s tay cng ngh hn hoc:
d
S
= +
2
1 [mm] ; - Hn gc, hn ch T: d
K
= +
2
2 [mm]
Trong S - l chiu dy vt hn, K- l cnh ca mi hn gc.
b/ Cng dng in hn (I
h
): Cng dng in hn chn ph thuc vo vt liu hn, ng
knh que hn, v tr mi hn trong khng gian, kiu mi hn...c th tra theo s tay cng ngh hoc xc
nh theo cc cng thc kinh nghim nh vi hn sp: I d d
h q q
= + ( ) . (Trong v l cc h s
ph thuc vo c tnh kim loi vt liu hn. i vi thp = 6, = 20). Khi chiu dy chi tit S > 3d
tng cng dng in khong 15% cn S < 1,5d gim 15% so vi tr s tnh ton.
c/ in p hn: in p hn thng t thay i khi hn h quang tay.
d/ S lt cn phi hn: S lt hn c th tnh theo cng thc sau: n
F F
F
d
n
=

+
0
1.

Trong F
d
l din tch mt ct ngang ton b mi hn (din tch p), F
0
v F
n
tng ng l
din tch mt ct ngang ca ng hn u tin v cc ln tip theo.
/ Tc hn (V
h
): V
I
F
h
d h
d
=

.
3600
[cm/s] (
d
l h s p = 711[g/A.h]; l khi lng ring
kim loai que hn [g/cm
3
]; I
h
dng in hn[A]; F
l tit din p ca mi hn [cm

2
]
5.2.5. THAO TC HN
Khi hn h quang tay, gc nghing que hn so vi mt
vt hn thng t 7585
o
. Trong qu trnh hn, que hn c
dch chuyn dc trc duy tr chiu di ct h quang, ng
thi chuyn ng ngang mi hn to b rng mi hn v
chuyn ng dc ng hn theo tc hn cn thit. Khi mi
hn c b rng ln, chuyn dch que hn c th thc hin theo
nhiu cch: thng thng chuyn ng que hn theo ng dch
dc (a), khi cn nung nng phn gia nhiu theo s (b) v
khi cn nung nng nhiu c gia v hai bn theo s (c).

a/ b/ c/
H.5.8. Cc phng php
chuyn ng que hn

42
5.3. HN H QUANG T NG V BN T NG
5.3.1 THC CHT V C IM
a/ Thc cht: Hn h quang t ng l qu trnh hn trong cc khu ca qu trnh c tin hnh
t ng bi my hn, bao gm: gy h quang, chuyn dch in cc hn xung vng hn duy tr h
quang chy n nh, dch chuyn im hn dc mi hn, cp thuc hn hoc kh bo v. Khi mt s
khu trong qu trnh hn c t ng ha ngi ta gi l hn bn t ng.
b/ c im:
- Nng sut hn cao v cht lng mi hn tt v n nh.
- Tit kim kim loi nh h s p cao. Ci thin iu kin lao ng.
- Tit kim nng lng v s dng trit ngun nhit.
- Thit b t, khng hn c cc kt cu hn v v tr hn phc tp.
5.3.2. HN H QUANG DI LP THUC BO V
a/ Thc cht: L qa trnh hn nng chy
m h quang chy gia dy hn v vt hn
di mt lp thuc bo v. Di tc dng
nhit ca h quang, mp hn, dy hn v
mt phn thuc hn st h quang b nng
chy to thnh vng hn (hnh 5.9a). Theo
chuyn dch ca ngun nhit (h quang)
m kim loi vng hn s ngui v kt tinh
to thnh mi hn (hnh 5.8b). Trn mt
vng hn v phn mi hn ng c hnh
thnh mt lp x c tc dng tham gia bo
v v gi nhit cho mi hn, v s tch khi
mi hn sau khi hn.
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v
c th c t ng c hai khu cp dy
vo vng h quang v chuyn ng h
quang theo trc mi hn.
b/ c im: - Nhit lng h quang rt
tp trung v nhit rt cao, cho php hn
tc ln nhng chi tit c chiu dy ln
m khng phi vt mp.
- Cht lng lin kt hn cao do bo v tt kim loi mi hn khi tc dng ca xy v nit trong
khng kh xung quanh. Mi hn c hnh dng tt, u n, t b khuyt tt nh khng ngu, r kh, nt
v bn to.
- H quang c bao bc kn bi thuc hn nn khng lm hi mt v da ca th hn. Lng
khi (kh c) sinh ra trong qa trnh hn rt t so vi hn h quang tay.
- D c kh ho v t ng ho qa trnh hn. Gim tiu hao dy hn.

H.5.9. S hn di lp thuc bo v
a/ S nguyn l; b/ Ct dc theo trc mi hn

43
5.3.3. HN H QUANG NNG CHY TRONG MI TRNG KH BO V
a/ Thc cht: Hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v l qu trnh hn nng chy
gia in cc nng chy (dy hn) v vt hn; h quang v kim loi nng chy c bo v khi tc
dng ca xy v nit trong mi trng xung quanh bi kh tr (Ar; He hoc hn hp Ar+He) hoc l
cc loi kh hot tnh (CO
2
; CO
2
+O
2
; CO
2
+Ar...).
Khi in cc hn hay dy hn c cp t ng vo vng h quang thng qua c cu cp dy,
cn s dch chuyn h quang dc theo mi hn c thao tc bng tay th gi l hn h quang bn t
ng trong mi trng kh bo v. Nu tt c chuyn ng c bn c c kh ho th c gi l hn
h quang t ng trong mi trng kh bo v.

Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh tr (Ar; He) ting Anh gi l
phng php hn MIG (Metal Inert Gas). V cc loi kh tr c gi thnh cao nn khng c ng
dng rng ri, ch dng hn kim loi mu v thp hp kim.
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh hot tnh (CO
2
; CO
2
+O
2
...) ting
Anh gi l hn MAG (Metal Active Gas). Phng php hn MAG c pht trin rng ri do c rt
nhiu u im: CO
2
l loi kh d kim, d sn xut v gi thnh thp; Nng sut hn trong CO
2
cao.
C th tin hnh mi v tr khng gian khc nhau. Cht lng hn cao, sn phm hn t b cong vnh
do tc hn cao, ngun nhit tp trung, hiu sut s dng nhit ln, vng nh hng nhit hp. iu
kin lao ng tt hn so vi vi hn h quang tay v trong qa trnh hn khng pht sinh kh c.
b/ Phm vi ng dng: Trong nn cng nghip hin i, hn h quang nng chy trong mi
trng kh bo v khng nhng c th hn cc loi thp kt cu thng thng m cn c th hn cc
loi thp khng g, thp chu nhit, thp bn nng, cc hp kim c bit, cc hp kim nhm, magi,
niken, ng, cc hp kim c i lc ho hc mnh vi xy.
5.3.4. HN H QUANG IN CC KHNG NNG CHY TRONG KH TR
a/ Thc cht: Hn h quang in cc khng nng chy trong mi trng kh tr l qa trnh hn nng
chy, trong ngun nhit cung cp bi h quang c to thnh gia in cc khng nng chy v
vng hn. Vng h quang c bo v bng mi trng kh tr (Ar, He hoc Ar+He). in cc khng
nng chy thng dng l Volfram nn phng php hn ny ting Anh gi l TIG (Tungsten Inert
Gas). Vng h quang, h quang trong hn TIG c nhit rt cao, c th t ti hn 6100
0
C. Kim loi
H.5.10. S hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v
a/ S nguyn l; b/ S thit b
b/

