HIU NG NHIT CA CC QU TRNH HA

HC
-----o0o-----q
4.1: un nng mt cylinder cha oxy p sut khng !"i #atm t$ th% tich
#&' l(t !)n th% t(ch #&* l(t +,ng mt l-.ng nhi/t #kcal0 1(nh +i)n thi2n ni
n3ng c4a qu tr5nh0 67ho #lit0atm 8 '9&'#cal: (S : 993 cal.)
4.2 : ;h<n ng c4a cyanamide r=n & >?
'
7> @Ai oxy !-.c thBc hi/n trong
mt +om nhi/t l-.ng k)0 Ci)n thi2n ni n3ng c4a >?
'
7> 6r: lD E F9'&F
kGHmol 'IJK0 1(nh L?
'IJ
c4a ph<n ng sau :
>?
'
7>6r: M NH' O
'
6k: P >
'
6k: M 7O
'
6k: M ?
'
O6l: (S = -741,5kJ )
4.3 : 1(nh nhi/t l-.ng cQn thi)t !% nRng S0 gam nhm t$ N*
o
7 l2n **
o
70
7ho nhi/t dung mol c4a nhm lD: *&J calHmol
o
70 (S : 258 cal)
4.4 : Tc !inh nhi/t ! cuUi cVng c4a h/ thUng gWm #00 gam kXm I*
o
7
nhYng @Do *0 gam n-Ac #*
o
70 7ho nhi/t dung mol c4a Zn lD S&0S calH
mol
o
7 & c4a n-Ac lD #J calHmol
o
70 (S : 28
o
C )
4.5 : [t nhi/t l-.ng k) c cha 9* gam n-Ac 'N
o
7& sau khi !-.c hp
th\ '&00 k] nhi/t th5 nhi2t ! l2n !)n N'
o
70 1(nh phQn khUi l-.ng c4a nhi/t
l-.ng k) t-^ng !-^ng @Ai n-Ac !_ tham gia @Do qu tr5nh trao !"i nhi/t0
(S : 8 gam )
4.6: 1(nh +i)n thi2n enthalpy khi #&00 gam n-Ac !ng !`c 0
o
7 @D #atm0
7ho +i)t nhi/t nng ch<y c4a n-Ac lD L?
'IJ6nc:
8 #&9N* kcalHmol0
(S : -79,7 cal/g )
4.7 : 1(nh nhi/t l-.ng cQn thi)t !% chuy%n #00 gam n-Ac ! 0
o
7 thDnh
h^i n-Ac #00
o
70 7ho nhi/t nng ch<y& nhi/t +ay h^i @D nhi/t dung c4a
n-Ac lD: L?
'IJ6nc:
8 J0 kcalHkg 0 L?
'IJ6+h:
8 *90 kcalHkg 0 7
p
8 # kcalHkg0K
(S : H
total
= 72, kcal )
4.8 : 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a qu tr5nh !ng !`c #mol n-Ac lang -#0
0
7
thDnh n-Ac ! -#0
0
70 7ho nhi/t nng ch<y c4a n-Ac ! 0
0
7: L?
'IJ6nc:
8
#&9N*kcalHmol @D nhi/t dung c4a n-Ac: 7
p
8 # calHg0K0 (S: - 1343cal)
4.9 : >hi/t !Ut chy c4a kh( etan 7
'
?
S
lD NSJ kcalHmol 0 bi< sc chd c S0e
nhi/t c (ch0 ?ai cQn !Ut chy +ao nhi2u m
N
kh( etan !ktc !4 !% lDm *0kg
n-Ac #0
0
7 +ay h^i #00
0
70 6fVng cc sU li/u cQn thi)t +Di 90F:0
(S : 3,21 m
3
)
4.10:7ho nhi/t tgo thDnh ti2u chuhn c4a cc cht t-^ng ng trong ph-^ng
tr5nh nhi/t ha0 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a ph<n ng saui
>
'
O
9
6k: M N7O6k: P >
'
O6k: M N7O
'
6k: & L?
0
'IJ
8 j
L?
0
'IJ tt
6k]Hmol: I&F -##0 J# -NIN&*
( S: H

298
= -778kJ )
4.11: 1(nh L?
0
'IJ tt
7
S
?
#'
O
S
6r: t$ cc dk ki/n sau:
L?
0
'IJ !c
7
S
?
#'
O
S
6r: 8 -'J#S k]Hmol& L?
0
'IJ tt
7O
'
6k: 8 -NIN&* k]Hmol&
L?
0
'IJ tt
?
'
O6l: 8 -'J*&I k]Hmol0 (S: H

