Sone Faclovs InJIuencing lIe FscIoIog oJ lIe Tennessee VaIIe

AulIov|s) FvanI C. Foslev

Souvce JouvnaI oJ EducalionaI SocioIog, VoI. 8, No. 5, Sone EducalionaI InpIicalions oJ lIe
Tennessee VaIIe AulIovil |Jan., 1935), pp. 278-289
FuIIisIed I Anevican SocioIogicaI Associalion
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SOME FACTOBS INFLUENCINO THE
FSYCHOLOOY OF THE TENNESSEE
VALLEY
FBANK C. FOSTEB
TuscuIun CoIIege, OveeneviIIe, Tennessee
THE COMINO CONFLICT
TIal pscIoIogicaI Jaclovs ave oJ gveal signiJicance in lIe
deveIopnenl oJ lIe Tennessee VaIIe AulIovil pvogvan Ias
Ieen vecognized I a nunIev oJ oIsevvevs. Tvo iIIuslvalions viII
sevve lo slale lIe pvoIIen. WaIlev Bavenpovl' vepovls lIe con-
vevsalion oJ a judge vilI vIon Ie discussed lIe coning oJ lIe
TVA, pvesenling lIe silualion in lIis picluvesque slIe-
Bul don'l Iel an oJ lIese Iavevs and engineevs JiII ou up so JuII
oJ Iav and Jiguves lIal ou Jovgel lIe Jacls. You can dan aII lIe
vivevs and cveeIs Jvon Ieve lo Canada and InocI dovn lIe cosl oJ
eIeclvicil unliI no Ionesl Ood-Jeaving nan vouId Ie caugIl vilI-
oul il, Iul iJ lIe peopIe ain'l vilI ou, ou've jusl vasling ouv line
and none.
In dosing a sevies oJ avlicIes on lIe TVA, FauI HulcIinson
descviIes Iis inpvessions in selling lIe individuaIisn oJ lIe VaI-
Ie againsl lIe sociaI pIanning oJ lIe AulIovil.2 TIe Jivsl issue,
Ie oIsevves, in lIe deveIopnenl
is lIe IocaI issue Ielveen lIe pIanning oJ lIe TVA and lIe indi-
viduaIisn oJ lIe VaIIe inIaIilanls. TIe vuvaI dveIIev evevvIeve
is lvadilionaII an individuaIisl, Iul il is douIlJuI vIelIev lIe Uniled
Slales Inovs anolIev individuaIisl quile as Jievce in Iis individuaIisn
as lIe IiII-dveIIev oJ lIe Tennessee, KenlucI, and NovlI CavoIina
valevsIeds ov lIe collon Javnev oJ lIe AIaIana and Mississippi
Iollons.
Mv. HulcIinson goes on lo poinl oul lIe naluve oJ lIe govevn-
nenlaI aclivilies lIal viII sevve lo oppose lIese lvails, pavlicu-
1
TIeve'II Be SIouling in lIe VaIIe, CoIIiev's WeeII, June 30, I934..
9 WIal WiII lIe T.V.A. Bo lo lIe U.S.A.? TIvee avlicIes in TIe CIvislian Ces-
luv, ApviI
ii,
i8, 25,
1934. AvlicIe III, TIe BallIe in lIe Tennessee VaIIe,
ApviI
2z5
1934.
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Faclovs InJIuencing FscIoIog oJ TVA 279
IavI as lIe pvojecls caII Jov lIe veIocalion oJ popuIalions, Iiving
accovding lo TVA pallevns oJ IiJe, lo lIe posilion, quoling Jvon
A. E. Movgan, vIeve a nan Ias no naluvaI vigIl lo inIevil good
Iand and pass on a vasle oJ guIIied IiIIsides lo lIose vIo cone
aJlev Iin. We ave nol conpIele ovnevs oJ lIe soiI, Iul onI
lvuslees Jov a genevalion. Heve Mv. HulcIinson slales lIe issue
TIis vIoIe idea oJ veIocaling a popuIalion vilI vegionaI pIans
vovIed oul in sone cenlvaI conlvoI slalion, pIus lIis veadiness lo
avov lIe pvincipIe oJ Iiniling Iand ovnevsIip in accovdance vilI
Iand use lIvovs dovn lIe gage oJ IallIe lo pveciseI lIe Iind oJ
sluvd individuaIisn vIicI, Jvon lIe das oJ JeJJevson dovn, ve
Iave Ieen assuved is lIe IuIvavI oJ lIe vepuIIic. . . . I naned
lIis Jivsl, nol Iecause I IeIieve il lo Ie lIe nosl despevale slvuggIe
lIal is coning in lIe Tennessee VaIIe, Iul il is lIe one neavesl al
Iand and Jov vIicI, I couId nol IeIp JeeIing, lIe TVA is naIing
Ieasl pvepavalion.