44
mi hn c th to thnh ch t kim loi c bn khi hn nhng chi tit mng vi lin kt gp mp, hoc
c b sung t que hn ph. Vng hn c bao bc bi kh tr thi ra t chp kh.
b/ c im
- To mi hn c cht lng cao i vi hu ht kim loi v hp kim.
- Mi hn khng phi lm sch sau khi hn.
- H quang v vng hn c th quan st c trong khi hn.
- C th hn mi v tr trong khng gian. Khng c kim loi bn to.
- Nhit tp trung cho php tng tc hn, gim bin dng lin kt hn.
c/ ng dng: Phng php hn TIG c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc sn xut, c bit rt thch
hp trong hn thp hp kim cao, kim loi mu v hp kim ca chng...Phng php hn ny thng
thng c thao tc bng tay v c th t ng ho hai khu di chuyn h quang v cp dy hn ph.
5.4. HN V CT KIM LOI BNG KH
a/ Thc cht: Hn v ct bng kh l phng php s dng nhit ca ngn la sinh ra khi t chy kh
chy trong dng xy nung kim loi. Thng dng nht l hn v ct bng kh xy - axtylen.
b/ c im: - Hn c nhiu loi kim loi v hp kim (gang, ng nhm ... ), cc chi tit mng.
- Thit b gn, nh, n gin, vn u t thp.
- Nng sut thp. Vt hn b nung nng nhiu dn n c tnh gim.
Hn kh c s dng nhiu khi hn cc chi tit mng bng thp, cc chi tit bng gang, ng,
nhm v mt s kim loi mu khc, ct to phi t tm, ct t thanh thi v.v...
c/ Kh hn:
- Kh xy k thut: xy k thut cha t 98,599,5 % xy v khong 0,51,5 % tp cht (N
2
,
Ar). Trong cng nghip, sn xut xy dng phng php in phn nc hoc lm lnh v chng
ct phn on khng kh. Bng phng php lm lnh khng kh xung nhit di -182,06
o
C
nhng trn nhit ha lng ca N
2
(-195,8
o
C) v Ar (-185,7
o
C ), sau cho N
2
v Ar bay hi ta thu
c xy lng.
xy k thut c th bo qun th lng hoc kh (1 lt xy lng cho 860 lt th kh) bng bnh
cha c V = 40 lt vi p sut P = 150 at.
- Kh axtylen: Axtylen (C
2
H
2
) c sn xut t t n CaC
2
:
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
+ 30.400 Cal/mol
Kh Axtylen t bc chy khong 420
o
C ( p sut 1 at). D pht n khi p sut > 1,5 at v nhit
trn 500
o
C; nhit v p sut thp d trng hp to thnh benzel (C
6
H
6
), (C
8
H
8
) .v.v...
Axtylen c kh nng ha tan trong nhiu cht lng vi ho tan ln, c bit l trong axtn:
23 lt C
2
H
2
/1 lt (CH
3
COCH
3
). Cc tp cht cha trong kh axtylen l PH
3
lm tng kh nng gy n
v H
2
S l tp cht c hi, lm gim cht lng mi hn.
5.4.2. THIT B HN V CT BNG KH
a/ Bnh cha kh: dng cha kh xy v kh axtylen, c ch to t thp tm c dung tch 40 lt,
trng lng 67 kg. Bnh cha xy chu c p sut kh np 150 at v c sn mu xanh hoc xanh
da tri.
Bnh cha axtylen chu c p sut kh np ti 19 at, c sn mu vng hoc mu trng.
Trong bnh cha bt xp (thng l than hot tnh) v tm axtn trnh kh nng n cho bnh.

45

b/ Van gim p: l dng c dng gim p sut kh trong bnh cha xung p sut lm vic cn
thit v t ng duy tr p sut mc n nh. i vi kh oxy p sut kh trong bnh ti 150 at, P
lm vic khong 34 at, cn kh axtylen P trong bnh ti 1516 at, P lm vic 0,11,5 at.

c/ Dy dn kh: dng dn kh t bnh cha kh, bnh ch kh n m hn hoc m ct. Yu cu
chung i vi ng dn kh l chu c p sut ti 10 at i vi dy dn oxy, 3 at vi dy dn axtylen.
mm cn thit nhng khng b gp. Dy dn c ch to bng vi lt cao su, c ba loi:
- ng knh trong 5,5 mm, ng knh ngoi khng quy nh.
- ng knh trong 9,5 mm, ng knh ngoi 17,5 mm.
- ng knh trong 13 mm, ng knh ngoi 22 mm.
d/ M hn: Kh C
2
H
2
(p sut 0,011,2 at) c dn vo qua ng v qua van ng m (5), cn kh
xy (p sut 14 at) c dn vo qua ng v qua van iu chnh (4). Khi dng xy phun ra u ming
phun (3) vi tc ln to nn vng p sut thp ht kh C
2
H
2
vo theo. Hn hp tip tc c ho
trn trong bung ht (3), sau theo ng dn (2) ra ming (1) v c t chy to thnh ngn la
hn.

p
1

p
2
p
1
p
2
1
2 3 4
5
6
7 8
9
10
H.5.12. S nguyn l van gim p
1. ng dn kh cao p 2. L xo ph 3. Van 4. Van an ton 5. ng dn kh ra
6. Bung thp p 7. Mng n hi; 8. L xo chnh; 9.Vt iu chnh; 10. thanh truyn
3
H.5.13. S nguyn l cu to ca m hn kh
1. Dy dn kh C
2
H
2
2. Dy dn kh xy 3. Van iu chnh C
2
H
2

4. Van iu chnh oxy 5. Bung ht 6. u m hn
1
2
4 5
6
O
2
C
2
H
2
4
1
H.5.11. S mt trm hn v ct bng kh
1. Bnh cha xy; 2. Bnh cha axtylen; 3. Van gm p; 4. ng h o p;
5. Kho bo him; 6. Dy dn kh; 7. M hn hoc m ct; 8. Ngn la hn
2
3
5
6
7
8