298 tt
C
!
H
12
"
!
(#) = -12! kJ/mol)
4.12 : 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a ph<n ng sau: 7
'
?
9
6k: M ?
'
6k: P 7
'
?
S
6k:0
7ho L?
0
'IJ !c
7
'
?
9
6k: 8 -NNF&' kcalHmol& L?
0
'IJ !c
7
'
?
S
6k: 8 -NSJ&9
kcalHmol& L?
0
'IJ tt
?
'
O6l: 8 -SJ&N' kcalHmol0 (S: H

298
= -37,1 kcal)
4.13: 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a ph<n ng sau: '7?
9
6k: P 7
'
?
'
6k:MN?
'
6k:0
7ho L?
0
'IJ !c
7?
9
6k: 8 -'#0&J kcalHmol& L?
0
'IJ !c
7
'
?
'
6k: 8 -N#0&9 kcalHmol
0 L?
0
'IJ tt
?
'
O6l: 8 -SJ&N' kcalHmol0 (S: H

298
= 93,7! kcal)
4.14 : >hi/t !Ut chy c4a metan& etan& propan lQn l-.t lD: -'#0&Ji -NSJ&9i
-*'S&N kcalHmol0 ?_y -Ac t(nh ! t3ng L?
0
'IJ !c
trung +5nh mli khi th2m
mt nhm 6-7?
'
-: @Do mt hydrocac+on0 1r2n c^ s ! dB !on nhi/t !Ut
chy c4a octan 6 7
J
?
#J
: @D so snh @Ai gi trm thng th-nng nhon !-.c lD
6-#N0'&F kcalHmol: 0 (S: -157,75 $ -131 kcal/mol)
4.15: Ut chy #'&0g cac+on +,ng oxy tgo thDnh 7O @D 7O
'
'*
0
7 @D p
sut khng !"i& l-.ng nhi/t taa ra lD F* kcal @D khng c cac+on cpn d-0
1(nh khUi l-.ng oxy tham gia ph<n ng theo cc ph-^ng tr5nh sau:
76r: M O
'
6k: P 7O
'
6k: & L?
0
'IJ
8 -I9&0* kcal0
76r: M O
'
6k: P 7O6k: & L?
0
'IJ
8 -'S&9# kcal0
( S: 27,5 g "
2
)
4.16:
>3ng l-.ng >g0tc ha
t$ !^n cht6k]Hmol:
>3ng l-.ng li2n k)t trung +5nh6k]Hmol:
?q 7q 7r 7 >q >r > Oq Or
? '#J&0 9NS 9#N NI# 9SN
7 F#S&F 9#N N9J S#* J#' 'I' S#* JI# N*# F'J
> 9F'&F NI# 'I' S#* JI# #S# 9#J I9*
O '9I&' 9SN N*# F'J #NI 9IJ
s 'FJ&J NNI '*I 9FF
t FI&0 *SN 99# 'F0 #J*
7l #'#&F 9N' N'J '00 '0N
Cr ###&I NSS 'FS
u #0S&J 'II '90
fBa @Do +<ng n3ng l-.ng tr2n t(nh nhi/t tgo thDnh ti2u chuhn c4a
77l
'
t
'
6k: 6 dicloro divluorometan hay cpn gwi lD treon-#&'& dVng lDm tc
nhRn lDm lgnh @5 !`c t(nh dx +ay h^i @D kh< n3ng ph<n ng kymi !_ ng-ng
sc d\ng @5 ph h4y tQng ozon:0
H%&'g ()': ;hRn t(ch qu tr5nh tgo thDnh treon-#&' t$ !^n cht +{n thDnh
' giai !ogn:
76graphit: M 7l
'
6k: M t
'
6k: P 77l
'
t
'
6k: i L?
0
'IJ tt
8 j
|76graphit: M 7l
'
6k: M t
'
6k: P 76k: M '7l6k: M 't6k: i L?
0
#

