JAMMU AND KASHMIR DISPUTE:

EXAMINING VARIOUS PROPOSALS FOR ITS RESOLUTION

Fahmida Ashraf
Introduction
The Jammu and Kashmi Dis!u"e #e$eed "% as "he Kashmi Dis!u"e& is "he '%e issue (e")een
Pa*is"an and India "ha" has (ede+i,,ed e,a"i%ns (e")een "he ")% '%un"ies sin'e Au-us" ./012 I" is a,s% a
*n%)n $a'" "ha" "he !e'e!"i%ns %$ India and Pa*is"an a(%u" what constitutes the dispute ae "%"a,,3
di$$een"2 Pa*is"an e-ads i" as an un$inished a-enda %$ "he Pa"i"i%n %$ "he su(4'%n"inen" in ./01 and as
an issue %$ -an"in- "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n "% "he Kashmiis5 a !in'i!,e a,s% u!he,d (3 "he UN
Se'ui"3 6%un'i, es%,u"i%ns2 India5 %n "he %"he hand5 e-ads i" as i"s "ei"%ia, issue2 I" asse"s "ha"
Jammu and Kashmi is an in"e-a, !a" %$ India and "ha" Pa*is"an is %''u!3in- Indian "ei"%32 The
im!asse has esu,"ed )i"h India %''u!3in- ")% "hids %$ "he "ei"%3 %$ Jammu and Kashmi5 and Pa*is"an
adminis"ein- %ne4"hid5 )i"h an UN4e'%-nised 'ease$ie ,ine se!aa"in- "hem2
In "his '%nne'"i%n i" ma3 (e n%"ed "ha" "he Indian -%+enmen" ad%!"ed a dua, !%,i'3 %n "he Kashmi
dis!u"e2 F% e7am!,e5 $%,,%)in- "he ,andin- %$ Indian "%%!s in Jammu and Kashmi %n Au-us" 895 ./015
a" "he declaratory level5 "he Indian -%+enmen" e7!essed i"s '%mmi"men" "% es%,+e "he dis!u"e
a''%din- "% "he )ishes %$ "he Kashmiis "h%u-h a !,e(is'i"e5 (u" in !a'"i'e "he Indian ,eades5
!a"i'u,a,35 Pime Minis"e Nehu5 )ee in"ees"ed in in'%!%a"in- "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi in"%
"he Indian Uni%n2 In "he )%ds %$ Pandi" Nehu5 :Kashmi5 (e'ause %$ he -e%-a!hi'a, !%si"i%n5 )i"h he
$%n"ies ma'hin- )i"h "hee '%un"ies5 name,35 "he S%+ie" Uni%n5 6hina and A$-hanis"an5 is in"ima"e,3
'%nne'"ed )i"h "he se'ui"3 and in"ena"i%na, '%n"a'"s %$ India2;
.
Gandhi is e!%"ed "% ha+e said "ha"
Kashmi :had "he -ea"es" s"a"e-i' +a,ue5 !eha!s5 in a,, India2; Shei*h A(du,,ah5 )hi,e "a,*in- "% e!%"es
in Ne) De,hi %n O'"%(e 8.5 ./015 said: :Due "% "he s"a"e-i' !%si"i%n "ha" "he S"a"e #Kashmi& h%,ds5 i$
"his S"a"e <%ins "he Indian D%mini%n5 Pa*is"an )%u,d (e '%m!,e"e,3 en'i',ed2;
8
A,s%5 )hen "he !a"i"i%n %$
"he su(4'%n"inen" )as a''e!"ed (3 "he "hen Indian ,eades5 i" )as d%ne )i"h men"a, ese+a"i%ns5 and "he
h%!e "ha" Pa*is"an )%u,d n%" su+i+e $% ,%n-2 The A,,4India 6%n-ess 6%mmi""ee #AI66&5 in i"s es%,u"i%n
%$ June ./015 said: :"he !i'"ue %$ India )e ha+e ,eaned "% 'heish )i,, emain in %u minds and %u
hea"s2 The AI66 eanes",3 "us"s "ha" )hen "he !esen" !assi%ns ha+e su(sided5 India;s !%(,ems )i,, (e
e+ie)ed in "hei !%!e !es!e'"i+e and "he $a,se d%'"ine %$ ")%4na"i%ns )i,, (e dis'edi"ed and
dis'aded (3 a,,2;
=

Th%u-h Kashmi5 India h%!ed "% (e in a (e""e !%si"i%n "% s"an-u,a"e Pa*is"an (3 se'uin- a s"a"e-i'
ed-e and (3 ha+in- '%n"%, %+e "he i+es $,%)in- in"% Pa*is"an2 India mana-ed "% %("ain a ,and4,in* )i"h
Kashmi "h%u-h "he mani!u,a"ed Rad',i$$e A)ad2 >hi,e !a"i"i%nin- "he Pun<a(5 "he A)ad di+ided "he
Mus,im ma<%i"3 dis"i'" %$ Gudas!u in su'h a )a3 "ha"5 (esides Pa"han*%" "ehsi,5 e+en "he Mus,im
ma<%i"3 "ehsi,s %$ Gudas!u and ?a"a,a "% "he s%u"h )ee a)aded "% India2 India "hus -%" a''ess "%
Kashmi2 Thee ae s"%n- indi'a"i%ns "ha" M%un"(a""en had ea,ie ea'hed an undes"andin- )i"h "he
6%n-ess in es!e'" %$ Gudas!u dis"i'"2 As men"i%ned (3 V2 P2 Men%n5 M%un"(a""en5 duin- his +isi" "%
Kashmi in June ./015 )e,, (e$%e "he Rad',i$$e A)ad5 :assued "he Mahaa<a "ha" s% ,%n- as he made u!
his mind "% a''ede "% %ne D%mini%n % "he %"he (e$%e Au-us" .@ n% "%u(,e )i,, ensue5 $% )hi'h e+e
D%mini%n he a''eded "% )%u,d "a*e "he S"a"e $im,3 unde i"s !%"e'"i%n as !a" %$ i"s "ei"%32;
0
A,s%5
duin- his !ess '%n$een'e %n June 05 ./015 M%un"(a""en did men"i%n "ha" "he ?%unda3 6%mmissi%n
:)%u,d (e un,i*e,3 to throw "he )h%,e %$ "he Gudas!u dis"i'" in"% "he Mus,im ma<%i"3 aeas2;
@
As
%(se+ed (3 L%d ?id)%%d5 in his (%%* Two Nations and Kashmir, #./@9&5 :I" )as Rad',i$$e;s A)ad "%
India %$ "he Gudas!u and ?a"a,a "ehsi,s5 )i"h Mus,im ma<%i"ies5 )hi'h endeed !%ssi(,e "he
main"enan'e %$ an Indian $%'e a" Jammu5 (ased %n Pa"han*%" as ai,head5 and )hi'h ena(,ed India "%
'%ns%,ida"e he de$en'es s%u"h)ads a,, "he )a3 $%m Ui "% Pa*is"an (%de2;
9
This '%,,usi%n 'ame "% ,i-h"
a$"e "he ?i"ish Em!ie %,,ed (a'*5 ,ea+in- (ehind a $es"ein- dis!u"e2
The Kashmi dis!u"e d%mina"es Ind%4Pa*is"an e,a"i%ns5 and has a,s% (e'%me 'en"a, $% !ea'e and
s"a(i,i"3 in "he S%u"h Asian e-i%n2 Sin'e .//A i" has (een des'i(ed as a nu',ea $,ash!%in"2 I" is
un$%"una"e "ha" )hi,e in "he (e-innin- "he in"ena"i%na, '%mmuni"3 su!!%"ed "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,
Res%,u"i%ns5 %+e "he de'ades "hee has (een a ,essenin- %$ -%+enmen"a, in"ees"s in "ha" '%mmi"men"5
%$ "h%se +e3 '%un"ies su'h as Aus"a,ia5 UK and US5 )hi'h had ea,ie !,a3ed an a'"i+e ,eadin- %,e in
"he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, de(a"es and es%,u"i%ns )i"h a +ie) "% s%,+in- "he dis!u"e2 H%)e+e5 "he nu',ea
"es"s (3 India and Pa*is"an in Ma3 .//A ene)ed "he in"ees" %$ "he )%,d '%mmuni"3 in "he unes%,+ed
Kashmi dis!u"e in S%u"h Asia2 Th%u-h "he in"ena"i%na, '%n'en is !a,!a(,e %+e Kashmi (e'%min- a
!%"en"ia, nu',ea $,ash!%in"5 "he )%,d '%mmuni"3 a" "he !esen" <un'"ue has 3e" "% -i+e m%e "ee"h "% "he
Se'ui"3 6%un'i, es%,u"i%ns "ha" i" has ne-,e'"ed $% s% man3 3eas2 I" a,s% ne'essi"a"es "ha" "he
in"ena"i%na, '%mmuni"3 '%mes "% -i!s )i"h a,, "he in"e4e,a"ed as!e'"s and "he dimensi%ns %$ "he
dis!u"e2
The die need $% an u-en" s%,u"i%n "% "he Kashmi dis!u"e 'ame "% "he $%e e'en",35 as India and