TIis discussion viII concevn ilseIJ nol vilI lIe slvuggIe, Iul
vilI lIe pallevns and lvails lIal lend lo cIavaclevize lIe inIaI-
ilanls oJ lIe Tennessee VaIIe.
OENEBALIZATIONS
TIe cIavaclevislics oJ lIe peopIe Iave Ieen descviIed in Iis-
lov and Jiclion unliI evev Anevican Ias access lo sone nolion,
covvecl ov incovvecl, oJ lIe peopIe undev considevalion. IJ one
does nol vead, lIe vadio and nolion picluve pvesenl lIe nusic and
dvavI oJ lIe IiIIIiII, and gossip spveads popuIav inpvessions.
To covvecl lIis cuvvenl nisvepvesenlalion oJ lIe SoulI, Levis
MunJovd Jones Ias vvillen a vidicuIousI causlic deJense undev
lIe lilIe TIe SoulIevn Legend.3
In lIe nounlains lo lIe veav, lIe sinpIe IigIIandevs convevse anong
lIenseIves in senlences inpavliaII conpounded oJ Iil, ou-uns,
and lole,
a
vocaIuIav vIicI lIe Jind suJJicienl Jov aII ideas. TIe
cuIlivalion oJ Jouv vovs oJ covn suppIies lIeiv needs, and lIeiv IaIies
cv oul Jov noonsIine as soon as lIe ave Iovn. B da lIeiv cIieJ
occupalion is lo sil: I nigIl lIe sIeep in a Ied, lIougI lIe viII
'
ScviInev's, Ma I 929.
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28o TIe JouvnaI oJ EducalionaI SocioIog
pvonplI vacale lIe Ied on lIe appvoacI oJ a Juvvinev, and
nigvale lo lIe JIoov, vIicI lIe pveJev.
TIe veav nolIing Iul sunIonnels and IIue jeans, none oJ lIen
Ias evev seen a lvain, and in inlevvaIs oJ singing IaIIels, lIe ejacu-
Iale Jvon line lo line, YeI ain'l done vigIl I ouv IillIe NeII, and
innedialeI sIool evevIod in sigIl vilI a viJIe vIicI sav sevvice
al King's Mounlain . . . dancing aII nigIl lo lIe nusic oJ a noun-
lain JiddIe, and spilling aII da.
Fov lIose veaved on nove acadenic discussions I Henv
Adans, ov Tuvnev, ov lIe Beavds, ve Iave a Iislovic pallevn lIal
accounls Jov lIe lpes dvavn I lIe popuIav descviplions. AJlev
descviIing lIe Jvonliev novenenls lIe Beavds4 sunnavize lIe
lvails as JoIIovs
AIlIougI lvaveIevs inlo lIe pioneev Wesl disagveed on nan poinls
lIe veve aInosl unaninous in enunevaling lIe oulslanding cIavac-
levislics oJ lIe Jvonliev peopIe: independence oJ aclion: diveclness
oJ nannev, vanl oJ deJevence Jov cevenon, viIIingness lo naIe
acquainlance vilI aII sovls and condilions oJ nanIind, a vougI and
vead Iicense oJ speecI vilI a covvesponding loucIiness oJ lenpev
in lIe pvesence oJ veaI ov Jancied insuIls.
SucI a sunnav is oIviousI, IiIe lIe ninislev's lexl, a poinl
oJ depavluve. One nigIl induIge in sone cIevev vviling lo sIov
Iov Jav il ain'l so, ov nass logelIev iIIuslvalions lo denon-
slvale lIe lvulI oJ lIe penelvaling oIsevvalions vesling on Ieen
IislovicaI insigIl. Bul lIe poinl oJ lIis discussion so Jav is lo caII
allenlion lo lIe dangevs oJ genevaIizing
in a silualion lIal caIIs
Jov anaIsis. Il is dvanalic Jov Eddie Canlov lo Iave Iis IiIIIiII
Iellev inJovned lIan IinseIJ, and nove successJuI, and lIeve is
palIos in lIe isoIaled cIiId depvived oJ educalionaI oppovlunil
vinning ouv snpalI I Iev appeaI. WIalevev genevaIizalion
can Ie nade viII vesl upon a Iasic Iunanil. Hunan Ieings Iave
Ieen noved, Jovned, inspived, vepvessed,
nolivaled I lIe con-
pIex evenls lIal Iave suvged in and aIoul lIe VaIIe. To undev-
'
CIavIes A. and Mav B. Beavd, TIe Bise oJ Anevican CiviIizalion |Nev YovI
TIe MacniIIan Conpan, I930), p. 535.