76k: M '7l6k: M 't6k: P 77l
'
t
'
6k: i L?
0
'
}
(S: - 42 kJ/mol )
4.17: 1-^ng tB +Di 90#S & t(nh nhi/t tgo thDnh ti2u chuhn c4a 77l
N
t6k: @D
7t
N
7?7l
'
6k:0 (S: - 2!4 kJ/mol i :
4.18: fVng n3ng l-.ng li2n k)t trung +5nh +<ng 90#S t(nh hi/u ng nhi/t
c4a cc ph<n ng sau:
a: 7
N
?
J
6k: M *O
'
6k: P N7O
'
6k: M 9?
'
O6k:0 (S: - 158 kJ/mol)
+: 7
'
?
9
6k: M ?
'
6k: P 7
'
?
S
6k:0
c: >
'
6k: M N?
'
6k: P '>?
N
6k:0
4.19: ;h<n ng sau !Ry c L? ~ 0 :
CCr
N
6k: M C7l
N
6k: P CCr
'
7l6k: M C7l
'
Cr6k:0
?_y @X cu trYc eis c4a cc h.p cht @D gi<i th(ch tgi saoj
4.20: u tr5nh hpa tan canxi clorua trong n-Ac:
7a7l
'
6r: P 7a
'M
6dd: M '7l
-
6dd: i L?
0
'IJ
8 j
L?
0
'IJ tt
6k]Hmol:: - FI*&J -*9'&JN -#SF&#S
a: 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a qu tr5nh j
+: ?pa tan '0 gam 7a7l
'
6r: @Do #00 ml n-Ac '0&0
0
70 1(nh nhi/t !
cuUi cVng c4a dung dmch & gi< sc dung dmch lD l t-ng& c nhi/t dung
gQn giUng #00 g n-Ac nguy2n cht 68 9#J ]HK:
(S : a) -81,4 kJ *) 55,1