Pa*is"an $a'ed ea'h %"he )i"h "hei amies de!,%3ed a" "hei (%des5 sin'e De'em(e ./5 8BB.5 )hen
India ann%un'ed i"s de'isi%n "% de!,%3 i"s "%%!s "% $%)ad !%si"i%ns a,%n- "he India4Pa*is"an
in"ena"i%na, (%de2 This Indian !%si"i%n in i"se,$ $%,,%)s e'en" !e'eden"s2
A dan-e%us "end "ha" has su$a'ed in "he !%s"4Se!"em(e ..5 8BB.5 in"ena"i%na, s'enai% is "he
uns!e'i$ied na"ue %$ Amei'a;s :an"i4"e%ism; 'am!ai-n5 in )hi'h "hee is a (,uin- %$ dis"in'"i%ns
(e")een "e%is" a'"i+i"ies and -enuine s"u--,es (3 %!!essed !e%!,e $% se,$4de"emina"i%n2 Ta*in-
ad+an"a-e %$ "he uns!e'i$ied na"ue %$ "he :an"i4"e%ism; 'am!ai-n5 "he ?JP -%+enmen" in India has
seiCed "he %!!%"uni"3 "% a""em!" "% ',in'h "he Kashmi dis!u"e a''%din- "% i"s %)n "hin*in-5 (3 e'as"in-
"he indi-en%us Kashmi s"u--,e as a "e%is" %ne2 I" is im!ea"i+e $% "he in"ena"i%na, '%mmuni"3 "% a'"
)i"h es!%nsi(i,i"3 and '%mmi"men"5 i$ i" has "% ensue "ha" su'h +es"ed in"ees"s d% n%" '%n$use issues $%
"hei %)n m%"i+a"ed ends5 and ,ead "% $u"he '%n$,a-a"i%ns2
Se,$4de"emina"i%n +is4D4+is Te%ism
The '%n'e!" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n is an in"ena"i%na,,3 e'%-nised n%m2 A''%din- "% D2 I<aC Hussain5
an e7!e" %n in"ena"i%na, ,a)5 "he '%n'e!" :s"a"ed as a !%,i"i'a, #% m%a,& i-h"; and ,a"e duin- "he
de'%,%nisa"i%n !ei%d :e+%,+ed in"% a ,e-a, i-h"2;
1
F% e7am!,e5 in ./.15 Lenin '%n'ei+ed i" as :!%,i"i'a,
se,$4de"emina"i%n "ha" is "he i-h" "% se'ede and $%m an inde!enden" s"a"e2;
A
In ./.A5 "he Amei'an
Pesiden"5 >%%d%) >i,s%n5 in',uded i" in "he $am%us $%u"een !%in"s and des'i(ed i" as :an im!ea"i+e
!in'i!,e %$ a'"i%n2;
/
A de+e,%!men" in "his '%nne'"i%n )as "he UN Genea, Assem(,3 Res%,u"i%n .@.05
ad%!"ed in ./9B2 Paa-a!hs 8 and = %$ "he es%,u"i%n !%',aimed "ha" :a,, !e%!,es ha+e "he i-h" "% se,$4
de"emina"i%n and ,a'* %$ !%,i"i'a,5 e'%n%mi'5 s%'ia, % edu'a"i%na, !e!aedness '%u,d n%" (e a -%und
$% de,a3in- inde!enden'e2;
.B
A,s%5 A"i',e .#8& %$ "he UN 6ha"e5 #6ha!"e I :Pu!%ses and Pin'i!,es;&5
s"a"es: :T% de+e,%! $iend,3 e,a"i%ns am%n- na"i%ns (ased %n es!e'" $% "he !in'i!,e %$ eEua, i-h"s and
se,$4de"emina"i%n %$ !e%!,e5 and "% "a*e %"he a!!%!ia"e measues "% s"en-"hen uni+esa, !ea'e2;
..
O"he e,a"ed im!%"an" d%'umen"s ae "he ")% In"ena"i%na, Human Ri-h"s 6%+enan"s5 ad%!"ed in ./992
The ")% 6%+enan"s 4 :In"ena"i%na, 6%+enan" %n 6i+i, and P%,i"i'a, Ri-h"s; and :In"ena"i%na, 6%n+enan" %n
E'%n%mi'5 S%'ia, and 6u,"ua, Ri-h"s; 4 'ame in"% $%'e in ./192 The '%mm%n a"i',e . #.&5 in'%!%a"ed in
(%"h "he 6%+enan"s5 s"a"es: :A,, !e%!,es ha+e "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n2 ?3 +i"ue %$ "ha" i-h" "he3
$ee,3 de"emine "hei !%,i"i'a, s"a"us and $ee,3 !usue "hei e'%n%mi'5 s%'ia, and 'u,"ua, de+e,%!men"2;
.8
An%"he im!%"an" d%'umen" is "he UN Genea, Assem(,3 Res%,u"i%n 898@5 ad%!"ed in ./1B5 en"i",ed:
:De',aa"i%n %n Pin'i!,es %$ In"ena"i%na, La) 6%n'enin- Fiend,3 Re,a"i%ns and 6%4%!ea"i%n Am%n-
S"a"es2; The es%,u"i%n :e'%-nises "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n in $a+%u %$ an %!!essed !e%!,e )i"hin
an inde!enden" s"a"e2;
.=
An im!%"an" !%in" "% n%"e is "ha" +ai%us in"ena"i%na, '%n+en"i%ns %n "e%ism ha+e a,s% !%in"ed %u"
"he di$$een'e (e")een s"u--,es $% se,$4de"emina"i%n and a'"s %$ "e%ism2 F% e7am!,e5 "he UN
Genea, Assem(,3 Res%,u"i%n ==.0 #XXIX& %n "he :De$ini"i%n %$ A--essi%n;5 ad%!"ed in De'em(e ./105
in A"i',e 1 s"a"es: Nothing in this definition, and in particular Article 3 could in any way prejudice the right
of self-determination, freedom, and independence, as derived from the harter, of peoples forci!ly
deprived of that right and referred to in the "eclaration on #rinciples of $nternational %aw concerning
Friendly &elations and ooperation among 'tates in accordance with the harter of the (nited Nations,
particularly peoples under colonial and racist regimes or other forms of alien domination) or the right of
these peoples to struggle to that end and see* and receive support+, The Uni"ed Na"i%ns5 in De'em(e
./1/5 ad%!"ed an In"ena"i%na, 6%n+en"i%n A-ains" "he Ta*in- %$ H%s"a-es #'ame in"% $%'e June ./A=&2 I"
de',aes "ha" i": shall not apply to an act of hostage-ta*ing committed in the course of armed conflicts ---
in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes
in the e.ercise of their right of self-determination, as enshrined in the harter of the (nited Nations and
the "eclaration on principles of $nternational %aw---, #A"i',e .8&- Simi,a,35 "he :6%n+en"i%n %n 6%m(a"in-
In"ena"i%na, Te%ism; ad%!"ed (3 "he OI6 in .///5 s"a"es in i"s !eam(,e the legitimacy of the rights of
peoples to struggle against foreign occupation and colonialist and racist regimes !y all means, including
armed struggle to li!erate their territories in compliance with the purposes and principles of the harter
and resolutions of the (nited Nations,2 Re'en",35 :The A,ma"3 De',aa"i%n; si-ned a" "he end %$ "he
:6%n$een'e %n In"ea'"i%n and 6%n$iden'e ?ui,din- Measues in Asia; #6I6A&5 he,d in KaCa*hs"an in June
8BB85 )hi,e '%ndemnin- "e%ism in a,, $%ms s"a"es in !aa .A5 /e reaffirm the right of people living
under foreign occupation for self-determination in accordance with the (N harter and $nternational law-,
As em!hasised (3 D2 Shieen M2 MaCai5 :a" !esen"5 "hee is a,s% "he im!ea"i+e "% undes"and "he
'en"a,i"3 %$ "he !in'i!,e %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n "% in"ena"i%na, ,a) (e'ause -i+en "he !esen" an"i4"e%is"
'%a,i"i%n "ha" is (ui,din- u!5 "he m%+es $% an in"ena"i%na, '%n+en"i%n %n "e%ism ae -%in- "% ea'h a
