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Bai 1
Bai 1
Bai 1
im
2
I thc ca mt im
1 H thng hai mt phng hnh chiu
a) Xy dng thc
- Trong khng gian ly hai mt phng
vung gc nhau
1
v
2
.
- Mt phng
1
c v tr thng ng.
- Mt phng
2
c v tr nm ngang.
- Gi x l giao im ca
1
v
2
(x =
1
2
)
- Chiu vung gc im A ln mt phng
1
v
2
ta nhn c cc hnh chiu A
1
v A
2
- C nh mt phng
1
, quay mt phng
2
quanh ng thng x theo chiu quay
c ch ra trn Hnh 1.1.a cho n khi
2
trng vi
1
. Ta nhn c thc ca im
A trong h hai mt phng hnh chiu (Hnh 1.1.b)
Hnh 1.1a,b. Xy dng thc ca mt im
trn h thng hai mt phng hnh chiu
a)
b)
A
A
1
A
2
A
x
x
A A
1
1
x
A
x
2
A
2
2
3
b) Cc nh ngha va tnh cht
- Mt phng
1
: mt phng hnh chiu ng
- Mt phng
2
: mt phng hnh chiu bng
- ng thng x : trc hnh chiu
- A
1
: hnh chiu ng ca im A
- A
2
: hnh chiu bng ca im A
- Gi A
x
l giao ca trc x v mt phng
(AA
1
A
2
)
- Trn thc, A
1
,A
x
, A
2
cng nm trn mt
ng thng vung gc vi trc x gi l
ng dng thng ng.
Hnh 1.1a,b. Xy dng thc ca
mt im trn h thng hai mt
phng hnh chiu
a)
b)
A
A
1
A
2
A
x
x
A A
1
1
x
A
x
2
A
2
2
4
* cao ca mt im
- Ta c: gi l cao ca
im A
- Quy c:
+ cao dng : khi im A nm
pha trn
2
+ cao m: khi im A nm pha
di
2
.
- Du hiu nhn bit trn thc:
+ cao dng: A
1
nm pha trn
trc x
+ cao m: A
1
nm pha di trc x
Hnh 1.1a,b. Xy dng thc ca mt im
trn h thng hai mt phng hnh chiu
a)
b)
A
A
1
A
2
A
x
x
A A
1
1
x
A
x
2
A
2
2
A A A A 2 1 x
5
* xa ca mt im
- Ta c: gi l xa ca
im A
- Quy c:
+ xa dng : khi im A nm
pha trc
1
+ xa m: khi im A nm pha
sau
1
.
- Du hiu nhn bit trn thc:
+ xa dng: A
2
nm pha di
trc x
+ xa m: A
2
nm pha trn trc x
*Ch : Vi mt im A trong khng gian
c thc l mt cp hnh chiu A
1
, A
2
.
Ngc li cho thc A
1
A
2
, ta c th
xy dng li im A duy nht trong
khng gian. Nh vy thc ca mt
im A c tnh phn chuyn
Hnh 1.1a,b. Xy dng thc ca
mt im trn h thng hai mt
phng hnh chiu
x
A
x
A
2
2
A A A A 1 2 x
a)
A
A
1
A
2
A
x
x
2
b)
A
1
6
2 H thng ba mt phng hnh chiu
a) Xy dng thc
- Trong khng gian, ly ba mt phng
1
2
,
3
vung gc vi nhau tng i mt.
+ Gi x l giao im ca
1
v
2
(y =
1
2
)
+ Gi y l giao im ca
2
v
3
(y =
2
3
)
+ Gi z l giao im ca
1
v
3
(z =
1
3
)
- Chiu vung gc im A ln mt phng
1
,
2
v
3
ta nhn c cc hnh chiu A
1
,
A
2
v
A
3
- C nh mt phng
1
, quay mt phng
2
quanh ng thng x, quay mt phng
3
quanh trc z theo chiu quay c ch ra trn
Hnh 1.2.a cho n khi
2
trng vi
1
,
3
trng
vi
1
. Ta nhn c thc ca im A trong
h hai mt phng hnh chiu (Hnh 1.2.b)
Hnh 1.2a,b. Xy dng thc ca mt im
trn h thng ba mt phng hnh chiu
b)
A
A
1
x
A
x
A
2
a)
A
2
2
x
A
A
1
A
x
A
3
A
2
A
y
A
z
3
z
y
2
A
3
z
y
y
O
A
z
A
y
A
y
O
7
b) Cc nh ngha va tnh cht
B xung thm cc nh ngha
v tnh cht sau:
- Mt phng
3
: mt phng hnh chiu cnh
- ng thng x, y, z : trc hnh chiu
- A
3
: hnh chiu cnh ca im A
- Gi
- Trn thc:
+ A
1
, A
x
, A
2
cng nm trn mt ng
thng vung gc vi trc x gi l ng
dng thng ng
+ A
1
, A
z
, A
3
cng nm trn mt ng
thng song song vi trc x gi l ng
dng nm ngang.