C )
4.21: 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a cc ph<n ng d-Ai !Ry:
a: Ca7O
N
6r: M '?7l6dd: P Ca7l
'
6dd: M 7O
'
6k: M ?
'
O6l:0 (S:- 0,2kcal)
+: g>O
N
6dd: M >a7l6dd: P >a>O
N
6dd: M g7l6r:0 (S:- 15,7kcal)
c: ?>O
N
6dd: M >aO?6dd: P >a>O
N
6dd: M ?
'
O6l:0 (S:- 13,36kcal)
d: ?7l6dd: M KO?6dd: P K7l6dd: M ?
'
O6l:0 (S:-
13,36kcal)
e: iO?6dd: M ?7lO
N
6dd: P i7lO
N
6dd: M ?
'
O6l:0 (S:- 13,36kcal)
4.22: >hi/t taa ra khi trung hpa 7sO? +,ng tt c< cc axit mgnh lD #N&9
kcalHmol0 >hi/t taa ra khi trung hpa 7sO? +,ng axit y)u ?t lD #S&9
kcalHmol0 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a qu tr5nh ion ha ?t trong n-Ac 6!i/n ly
?t:0 (S: -3, kcal/mol)
4.23: >hi/t taa ra khi hpa tan 7usO
9
khan lD #F&I kcalHmol0 >hi/t thu @Do
khi hpa tan 7usO
9
0*?
'
O lD #&N kcalHmol0 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a ph<n ng
chuy%n ha:
7usO
9
6r: M *?
'
O6l: P 7usO
9
0*?
'
O6r: (S: - 19,2 kcal)
4.24: 1(nh hi/u ng nhi/t c4a cc ph<n ng 6#: @D 6': t$ nhi/t tgo thDnh
ti2u chuhn& sau ! k)t h.p lgi !% suy ra hi/u ng nhi/t c4a ph<n ng 6N: @D
so snh k)t qu< @Ai +Di 90'#:
6#: ?s
-
6dd: P ?
M
6dd: M s
'-
6dd: (S: +14,22 kcal)
6': O?
-
6dd: M ?s
-
6dd: P s
'-
6dd: M ?
'
O6l: (S: +,8! kcal)
6N: ?
M
6dd: M O?
-
6dd: P ?
'
O6l: (S: -13,3! kcal)
4.25: Ut chy hoDn toDn #*&*0 g cac+on +,ng mt l-.ng @$a !4 khng
kh( c th% t(ch '*&0 l(t '*
0
7 @D *&*0 atm6khng kh( cha #Ie th% t(ch lD
oxy:
1hu !-.c s<n phhm lD 7O
'
@D 7O0 1(nh l-.ng nhi/t taa ra !i{u ki/n
!ng pj 7ho nhi/t tgo thDnh ti2u chuhn c4a 7O
'
@D 7O lQn l-.t lD 6-I9&0*
kcalHmol @D -'S&9# kcalHmol: (S: - 91,2 kcal)
CDi top 7h-^ng *:
7?u 7 77 1>? ? ?7
5.1: fB !on du c4a L? @D Ls c4a ph<n ng sau: '7l6k: P 7l
'
6k:0
5.2: Khng dVng sU li/u t(nh ton& h_y dB !on du c4a Ls c4a cc qu
tr5nh sau:
6a: O
'
6k: P 'O6k:0 6+: >
'
6k: M N?
'
6k: P '>?
N
6k:0
6c: 76r: M ?
'
O6k: P 7O6k: M ?
'
6k:0 6d: Cr6l: P Cr6k:0
6e: >
'
6k& #0atm: P >
'
6k& #atm:0 6v: K)t tinh muUi t$ n-Ac +i%n0
6g: 1h4y tinh k)t khUi0 6h: >u ch(n qu< trng0
6i: 76r& graphit: P 76r& kim c-^ng:0 6G: n 7
'
?
9
6k: P q67?
'
q7?
'
:
n
q 0
5.3: >hi/t nng ch<y c4a n-Ac ! 0
0
7 lD #9N*calHmol0 1(nh +i)n thi2n
entropy c4a qu tr5nh nng ch<y #kg n-Ac ! 0
0
7. (S: 292,22 cal/,)
5.4: >hi/t +ay h^i n-Ac #00
0
7 lD 90&F k]Hmol0 1(nh +i)n thi2n entropy
mol c4a qu tr5nh0 (S: 19,1 J/mol.,)
5.5: Tem ph<n ng 'IJK: ' M C P 70
L? 8 #00 kcal @D Ls 8 *0 calHK0 bi< sc L? @D Ls khng !"i theo nhi/t
!& hai nhi/t ! nDo ph<n ng c th% x<y ra !-.c j (S: 2,)
5.6: Tem ph<n ng 'IJK: 6k: M C6k: P 76k:0 ;h<n ng c +i)n
thi2n ni n3ng L 8 -N&00 kcal @D +i)n thi2n entropy Ls 8 -#0&0 calHK0
1(nh Lb @D dB !on chi{u x<y ra c4a ph<n ng0 7ho 8 #&IJF calHmol0K0
(S: - !12 cal, t-./')
5.7: [t ph<n ng c L? 8 -90&0 kcal 900 K0 1r2n nhi/t ! nDy ph<n
ng c th% x<y ra& d-Ai nhi/t ! nDy th5 khng0 1(nh Lb @D Ls c4a ph<n
ng 900K0 (S: 0 = 12 S = -1 cal/,)
5.8: 1(nh Ls
0
'IJ
c4a ph<n ng x<y ra gika #00g >
'
@Ai oxy theo ph-^ng
tr5nh sau: >
'
6k: M 'O
'
6k: P '>O
'
6k:0 7ho L?
0
'IJ tt
>O
'
6k: 8 J&0I
kcalHmol @D Lb
0
'IJ tt
>O
'
6k: 8 #'&9 kcalHmol0 (S: - 1 cal/,)
5.9: 1(nh L?
0
'IJ tt
7
'
?
*
O?6k: dBa @Do cc dk ki/n sau:
'76gr: M N?
'
6k: M O
'
6k: P 7
'
?
*
O?6k:
s
0
'IJ
6]Hmol0K: *0F9 #N00*F '0*&09 'F9&'
Lb
0
'IJ tt
6k]Hmol: - - - - #SJ&*F
(S: -237,! kJ/mol)
5.10: Tem ph<n ng 'IJK: '6k: M C6k: P 'f6k:0 ;h<n ng c +i)n
thi2n ni n3ng L 8 -'&*0 kcal @D +i)n thi2n entropy Ls 8 -#0&* calHK0
1(nh Lb @D dB !on chi{u x<y ra c4a ph<n ng0 7ho 8 #&IJF calHmol0K0
(S: ,4kcal, p khng th xy
a)
5.11: 7ho cc dk ki/n sau:
;7l
N
6l: ;7l
N
6k:
s
0
'IJ
6]Hmol0K: '#F&# N##&F
L?
0
'IJ tt
6k]Hmol: -N#I&F -'JF&0
Lb
0
'IJ tt
6k]Hmol: -'F'&9 -'SF&J0 ?_y -Ac t(nh nhi/t ! si c4a
;7l
N
p sut th-nng @D so snh @Ai thBc nghi/m 6F*
0
7:0 (S: 74

C)
5.12: 7ho cc dk ki/n sau: sn6xm: sn6tr=ng:
s
0
'IJ
6]Hmol0K: 99&# *#&*
Lb
0
'IJ tt
6k]Hmol: 0&#'0 0
?_y dB !on nhi/t ! chuy%n pha t$ thi)c xm sang thi)c tr=ng @D so @Ai
nhi/t ! quan st !-.c 6#N
0
7:0 (S: 9