'%n',usi%n mu'h s%%ne "han )%u,d %"he)ise ha+e (een !%ssi(,e2 The UN is !esen",3 s"ud3in- a
num(e %$ da$"s %n "e%ism5 in',udin- "he %ne ad%!"ed (3 "he OI65 )hi'h has (een !esen"ed %n (eha,$
%$ "he OI62 Thee is a,s% an Indian da$"5 )hi'h in i"s !esen" $%m )%u,d (e in+a,id in "ems %$ "he Vienna
6%n+en"i%n %n "he La) %$ Tea"ies sin'e i" d%es n%" dis"in-uish "he !in'i!,e %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n2 Un,ess
"he n%m %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n is !ese+ed5 "he $i-h" a-ains" "e%ism )i,, (e'%me de+%id %$ in"ena"i%na,
,e-a,i"32;
.0
Ta*in- ad+an"a-e %$ "he in"ena"i%na, 'am!ai-n a-ains" "e%ism5 "he Indian ?JP -%+enmen" has
s"e!!ed u! i"s ")%4!%n-ed e$$%"s "% ha+e Pa*is"an de',aed a "e%ism4s!%ns%in- s"a"e5 and !%<e'" "he
Kashmii s"u--,e $% se,$4de"emina"i%n in "he Indian4he,d Kashmi as :"e%is"; a'"i+i"32 Unde "he
'i'ums"an'es5 i" is im!%"an" "% undes"and "he ea, -enesis %$ an3 s"u--,e5 e+en mi,i"a3 s"u--,es5
(e$%e ,a(e,,in- "hem % "he %-anisa"i%ns in+%,+ed5 as "e%is"s2 The indi-en%us s"u--,e $% se,$4
de"emina"i%n in "he Indian4he,d Kashmi5 e'%-nised a,s% (3 "he UN5 is a !ime e7am!,e5 )hee "he
%!!essed !e%!,e ha+e (een $%'ed "% "a*e u! ams $% "hei i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n5 and as a
measue %$ esis"an'e a-ains" "he e7'esses (ein- '%mmi""ed (3 m%e "han 1BB5BBB Indian amed $%'es
!es%nne,5 de!,%3ed a,, %+e "he Indian4%''u!ied aeas5 "% e,imina"e "he esis"an'e2
O+e "he 3eas5 +ai%us s%,u"i%ns $% es%,+in- "he Kashmi dis!u"e ha+e (een su--es"ed5 in "he Uni"ed
Na"i%ns5 and (3 in"ena"i%na, %(se+es and s!e'ia,is"s %n S%u"h Asia2 H%)e+e5 (e'ause %$ "he
in"ansi-en'e %$ "he su''essi+e Indian -%+enmen"s5 n%ne %$ "he !%!%sed s%,u"i%ns '%u,d e+e (e
dis'ussed % im!,emen"ed2 This !a!e aims a" ana,3sin- "he +ai%us !%!%sed %!"i%ns and addess "he
im!%"an" Eues"i%n: >ha" '%u,d (e a +ia(,e s%,u"i%n %$ "he Kashmi dis!u"eF H%)e+e5 (e$%e e7aminin-
"hese !%!%sa,s5 i" is ne'essa3 "% (e ',ea a(%u" "he na"ue %$ "he dis!u"e i"se,$2
PART I
KASHMIR DISPUTE: KEG ASPE6TS
?e$%e )e dis'uss "he +ai%us !%!%sed %!"i%ns5 i" is im!%"an" "% $is" undes"and "he na"ue %$ "he
dis!u"e (e")een India and Pa*is"an5 )hi'h !%+ides "he (a'*d%! "% "he %$$i'ia, s"a"emen"s and !%si"i%ns
"a*en (3 (%"h -%+enmen"s in "he !%s"4./0140A !ei%d5 )hen India $is" "%%* "he Kashmi 'ase "% "he
Uni"ed Na"i%ns2 The $%,,%)in- ae "he *e3 as!e'"s %$ "his ,%n-4s"andin- dis!u"e2
1. Legacy of the Partition of the Sub-continent in 1947: The su(4'%n"inen" )as !a"i"i%ned %n "he
a-eed !in'i!,e "ha" '%n"i-u%us Mus,im ma<%i"3 aeas )ee "% (e se!aa"ed $%m "he '%n"i-u%us
n%n4Mus,im ma<%i"3 aeas5 "% $%m "he ")% inde!enden" s"a"es %$ Pa*is"an and India2
.@
Thee
)ee a(%u" @98 Pin'e,3 S"a"es5 )hi'h e7is"ed unde "he %+ea,, !aam%un"'3 %$ "he ?i"ish
6%)n2 The 6a(ine" Missi%n5 in i"s s"a"emen" %$ Ma3 .95 ./095 ',ai$ied "ha" :Paam%un"'3 '%u,d
nei"he (e e"ained (3 "he ?i"ish 6%)n n% "ans$eed "% "he ne) G%+enmen";2
.9
A,s%5 in
Se'"i%n 1 %$ "he Indian Inde!enden'e A'"5 ./015 i" )as s"a"ed "ha" : "he suCeain"3 %$ His Ma<es"3
%+e "he Indian S"a"es ,a!ses2; Thus5 ,e-a,,3 "he Pin'e,3 S"a"es (e'ame inde!enden"2
.1
H%)e+e5
"he ,as" ?i"ish Vi'e%3 L%d M%un"(a""en5 duin- his addess "% "he 6ham(e %$ Pin'es %n Ju,3
8@5 ./015 asse"ed "ha" :"he u,es )ee "e'hni'a,,3 a" ,i(e"3 "% ,in* )i"h ei"he %$ "he d%mini%n
#India % Pa*is"an&;2
.A
As e-ads "he 'i"eia "% (e $%,,%)ed5 he he,d "ha" :n%ma,,3 -e%-a!hi'a,
si"ua"i%n and '%mmuna, in"ees"s and s% $%"h )i,, (e "he $a'"%s "% (e '%nsideed2;
./
On +ai%us
%''asi%ns (e")een June and Ju,3 ./015 Huaid4e4ACam5 "he G%+en% Genea,4desi-na"e %$ "he
ne) S"a"e %$ Pa*is"an5 s"a"ed5 :The ,e-a, !%si"i%n is "ha" )i"h "he ,a!se %$ Paam%un"'3 %n "he
"ans$e %$ !%)e (3 "he ?i"ish a,, Indian S"a"es )%u,d au"%ma"i'a,,3 e-ain "hei $u,, s%+eei-n
and inde!enden" s"a"us2 The3 ae5 "hee$%e5 $ee "% <%in ei"he %$ "he ")% D%mini%ns % "% emain
inde!enden"2 The Mus,im Lea-ue e'%-nises "he i-h" %$ ea'h S"a"e "% 'h%%se i"s des"in32 I" has
n% in"en"i%n %$ '%e'in- an3 S"a"e in"% ad%!"in- an3 !a"i'u,a '%use %$ a'"i%n2;
8B
?3 Au-us" .@5
./015 "he ma<%i"3 %$ "he Pin'e,3 S"a"es5 %)in- "% "hei -e%-a!hi'a, '%n"i-ui"3 and Hindu
!%!u,a"i%n5 <%ined India )hi,e %n,3 "en <%ined Pa*is"an2 H%)e+e5 dis!u"es %+e inde!enden'e
a%se )i"h India in "he 'ase %$ "hee Pin'e,3 S"a"es5 name,3 Juna-adh5 H3dea(ad and Jammu
and Kashmi2
8.

Juna-adh5 a mai"ime s"a"e in Ka"hia)a5 )i"h a Mus,im u,e and a Hindu ma<%i"3 !%!u,a"i%n5
de'ided "% a''ede "% Pa*is"an %n Au-us" .@5 ./012 ?3 midd,e %$ Se!"em(e ./01 Pa*is"an
a''e!"ed "he a''essi%n2 India ea'"ed (3 'i"i'isin- Pa*is"an;s a''e!"an'e as : in u""e +i%,a"i%n %$
"he !in'i!,es %n )hi'h Pa*is"an )as a-eed u!%n and e$$e'"ed2;
88
On Se!"em(e .15 India
de!,%3ed "%%!s a%und Juna-adh and (3 N%+em(e ./01 India had mi,i"ai,3 anne7ed "he S"a"e5
as i"s $is" e7!ansi%nis" a'" a$"e "he !a"i"i%n %$ ./012 I" is "% (e n%"ed "ha" "his ha!!ened )hen
Pa*is"an had n% de$en'e s"u'"ue %$ an3 s%"2 Pa*is"an;s '%m!,ain"5 ',aimin- Juna-adh as i"s
"ei"%35 is s"i,, !endin- (e$%e "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,2 Simi,a,35 H3dea(ad5 a,s% )i"h a Mus,im u,e
and a ma<%i"3 Hindu !%!u,a"i%n5 des!i"e Indian !essues5 de'ided "% emain inde!enden" and in
$a'" e7e'u"ed a S"ands"i,, A-eemen" )i"h India in N%+em(e ./015 )hi'h India du,3 si-ned2
H%)e+e5 India '%n"inued "% in'ease !essue %n H3dea(ad and (3 "he midd,e %$ ./0A had
im!%sed an e'%n%mi' (,%'*ade as )e,, as 'aied %u" (%de aids2 Duin- a !a,iamen"a3