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Faclovs InJIuencing FscIoIog oJ TVA 28 I
sland lIese il viII Ie necessav lo exanine sone oJ lIe lvails lIal
enevge Jvon lIese Iislovic novenenls.
i. TIe Fvonliev. Fivsl in inJIuence is lIe eJJecl oJ pioneev
das. AII up and dovn lIe VaIIe na Ie Jound pIsicaI Iand-
navIs oJ lIe eavI sellIevs. WIiIe lIe condilions lIal lIe pioneevs
Jaced Iave Ieen cIanged, and lIe nodevn vesidenls Iave in nan
vas noved on vilI lIe line, ve sliII Jind lIose vIo IiIe lIe
judge laIIing vilI Bavenpovl, saing, WeII, siv, nosl oJ lIe
lIings lIal Iave Ieen done in lIe Tennessee VaIIe IeJove lIis
veve done I JoIIs Iiving Ieve, vIicI is one veason vI ve've
pvell nucI lIe sane loda as ve veve vIen I vas a Io and
Ovanl vas Fvesidenl. TIe JoIIoving descviplion Jvon Tuvnev'
vouId Ie vegavded as a cavicaluve, Iul none lIe Iess sIelcIes a
lpe vIose inJIuence is sliII JeIl loda.
OJ lIis Jvonliev denocvac vIicI nov looI possession oJ lIe nalion,
Andvev JacIson vas lIe vev pevsoniJicalion. . . . TIis six-Jool
IacIvoodsnan, vilI IIue ees lIal couId IIaze on occasion, lIis
cIoIevic, inpeluous, seIJ-viIIed ScolcI-IvisI Ieadev oJ nen, lIis
expevl dueIisl, and vead JigIlev, lIis enIodinenl oJ lIe lenacious,
veIenenl, pevsonaI Wesl, vas in poIilics lo sla. TIe Jvonliev de-
nocvac oJ lIal line Iad lIe inslincls oJ lIe cIansnan in lIe das oJ
ScolcI Iovdev vavJave. VeIenenl and lenacious as lIe denocvac
vas, slvenuousI as eacI nan conlended vilI Iis neigIIov Jov lIe
spoiIs oJ lIe nev counlv lIal opened IeJove lIen, lIe aII Iad
vespecl Jov lIe nan vIo Iesl expvessed lIeiv ideas.
TIe pioneev spivil Ied lo JuvlIev nigvalion. Nol onI Ias
Tennessee Ieen vepvesenled I
lIe Bav CvocIels and San
Houslons in lIe soulIvesl Iul succeeding genevalions Iave gone
lo lIe novlIvesl. A Tennessean, veluvned Jvon lIe Slale oJ
WasIinglon, vepovls Jouv Iundved Tennesseans Iiving in lIe
veslevn connunil
vIo used lo neel al occasionaI
galIevings.
2. BeIigion. A sludenl vIose vIoIe IiJe Ias Ieen spenl in lIe
Tennessee nounlains vecovds lIis as lIe Jivsl cIavaclevislic oJ Iis
5 FvedevicI J. Tuvnev, TIe Fvonliev in Anevican Hislov |Nev YovI Henv HoIl
and Conpan, i92i), pp. 252-253.