C)
5.13: 7ho ph<n ng: ?
'
6k: M 7O
'
6k: ?
'
O6k: M 7O6k:
Lb
0
'IJ tt
6k]Hmol: 0 -NI9&NF -''J&*J -#NF&#*
6a: 1(nh Lb
0
'IJ
c4a ph<n ng j
6+: 1(nh Lb
'IJ
c4a ph<n ng !i{u ki/n p sut ri2ng phQn c4a ?
'&
7O
'&
?
'
O @D 7O lQn l-.t lD #0 i '0 i 0&0' i 0&0# atm0
(S: 28,!4 kJ $ -5,!1kJ)
5.14: ;h<n ng tgo thDnh ?u t$ cc !^n cht:
?
'
6k: M u
'
6k: ?u6k: c Lb
0
8 -#0&#0 k] *00 K0
1-^ng ng @Ai p sut ri2ng phQn c4a ?u lD #0&0 atm i u
'
lD 0&00# atm0 ?ai
p sut ri2ng phQn c4a ?
'
ph<i lD +ao nhi2u nhi/t ! nDy !% lDm gi<m Lb
xuUng !)n +,ng 00 (S: 775 atm)
5.15: f-Ai !i{u ki/n g5 @{ p sut th5 ph<n ng phRn h4y g
'
O6r: thDnh
g6r: @D O
'
6k: c th% x<y ra !-.c '*
0
7 j
7ho Lb
0
'IJ tt
g
'
O6r: 8 -##&'#k]Hmol0 (S: 3("
2
) = ,11! atm)
5.16: 1(nh +i)n thi2n entropy khi N&00 mol +enzen +ay h^i thuon nghmch
nhi/t ! si thng th-nng J0&#
0
7 68N*N&'* K:0 Ci)t enthalpy mol +ay h^i
c4a +enzen nhi/t ! nDy lD N0&J k]Hmol0 (S: + 2!2 J/,)
5.17: 1(nh +i)n thi2n entropy c4a qu tr5nh d_n n thuon nghmch *&00 mol
kh( argon nhi/t ! khng !"i 'IJ K t$ p sut #0&0atm !)n #&0 atm0
(S: + 95,7 J/,)
5.18: 7 9&00 mol kh( ?
'
d_n n thuon nghmch !ng nhi/t 900 K t$ th%
t(ch !Qu lD #'&0 l(t !)n th% t(ch cuUi lD N0&0 l(t0 67ho nhi/t dung mol: 7
p
8
'J&J ]Hmol0K:0 1(nh L& & cng & L?& Ls c4a qu tr5nh0
(S: 4 = H = $ 5 = -1,22.1
4
J $ 6 = -5 $ S = +3,5 J/,)
5.19: 7 #&0 mol n-Ac ! !-.c !un nng thuon nghmch p sut kh( quy%n
t$ -'0
0
7 !)n 0
0
7& qu tr5nh nng ch<y thuon nghmch 0
0
7& sau ! !-.c
!un nng thuon nghmch p sut kh( quy%n !)n '0
0
70 7ho: L?
nc
8 S00F
]Hmol ; 7
p
6n-Ac !: 8 NJ ]Hmol0K i 7
p
6n-Ac lang: 8 F* ]Hmol0K0 1(nh Ls
c4a h/i Ls c4a mi tr-nng @D Ls t"ng c4a c< qu tr5nh0
(S: S
-7
= + 3,2 J/, $ S
mt
= - 3,2 J/, ! S
t8'g
= )
5.20: 7ho F'&9 g s=t c nhi/t ! #00&0
0
7 @Do #00&0 g n-Ac #0&0
0
7 !)n
khi nhi/t ! cRn +,ng lD #S&*
0
70 7ho: 7
p
6te: 8 '*&# ]Hmol0K @D 7
p
6?
'
O: 8
F*&N ]Hmol0K & khng ph\ thuc nhi/t !0 1(nh Ls c4a te& Ls c4a n-Ac @D
Ls t"ng c4a qu tr5nh0
(S: S
9:
= - 8,24 J/, $ S
'%&c
= + 9,49 J/, ! S
t8'g
= + 1,25 J/, )
5.21: nthalpy mol nng ch<y @D entropy mol nng ch<y c4a ammoniac
r=n lQn l-.t lD *&S* k]Hmol @D 'J&I ]Hmol0K 0
a: 1(nh +i)n thi2n n3ng l-.ng tB do bi++s Lb khi lDm nng ch<y N&S
mol ammoniac r=n thDnh lang #F0 K0 ?ai ammoniac c th% nng ch<y
#F0 K j
+: # atm @D nhi/t ! nDo th5 c cRn +,ng r=n lang c4a ammoniac j
(S:(a) 0 = 2,!!4 kJ$ k-;'g$(*) 19! ,)
5.22: nthalpy +ay h^i @D nhi/t ! si thng th-nng c4a etanol lD : NJ&F
k]Hmol FJ
0
70 1(nh & & L& Ls
h/
@D Lb khi #&0 mol etanol +ay h^i
thuon nghmch FJ
0
7 @D #atm0 bi< thi)t r,ng h^i lD kh( l t-ng @D +a qua
th% t(ch c4a etanol lang so @Ai h^i0
(S:6 = +38,7 kJ$ 5= -2,92kJ$ 4= +35,8kJ$ S
-7
= +11J/, 12 0=)
5.23: #'00
0
7 sB khc s=t 6uuu: oxit thDnh s=t nguy2n tU @D oxy khng x<y
ra @5: 'te
'
O
N
6r: P 9te6r: M NO
'
6k: Lb 8 M J90 k]0 6#:
?_y chd ra cch lDm th) nDo qu tr5nh nDy @n c th% ti)n hDnh !-.c n)u
toDn + l-.ng oxy thot ra !-.c dVng !% !Ut chy cac+on:
76r: M O
'
6k: P 7O
'
6k: Lb 8 - 900 k] 6':
(S: <= 0
1
+ 30
2
= - 3! kJ > )
5.24: u tr5nh !ng p !ng nhi/t c th% !-.c m t< lD x<y ra !-.c n)u
Lb 0 @D khng x<y ra !-.c n)u Lb 00 fBa tr2n t(nh ton t$ L? @D Ls
c4a ph<n ng& k)t h.p @Ai !mnh ngha c4a Lb& h_y xc !mnh kho<ng nhi/t
! c th% x<y ra !-.c c4a cc qu tr5nh sau:
6a: 9te6r: M NO
'
6k: P ' te
'
O
N
6r:
6+: sO
'
6k: M O
'
6k: P sO
N
6k:
6c: >?
9
>O
N
6r: P >
'
O6k: M '?
'
O6k:
(S: (a): > ? > 3 , $ (*): > ? > 15 ,$ (c):@AB #a C mDE ? )
5.25: bi<i th(ch tgi sao c th% khc onvram 6u: oxit O
N
thDnh kim logi
nhi/t ! cao +,ng hydr: O
N
6r: M N?
'
6k: P 6r: M N?
'
O6k:0
kho<ng nhi/t ! nDo th5 ph<n ng c th% x<y raj
(S: H

