1

Equations for Thermo-Fluids

All symbols used have their usual meaning.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Perfect Gases:
mRT pV = T nR pV
mol
=
mol
w
R
R
M
= =
v
p
c
c
R c c
v p
=

Note: Alternative symbols may have been used, i.e. W for M
w
and R
o
for R
mol


( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
T T mC U U
v
= ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
T T mC H H
p
=

For air: R=0.287kJ/kgK; 1.4 = ; C
p
=1.005kJ/kgK; C
v
=0.718kJ/kgK

R
mol
=8.3143kJ/kmolK
ENTHALPY: H=U+pV DISPLACEMENT WORK:
V
2
12
V
1
W pdV =
}

PROCESSES FOR PERFECT GASES:
Constant
Pressure
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
=
( )
1 2 12
V V p W = ( )
1 2 12
T T mC Q
p
=
Constant
Volume
2
2
1
1
T
p
T
p
=
12
W 0 = ( )
1 2 12
T T mC Q
v
=

Isothermal
2 2 1 1
V p V p =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1 1 12
ln
V
V
V p W

12 12
Q W =

Polytropic
n n
V p V p
2 2 1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
n
P
P
T T
1
1
2
1 2

( ) n 1
1
2 1
2
V
T T
V

| |
=
|
\ .

n
V p V p
W

=
1
1 1 2 2
12



( )
n
T T mR
W

=
1
1 2
12



12 12
1
W
n
Q
|
|
.
|

\
|

Isentropic

(Reversible
adiabatic)

2 2 1 1
V p V p =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1
2
1 2
P
P
T T
1
1
2 1
2
V
T T
V

| |
=
|
\ .

=
1
1 1 2 2
12
V p V p
W
( )


=
1
1 2
12
T T mR
W
0
12
= Q

By definition.

2
STEADY-FLOW ENERGY EQUATION:
2 2
2 1
2 1 2 1
c c
W= m (h h ) +g(z z )
2
(
+
(

Q
NON-FLOW ENERGY EQUATION: Q-W=AU

Gas Mixtures

Extensive Properties
i
U U =

i
H H =

(Other extensive properties follow the same form.)

Equation of state for a mixture of perfect gases

i
i
R
m
m
R

=
i
p
i
p
C
m
m
C

=

Relative molecular mass
i i
W x W = E
Proportions by volume, mole and mass

i
i i
i
i
x
n
n
p
p
V
V
= = =
i i i
i i
m x W
m
x W
=

Properties of vapours
h=(1x)h
f
+xh
g

u=(1x)u
f
+xu
g

v = (1x)v
f
+ x v
g

or v ~xv
g
for x>0.2


Hydrostatic equation: p=gh (Incompressible fluid)

Continuity Equation
(1-D steady compressible
flow)
Bernoullis Equation
Ideal, steady flow
Momentum Equation

1 1 1 2 2 2
m A c A c = =
2
p c
z Constant
g 2g
+ + =

( )
2 1
F m c c =



i v
i
v
C
m
m
C

=
Hydro-power
t
Power mgh
-
=