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282 TIe JouvnaI oJ EducalionaI SocioIog
peopIe vev veIigious, gveal vespecl Jov veIigious Ieadevs, vev-
evenl allilude, lIougI oJlen dognalic. TIe laIe lIe BiIIe Iilev-
aII, ave nslicaI, and sonelines supevslilious. Andve Sieg-
Jvied6 quoles lIe judge al lIe Balon lviaI as inslvucling lIe oul-
oJ-Slale Iavevs I Jind il necessav lo advise ou, in ovdev lo
govevn ouv conducl, lIal lIis is a Ood-Jeaving counlv. So lIe
BoI Jones CoIIege, coeducalionaI, inlevdenoninalionaI, and
ovlIodox, noved Jvon FIovida lo lIe Tennessee VaIIe lo Ie
in ils naluvaI envivonnenl. Bv. BoI, as lIe sludenls caII
lIeiv pvesidenl, sponsovs nove lIan one Iundved evangeIislic
canpaigns evev eav. He is pvesidenl oJ lIe NalionaI Associa-
lion oJ OospeI Cenlevs, edils a veeII papev, lIe FeIIovsIip
Nevs, and Ivoadcasls daiI ovev a nunIev oJ vadio slalions. An
appvecialion oJ lIese quaIilies, Bavenpovl's judge oIsevves, eases
lIe adjuslnenl in noving cenelevies Jvon lIe CIincI Bivev VaI-
Ie, and nol a spade Iils lIe eavlI liII lIe JaniI's salisJied and
aII pvesenl vilI a pveacIev saing lIe pvaev. TIe Iislov oJ
lIese IiIIs is on lIose gvaveslones, nislev.
TIe oulsidev is IiIeI lo naIe lIe nislaIe oJ idenliJing lIis
lpe oJ ovlIodox vilI lIe JundanenlaIisn oJ a MacIen vIo
deJied Fvincelon TIeoIogicaI Seninav, ov lIe Iale I. M. HaIde-
nan, ov lIe sliII Ialev JoIn BoacI Slvallon. SucI is nol lIe case,
Iovevev. TIe VaIIe pvoduces a IindIiev, nove veceplive lpe oJ
lIeoIog, JundanenlaI Iecause il is lvadilionaI. Il is nol al aII
unconnon lo Jind ninislevs oJ consevvalive civcIes veading nod-
evn, IiIevaI papevs and IooIs, and, lo quole JoIn Beve, Iap-
ping il up.
3. SeclionaIisn. TIe Tennessee VaIIe Iies soulI oJ lIe
Mason-Bixon Iine. TIe inIaIilanls oJ nosl oJ lIe VaIIe ave
veIaled lo lIose vIo JougIl vilI lIe ConJedevac. ConsequenlI
il is connon lo Ieav veJevences lo ouv ovn SoulIevn Ios, ov
6
Anevica Cones oJ Age |Nev YovI Havcouvl, Bvace and Conpan, I927),
x 358 pages.
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Faclovs
InJIuencing
FscIoIog oJ TVA 283
lo Iave conpavisons nade lo lIe ConJedevac as a connon
Ievilage. TIe nunIev oJ lines lIe laIe oJ M gvandJalIev did
nol Inov lIal 'dan-anI' vas lvo vovds is vepealed lesliJies
lo lIe exlenl oJ lIe senlinenl.
Il is naluvaI lo oIsevve lIal lIe Nev EngIandev, ov Boslonian,
vIo laIIs oJ Anevica, ov lIe Uniled Slales, vIen Ie neans Iis
ovn Nev EngIand is quile as pvovinciaI as lIe SoulIevnev vIo
JvanII deJines Iis IoaIl in veJevving lo lIe SoulI. TIe Jacl
venains lIal a conpIex oJlen Iingevs ovev lIe Iosl cause lIal
is nove conpeIIing and enolionaII nove signiJicanl lIan lIe
pvovinciaIisn ov conceil oJ a Nev EngIandev ov a Boslon ov Nev
YovI uvIanile.
Mixed nolives sucI as suspicion oJ lIe nolives oJ lIe TVA
and seclionaI anlipalI ave sonelines expvessed. SucI a pvolesl
as lIe JoIIoving Jvon a FIovence, AIaIana, edilov, Mv. Mavc
B. BavneII, seens lo veJIecl a vesenlnenl againsl oulside inlevJev-
ence-senlinenl nol al aII Iiniled lo lIe SoulI. In cvilicizing a
puIIicil IooIIel oJ lIe TVA, Mv. BavneII vviles
On page 6, lIe queslion, WIal ave lIe nain oIjeclives oJ lIe deveI-
opnenl? is lIus ansveved TIe pIanned sociaI-econonic deveIop-
nenl oJ lIe Tennessee VaIIe. Nov vIo in IecI evev asIed lIe
govevnnenl lo pIan ouv sociaI deveIopnenl? WIo vanls a Iol oJ
novlIevn and easlevn nissionavies lo ninislev lo us IealIen, anva?