Hnh 1.2a,b. Xy dng thc ca mt im
trn h thng ba mt phng hnh chiu
b)
A
A
1
x
A
x
A
2
a)
A
2
2
x
A
A
1
A
x
A
3
A
2
A
y
A
z
3
z
y
2
A
3
z
y
y
O
A
z
A
y
A
y
O
) AA (A z Az
) AA (A y Ay
) AA (A x Ax
3 1
3 2
2 1
8
b) Cc nh ngha va tnh cht (tip theo)
* xa cnh ca mt im
- Ta c:
gi l xa cnh ca im A
- Quy c:
+ xa cnh dng : khi im A nm
pha bn tri
3
+ xa cnh m: khi im A nm
pha bn phi
3
.
- Du hiu nhn bit trn thc:
+ xa cnh dng: A
3
nm pha bn
phi trc z
+ xa cnh m: A
3
nm pha bn tri
trc z
Hnh 1.2a,b. Xy dng thc ca mt im
trn h thng ba mt phng hnh chiu
b)
A
A
1
x
A
x
A
2
a)
A
2
2
x
A
A
1
A
x
A
3
A
y
A
z
3
z
y
2
A
3
z
y
y
O
A
z
A
y
A
y
O
A A OA A A A A 3 x 2 y 1 z
A
2
9
II Cch chuyn t ta cc sang thc
Hnh 1.3a,b Chuyn t ta Decac sang thc
b)
A
k
x(+)
A
x
A
2
x
z
2
z(+)
y(+)
y(+)
O
A
z
A
y
i
j
A
1
A
2
A
3
O
y
a)
A
1
- Trong ta cc vung gc im A(x
A
, y
A
, z
A
) (Hnh 1.3a)
- Trn thc chiu dng trc x,y,z c xc nh nh hnh v 1.3b.
- Chn trc hnh chiu x,y,z ln lt tng ng vi trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz. Cc
mt phng
1
,
2
,
3
ln lt tng ng vi mt phng (xOz), (xOy), (zOy)
V d: Chuyn t ta cc vung gc sang thc im A(3,4,5)
4
5
3
3
4
5
A
10
III Mt s nh ngha khc
1 Gc phn t
- Hai mt phng hnh chiu
1
,
2
vung gc vi nhau chia khng gian thnh bn
phn, mi phn c gi l mt gc phn t.
+ Phn khng gian pha trc
1
, trn
2
c gi l gc phn t th nht. (I)
+ Phn khng gian pha sau
1
, trn
2
c gi l gc phn t th hai. (II)
+ Phn khng gian pha sau
1
, di
2
c gi l gc phn t th ba. (III)
+ Phn khng gian pha trc
1
, di
2
c gi l gc phn t th t. (IV)
V d: T cho thc ca cc im A, B, C, D ln lt thuc cc gc phn t I, II, III, IV
Hnh 1.4. Gc phn t I, II, III, IV
A
2
2
( I )
( IV )
( III )
( II )
x
A
2
A
1
1
Hnh 1.5. Cc im A,B,C,D thuc
cc gc phn t I, II, III, IV
B
2
B
1
C
1
C
2
D
2
D
1
11
2 Mt phng phn gic
- C hai mt phng phn gic
+ Mt phng i qua trc x chia gc nh din phn t (I) v gc phn t (III) thnh
cc phn bng nhau gi l mt phng phn gic I. (Pg1)
+ Mt phng i qua trc x chia gc nh din phn t (II) v gc phn t (IV) thnh
cc phn bng nhau gi l mt phng phn gic II.(Pg2)
V d: V thc ca cc im A, B thuc mt phng phn gic I; C, D thuc mt phng
phn gic II, A thuc gc phn t (I), B thuc (III), C thuc (II), D thuc (IV)
Hnh 1.6. Mt phng phn gic I v II
A
2
2
( I )
( IV )
( III )
( II )
x
A
2
A
1
1
Hnh 1.7. thc cc im A,B,C,D thuc
mt phng phn gic (P1) v (P2)
(Pg1)
(Pg2)
B
1
B
2
C
1
=D
2
D
1
=C
2
x
A
x
B
x
C
x
D
x
12
IV- V hnh chiu th ba ca mt im trn thc
Bi ton: Cho hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng ca mt im, tm hnh chiu
cnh ca im trn thc.
V d: V hnh chiu cnh ca cc im A, B, C, D, E c cho trn thc
x(+)
A
x
A
2
A
3
z(+)
y(+)
O
A
z
A
y
A
y
A
1
y(+)
x(+)
B
x
B
2
B
3
z(+)
y(+)
O
B
z
B
y
B
y
B
1
x(+)
C
x
C
1
C
3
z(+)
y(+)
O
C
z
C
y
C
y
C
2
x(+)
D
x
D
2
D
3
z(+)
y(+)
O
D
z
D
y
D
y
D
1
y(+)
x(+)
E
x
=E
2
E
3
z(+)
y(+)
O
E
z
=E
y
E
1
a)
d)
c)
e)
b)
y(+)
y(+)
y(+)
B
y
E
y