46
5.4.5. CT KIM LOI BNG KH
a/ Thc cht: Thc cht ca qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh l t chy
kim loi ct bng dng xy, to thnh cc xt v thi chng ra khi mp
ct to thnh rnh ct. Khi bt u ct, kim loi mp ct c nung nng
n nhit chy nh nhit ca ngn la nung, sau cho dng xy thi
qua, kim loi b xy ha mnh lit (b t chy) to thnh xt. Sn phm
chy b nung chy v b dng xy thi khi mp ct. Tip theo, do phn
ng chy ca kim loi to nhit mnh, lp kim loi tip theo b nung nng
nhanh v tip tc b t chy to thnh rnh ct.
b/ iu kin ct c bng kh
- Nhit chy ca kim loi phi thp hn nhit nng chy. Thp cc bon thp c < 0,7% C
d ct bng kh v chng c nhit chy thp hn nhit chy. Thp cc bon cao do nhit chy
xp x nhit chy nn kh ct hn, khi ct thng phi nung nng trc ti 300 - 600
o
C.
- Nhit nng chy ca xt kim loi phi thp hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi. Thp hp
kim crm hoc crm-ni ken c xt crm Cr
2
O
3
nhit chy ti 2.000
o
C nn kh ct.
- xt kim loi phi c chy long tt, d tch khi mp ct. Gang khng th ct bng kh v
khi chy to ra xt silic SiO
2
c st cao.
- dn nhit ca kim loi khng qu cao, trnh s tn nhit nhanh lm cho mp ct b nung
nng km lm gin on qu trnh ct. Nhm, ng v hp kim ca chng do dn nhit nhanh nn
cng khng th ct bng kh, tr khi dng thuc ct.
c/ M ct
ct bng kh ch yu s dng cc m ct dng nhin liu kh. S cu to chung ca
chng c trnh by trn hnh sau:

1
2
3
4
5 6
7
H.5.14. S m ct kh
1. ng dn kh axtylen 2. ng dn kh xy 3. van axtylen 4. van xy
5. van kh xy 6. ng dn kh xy. 7. ng dn hn hp kh C
2
H
2
- O
2

C
2
H
2
+O
2
O
2

47
5.5. HN IN TIP XC
5.5.1. THC CHT, C IM
a/ Thc cht: Hn in tip xc l mt phng php hn
p lc, s dng nhit do bin i in nng thnh nhit
nng bng cch cho dng in c cng ln i qua mt
tip xc ca hai chi tit hn nung nng kim loi.
Khi hn, hai mp hn c p st vo nhau nh c
cu p, sau cho dng in chy qua mt tip xc, theo
nh lut Jun-Lenx: Q R I t = 0 24
2
, . . . .
Nhit ny nung nng hai mt tip xc t n trng thi do, sau cho lc tc dng lm cho hai
mt tip xc ca hai vt hn tip cn nhau, xut hin mi lin kt kim loi v s khuych tn ca cc
nguyn t hnh thnh nn mi hn.
b/ c im: Thi gian hn ngn, nng sut cao do d c kh ha v t ng ha. Mi hn bn v p.
Thit b t, vn u t ln. i hi phi c my hn cng sut ln.
5.5.2. CC PHNG PHP HN IN TIP XC
a/ Hn tip xc gip mi (H. 5.13): Hn tip xc gip mi l phng php hn m mi hn c thc
hin trn ton b b mt tip xc ca hai chi tit hn. Sau khi hai chi tit hn c p st vo nhau vi
lc p s b t 1015 N/mm
2
, tin hnh ng in nung kim loi mp hn n trng thi do, ct in
v p kt thc vi lc p t 3040 N/mm
2
to thnh mi hn.
b/ Hn im: Hn im l phng php hn tip xc m mi hn c thc hin theo tng im trn
b mt tip xc ca hai chi tit hn.

Khi hn im hai pha, cc tm hn c t gia hai in cc hn. Sau khi p s b v ng
in, dng in trong mch ch yu tp trung mt din tch nh trn mt tip xc gia hai tm nm
gia cc in cc, nung nng kim loi n trng thi nng chy. Tip theo ct in v p vi lc p
ln, to nn im hn. Khi hn im mt pha, hai in cc b tr cng mt pha so vi vt hn (b). S
nung nng cc im hn do dng in chy qua tm di ca vt hn. Sau khi im hn c nung
chy, tin hnh p vi lc p ln ta nhn c hai im hn cng mt lc.
c/ Hn ng: Hn ng l phng php hn tip xc m mi hn l nhng im hn ni tip nhau
lin tc. V thc cht, c th coi hn ng l mt dng ca hn im, trong qu trnh hn do vt hn
dch chuyn lin tc gia hai in cc to thnh cc im hn ni tip nhau. Khi hn ng s dng
cc in cc kiu con ln, nh vt hn c th d dng chuyn ng dch chuyn im hn.
1
2 3
4
5
P
H.5.13. S hn in tip xc gip mi
1,2/ Vt hn ; 3/ C cu kp phi; 4/ Bn my;
5/ My bin p
3
P
a/
H.5.14. Nguyn l cc phng php hn im
a/ Hn im 2 pha; b/ Hn im mt pha
P P
b/

48
Theo ch hn ngi ta phn ra ba kiu hn ng: hn ng lin tc, hn ng gin on
v hn bc.

Khi hn ng lin tc, trong qu trnh vt hn chuyn ng, in cc thng xuyn p vo vt
hn v ng in lin tc. Phng php ny n gin v cng ngh nhng vt hn b nung nng lin
tc, d b cong vnh, vng nh hng nhit ln v in cc b nung nng mnh, chng mn, nht l
khi ng hn di.
Khi hn ng gin on, vt hn chuyn ng lin tc, nhng dng in ch c cp theo chu
k, thi gian cp t 0,010,1 giy, to thnh cc on hn cch qung.
Khi hn bc, vt hn dch chuyn gin on, ti cc im dng vt hn c p bi cc in
cc v cp in to thnh im hn.