Lesl one Ieave lIe suIj ecl vilI lIe inpvession lIal sucI
expvessions ave conJined lo lIose soulI oJ lIe Mason-Bixon Iine,
lIe cvilicisn oJ lIe TVA aclivilies Jvon BepuIIican Bepvesenla-
live TaIev oJ Nev YovI na nol Ie oul oJ pIace, Jov Ie loo
oIjecls lo lIe allenpl lo leacI lIe nalives Iov lo Iive: lo IvusI
lIeiv leelI: Iov lo do lIeiv cooIing and aII lIal sovl oJ lIing.7
4. SuIseclionaIisn. Apavl Jvon lIe consciousness oJ lIe con-
non cause allviIuled lo lIe devaslaling vav vIicI levninaled in
I 864 viII Ie Jound a vIoIe IievavcI oJ IoaIlies lIal inJIuence
Uniled Fvess, MavcI
2, 934.
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284 TIe JouvnaI oJ EducalionaI SocioIog
lIougIl and conducl. Slale IoaIlies pvovide idenlil vilI one sel
oJ
inlevesls:
seclionaI allacInenls anolIev. CIavaclevislic oJ lIese
divisions is lIe Easl, CenlvaI, and Wesl seclioning oJ Tennessee.
A conpveIensive slud oJ lIe soulIevn aveas, sucI as lIal oJ
Bupevl Vance's Hunan OeogvapI oJ lIe SoulI,8 viII give
delaiIed inJovnalion on lIe Jaclovs inJIuencing lIe peopIe in lIese
aveas. WIen one Ieavs appeaIs lo vecognize lIe diJJevence
Ielveen uppev, niddIe, and Iovev easl Tennessee lIe conscious-
ness oJ suIIoaIlies seens lo Ie slvained. WIiIe nucI oJ lIis na
Ie expIained in levns oJ lIe aclivilies oJ lIe poIilicians, seclionaI
lies sevve lo IoIslev up lIe pavlies quile as eJJecliveI as lIe pav-
lies uliIize IocaI IoaIlies.
5.
Mounlain-VaIIe
ConJIicl.
Lel no one naIe lIe nislaIe
oJ assuning lIal aII oJ lIe peopIe vIo Iive in lIe VaIIe ave
nounlaineevs! WIiIe il is nol unconnon Jov a gvoup in lIe
VaIIe lo send a nessage as vas vepovled in lIe novning papev
Jvon us nounlain vIiles, Hue Long vouId IavdI dave
veluvn lIe veJevence lo ou nounlain vIiles. SucI expvessions
as You can laIe lIe peopIe oul oJ lIe nounlain, Iul ou can'l
laIe lIe nounlain oul oJ lIe peopIe is expvessive oJ a cuIluvaI
conJIicl lIal exisls Ielveen lIe nounlain vaIIe oJ lIe nove pvos-
pevous aveas in conlvasl vilI lIe nove isoIaled, Iess Javoved vesi-
denls oJ lIe coves.
6. Favn Ovnev-Tenanl
ConJIicl.
AnolIev Jaclov in lIe silua-
lion na Ie Jound in lIe diJJevence in oulIooI and cuIluvaI oppov-
lunil Ielveen Javn ovnev and
lenanls,
ov sIave cvoppevs. TIe
sludenl oJ econonics and socioIog Ias a sevious pvoIIen in lIis
silualion. Hovevev invoIved and vavied ils expvession, Jov ovn-
evs na vange Jvon Iuge pIanlalions lo lIose jusl ovning a pIol,
lIe consequences oJ lIe exlvene cases, pavlicuIavI in lIe collon
aveas, is sevious enougI lo vavvanl a najov veseavcI on lIe lvends
and uIlinale eJJecl on Anevican IiJe.
8
CIapeI HiII Univevsil oJ NovlI CavoIina Fvess, 1932, xiv 596 pages.
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Faclovs
InJIuencing
FscIoIog oJ TVA 285
7. UvIan-BuvaI
ConJIicl.
WIiIe Tennessee Ias IislovicaII
Ieen an agvicuIluvaI Slale, lIe lvend lovavds uvIanizalion is vev
navIed as vas noled in lIe vecenl vepovl oJ lIe Tennessee Edu-
calionaI Connission. TIe nosl conspicuous division lo lIe edu-
calov appeavs in counlies vIeve a cil scIooI sslen is sel up inde-
pendenl oJ lIe counl. MevcIanls and olIevs vIo deaI vilI lIose
vIo cone lo lIe cil ave soon avave oJ lIe counlvnan's sus-
picion oJ cil JoII and lIe aIooJness oJ nan uvIaniles.