de(a"e5 %n Ju,3 =B5 ./0A5 "he "hen ?i"ish Pime Minis"e5 >ins"%n 6hu'hi,, e$eed "% a s!ee'h
(3 Pandi" Nehu made in "he ,as" )ee* %$ Ju,35 ./015 in )hi'h he had de',aed5 :I$ and )hen )e
'%nside i" ne'essa3 )e )i,, s"a" mi,i"a3 %!ea"i%ns a-ains" H3dea(ad2;
8=
6%mmen"in- %n "his
ema*5 >ins"%n 6hu'hi,, said :I" seems "% me "ha" "his is "he s%" %$ "hin- )hi'h mi-h" ha+e (een
said (3 Hi",e (e$%e "he de+%uin- %$ Aus"ia2;
80
On Au-us" 805 ./0A5 H3dea(ad $i,ed a '%m!,ain"
(e$%e "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,5 (u" (e$%e "he 'ase )as head (e$%e "he 6%un'i,5 H3dea(ad )as
mi,i"ai,3 anne7ed (3 India %n Se!"em(e .=5 ./0A2
>hi,e India ,aid ',aim %n "he %"he ")% Pin'e,3 S"a"es %n "he (asis %$ "hem (ein- Hindu
ma<%i"3 aeas5 as )e,, as -e%-a!hi'a,,3 '%n"i-u%us "% India5 and "ha" "he !a"i"i%n %$ "he su(4
'%n"inen" )as a-eed "% %n "hese !in'i!,es5 i" did n%" a!!,3 "he same !in'i!,e "% "he Jammu and
Kashmi S"a"e5 )hi'h had a Mus,im ma<%i"3 !%!u,a"i%n5 unde a Hindu u,e )h% )as in $a+%u %$
emainin- inde!enden"2 Duin- "he !e+i%us hunded 3eas5 "he su(<e'"s %$ "he Jammu and
Kashmi S"a"e had (een in a s"a"e %$ %n-%in- seies %$ e+%,"s a-ains" "he D%-a u,es2 >hen
Pa"i"i%n "%%* !,a'e5 "he Mus,im ma<%i"3 !%!u,a"i%n %$ Jammu and Kashmi )as in $a+%u %$
<%inin- Pa*is"an5 )heeas "he Hindu Mahaa<a )as e,u'"an"5 h%!in- "ha" he )%u,d e"ain his
inde!enden'e2 In"ena,,35 "hee )ee a,ead3 "ensi%ns due "% e!essi+e measues %$ "he
Mahaa<a a-ains" "he Mus,ims2
8@
The si"ua"i%n $u"he de"ei%a"ed )hen5 "%)ads "he end %$ Ju,3
./015 "he Mahaa<a %deed "he Mus,ims "% suende "hei ams "% "he !%,i'e5 and '%mmuna,
+i%,en'e eu!"ed2 In "he Jammu !%+in'e5 hundeds %$ Mus,ims )ee massa'ed (3 "he Hindus
and Si*hs5 )h% a""a'*ed Mus,im +i,,a-es2 The massa'e )as %ne %$ "he $is" a""em!"s %$ e"hni'
',eansin-5 )hi'h5 in $a'"5 had (e-un e+en (e$%e inde!enden'e5 )i"h "he '%nni+an'e %$ "he ,%'a,
adminis"a"i%n '%m!isin- uni"s %$ "he Mahaa<a;s Am3 and P%,i'e2 In Au-us" ./015 %n "he e+e %$
Pa"i"i%n5 P%%n'h e+%,"ed a-ains" "he Mahaa<a;s u,e and in Se!"em(e ./015 "he Mus,im
!%!u,a"i%n ,i(ea"ed "he aea $%m "he S"a"e P%,i'e2
89
A''%din- "% s%me es"ima"es5 (e")een
Au-us"4O'"%(e ./015 in "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi %u" %$ "he Mus,im !%!u,a"i%n %$
@BB5BBB a(%u" 8BB5BBB <us" disa!!eaed5 !esuma(,3 )ee *i,,ed5 and man3 Mus,ims $%m am%n-
"he es" $,ed "% "he nei-h(%uin- >es" Pa*is"an #n%) Pa*is"an&2
81

An%"he si-ni$i'an" de+e,%!men" %$ "he "ime )as "ha" %n Au-us" .85 ./015 "he "hen Pime
Minis"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi5 Jana* Sin-h5 !%!%sed a :S"ands"i,, A-eemen"; "% (%"h India and
Pa*is"an2 This )as a-eed "% and si-ned (3 Pa*is"an %n Au-us" .@5 (u" India )as e,u'"an" and
su--es"ed $u"he dis'ussi%ns5 *ee!in- ma""es !endin-2 E+en"ua,,3 n% dis'ussi%n "%%* !,a'e
and5 "hus5 "he :S"ands"i,, A-eemen"; )as ne+e si-ned (3 "he Indian -%+enmen" )i"h "he
Mahaa<a %$ Kashmi e+en "h%u-h i" had si-ned a S"ands"i,, A-eemen" %n N%+em(e 8/5 ./015
)i"h H3dea(ad5 sin'e Pime Minis"e Nehu had %"he !,ans "% anne7 "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and
Kashmi2
In O'"%(e ./015 "hee )as a e+%," (3 "he Mus,im !%!u,a"i%n a-ains" "he Mahaa<a2 He $,ed
$%m "he 'a!i"a, Sina-a "% Jammu %n O'"%(e 895 ./015 and a!!ea,ed "% India $% he,!2 India
',aims "ha" "he Mahaa<a si-ned "he :Ins"umen" %$ A''essi%n; %n O'"%(e 895 $%,,%)in- )hi'h "he
Indian $%'es ,anded in "he S"a"e su!!%sed,3 %n O'"%(e 815 ./012 Re-adin- "he si-nin- %$ "he
Ins"umen" %$ A''essi%n5 i"s "imin-5 "ems and '%ndi"i%ns5 and "he "imin- %$ "he ,andin- %$ Indian
"%%!s5 ae a,, '%n"%+esia,2 The s"ud3 %$ his"%i'a, e+en"s sh%)s "ha" ini"ia,,3 "he Mahaa<a sen"
"he De!u"3 Pime Minis"e5 R2 L2 ?a"a5 "% Ne) De,hi5 %n O'"%(e 805 )i"h a :,e""e %$ a''essi%n "%
India; )hi'h '%u,d n%" (e si-ned2 M2 ?a"a5 in Ne) De,hi5 he,d dis'ussi%ns )i"h :)h% )%u,d ,is"en
"% himI (u" his missi%n )as $ui",ess2;
8A
A''%din- "% ?i"ish his"%ian5 A,as"ai Lam(5 "his )as
:'e"ain,3 n% (,an*e" un'%ndi"i%na, Ins"umen" %$ A''essi%n (u" a"he a s"a"emen" %$ "he "ems
u!%n )hi'h an ass%'ia"i%n (e")een "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi and "he Indian D%mini%n
mi-h" (e ne-%"ia"ed in e"un $% mi,i"a3 assis"an'e2 The Indian side ha+e (een 'ae$u, "% a+%id
s!e'i$i' e$een'e "% "his !a"i'u,a d%'umen" in "hei des'i!"i%ns %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and
Kashmi;s !,ea $% assis"an'e2 I" is !%(a(,e "ha" i" in+%,+ed n% m%e "han a "%*en diminu"i%n %$
"he S"a"e;s s%+eei-n"32 I" 'e"ain,3 did n%" !%+ide $% an adminis"a"i%n in "he S"a"e %$ Jammu
and Kashmi !esided %+e (3 Shei*h A(du,,ah2;
8/

M%e%+e5 esea'h a,s% sh%)s "ha" Indian ,eades )ee n%" in $a+%u %$ si-nin- "he
Ins"umen" %$ A''essi%n (e$%e an3 mi,i"a3 he,! )as !%+ided "% "he Mahaa<a2 As has (een
men"i%ned a(%+e "he Mahaa<a )as n%" in $a+%u %$ un'%ndi"i%na, suende %$ s%+eei-n"32
Pandi" Nehu5 h%)e+e5 )as %$ "he +ie) "ha" )ha" )as eEuied )as not so much the formalities
of accession as some pragmatic arrangement where!y the 0aharaja,s government might !e
o!liged to colla!orate politically with 'hei*h A!dullah and his National onference, !olstered in
power !y $ndian arms-,
=B
A,s%5 duin- "he Indian De$en'e 6%mmi""ee mee"in- %n O'"%(e 8@5
./015 )hi'h dis'ussed "he si"ua"i%n in Jammu and Kashmi5 V2 P2 Men%n s"essed5 it would
technically !e 1uite proper for $ndia to send its forces to the 'tate of 2ammu and Kashmir without
its prior accession to $ndia, !e it definitive or provisional-,
=.