= 117,41kJ$ S

=131,19 J/,$ 0 > =F ? F H

/ S

=895 ,)
5.26: 7ho ph<n ng sau: 7a7O
N
6r: P 7aO6r: M 7O
'
6k:0
1(nh Lb
0
c4a ph<n ng tr2n lQn l-.t '*& *00 @D #*00
0
70 Tem L? @D Ls
khng ph\ thuc nhi/t !0 X gi<n !W c4a Lb
0
ph\ thuc nhi/t ! @D dVng
n !% t5m nhi/t ! tUi thi%u !% ph<n ng tr2n x<y ra !-.c0
( S: 129,1 $ 5,7 $ - 114, kJ/mol $ ? F 18 , )
5.27: 7ho cc tr-nng h.p:
6a: L?
0
> 0 & Ls
0
0 i 6+: L?
0
0 & Ls
0
0 i 6c: L?
0
0 & Ls
0
0 i
6d: L?
0
> 0 & Ls
0
0
6i: 1r-nng h.p nDo ph<n ng c th% x<y ra mwi nhi/t ! j
6ii: 1r-nng h.p nDo ph<n ng khng th% x<y ra mwi nhi/t ! j
6iii: 1r-nng h.p nDo ph<n ng c th% x<y ra nhi/t ! !4 caoj
6iiii: 1r-nng h.p nDo ph<n ng c th% x<y ra nhi/t ! thpj
6iiiii: ng @Ai tr-nng h.p 6c: th5 !i{u ki/n nDo sau !Ry ph<n ng c th%
x<y ra !-.c: 6#:: |L?
0
| |1Ls
0
| i 6':: |L?
0
| |1Ls
0
|