8. Favl LoaIlies. FoIilicaI aIignnenls ave Iislovic and
IigII pevsonaI. OId vesidenls in uppev Easl Tennessee vIeve
lIe lvadilion JoIIovs Andvev JoInson and lIe Union, and conse-
quenlI is BepuIIican, viII poinl oul JaniIies lIal veve vilI lIe
ConJedevac and Iave Ieen Benocvalic evev since. SeIeclions Jov
oJJice and appeaIs Jov voles ave usuaII on pevsonaI pIeas, and
galIev aIoul lIe pevsonaI inlegvil oJ lIe candidale. One IooIs
in vain Jov an JundanenlaI conceplion oJ poIilicaI pIiIosopI
lIal viII dislinguisI one pavl Jvon lIe olIev. WIiIe gveal Ieal
na Ie sIovn in lIe poIilicaI canpaigning lIe issues nove aIoul
lIe Ionesl, econon, and vovlI oJ lIe individuaI candidale.
TIe exislence oJ olIev pavlies lIan lIe Benocvalic and BepuIIi-
can is IavdI lo Ie noled.
9. CapilaI-LaIov
ConJIicl.
CIass consciousness, Mavxian pIiI-
osopI oJ lIe econonic slvuggIe, and sucI pallevns as lIose civ-
cuIaled in lIe I. W. W. and olIev IaIov gvoups Iave so Jav nade
pvogvess anong lIe peopIe in induslviaI aveas. TIe Havvinan
slviIes oJ lIe pasl sunnev and lIe HavIan and FineviIIe up-
IeavaI evidence lIe pveIininav sIivnisIes. To lIe genevaI puI-
Iic, Iovevev, one senses a vesenlnenl al il aII. TIe pIiIosopI oJ
cIass conJIicl is sliII a Joveign inlvusion in a gvoup vilI alIeisn,
sociaIisn, IoIsIevisn, paciJisn, anavcI, and aII lIe olIev Ielevo-
doxies-veIigious, poIilicaI, and pIiIosopIicaI. Ils nosl suIlIe
inJIuence is lo Ie delecled in lIe vovI oJ lIe uliIilies vIo lIvougI
exisling oJJices and dislanlI veIaled inlevesls Iave suppIied lIe
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286 TIe JouvnaI oJ EducalionaI SocioIog
pvess vilI nevs, ediloviaIs, and visils. TIe povev oJ laII
aIoul cavpelIaggevs, and, pvoIaII nove lIan nevs, lIe deadI
siIence aIoul lIe signiJicance oJ lIe TVA lo lIe connunilies
Jvon papevs lIal cavv uliIil advevlisenenls suppovl lIe pvopI-
ec vIicI FauI HulcIinson naIes lIal lIis viII Ie one pIase oJ
lIe coning conJIicl.
IO. BaciaI
ConJIicl.
TIe sane geogvapIic Iocalion vIicI
inJIuences lIe seclionaI consciousness sevves lo sIape lIe pallevn
oJ lIougIl in vace veIalions. Expvessions IeaviI veigIled vilI
enolionaI connolalion pvovide lIe selling. SociaI equaIil,
Inov lIeiv pIace, and sucI pIvases ave JeIl and nol descviIed.
TIis silualion vesls on lIe nlI oJ TIe Big House vIicI
vouId Ieave lIe pvesenl genevalion vilI lIe inpvession lIal aII
vIile JoIIs descended Jvon lIe Mansion House and lIe Negvoes
veve aII sIaves. SucI a Iellev as WiII Bogevs vecenlI veceived
and puIIisIed vilI genlIe connenls cavvies on lIe lvadilion oJ
lIe OId SoulI vIeve aII vIile JoIIs ave genlIe and veJined,
vIeve Negvoes Iepl, and sliII do, lIeiv pIaces as sevvanls, ve-
speclJuI and oIedienl, nevev appeaving in puIIic excepl in caps
and apvons |in olIev vovds uniJovns). W. W. AIexandev oJ
lIe InlevvaciaI Connission in AlIanla Ias sludied lIe Jacls oJ
lIis peviod and Ias lvaced lIe vevoIulionav cIanges lIal Iave
JoIIoved lIe peviod oJ enancipalion and veconslvuclion. TIe
pIanlalion avislocvac Ias Ieen venoved Jvon poIilicaI povev,
and lIe poovev vIile popuIalion Ias Iecone avlicuIale.