Su(seEuen" esea'h has a,s% "h%)n d%u("s %n "he %$$i'ia, Indian +esi%n5 )hi'h ',aims "ha"
i"s in"e+en"i%n )as ,e-a,5 (asin- i" %n "he si-nin- %$ "he s%4'a,,ed :Ins"umen" %$ A''essi%n;
si-ned (3 Mahaa<a Hai Sin-h2 A''%din- "% "he ?i"ish his"%ian A,as"ai Lam(5 "he Mahaa<a
)as $%'ed "% si-n a '%ndi"i%na, Ins"umen" %$ A''essi%n after "he Indian "%%!s had ,anded a"
Sina-a2
=8
As "he In"ena"i%na, La) e7!e" D2 I<aC Hussain !%in"s %u"5 a"i',e 0/ %$ "he Vienna
6%n+en"i%n %n "he La) %$ Tea"ies s"a"es5 :A "ea"3 is in+a,id i$ i"s '%n',usi%n is !%'ued (3 "he
"hea" % use %$ $%'e in +i%,a"i%n %$ "he !in'i!,es %$ "he 6ha"e %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns2; Thee$%e5
"he $a'" "ha" "he Ins"umen" %$ A''essi%n )as si-ned unde duess in "he !esen'e %$ Indian
"%%!s :!%in"s "% "he use %$ $%'e in %("ainin- '%nsen" %$ "he Mahaa<a "% "he said Ins"umen"2 This
ma*es i" !a"en",3 de$e'"i+e2;
==
The ne7" si-ni$i'an" e,emen" in "ha" dama )as "he '%nni+an'e %$ L%d M%un"(a""en5 (%"h as
%u"4-%in- Vi'e%3 and ,a"e as "he $is" G%+en% Genea, %$ India2 >hi,e e'ei+in- "he Ins"umen"
%$ A''essi%n e-adin- "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi5 L%d M%un"(a""en5 e7!,i'i",3 s"a"ed in
his a''e!"an'e ,e""e %$ O'"%(e 815 ./015 addessed "% "he Mahaa<a5 "ha" :Ji" is m3
G%+enmen";s )ish "ha" as s%%n as ,a) and %de ha+e (een es"%ed in Kashmi and he s%i,
',eaed %$ "he in+ade5 "he Eues"i%n %$ S"a"e;s a''essi%n sh%u,d (e se"",ed (3 "he e$een'e "% "he
!e%!,e2;
=0
India;s mi,i"a3 in"e+en"i%n in Jammu and Kashmi in O'"%(e ./01 )as a,s% a''%m!anied (3
"he s%,emn assuan'es %$ "he Indian G%+enmen" "% "he G%+enmen" %$ Pa*is"an "ha" "he $ina,
de'isi%n )%u,d (e in a''%dan'e )i"h "he )ishes %$ "he !e%!,e %$ "he S"a"e2 The Indian Pime
Minis"e in a "e,e-am5 da"ed O'"%(e 815 ./015 "% "he Pime Minis"e %$ Pa*is"an s"a"ed: $ should
li*e to ma*e it clear that the 1uestion of aiding Kashmir in the emergency is not designed in any
way to influence the 'tate to accede to $ndia- 3ur view which we have repeatedly made pu!lic is
that the 1uestion of accession in any disputed territory or 'tate must !e decided in accordance
with the wishes of the people and we adhere to this view-, In an%"he "e,e-am da"ed O'"%(e =.5
./015 Pime Minis"e Nehu a-ain !,ed-ed: 3ur assurance that we shall withdraw our troops
from Kashmir as soon as peace and order are restored and leave the decision regarding the
future of this 'tate to the people of the state is not merely a promise to your 4overnment !ut also
to the people of Kashmir and to the world,- A-ain5 %n N%+em(e 85 ./015 in a (%ad'as" %n A,,4
India Radi%5 Pime Minis"e Nehu de',aed "ha" "he G%+enmen" %$ India was prepared when
peace and order have !een esta!lished in Kashmir to have a referendum held under international
auspices li*e the (nited Nations-,
=@
These s"a"emen"s e$,e'" "he :'%ndi"i%na, and !%+isi%na,;
na"ue %$ "he s%4'a,,ed a''essi%n2 As has (een !%in"ed %u" (3 D2 I<aC Hussain i" es"a(,ishes "ha"
:"he a''essi%n %$ Kashmi "% India )as n%" '%m!,e"e5 $ina, and ie+%'a(,e as '%n"ended (3 India2
I" )as n% m%e "han an ad h%' and "em!%a3 aan-emen" and )as su(<e'" "% e$een'e "% "he
!e%!,e $% i"s $ina, dis!%sa,2;
=9
India e!ea"ed "he same '%mmi"men" %$ de'idin- "he Eues"i%n %$ "he a''essi%n %$ Jammu
and Kashmi in a''%dan'e )i"h "he )ishes %$ "he !e%!,e %$ "he S"a"e5 )hen i" "%%* "he issue "%
"he Uni"ed Na"i%ns in Janua3 ./0A2 The Indian e!esen"a"i+e made "his '%mmi"men" in "he UN
#dis'ussed in se'"i%n %n Ri-h" %$ Se,$4de"emina"i%n&2 A,"h%u-h India "%%* "he issue unde 6ha!"e
VI5 "i",ed KPa'i$i' Se"",emen" %$ Dis!u"esL %$ "he UN 6ha"e5 and n%" unde 6ha!"e VII5 "i",ed
KA'"i%n )i"h es!e'" "% Thea"s "% "he Pea'e5 ?ea'hes %$ "he Pea'e5 and A'"s %$ A--essi%nL5 "he
Indian e$$%"s )ee "% -e" Pa*is"an de',aed as an :a--ess%;2 The Indian Re!esen"a"i+e "% "he
UN in !aa 9 %$ "he ,e""e5 da"ed Janua3 .5 ./0A5 s"a"ed: :The -a+e "hea" "% "he ,i$e and !%!e"3
%$ inn%'en" !e%!,e in "he Kashmi Va,,e3 and "he se'ui"3 %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi "ha"
had de+e,%!ed as a esu," %$ "he in+asi%n %$ "he Va,,e3 demanded immedia"e de'isi%ns (3 "he
G%+enmen" %$ India2;
=1
As L%d ?id)%%d5 ?i"ish his"%ian5 %(se+ed5 :I,,e-a, a'" %$ a--essi%n (3
Pa*is"an and a ,e-a, a''essi%n %$ Kashmi "% India is5 "hee$%e5 "he (asis %$ "he Indian 'ase2;
=A
A,s%5 im!%"an" "% n%"e ae "he a-umen"s %$ "he Indian s!%*esman5 duin- "he dis'ussi%ns in "he
Se'ui"3 6%un'i, in Janua3 ./0A5 )hee he s"essed5 :>e ha+e e$eed "% "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, a
sim!,e and s"ai-h"$%)ad issueJThe )i"hda)a, and e7!u,si%n %$ "he aides and "he in+ades
$%m "he s%i, %$ KashmiJ;
=/
M%e%+e5 A2 S2 Annand5 a Jud-e %$ Hi-h 6%u" %$ Jammu and
Kashmi5 in his (%%* )i"es: :The -%+enmen" %$ India a!!ea,ed "% "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,5 "% as* "he
G%+enmen" %$ Pa*is"an: #.& "% !e+en" -%+enmen" !es%nne,5 mi,i"a3 and 'i+i,5 !a"i'i!a"in- in
% assis"in- "he in+asi%n %$ Jammu and Kashmi S"a"eI #8& "% 'a,, u!%n %"he Pa*is"ani na"i%na,s
"% desis" $%m "a*in- an3 !a" in "he $i-h"in- in Jammu and Kashmi S"a"eJ;
0B
As e-ads "he '%n"%+es3 %$ :in+ades; % :aides; $%m Pa*is"an5 as a,,e-ed (3 India5
a''%din- "% esea'h (3 A,as"ai Lam(5 "he Pa"han "i(esmen $%m "he Pa*is"ani side5 '%ssed
%+e %n "he ni-h" %$ 8.M88 O'"%(e ./01 :a" "he in+i"a"i%n %$ in"ena, e,emen"s in "he !%,i"i'a,
s"u--,e "hen -%in- %n in "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi2 The ',eain- %$ "he )a3 in"% "he S"a"e
a" D%me, )as n%" "ha" %$ $%'ed en"3 (3 "he "i(esmen (u" %$ a -a"e (ein- %!ened5 as i" )ee5 (3
e(e,s )i"hin "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi2;
0.