P
P
P
P
a/
b/
H.5.15. S nguyn l my hn ng

49
CHNG 6
GIA CNG CT GT KIM LOI
Gia cng kim loi bng ct gt l phng php dng nhng dng c ct gt trn cc my ct
gt ht mt lp kim loi (lng d gia cng c) khi phi liu c c vt phm vi hnh dng
v kch thc cn thit.
6.1. NGUYN L CT GT KIM LOI
6.1.1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN V QU TRNH CT
a/ Thc cht, c im
Gia cng ct gt kim loi l qu trnh ct i mt lp kim loi (gi l lng d gia cng) trn b
mt ca phi c chi tit c hnh dng, kch thc, chnh xc, bng theo yu cu k thut
trn bn v. Qu trnh c thc hin trn cc my cng c hay my ct kim loi (cn gi l my
ci), bng cc loi dao tin, dao phay, dao bo, mi khoan, mi v.v...gi chung l dao ct kim loi.
Gia cng ct gt c th dng gia cng th, gia cng tinh, gia cng ln cui t c
bng, chnh xc cao. Gia cng ct gt kim loi d t ng ho, c kh ho cho nng sut cao dng
trong sn xut n chic, hng lot v hng khi.
b/ Chuyn ng c bn khi ct gt
Trong qu trnh gia cng c kh, phi v dng c ct gt di chuyn tng i vi nhau nh
nhng c cu my. C hai dng chuyn ng: Chuyn ng c bn l chuyn ng sinh ra vic ct gt
v chuyn ng ph. Chuyn ng c bn c th chia ra:
- Chuyn ng chnh (chuyn ng ct): c tc ln hn tt c cc
chuyn ng khc. Chuyn ng chnh ch yu thc hin qu trnh ct to
ra phoi, k hiu l V hoc n.
- Chuyn ng bc tin (chuyn ng chy dao): c tc nh hn
chuyn ng chnh. y l chuyn ng thc hin qu trnh ct tip tc v
ct ht chiu di chi tit.
Vic ct gt c tin hnh thng qua hai chuyn ng ny thng qua cc phng php ct gt
thng dng nhiu l tin, phay, bo, mi, khoan.
V d: Khi tin th phi c chuyn ng chnh V l chuyn ng quay trn, cn dao th c
chuyn ng chy dao gi l bc tin S (chuyn ng thng dc trc phi). Khi khoan th mi khoan
va c chuyn ng chnh V (chuyn ng quay trn) va c chuyn ng chy dao vi bc tin S.
6.1.2. CC THNG S C BN CA CH CT
a/ Tc ct V: l khong dch chuyn ca mt im trn li ct hoc mt im trn b mt chi tit
gia cng sau mt n v thi gian.
- i vi my c phi hoc dng c ct quay trn (tin) th: V
D n
=
. .
1000
(m/pht);
- i vi my c phi hoc dng c ct chuyn ng thng (bo): V
L
t
=
1000.
(m/pht)
D - ng knh phi; n- s vng quay ca phi trong 1 pht; L - chiu di hnh trnh (mm); t -
thi gian ca hnh trnh (pht).
b/ Lng chy dao S: l khong dch chuyn ca dao theo hng chuyn ng ph sau mt vng
quay ca chi tit gia cng (mm/vng).

50
c/ Chiu su ct t: l khong cch gia b mt cn c
gia cng v mt gia cng sau mt ln dao ct chy qua.
t
D d
=

2
(mm) .
D - ng knh ca mt cn gia cng (mm).
d - ng knh ca mt gia cng (mm).
6.1.3. DNG C CT GT
a/ Cu to ca dng c ct: Dao ct (dao tin, dao bo, dao phay...) l loi dng c ct dng rt rng
ri gia cng kim loi. Dao gm u dao I v thn dao II. Thn dao dng kp trong gi dao.

b/ Vt liu ch to dao ct gt: Yu cu phi c cng cao, chu mi mn tt, c bn m
bo v bn nhit cao gia cng vi tc ln.
- Thp ccbon dng c: sau khi nhit luyn t cng 6063 HRC song chu nhit thp.
Nng n 200300
0
C thp mt cng. Ngy nay ch dng thp ny ch to dng c ct nh ca, da,
c v.v...Cc mc thp thng dng: CD80, CD80A, CD100 ...
- Thp hp kim dng c: C th dng thp c mc 90CrSi, 100CrW ch to tar, bn ren.
c bit ph bin nht l dng thp cao tc (thp gi) ch to cc loi dao ct nh dao tin, mi
khoan v li ct ca dao phay...v tuy cng khng cao hn hai loi trn nhng bn nhit cao
hn (n 650
0
C). Hin nay thng dng cc loi thp gi c k hiu 80W18Cr4VMo,
90W9Cr4V2Mo, 90W9Co10Cr4V2Mo v.v...
- Hp kim cng: l loi vt liu c tnh ct gt rt cao. chu nhit ln n 1000
0
C, cng
ca vt liu: 7092 HRC. Mc d rt t, nhng ngi ta vn dng rt nhiu v l loi vt liu
khng phi nhit luyn, c th ct vi tc cao, nng sut cao. Loi WCCo8, WCCo10 dng ct
gang, hp kim nhm c...Loi WCTiC5Co10, WCTiC15Co6...thch hp khi ct vt liu do. Ngoi
ra ngi ta cn dng vt liu gm, kim cng ch to dao ct gt.
6.2. MY CT KIM LOI
Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin ca tin hc v in t, my cng c v cng ngh gia cng
c hon thin mc rt cao. Cc my cng c lm vic hon ton t ng v lm vic theo
chng trnh nh trc.
6.2.1. PHN LOI V K HIU
a/ Phn loi my cng c
- Theo khi lng chia ra loi nh di 1 tn, loi trung bnh di 10 tn v loi hng nng t
10 tn tr ln. C loi n 1600 tn.
- Theo chnh xc ca my: chnh xc thng, cao v rt cao.
mt thot
li ct ph
li ct chnh
mi dao
mt sau ph
mt sau chnh
H.6.2.Cc b phn chnh ca dao tin
I II
phi bc tin S
t
H.6.1.Cc yu t ct gt khi tin ngoi
D d

51
- Theo mc gia cng ca my:
+ My vn nng: c cng dng chung gia cng nhiu loi chi tit c hnh dng, kch thc
khc nhau. Thng dng trong sn xut n chic, hng lot nh.
+ My chuyn mn ho dng gia cng mt loi hay mt vi loi chi tit c hnh dng gn
ging nhau nh dng trc, bc, vng bi v. v... Thng dng trong sn xut hng lot nh my gia cng
bnh rng, vng bi, tin ren, v.v...
+ My chuyn dng gia cng mt loi chi tit c hnh dng, kch thc nht nh. Loi ny dng
trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi.
- Phn loi theo cng dng: my tin, my bo, khoan, phay, mi v.v...
b/ K hiu my: d dng phn bit cc nhm my khc nhau, ngi ta t k hiu cho cc my.
Cc nc c k hiu khc nhau. Cc my sn xut Vit nam c k hiu nh sau:
- Ch u tin ch nhm my: T - tin; K - khoan; M - mi; P - phay; B - bo ...
- Cc ch s tip theo biu th kiu my, c trng cho mt trong nhng kch thc quan trng
ca chi tit hay dng c gia cng.
- Cc ch ci sau cng ch r mc t ng ho, chnh xc v ci tin my.
V d: T620A: T - tin; s 6 - kiu vn nng; s 20 - chiu cao tm my l 200 mm tng ng
vi ng knh ln nht gia cng trn my l 400 mm, ch A l ci tin t my T620.
6.2.2. TRUYN DN V TRUYN NG TRONG MY CT GT KIM LOI
a/ Cc hnh thc truyn dn
- Truyn dn tp trung: L truyn dn m ng c in truyn vo trc trung tm chy dc theo
phn xng truyn chuyn ng n tng my bng b truyn ai. Hnh thc ny n gin nhng
hiu sut thp, cng knh khng an ton, mun sa cha mt my, phi ngng ton b phn xng.
- Truyn dn nhm: Mt ng c truyn dn cho mt nhm my.
- Truyn dn c lp: Mt my c truyn dn t mt hoc nhiu ng c. Mi ng c lm
mt nhim v ring, do mt h thng iu khin ring nh ng c chnh, ng c chy dao thng
ng, ng c chy dao nhanh, ng c thu lc, ng c bi trn, ng c lm mt.
b/ Cc hnh thc truyn ng
- Truyn ng ai: gm 2 bnh ai (puli) ch ng v b ng. ai thang hay ai dt truyn
chuyn ng quay trn gia 2 puli vi t s truyn:
( ) i
D
D
n
n
= =
1
2
2
1
1
- h s trt ly bng (0,010,02).
n
1
; n
2
- vn tc vng ca cc bnh ai.
D
1
; D
2
- ng knh ngoi ca puli 1, 2.
- Truyn ng bnh rng: gm cc bnh rng tr hoc cn n khp vi nhau truyn chuyn
ng quay gia cc trc song song hoc vung gc vi nhau nh cc cc bnh rng c s rng Z .
T s truyn: i
Z
Z
n
n
= =
1
2
2
1