TIe opevalions oJ lIe K. K. K. ave nol enliveI vaciaI. Andve
SiegJvied sas, Il is nove lIan a secvel sociel: il is a slale oJ
nind. Il is nove lIan a vIin: il is lIe vevivaI oJ a vIoIe sevies oJ
eavIiev vevoIls againsl Negvoes, CalIoIics, and oulsidevs genev-
aII. TIis ovganizalion vIicI vas slavled in Tennessee is ex-
pvessive oJ one Jovn oJ divecl aclion vooled in lIe Jeav lIal lIe
doninanl posilion oJ lIe vIile gvoup na nol Ie IeId.
TIe veadiness oJ lIe SoulI lo accepl ils ovn decisions and
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Faclovs
InJIuencing
FscIoIog oJ TVA 287
oIjecl lo oulside neddIing is indicaled I an ediloviaI Jvon a
MenpIis papev copied in lIe VaIIe vilI appvovaI.
B lIis line il vouId seen lIal lIose vIo Iave gone lo sucI pains
lo deJeal juslice in AIaIana vouId Ie convinced lIal lIe Jivsl vevdicl
in lIe ScollsIovo case vas covvecl.
Bul Jov lIe neddIesone inlevJevence oJ agencies oulside lIe Slale
lIe case oJ lIe seven ScollsIovo deJendanls vouId Iave Ieen dis-
posed oJ in lIe usuaI nannev Iong ago.
Wide diJJevences oJ opinion exisl in diJJevenl aveas and in lIe
sane connunilies. On lIe vIoIe lIe Negvo casle Iives in a vovId
apavl cavving on ils IiJe and cuIluvaI inlevesls independenl oJ
lIe vIile vovId. WIeveas lIe econonic Jaclovs Iead lIe Negvo
lo Iave access lo lIe ideas and aclivilies oJ lIe vIile vovId lIeve
is IillIe ov no sIiJl oJ ideas Jvon Negvo lo vIile. TIe Inov
lIeiv pIace.
i i. NalionaIisn. Andve SiegJvied gives nucI allenlion lo
lIe anliJoveign inpuIses. Il is nol diJJicuIl lo Jind iIIuslvalions oJ
sucI senlinenl, as Jov exanpIe an ediloviaI caIIing allenlion lo
lIe nunIev oJ Joveignevs vIo ave vunning Jov oJJice in Nev
YovI, ov connenls inpIing a veIalionsIip Ielveen cvine and
lIe Joveign eIenenl. TIe nalionaIisn SiegJvied oIsevves is
lvadilionaI Fvoleslanl ovlIodox vilI an innale Iovvov oJ an-
lIing Joveign. On lIe vIoIe lIe JeeIing can Ie lvaced lo IacI oJ
inlevcouvse vilI olIev nalionaI cuIluvaI gvoups. Even lIis IoaIl
does nol Ieep lIe soulIevn cIuvcIes Jvon conlviIuling lo Joveign
nissions.
I 2. IndividuaIisn. TIis nigIl Ie caIIed individuaI inleg-
vil. Hunan quaIilies expvess lIenseIves in nan veIalionsIips,
especiaII in lIe vivlues. A oung judge in connenling on lIe
ease vilI vIicI Ie couId sellIe Iis cases in lIe nounlains con-
nenled, You see, lIese peopIe Iave nol Ieavned lo Iie. A
sludenl cIavaclevizes lIe peopIe as Ie Ias Inovn lIen Jvon lIe
SnoIies as Oveal IeIievevs in 'Ionesl is lIe Iesl poIic,' vev
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288 TIe JouvnaI oJ EducalionaI SocioIog
nucI opposed lo ganIIing, cIealing, ov anlIing vIicI Ias lo
do vilI disIonesl.
AnolIev lvail IinIed vilI individuaI inlegvil Ieads lo lIe
lvusl oJ JeIIovnen. Sone Iave Iosl lIeiv IiJeline eavnings I
lvusling sone one Jvon oulside vIo vas an unJaiv deaIev. SevevaI
sucI cases Iave laugIl lIen lo deaI in a nove IusinessIiIe
nannev.