Thee$%e5 "he en"3 %$ "i(esmen 'ann%" (e
e-aded as :a--essi%n; as "emed (3 India2
H%)e+e5 )hen India ea,ised "ha" i"s ini"ia, a""em!"s had $ai,ed and "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns5 )hi'h
in ',ea4'u" "ems5 a,s% su!!%"ed "he i-h" %$ "he se,$4de"emina"i%n %$ "he !e%!,e %$ Jammu and
Kashmi5 India s"a"ed "% )i--,e %u" %$ i"s %i-ina, '%mmi"men"s2 F% e7am!,e5 %n Janua3 8B5
./0A5 "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, "h%u-h Res%,u"i%n =/ es"a(,ished a media"%3 '%mmissi%n 4 "he
Uni"ed Na"i%ns 6%mmissi%n %n India and Pa*is"an #UN6IP& 4 "% :in+es"i-a"e "he $a'"s !usuan" "%
A"i',e =0 %$ "he 6ha"e %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns5;
08
>hen India sa) "ha" i"s e$$%" "% -e" Pa*is"an
de',aed as an :a--ess%; )as n%" end%sed (3 "he UN5 in "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, dis'ussi%ns5 i"
"hen ad%!"ed di$$ein- a""i"udes %n +ai%us %''asi%ns2 As %(se+ed (3 "he ?i"ish s'h%,a5 R%sa,3n
Hi--ins5 :Pa*is"an ',ea,3 $e," "ha" n% im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"e '%u,d "a*e !,a'e unde Shei*h A(du,,ah;s
-%+enmen"I )heeas5 India5 )hi,e '%n'edin- "he !%ssi(i,i"3 %$ a Na"i%na, Assem(,3 (ein-
e,e'"ed5 ',ea,3 "h%u-h" i" sh%u,d (e d%ne )hi,e A(du,,ah )as s"i,, ,eade2 This in "un ,ed "%
disa-eemen" %n "he UN;s %,e5 Pa*is"an )ishin- i" "% ha+e "em!%a3 adminis"a"i+e au"h%i"35
and India (e,ie+in- i" sh%u,d ha+e an ad+isin- and %(se+in- 'a!a'i"32 A(%+e a,, India e-aded
a''essi%n as '%m!,e"e5 and esen"ed "he +ie) %$ man3 Se'ui"3 6%un'i, mem(es "ha" L%d
M%un"(a""en;s ,e""e e-adin- a''essi%n )as an in"e-a, !a" %$ "he "ems %$ a''essi%n2;
0=
I" ma3
(e e'a,,ed "ha" L%d M%un"(a""en in his ,e""e "% "he Mahaa<a5 da"ed O'"%(e 815 ./015 e7!,i'i",3
s"a"ed "ha" $ina,,3 :"he Eues"i%n %$ "he S"a"e;s a''essi%n sh%u,d (e se"",ed (3 "he e$een'e "% "he
Pe%!,e2;
00
Simu,"ane%us,35 India a,s% s"a"ed "a*in- s"e!s "% -adua,,3 'han-e "he s"a"us %$ Jammu and
Kashmi5 (3 "i-h"enin- i"s i,,e-a,5 un'%ns"i"u"i%na, '%n"%, %+e "he S"a"e )i"h "he u,"ima"e aim %$
uni,a"ea,,3 a(s%(in- i" )i"hin "he Indian Uni%n2 In Janua3 ./@B5 India a''%ded a :s!e'ia, s"a"us;
"% "he S"a"e "h%u-h A"i',e =1B %$ "he Indian 6%ns"i"u"i%n2 Unde "he said A"i',e "hee su(<e'"s5
name,3 de$en'e5 e7"ena, a$$ais and '%mmuni'a"i%ns %n,3 )ee "% (e dea," (3 "he Indian
Pa,iamen"2 A"i',e =1B a,s% ,imi"ed "he !%)es %$ "he Indian Pa,iamen" "% ma*e ,a)s e-adin-
su(<e'"s men"i%ned in "he Uni%n Lis" and "he 6%n'uen" Lis" %$ "he 6%ns"i"u"i%n2 A''%din- "% "he
Kashmii s'h%,a5 Pem Na"h ?aCaC5 :)hi,e emainin- )i"hin "he $ame)%* %$ "he Indian
6%ns"i"u"i%n5 "he Kashmi S"a"e +i"ua,,3 a""ained an au"%n%m%us s"a"us n%" en<%3ed (3 an3 %"he
s"a"e %$ "he Re!u(,i' %$ India2;
0@
As '%mmen"ed (3 Pem Na"h ?aCaC5 A"i',e =1B %$ "he
6%ns"i"u"i%n )as :s!e'i$i'a,,3 mean" "% (e a "em!%a3 !%+isi%n as "he 6%ns"i"u"i%n4ma*es )ee
$u,,3 '%n$iden" "ha" "he ',%se ass%'ia"i%n %$ "he !e%!,e %$ Kashmi )i"h $ee dem%'a"i' India
)%u,d '%n+in'e "hem %$ "hei (i-h" $u"ue (3 (e'%min- an in"e-a, !a" %$ "he Re!u(,i'2;
09
>hi,e "his s"a"us a''%ded "% Jammu and Kashmi )en" s% $a as "% a,,%) "he Jammu and
Kashmi S"a"e5 un,i*e an3 %"he Indian S"a"e5 "% ha+e i"s %)n $,a-5 '%ns"i"u"i%na, s"u'"ue and
-%+enmen" as )e,, as <udi'ia35 in June ./0/5 India e7i,ed "he Mahaa<a5 and ins"a,,ed his s%n5
Kaan Sin-h5 "em!%ai,3 as his Re-en"2 The Indian -%+enmen" a,s% !u" "he Na"i%na,
6%n$een'e5 unde Shei*h A(du,,ah5 in 'ha-e %$ unnin- "he adminis"a"i%n %$ "he S"a"e5 )i"h "he
h%!e %$ usin- "he Na"i%na, 6%n$een'e as "he u((e s"am! $% i"s %"he desi-ns "% a(s%( "he
S"a"e2
In O'"%(e ./@B5 "he Na"i%na, 6%n$een'e5 )i"h "he Indian G%+enmen";s (a'*in-5 "ied "%
'%n+ene i"s %)n 6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,3 "% de"emine "he $u"ue %$ "he S"a"e2 A" Pa*is"an;s eEues"5
"he UN Se'ui"3 6%un'i, dis'ussed "he e$$%"s "% '%n+ene "he 6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,3 and in i"s
Res%,u"i%n /. %$ Ma'h =B5 ./@.5 s"a"ed: :"he $ina, dis!%si"i%n %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi
)i,, (e made in a''%dan'e )i"h "he )i,, %$ "he !e%!,e e7!essed "h%u-h "he dem%'a"i' me"h%d
%$ a $ee and im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"e '%ndu'"ed unde "he aus!i'es %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns;2
01
Si ?2 N2
Rau5 "he Indian e!esen"a"i+e5 assued "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, "ha" "he 6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,3 %$
Kashmi )as n%" in"ended :"% !e<udi'e "he issues (e$%e "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,2;
0A
The Kashmi
6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,3 me" %n N%+em(e @5 ./@.2 The Indian -%+enmen";s in"ees" in "he
6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,3 %$ Kashmi )as "% %("ain a a"i$i'a"i%n %$ "he a''essi%n "% "he Indian Uni%n5
)heeas Shei*h A(du,,ah in"ended "% e"ain "he s!e'ia, au"%n%m%us s"a"us %$ Jammu and
Kashmi S"a"e )i"hin "he Indian Uni%n2
0/
In Ju,3 ./@85 A(du,,ah and Nehu ea'hed an
a-eemen"5 "he :De,hi A-eemen";5 )hee(3 "he s!e'ia, s"a"us %$ Kashmi unde A"i',e =1B '%u,d
n%" (e 'han-ed )i"h%u" "he a!!%+a, %$ "he Kashmi 6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,32 The Hindus in Indian4
he,d Kashmi and India a-i"a"ed $% a '%m!,e"e in"e-a"i%n %$ Kashmi in India2 In Au-us" ./@85
an"i4A(du,,ah dem%ns"a"i%ns )ee he,d in "he S"a"e2 Shei*h A(du,,ah ad%!"ed a "%u-h !%,i'3
a-ains" "hese dem%ns"a"i%ns and %deed aes"s %$ "he Hindu !%"es"%s2 The Indian
-%+enmen"5 sh%)in- i"s dis!,easue5 dismissed A(du,,ah as Pime Minis"e %n Au-us" /5 ./@=5
and im!is%ned him5 e!,a'in- him (3 ?a*shi Ghu,am M%hammad2 ?i"ish his"%ian A,as"ai Lam(
n%"es5 :>i"h ?a*shi Ghu,am M%hammed in !%)e5 "he s"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi di$"ed
s"eadi,3 in"% "he Indian %(i"2 JIn Fe(ua3 ./@0 "he Kashmi 6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,35 )hi,e
adhein- in !in'i!,e "% "he s!e'ia, !%si"i%n %$ "he S"a"e5 '%n$imed #in ,an-ua-e "ha" )%u,d sue,3
ne+e ha+e (een used i$ Shei*h A(du,,ah had s"i,, (een !esidin-& "he ,e-a,i"3 %$ i"s a''essi%n "%
India2;
@B
In ./@05 "he !esiden" %$ India !%mu,-a"ed a 6%ns"i"u"i%na, Ode5 )i"h e$een'e "% Indian4
he,d Kashmi5 em!%)ein- "he Indian -%+enmen" :"% ,e-is,a"e %n a,, ma""es %n "he Uni%n Lis"5
n%" <us" de$en'e5 $%ei-n a$$ais and '%mmuni'a"i%ns2;
@.