Z
1
; Z
2
- s rng ca cc bnh rng.
n
1
; n
2
- s vng quay ca cc bnh rng.
M
M
Z
1
; n
1
Z
2
; n
2
Z
2
; n
2
Z
1
; n
1 X
X
X
X
n
1

n
2

D
1
D
2
1
2
X
X

52
- Truyn ng xch
T s truyn: i
Z
Z
n
n
= =
1
2
2
1

Z
1
; Z
2
- s rng ca cc bnh xch.
n
1
; n
2
- s vng quay ca cc bnh xch.
- Truyn ng trc vt-bnh vt: l
dng truyn chuyn ng quay gia 2 trc
khng song song. Bnh vt c s rng Z
bv
n
khp vi trc vt c s u mi K (K = 1, 2, 3).
T s truyn: i = K/Z
bv
dng thay i mc
ln gi tr vng quay n gia 2 trc.
- Truyn ng vtme-ai c: y l mt
dng truyn chuyn ng bin chuyn ng
quay trn thnh chuyn ng tnh tin. Trng
hp (a): Khi trc vt quay trn ti ch, ai c
tnh tin. Trng hp (b): khi ai c c nh,
trc vt quay trn v tnh tin. Sau n vng quay
ca trc vt vi bc vt t
x
ai c tnh tin c
mt on S = t
x
.n.

6.2.3. CC LOI C CU TRUYN NG TRONG MY CT KIM LOI
a/ Truyn ng v cp: y l truyn ng cho ta tc
bt k gia 2 tc gii hn n
min
v n
max
. Trong my ct
kim loi c mt s c cu truyn dn v cp sau:
- Bnh ai cn - dy ai dt (a): ( ) i
D
D
n
n
= =
1
2
2
1
1 ;
D
1
, D
2
- ng knh puli tng ng vi v tr dy ai.

- Bnh cn ma st v con ln (c):
( ) i
D
D
n
n
= =
1
2
2
1
1 ;
D
1
, D
2
- ng knh bnh cn ti v tr con ln.

M
n
1
; Z
1

n
2
; Z
2

K
Z
bv
Truyn ng trc vt-bnh vt
n
t
x
S
a/
n
S
b/
H.6.3. Truyn ng v cp
a/ Bnh rng cn - ai dt; b/ Bnh cn ma st v
con ln
n
2
I II
D
1
D
2
n
1
b/
D
1
D
2
n
1
n
2

cn gt

I
II
a/
Truyn ng ai
Truyn ng xch

53
b/ Truyn ng phn cp: L truyn ng cho ta tc nht nh gia 2 tc gii hn n
min
v n
max
.
C cc c cu thay i tc nh sau:
- Thay i tc bng bng khi bnh rng di trt
Khi bnh rng di trt dng thay i tc gia cc
trc. Tu theo s lng bnh rng di trt nhiu hay t, trc b
ng s nhn c cc gi tr vng quay khc nhau. Ti cc v
tr n khp ca cc cp bnh rng s cho ta mt t s truyn i
tng ng:
i
II1
= Z
1
/Z
3
; i
II2
= Z
2
/Z
4
n
II1
= n
1
.Z
1
/Z
3
; n
II2
= n
1
.Z
2
/Z
4
- C cu thay i tc bng ly hp vu
Trong c cu thay i tc bng ly hp vu cc bnh
rng Z
1
, Z
2
khng di trt m chng ch truyn chuyn ng
quay cho trc b ng II khi c khp vo ly hp M. Khi gt
ly hp M sang tri hoc sang phi ta s c cc t s truyn:
i
1
= Z
1
/Z
3
v i
2
= Z
2
/Z
4
.
- C cu Noctng: Trn trc ch ng c mt khi
bnh rng hnh thp c s rng t Z
1
Z
6
nhn cng mt s
vng quay n
1
.
truyn sang trc b ng II cn c bnh rng trung
gian Z
a
lun lun n khp vi bnh di trt Z
b
lp trn trc II.
Ti v tr nht nh s c i tng ng: i
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
i
a
a
b
i
b
= = *
Thng cc gi tr s rng ca mi bnh rng chnh lch
khng nhiu nn vng quay n
II
cng chnh lch rt t. C cu
ny thch hp thc hin thay i lng S my tin.
- C cu o chiu: Trong my ct kim loi thng s dng 2 loi c cu o chiu c kh: o
chiu bng ly hp (a) v o chiu bng bnh rng di trt (b). Theo nguyn tc nu s trc chn th
trc b ng quay ngc chiu vi trc ch ng. Nu s trc l s l, trc b ng v trc ch ng
quay cng chiu.

A
B C D E
I
II
n
1
n
2
Z
1

Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
Z
5

Z
6
Z
a

Z
b

X X X X X X
X
H.6.6. C cu Nooctong
I
n
III
Z
1

Z
2

Z
4
II
n
I
Z
3

b/
1 2
Z
a

a/
III
I
n
III
Z
1 Z
2

Z
4

II
n
I
Z
3
b/
1 2
Z
a

b/
III
X X
X
X X
X
H.6.7. C cu o chiu
a/ o chiu bng ly hp vu; b/ o chiu bng bnh rng di trt
1 2
I
II
Z
1

Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
H.6.5.Thay i tc bng ly hp vu
x x
n
1
n
II

1
2
I
II
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3

Z
4
H.6.4. Thay i tc bng cm
bnh rng di trt
x
x
n
1
n
II

54
H.6.12. Cc cng vic thc hin trn my tin
c/ Truyn ng gin on
Trong my ct kim loi thng s dng c cu
Cult truyn chuyn ng ti - lui cho chuyn ng
chnh dao ct (my bo ngang). Bnh rng 1, 2 v a 3
quay lm con trt 8 s trt ti-lui trong rnh trt ca
tay quay 10 lm cho tay quay 10 lc xung quanh tm 0.
Nh vy bn trt 4 c g dao 5 nhn c chuyn ng
qua-li trn chi tit 6 c g trn bn g.
d/ Xch truyn ng
Xch tc : gii thiu mt b truyn nhiu cp
tc cho trc chnh. Phng trnh xch ng c tnh:
n
c
.i
1
.i
2
.i
3
.i
4
...i
n
= n
c