SiniIavI, lIis pevsonaI vovlI Jinds expvession in lIe JaniI
IiJe. Oveal Ionov and vespecl Jov pavenls, JaniI veIalions,
lIougI lIe ave nol as Jvee lo expvess lIenseIves as olIev peopIe
ave, vviles ouv oIsevvev. AnolIev, a sociaI scienlisl, caIIs allen-
lion lo lIe conceplion oJ good vIicI pavenls IoId oJ a Io vIo
vouId nol Ieave Ione ov expose IinseIJ lo lIe lenplalion oJ
cilies.
OlIev lvails nigIl Ie Iisled ov addilionaI iIIuslvalions lIal
cIavaclevize lIe silualion. Tvo valIev slviIing incidenls sevve
as cases lo sevve as vavning lo lIose vIo vouId deaI vilI a vev
expIosive silualion. TIe Jivsl cane aIoul lIvougI a Iellev Jvon
a C.C.C. Canp lo lIe JaniI Ione in IdaIo. A canp oJJicev I
lIe nane oJ Weavev vvole oJ Iones Ie Iad visiled. TIe Iellev
vas senl lo a SpoIane papev and vas suIsequenlI copied in lIe
KnoxviIIe JouvnaI. Beadevs veve voused I Iis genevaIizalions
and slvaigIlva assuved Iin lIal sone Iones did nol Iave Ieds
in lIe Jvonl voon, and olIev avvangenenls diJJeved Jvon lIose
Ie Iad oIsevved vIeve Iad Ieen enlevlained. So nucI JeeIing
vas avoused I lIe Iellev lIal Ie vas vecaIIed lo IdaIo.
TIe olIev occuvved anong lIe peopIe Ieing noved Jvon lIe
VaIIe lo Ie suInevged I lIe valev aIove lIe dan. FuIIicil
vas given lo pvoposaIs lo Jovn a coIon in BvaziI Jov lIose vIo
veve Jovced lo Ieave lIe CIincI Bivev VaIIe.
TBANSITION
In concIusion, lIe JundanenlaI unil oJ pevsonaIil ougIl lo
Ie enpIasized. Il is lvue lIal lIe inJIuences Iisled na Ie dis-
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Faclovs
InJIuencing
FscIoIog oJ TVA 289
coveved lo Iave exevled lIenseIves in Jovning lIe lIougIl pal-
levns and in sIaping lIe pevsonaIilies lIal conslilule lIe vesidenls
oJ lIe Tennessee VaIIe. Yel lIe inpvession oJ siniIavil valIev
lIan diJJevence Iingevs. TeacIevs Iave connenled on lIe expe-
vience oJ neeling a Iine oJ sludenls al a coIIege veceplion. B
Jivsl inpvession il is inpossiIIe lo dislinguisI sludenls Jvon lIe
Tennessee VaIIe Jvon lIose vIo cone Jvon OIio, Nev YovI,
Nev Jevse, ov olIev Slales. FuvlIevnove, lIeve viII Ie anong
lIe veadevs oJ lIis jouvnaI lIose vIo ave I IivlI and lvaining
and cuIluvaI associalions Jvon lIis avea. Yel lIe ave IiIe lIe
olIevs oJ lIe pvoJessionaI oulIooI and expevience, Ieond lIe
Iinilalions oJ an veslvicling IislovicaI evenls lIal nigIl doni-
nale lIeiv cuIluvaI oulIooI.
TIis Jacl oJ lvansilion and cIange vIicI Ias Ieen going on
conlinuaII in lIe Tennessee VaIIe naIes il necessav lo caulion
lIe veadev nol lo laIe an oJ lIe Jaclovs Iisled loo seviousI.
TIeve is vising a genevalion oJ oulI vIicI nove and nove lends
lo IooI lIe pasl in lIe Jace and caInI and oIjecliveI exanine
lIe Jovces lIal Iave inJIuenced lIe pvesenl scene. Once Iaving
acquived an undevslanding lIe lend lo join vilI lIose vIo pIan
lo IuiId TIe SoulI oJ Tonovvov. SucI Ias Ieen lIe lIene oJ
sevevaI sludenl conJevences. And one delecls an oplinisn and
Iope Jov lIe Juluve vIicI pvonises enancipalion Jvon Iislovic
accidenls and naslev oJ lIese Jaclovs lIal nigIl olIevvise Jovn
lIe doninanl lvails oJ lIe coning genevalion.
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