Fina,,35 in N%+em(e ./@95 "he
6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,3 %$ Indian4he,d Kashmi $ina,ised "he 6%ns"i"u"i%n %$ "he S"a"e2 The UN
Se'ui"3 6%un'i, in i"s Res%,u"i%n .88 %$ Janua3 805 ./@15 ea$$imed "ha" "he :$ina, dis!%si"i%n %$
"he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi )i,, (e made in a''%dan'e )i"h "he )i,, %$ "he !e%!,e
e7!essed "h%u-h "he dem%'a"i' means unde "he aus!i'es %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns; and de',aed
"ha" :"he '%n+enin- %$ a 6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,3 as e'%mmended (3 "he Genea, 6%un'i, %$ "he KA,,
Jammu and Kashmi Na"i%na, 6%n$een'eL and an3 a'"i%n "ha" Assem(,3 ma3 ha+e "a*en %
mi-h" a""em!" "% "a*e "% de"emine "he $u"ue sha!e and a$$i,ia"in- %$ en"ie s"a"e % an3 !a"
"hee%$5 % a'"i%n (3 "he !a"ies '%n'ened in su!!%" %$ an3 su'h a'"i%n (3 "he Assem(,35 )%u,d
n%" '%ns"i"u"e a dis!%si"i%n %$ "he S"a"e in a''%dan'e )i"h "he a(%+e !in'i!,e2;
@8
Thus5 India )as
n%" a(,e "% -e" UN a!!%+a, $% i"s '%ns"i"u"i%na, da((,in- "% in'%!%a"e "he S"a"e in "he Indian
Uni%n2 H%)e+e5 "he 6%ns"i"u"i%n 'ame in"% %!ea"i%n %n Janua3 895 ./@12 I" !%+ided "ha" "he
:S"a"e is and sha,, (e an in"e-a, !a" %$ "he Uni%n %$ India2;
@=
M%e%+e5 Shei*h A(du,,ah5 "hen in !is%n5 !%"es"ed a-ains" "he de'isi%n %$ "he 6%ns"i"uen"
Assem(,32 Thee )as a s!,i" in "he Na"i%na, 6%n$een'e and "he (ea*a)a3 $a'"i%n5 )hi'h )as
!%4A(du,,ah5 *n%)n as "he P,e(is'i"e F%n"5 )as $%unded (3 MiCa A$Ca, ?e-2 The F%n"
ad+%'a"ed !,e(is'i"e unde "he UN su!e+isi%n2 >hen Shei*h A(du,,ah )as e,eased in Janua3
./@A5 he su!!%"ed "he P,e(is'i"e F%n" and +ehemen",3 'i"i'ised "he de'isi%n %$ "he
6%ns"i"uen",3 Assem(,32 As a esu," A(du,,ah )as a-ain im!is%ned in A!i, ./@A2 Mean)hi,e5 in
./@A "he Indian -%+enmen"5 as !a" %$ i"s desi-ns "% in"e-a"e "he S"a"e5 "h%u-h an%"he
'%ns"i"u"i%na, amendmen" (%u-h" "he Indian4O''u!ied Kashmi unde "he !u+ie) %$ "he 'en"a,
adminis"a"i+e se+i'es2 A''%din- "% an Indian s'h%,a5 Suman"a ?%se5 :an3 "a'e %$ su(s"an"i+e
au"%n%m3 had (een s3s"ema"i'a,,3 eadi'a"ed $%m Kashmi (3 "he mid4./9Bs5 and )i"h%u" e+en
"he !e"en'e %$ a e$een'e "% "he )ishes %$ i"s !e%!,e2;
@0


As a "hid s"e! "% i,,e-a,,3 in'%!%a"e "he S"a"e in"% "he Indian Uni%n5 and a,s% "% undemine
"he s!e'ia, s"a"us %$ "he S"a"e a''%ded unde A"i',e =1B5 a$"e "he 6%ns"i"uen" Assem(,3 s"a"ed
i"s mee"in-s5 "he Indian 'en"a, -%+enmen" mana-ed "% h%,d e,e'"i%ns $% a S"a"e Assem(,3 and
"he L%* Sa(ha in Indian O''u!ied Kashmi in ./@.2 A$"e "he ./91 e,e'"i%ns5 "he 'en"a,
-%+enmen" in+i"ed Kaan Sin-h5 "hen 'adar-i-&iyasat5 "% <%in "he 'a(ine" as Minis"e $% T%uism2
He immedia"e,3 esi-ned as 'adar-i-&iyasat and "he 'en"a, -%+enmen" a!!%in"ed an a'"in-
G%+en% "% "he S"a"e2 Thus5 "he 'en"a, -%+enmen" )as a(,e "% a(%,ish "he %$$i'e %$ 'adar-i-
&iyasat and in i"s !,a'e es"a(,ish "he %$$i'e %$ G%+en%5 )hi'h a!!eaed5 a" ,eas" %n "he su$a'e5
"% (in- i" in"% ,ine )i"h "he s"u'"ue %$ "he es" %$ "he Indian S"a"es2 La"e5 $eEuen" im!%si"i%ns %$
G%+en% and Pesiden";s Ru,e #.//B4/9& ha+e !a'"i'a,,3 e%ded "he !in'i!,e %$ $u,, au"%n%m3
su!!%sed,3 a''%ded "h%u-h A"i',e =1B5 (3 a,,%)in- -ea"e 'en"a, in"e+en"i%ns2
2. Right of Self-determination: The Kashmi Dis!u"e5 as e'%ded in "he UN d%'umen"s5 in+%,+es
"he !in'i!,e %$ "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n5 )hi'h )as (asi' (%"h "% "he !in'i!,e %$ Pa"i"i%n
and "he 6ha"e %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns2 A''%din- "% "he ./1B De',aa"i%n %$ "he UN Genea,
Assem(,35 "he "em :se,$4de"emina"i%n; means : "he i-h" %$ a,, !e%!,es "% $ee,3 de"emine "hei
!%,i"i'a, s"a"us2;
@@
The Kashmi dis!u"e (asi'a,,3 in+%,+es "hee !a"ies2 Pa*is"an and India5 as "he
")% main !a"ies a''%din- "% "he UN es%,u"i%ns2 The "hid ae "he Kashmiis5 )h%se i-h" %$ se,$4
de"emina"i%n has (een e'%-nised in UN es%,u"i%ns2 Pa*is"an and India5 %n "hei %)n 'ann%"
de'ide "he $u"ue %$ "he Kashmiis2 The '%mmi"men" "% ena(,e "he Kashmiis "% de'ide a(%u" "hei
$u"ue )as n%" %n,3 made (3 India )hen i" a''e!"ed "he '%ndi"i%na, s%4'a,,ed :Ins"umen" %$
A''essi%n;5 (u" )as a,s% e7!,i'i",3 admi""ed in India;s '%m!,ain" (e$%e "he UN Se'ui"3 6%un'i, in
Janua3 ./0A2 The Indian Re!esen"a"i+e5 in his ,e""e "% "he Pesiden" %$ "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,5
e-adin- "he s"a"us %$ "he S"a"e ',ai$ied "ha" $ina,,3 :i"s !e%!,e )%u,d (e $ee "% de'ide "hei $u"ue
(3 "he e'%-nised dem%'a"i' me"h%d %$ a ple!iscite % referendum )hi'h5 in %de "% ensue
'%m!,e"e im!a"ia,i"35 mi-h" (e he,d unde in"ena"i%na, aus!i'es2;
@9
Fu"hem%e5 "he UN Se'ui"3
6%un'i, dis'ussi%ns ,ed "% "he es%,u"i%ns %$ Au-us" .=5 ./0A5 and Janua3 @5 ./0/5 )hi'h ',ea,3
,aid d%)n "ha" :"he Eues"i%n %$ "he a''essi%n %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi "% India %
Pa*is"an )i,, (e de'ided "h%u-h "he dem%'a"i' me"h%d %$ a $ee and im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"e2;
These UN es%,u"i%ns ae s"i,, +a,id5 e+en "h%u-h India has made man3 e$$%"s "% de',ae "hem
:dead;5 !a"i'u,a,3 a$"e "he si-nin- %$ "he Sim,a A-eemen" %n Ju,3 =5 ./182 The Indian a-umen"
is (ased %n A"i',e #ii& %$ "he a-eemen"5 )hi'h s"a"es: :"ha" "he ")% '%un"ies ae es%,+ed "%
se"",e di$$een'es (3 !ea'e$u, means mu"ua,,3 a-eed u!%n (e")een "hem2; H%)e+e5 i" ma3 (e
n%"ed "ha" "he said A"i',e in n% )a3 im!,ies "ha" ei"he !a"3 has a-eed "% -i+e u! "he UN %!"i%n2
In $a'" i" $%,,%)s A"i',e #i& %$ "he Sim,a a-eemen"5 )hi'h asse"s "he e,e+an'e %$ "he UN
!in'i!,es )hen i" s"a"es: :"ha" "he !in'i!,es and !u!%ses %$ "he 6ha"e %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns
sha,, -%+en "he e,a"i%ns (e")een "he ")% '%un"ies2; M%e%+e5 "his Indian ',aim has (een
e$u"ed (3 +ai%us UN e!esen"a"i+es )h%5 %n se+ea, %''asi%ns5 ha+e ',ai$ied "ha"5 %n,3 a
(i,a"ea, a-eemen"5 )hi'h s%,+es "he !%(,em5 )%u,d ,e-a,,3 su!esede "he nume%us e7is"in-
UN es%,u"i%ns %n "ha" dis!u"e2 A,s%5 in "he a(sen'e %$ an3 $undamen"a, 'han-e in "he
'i'ums"an'es5 "he UN es%,u"i%ns 'an (e'%me in+a,id %n,3 )hen "he UN Se'ui"3 6%un'i,
de',aes "hem nu,, and +i%d2
@1
F% e7am!,e in ./@95 "he "hen UN Se'e"a3 Genea,5 Da-
Hammas*<%,d5 had ',ea,3 s"a"ed "ha" :"he UN de'isi%n is +a,id un"i, i" has (een in+a,ida"ed (3 "he
%-an )hi'h "%%* i"2;
@A