6.2.4. MY TIN
a/ Cng dng: My tin l loi my gia cng ct gt ph
bin nht trong cc nh my c kh (4050%) bi v n
c th gia cng c nhiu b mt: mt trn xoay ngoi
v trong; cc mt tr, cn, hay nh hnh; cc loi ren;
mt phng mt u hay ct t. Ngoi ra trn my tin
c th dng khoan l, doa l, mi, thm ch gia cng
cc mt khng trn xoay nh cc g...
b/ Phn loi my tin
- Cn c vo khi lng ca my:
+ Loi nh 500 kg. Loi trung bnh 4.000 kg
+ Loi nng 50 tn. + Loi siu nng 400 tn.
- Cn c vo cng dng ca my:
+ My tin ren vt vn nng dng gia cng cc loi ren v cc cng vic khc.
+ My tin nhiu dao (Revonre): nhiu li dao cng ct mt lc trong cng mt thi gian.
+ My tin t ng v bn t ng.
+ My tin chuyn dng: ch gia cng mt s b mt nht nh, loi hnh hn ch.
+ My tin ng hay tin ct: c mm cp ln quay nm ngang hay thng ng gia cng cc
chi tit c ng knh ln n 20 m.
c/ Cc b phn chnh ca my tin:

1
10
2 3
4 5
6
7
8
9
0
H.6.10. C cu Cult trong my
z
1

z
2
z
3

z
4

z
5

z
6
z
k
n
c
nc

c
X
X
X
X
H.6.11. Xch tc
A B
C D
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
7
8
H.6.13. Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

55
- trc (1): l mt hp kn c cha b phn quan trng l trc chnh v hp tc . Pha di
hp trc chnh l hp xe dao (2) v hp ng c (3).
- ng (4): c th di chuyn trn
bng my, c cha mi chng tm g
phi khi tin, cng c th lp mi khoan,
khot khi khoan hoc khot l.
- Hp bn xe dao (5): l b phn
dch chuyn c theo hng dc hoc
ngang to ra lng chy dao (bc
tin) S. Pha trn bn xe dao c b g kp
dao (6).
- Thn my (6): l b phn g
t tt c cc b phn trn. Ngoi ra cn
cha thm b phn lm ngui, thp sng, cha phoi v cc bng hay c cu iu khin.
56
d/ Cc dng c ch yu ca my tin
- Mm cp: l b phn kp cht v t nh v phi khi gia cng. C cc loi:
+ Mm cp 3 chu t nh tm: Khi dng
cl quay vt quay 1, ba chu 2 cng dch
chuyn vo tm mt lng bng nhau. Loi ny
dng cp cc chi tit trn xoay.
+ Mm cp 4 chu c lp: Mi chu c
mt vt iu chnh ring. Loi ny dng thch hp
vi cc phi khng trn xoay hoc gia cng b
mt lch tm.
Ngoi ra cn c mm cp tc v mm cp hoa mai dng g cc chi tit c hnh dng phc tp
v chi tit c bt vo mm cp qua cc bulon - ai c.
- Mi chng tm: Dng tm cc phi
c 4 < L/D < 10 khi tin. Mi chng tm thng
c gc = 60
0
, trong trng hp g nhng vt
nng th = 90
0
.
- Gi (Luynet): Dng g cc chi tit
nh v di H/D > 10 nhm tng cng vng
cho phi gia cng nhm hn ch sai s hnh dng
do lc ct gy nn. C hai loi gi :
+ Gi c nh (a): c nh v ti mt
v tr trn bng my. Cc vu ca gi c th ra
vo nh cc trc vt.
+ Gi di ng (b): loi ny di chuyn
cng vi dao trong qu trnh gia cng, n c
bt cht trn bn dao. Gi ng ch c 2 vu
trc tip vi lc ct, m bo trc khi b
cong.
Ngoi ra trong my tin ngi ta cn dng
mt s dng c khc nh tc dng truyn
chuyn ng quay t mm cp n vt gia cng
khi vt c g trn trc chnh hai mi chng
tm. Trc tm g nhng chi tit c l sn
c gia cng tinh.

H.6.16. Gi c nh (a) v gi di ng (b)
a/
b/
H.6.14.Cc loi mm cp
a/ Mm cp 3 chu; b/ Mm cp 4 chu;
a/ b/
H.6.15. Mi tm
57
6.2.5. MY KHOAN-DOA
a/ Cng dng v phn loi: My khoan-doa dng gia cng l hnh tr bng cc dng c ct nh:
mi khoan, mi khot v dao doa. My khoan to ra l th t chnh xc, bng b mt gia cng
thp R
z
160 R
z
40. nng cao chnh xc v bng b mt l phi dng khot hay doa trn my
doa. Sau khi doa, chnh xc t cp 4 hoc 5 v bng t R
a
= 1,25 0,32.
My khoan-doa c chuyn ng chnh l chuyn ng quay trn ca trc mang dao, chuyn
ng chy dao l chuyn ng tnh tin ca dao. Trn my khoan c th dng dng c tar, bn ren
gia cng ren. My khoan c cc loi sau:
- My khoan in cm tay cho php khoan cc l trn nhng chi tit m khng cho php cc loi
my khoan c trc chnh c nh thc hin.
- My khoan bn: l loi my n gin, nh, t trn bn ngui. L khoan ln nht d 10 mm.
My thng c 3 cp vng quay vi s vng quay ln.
- My khoan ng: l loi dng gia cng cc loi l n c ng knh trung bnh d 50 mm.
My c trc chnh mang mi khoan c nh. Phi phi dch chuyn sao cho trng tm mi khoan.
- My khoan cn: gia cng cc l c ng knh ln trn cc phi c khi lng ln khng
dch chuyn thun li c. Do to ca mi khoan c th dch chuyn quay hay hng knh
khoan cc l c to khc nhau. Trong thc t cn c my khoan nhiu trc, my khoan su.

b/ Dng c ct trn my khoan-doa
- Mi khoan: c cc loi mi khoan rut g, mi
khoan su, mi khoan tm...Cu to c 2 li ct chnh v
2 li ct ph. Phn c dao ghi ng knh mi khoan.
Chui hnh tr dng cho mi khoan nh (< 10 mm). Chui
cn dng cho loi ln hn.
- Mi dao doa: Dng c kht v doa dng m
rng l khoan, tng bng, chnh xc b mt l trn
xoay. Khc vi mi khoan, dao doa c s li ct nhiu.
- Tar v bn ren: Ta r l dng c gia cng ren
trong. Bn ren dng gia cng ren ngoi vi kch thc
khng qu ln.
H.6.17. a/ My khoan bn; b/ My khoan ng; c/ My khoan cn
a/
c/
b/
H.6.20. Mi ta r v bn ren
H.6.19. Mi dao doa
H.6.18. Mi khoan
58
6.2.6. MY BO, XC
a/ c im v cng dng: My bo, xc l nhm my c chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi, dng gia
cng cc mt phng ngang, ng hay nm nghing, mt c bc, mt nh hnh; gia cng cc rnh thng
vi tit din khc nhau: mang c, ch T, dng rng thn khai... My cng c kh nng gia cng chp
hnh to ra cc mt cong mt chiu.
Chuyn ng chnh ca my l chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi: gm mt hnh trnh c ti v mt
hnh trnh chy khng. Chuyn ng chy dao thng l chuyn ng gin on. Gia cng trn my
bo, xc c nng sut thp, chnh xc thp v nhn km.
b/ Cc loi my bo, xc
Tu theo nhng c trng v cng ngh, my bo c chia thnh: my bo ngang, my bo
ging, my xc (bo ng) v cc my chuyn mn ho.
- My bo ngang: dng gia cng nhng phi khng ln (< 600 mm). Bn my cng vi phi
di chuyn theo chiu ngang trn mt bng ca thn my, cn u trt ca my cng vi bn dao v
dao bo chuyn ng ti-lui trn mt bng c dng ui n.
- My bo ging: dng gia cng cc phi ln nh thn my. Bn my cng vi phi di
chuyn theo chiu dc cn dao bo kp trn gi dao th di chuyn theo chiu ngang. Trn my bo
ging c th gia cng nhng phi di ti 12 m trn 3 mt cng m lc.
- My xc: My xc l mt loi my bo ng c u my chuyn ng theo chiu thng ng.
My xc dng gia cng trong cc l, rnh, mt phng v mt nh hnh ca phi c chiu cao khng
ln v chiu ngang ln.

6.2.7. MY PHAY
a/ c im, cng dng: My phay l loi my c nhiu chng loi v c t l ln trong cc nh my
c kh. Phay trn my phay l phng php khng ch t nng sut cao m cn t c nhn b
mt tng i (R
a
2,5 R
z
40), chnh xc xp x vi khi gia cng trn my tin (cp 6 cp 11).
My phay dng ph bin gia cng mt phng, mt nghing, cc loi rnh cong v phng, rnh then,
l, mt ren, mt rng, cc dng b mt nh hnh (cam, khun dp, mu, dng, chn vt tu thu, cnh
qut, cnh tucbin...), ct t v.v... Trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi, phay c th thay th cho
bo v phn ln cho xc. Trong sn xut n chic v hng lot nh phay c nhiu cng dng, c th
thay th cho bo - xc, do dao phay c nhiu li cng ct, tc phay cao v c nhiu bin php
cng ngh, nn nng sut ca phng php phay cao hn hn bo - xc v gi thnh sn phm thp.
b/ phn loi my phay
- My phay vn nng: l loi c trc chnh thng ng hoc nm ngang c th gia cng c
nhiu dng b mt khc nhau.
H.6.21. My bo ngang
H.6.22. My xc
59
- My phay chuyn dng: ch gia cng mt s loi b mt nht nh gm my phay bnh
rng, my phay ren, my phay thng...

- My phay ging: dng gia cng ng thi nhiu b mt ca cc chi tit ln.
Ngoi ra cn cc loi my phay chp hnh, my t hp, my phay iu khin theo chng trnh s...
c/ Dao phay: Trong my phay, chuyn ng chnh l chuyn ng quay trn ca dao phay nn cu to
ca dao thng ph hp vi s quay trn ca trc dao nm ngang hay thng ng. Tu theo dng b
mt gia cng c cc loi dao sau:
- Loi dao gia cng mt phng gm dao phay tr, dao phay mt u.
- Loi dao gia cng rnh gm dao a, dao phay 3 mt ct, dao phay ngn...
- Loi dao gia cng bnh rng nh dao phay mun, dao phay ln rng ...

d/ u phn trn my phay: y l
mt loi g quan trng dng trn my
phay. Nhim v ca n l chia u hay
khng u cc vt gia cng trn phi.
u phn t trn bn my phay nm
ngang (hoc ng) dng khi cn phay
cc loi rnh thng, xon trn phi bng
dao phay mun, dao phay ngn...

H.6.25. Cc loi dao phay
H.6.27. u phn
H.6.24. My phay ngang H.6.23.My phay ng
60
6.2.8. MY MI
a/ Khi nim: Mi l phng php gia cng m dng c ct l mi. Mi c th gia cng th ct
b lp th cng mt ngoi cc loi phi, nhng a s trng hp l gia cng tinh cc b mt (mt tr,
mt phng, rnh, l, mt nh hnh, ren, rng, then, then hoa...). Mi dng gia cng cc vt liu cng
nh thp ti, gang trng ...cng c th gia cng th ct phi, ct bavia, mi th ...Chuyn ng
chnh khi mi l chuyn ng quay trn ca mi:
v
D n
=
. .
. 601000
(m/s)
Trong D - ng knh ca mi; n - s vng quay trc chnh mang (v/ph)
Chuyn ng chy dao khi mi c th l chy dao vng, chy dao dc, chy dao ngang, chy dao
thng ng, hoc chy dao hng knh.
b/ mi: Vt liu ht mi l thnh phn ch yu ca ,
chng gm cc loi kim cng nhn to, cc xyt nh
xyt nhm thng, xyt nhm trng, ccbit silic, ccbit
boric...Ht mi c ch to vi kch thc ht khc nhau
ch to cc loi khc nhau. Cht dnh kt lin kt
cc vt liu ht mi thng dng cht dnh kt v c nh
keramit, hu c nh baklit, cao su.
c/ Cc loi my mi
- My mi trn trong: dng gia cng tinh cc loi l
- My mi trn ngoi dng mi b mt ngoi ca chi tit.
- My mi phng dng gia cng mt phng bng mt ngoi tr hoc mt u bt, cc,
chu.
- My mi nh hnh dng mi cc b mt nh hnh nh mi mt ren, mt rng, mi mt cn,
then, then hoa...
- My mi chnh xc v siu chnh xc km theo cc ph tng, g, dng c o nh my
nghin, my nh bng, my mi doa, my mi siu chnh xc, my mi thu lc...
- My mi trn khng tm dng mi mt tr ngoi v trong cc chi tit n gin, khng c bc
vi nng sut cao. My c th gia cng lin tc, khng phi dng my g kp.

H.6.30 My mi v tm
H.6.29 My mi phng
H.6.28. Cc loi mi

61
CHNG 7
X L V BO V B MT KIM LOI
7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
S ph hu kim loi, cc my mc thit b bng kim loi c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau
nhng ch yu l do tc dng ho hc, tc dng in ho v tc dng c hc.
S ph hu kim loi do ho hc hay in ho gi l s n mn kim loi hay s g. S ph hu
kim loi do c hc gi l s mi mn kim loi.
7.1.1. CC DNG N MN KIM LOI
G c nhiu dng khc nhau:
- Theo c cu bn trong c 2 loi: g ho hc v g in ho.
- Theo dng bn ngoi: g hon ton b mt, g b phn, g im.
- Theo mi trng gy g gm: g trong mi trng kh quyn, g trong dung dch, g trong
khng kh, g trong t v.v...
7.1.2. CC DNG MI MN
S mi mn l s thay i khng mong mun v hnh dng v kch thc ca b mt chi tit v
mt i mt lng kim loi do tc dng c hc ca cc phn t rn t b mt chi tit hoc t mi trng
ngoi.
S mi mn c hc c th xut hin 2 dng sau:
- Khi c chuyn ng tng i ca kim loi trn kim loi.
- Khi c chuyn ng ca mi trng phi kim trn b mt kim loi.
7.2. CC PHNG PHP X L V BO V B MT KIM LOI
Thc cht ca x l b mt kim loi l to cho cc chi tit my c kh nng chng g, chng mi
mn, tnh chu nhit v.v...bng cc phng php x l thch hp. C cc phng php x l b mt
kim loi sau:
7.2.1. X L NHIT KIM LOI
A. NHIT LUYN
a/ Khi nim chung: Nhit luyn l mt qu trnh x l nhit kim loi lm thay i tnh cht ca
chng bng cch nung nng n nhit xc nh, gi nhit mt thi gian sau lm ngui vi tc
khc nhau theo mt ch xc nh nhm ci thin t chc, cho c tnh, tnh cng ngh mi, kh ng
sut d, to cho kim loi nhng tnh cht theo yu cu. Qu trnh nhit luyn c c trng:
- Nhit nung (T
n
) cn chn nhit nung v ch nung
ph hp trnh cong, vnh, bin dng, nt.
- Thi gian gi nhit (t
1
t
2
) nhit ng u trn ton b
tit din ca sn phm.
- Tc lm ngui khc nhau nh cc mi trng khc nhau
v cho kt qu khc nhau vi phng php nhit luyn khc nhau.
b/ Cc phng php nhit luyn
- : l phng php nung chi tit n nhit xc nh (200300
0
C nu thp; 600700
0
C nu
kt tinh li...), gi nhit, ri lm ngui chm (thng lm ngui trong l) vi mc ch kh ng sut
d do qu trnh lm ngui khng u trc gy ra, lm t chc ng u, gim cng, tng
do, dai, n nh cht lng, lm ng u thnh phn ho hc, phc hi li tnh cht ho l ban u.
Tn
T
0
C
0
I
II
III
t1
t2 t3 t(s)
H.2.1. Qu trnh nhit luyn

62
- Thng ho: l qu trnh nung nng nh nhng lm ngui trong khng kh tnh, nhm to
ht nh, ng nht v cu trc vi bn v dai cao hn .
- Ti: l phng php nung nng n nhit chuyn bin, gi nhit cho ng u ho v t
chc ca vt liu ri lm ngui vi tc ln trong mi trng (nc, u, nc mui...) nhn
c t chc khng cn bng c cng cao, tng thm bn.
Ti c 2 phng php: ti th tch l nung nng ton b vt ti ri lm ngui; ti cc b, ti b
mt l nung nng nhanh b mt n nhit ti, sau lm ngui nhanh hoc nung nng ton b ri
lm ngui cc b phn cn ti.
- Ram: Sau khi ti vt liu dn, d nt v nn thng phi ram kh ng sut gim cng,
tng do, n hi, dai va chm. Ram l phng php nung vt liu n nhit ram (ram
thp 150250
0
C; ram va 300450
0
C; ram cao 500680
0
C)
B. HO NHIT LUYN
Ho nhit luyn l phng php lm bo ho mt s nguyn t ho hc trn lp b mt kim loi
lm thay i thnh phn ho hc, do lm thay i tnh cht ca lp b mt
a/ Thm cc bon: Mc ch ca thm ccbon l lm bo ho ccbon ln lp b mt kim loi nhm
lm tng cng cho lp b mt chi tit. Thng dng cho cc loi thp ccbon v hp kim c hm
lng ccbon thp. Thm ccbon c th tin hnh th rn, lng, kh. Thm ccbon th rn c
dng nhiu vi nguyn liu ch yu l than C = (8090)% + cht xc tc (BaCO
3
, CaCO
3
). Nung n
nhit thm 900950
0
C, gi nhit mt thi gian ccbon nguyn t thm vo lm bo ho ccbon
ln b mt chi tit thm. Lp b mt thm c (0,52)mm.
b/ Thm nit: Thm nit l phng php lm bo ho nit vo lp b mt chi tit kim loi nhm nng
cao cng, dai va chm, tnh chng mi mn, chng mi...Vt liu thm nit thng dng
amniac (NH
3
) nhit thm 480650
0
:
NH
3
3H + N
ng.t

Nit nguyn t c hot tnh mnh, thm vo b mt chi tit. Lp thm mng (0,20,3)mm;
cng t c 6772 HRC.
c/ Thm xianua: Thm xianua l qu trnh lm bo ho ng thi c ccbon v nit ln b mt chi tit
kim loi, nhm nng cao cng, tnh chu mi mn v gii hn mi ca lp b mt chi tit. Qu trnh
thm nit c th nhit thp 540560
0
C hoc nhit trung bnh 840860
0
C v nhit cao
900950
0
C. Vt liu thm dng mui NaCN, KCN...Chiu su lp thm < 0,10,2 mm.

7.2.2. CC PHNG PHP X L B MT KHC
- Theo yu cu t c hnh dng t vi ca b mt, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php gia
cng nh mi, nh bng.
- Theo yu cu t v tnh cht c hc ca lp b mt, thng dng cc phng php nh ln p,
phun bi v.v...
- Theo yu cu t c v thnh phn ho hc, cu trc lp b mt, thng dng cc phng
php x l nh xementit ho, nit ho, khch tn crm v.v...
- Theo yu cu t c lp ph b mt c cc tnh cht vt l khc m thnh phn ho hc
ging hoc khc vi vt liu nn, thng dng cc phng php nh m, phun kim loi ...


63
7.2.3. BO V CHNG G
a/ Khi nim: Bo v chng g nhm m bo cc yu cu k thut ca kt cu khi lm vic lu di,
nng cao hiu qu kinh t... c bit cc kt cu lm vic trong mi trng c cc hot ng ho hc
mnh (khng kh, nc bin, nh sng mt tri...)
b/ Phng php bo v
- Bo v lu di: gm chn vt liu c kh nng chng g tt v chn phng php to lp
chng g nh phun bi, ln p, to bng cao v.v...
+ X l kt cu l chn kt cu n gin c bng b mt cao, c phn chuyn tip, thun li
cho vic bo qun, chng g, x l v.v..
+ X l mi trng g cn kh hoc hn ch kh nng xm thc ca mi trng nh m, xy,
xt...
+ Bo v bng lp ph kim loi, phi kim, xt bng ho hc, in ho (trng ph men, m crm,
trng km, ph xt nhm, phun kim loi, m in, ngm dung dch, qut sn...)
+ Bo v chng g trong mi trng nhit i: cn kh thnh phn xm thc ca mi trng, cc
sn phm g, nc v m mi trng, cn m niken, crm, sn tng hp, sn chng g c tnh kim,
dng bao b ng gi...
- Bo v tm thi: l qu trnh bo qun trong qu trnh sn xut, trong kho, khi vn chuyn nh
lm sch bi trn du m, cht chng g, paraphin, bao gi, ng hp v.v...

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M U

Mn hc C kh i cng l mt trong nhng mn hc c lin quan n kin thc ph

H.4.2. S cn kim loi

H.4.14.My ct li dao song song

l tit din p ca mi hn [cm

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