In A!i, .//B5 "he UN Re!esen"a"i+e5 Fan'is Gui,iani5 ',ai$ied: a !ilateral
agreement, which solved the pro!lem, would supersede the resolution aimed at solving the issue-
5owever, as long as the pro!lem remained, the resolutions would remain in effect regardless of
when they were adopted-,
@/
Thus5 "he mani!u,a"ed e,e'"i%ns "% "he Jammu and Kashmi S"a"e
Assem(,35 %$"en 'i"ed (3 India as "he e7!essi%n %$ "he )i,, %$ "he !e%!,e %$ Kashmi5 'ann%"
e!,a'e "he in"ena"i%na, '%nsensus )hi'h end%ses im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"e unde "he UN aus!i'es5
as "he means $% as'e"ainin- "he )ishes %$ "he Kashmiis e-adin- "he $u"ue s"a"us %$ "he S"a"e2
The Indian -%+enmen" a-ain "ied "% use "he e,e'"i%n 'ad "% es"a(,ish i"s ,e-i"ima'3 in
O''u!ied Kashmi (3 h%,din- $a'i'a, e,e'"i%ns in Se!"em(eM O'"%(e 8BB82 6%mmen"in- %n "he
Indian -%+enmen";s m%+e "% h%,d e,e'"i%ns5 "he 6haiman %$ A,, Pa"ies Hui3a" 6%n$een'e
#APH6&5 A(du, Ghani ?ha" said5 :E,e'"i%ns !%+ide n% ans)es "% "he Eues"i%n %$ "he !e%!,e5
)hi'h is "ha" "he $u"ue %$ Kashmi is 3e" "% (e de"emined2 E,e'"i%ns did n%" !%+ide an3"hin- in
"he !as" and 'ann%" in "he $u"ue ei"he2; Ru,in- %u" !a"i'i!a"i%n in "he s'hedu,ed e,e'"i%ns M2
?ha" had said "ha" e,e'"i%ns sh%u,d (e he,d n%" $% $%min- -%+enmen" (u" :"% de"emine "he
$u"ue %$ Kashmi in *ee!in- )i"h "he )ishes %$ "he !e%!,e2;
9B
APH6 has (een s"essin- %n
h%,din- "i,a"ea, "a,*s5 in+%,+in- India5 Pa*is"an and "he Kashmiis5 $% es%,+in- "he Kashmi
dis!u"e2

>hen in Au-us" 8BB85 India ann%un'ed a $%u4!hase s'hedu,e $% "he e,e'"i%ns "% "he
O''u!ied Jammu and Kashmi Assem(,35 as !a" %$ i"s e$$%"s "% '%n+in'e "he APH6 and %"he
Kashmii !a"ies "% !a"i'i!a"e in "he e,e'"i%ns5 "he ?JP -%+enmen" n%mina"ed "he Kashmi
6%mmi""ee5 headed (3 "he $%me La) Minis"e5 Ram Je"hma,ani "% h%,d "a,*s2 The Indian
Kashmi 6%mmi""ee he,d ")% %unds %$ "a,*s )i"h M2 Sha(i Shah5 ,eade %$ "he Jammu and
Kashmi Dem%'a"i' Feed%m Pa"3 and "he APH6 de,e-a"i%n2 APH6 and M2 Shah5 h%)e+e5
e<e'"ed !a"i'i!a"i%n in "he S'hedu,ed Assem(,3 !%,,s2 Hee5 i" ma3 (e n%"ed "ha" "he Indian
Kashmi 6%mmi""ee %n Se!"em(e A5 in a <%in" s"a"emen" a" "he end %$ "he se'%nd %und %$ "a,*s5
su!!%"ed "he Hui3a" 6%n$een'e;s demand "% +isi" Pa*is"an $% h%,din- "a,*s )i"h Kashmii
,eades and "he Pa*is"an -%+enmen" $% $indin- a s%,u"i%n "% "he Kashmi im(%-,i%2 H%)e+e5 %n
Se!"em(e /5 "he Indian Pime Minis"e5 A"a, ?ehai Va<!a3ee5 denied "ha" "hee )as an3 !%!%sa,
"% a,,%) "he Ram Je"hma,ani4,ed Kashmi 6%mmi""ee "% +isi" Pa*is"an "% h%,d "a,*s )i"h "he
Hui3a" ,eades "hee2 This sh%)s "ha" "he ?JP -%+enmen" s"a"ed "he in"ena, dia,%-ue !%'ess
as a $a'e4sa+in- measue5 "% !%<e'" "% "he in"ena"i%na, '%mmuni"3 "ha" a dia,%-ue !%'ess has
(e-un and "hus "% a+%id "he in"ena"i%na, !essue $% esum!"i%n %$ a dia,%-ue )i"h Pa*is"an2
N%)5 a$"e e,e'"i%ns a '%a,i"i%n -%+enmen"5 (3 6%n-ess5 Pe%!,e;s Dem%'a"i' Pa"3 and
Pan"hes Pa"35 has (een $%med2 I" is %(+i%us "ha" "his 'ann%" (e e-aded as a "ue
e!esen"a"i+e -%+enmen" %$ "he Kashmiis5 as n%ne %$ "he ma<% Kashmii !%,i"i'a, !a"ies
!a"i'i!a"ed in "he e,e'"i%ns2
M%e 'uen",35 im!,emen"a"i%n %$ UN es%,u"i%ns in "he 'ase %$ Eas" Tim% is an im!%"an"
!e'eden"2 In "he 'ase %$ Eas" Tim%5 "he UNS6 es%,u"i%ns5 N%2 =A0 and =A/5 !assed in ./1@
and in ./19 es!e'"i+e,35 e'%-nised "he :ina,iena(,e i-h" %$ "he !e%!,e %$ Eas" Tim% "% se,$4
de"emina"i%n and inde!enden'e in a''%dan'e )i"h "he !in'i!,e %$ "he 'ha"e %$ "he UN;5 and
'a,,ed u!%n Ind%nesia "% )i"hda) i"s $%'es $%m "he "ei"%3 and "he -%+enmen" %$ P%"u-a, "%
'%%!ea"e $u,,3 )i"h "he UN in im!,emen"in- "he es%,u"i%ns2 Ind%nesia and P%"u-a,5 $ina,,35
a-eed %n Ma3 @5 ./// "% a,,%) "he UN "% '%ndu'" a e$eendum $% -ea"e au"%n%m3 )i"hin
Ind%nesia % inde!enden'e2 I$ "he UN )as a(,e "% $ina,,3 $u,$i, i"s '%mmi"men" in 'ase %$ Eas"
Tim%5 a$"e ")en"34"hee 3eas5 "hen )h3 n%" in "he 'ase %$ KashmiF
3. n !nternationally Recogni"ed #i"$ute: The Kashmi dis!u"e5 "h%u-h i" a!!eas "% (e
!ed%minan",3 a (i,a"ea, %ne (e")een India and Pa*is"an5 as is s"essed (3 India5 die'",3
in+%,+es "he in"ena"i%na, '%mmuni"32 India i"se,$ "%%* "he dis!u"e "% "he UN Se'ui"3 6%un'i, in
./0A5 )hee i" is s"i,, e-is"eed as su'h and "hus emains a !endin- a-enda "i,, i" is es%,+ed2
India !esen",3 "a*es "he ,ine "ha" "he si-nin- %$ "he Sim,a A-eemen" in ./185 (e")een India and
Pa*is"an5 has made "he ea,ie UN Res%,u"i%ns edundan" and "ha" "he issue has "% (e dea," )i"h
(i,a"ea,,32 The Indian a-umen" "ha" "he Sim,a A-eemen" su!!%"s (i,a"ea,ism is i"s
in"e!e"a"i%n %$ A"i',e #ii& %$ "he a-eemen"5 )hi'h s"a"es: :Tha" "he ")% '%un"ies ae es%,+ed "%
se"",e di$$een'es (3 !ea'e$u, means mu"ua,,3 a-eed u!%n (e")een "hem2;
9.
The $a'"ua, !%si"i%n
is "ha" Pa*is"an has e!ea"ed,3 s"essed "he need "% (e-in "he !%'ess %$ "a,*s unde "he UN
es%,u"i%ns2 The said A"i',e in n% )a3 im!,ies "ha" ei"he !a"3 has a-eed "% -i+e u! "he UN
%!"i%n5 in $a'" i" $%,,%)s A"i',e #i& %$ "he same a-eemen" )hi'h asse"s "he e,e+an'e %$ "he UN
!in'i!,es )hen i" s"a"es: :Tha" "he !in'i!,es and !u!%ses %$ "he 6ha"e %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns
sha,, -%+en "he e,a"i%ns (e")een "he ")% '%un"ies2;
98

As $a as "he ,e-a, !%si"i%n %$ "he UN es%,u"i%ns is '%n'ened e-adin- unes%,+ed '%n$,i'"s5
A"i',e .B= %$ "he UN 6ha"e e7!,i'i",3 s"a"es: : In "he e+en" %$ a '%n$,i'" (e")een "he %(,i-a"i%ns
%$ "he Mem(es %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns unde "he !esen" 6ha"e and "hei %(,i-a"i%ns unde an3
%"he in"ena"i%na, a-eemen"5 "hei %(,i-a"i%ns unde "he !esen" 6ha"e sha,, !e+ai,2; Thus5
unde i"s %)n !%+isi%ns5 "he UN i"se,$ has a ,e-a, %(,i-a"i%n "% !,a3 "he %,e %$ a :m%dea"%; %
:$a'i,i"a"%; in e$$%"s $% "he es%,u"i%n %$ %u"s"andin- dis!u"es %n i"s a-enda2
4. n !ndigenou" %reedom Struggle: The Indian G%+enmen";s a""em!"s "% des'i(e "he mass
Kashmii esis"an'e m%+emen" in aeas unde i"s '%n"%,5 as "e%is" a'"i+i"3 (ein- )a-ed (3
:in$i,"a"%s;5 is an a""em!" "% nu,,i$3 "he indi-en%us na"ue %$ "he $eed%m s"u--,e in Jammu and
Kashmi2 India (,ames Pa*is"an $% $annin- "he m%+emen"2 The $a'" %$ "he ma""e is "ha" "he
s"u--,e $% "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n in "he Indian4he,d Kashmi has (een -%in- %n sin'e
./012 Des!i"e India;s hash and e!essi+e measues5 "he m%+emen" '%u,d n%" (e su!!essed2 I"
(e-an as a !%,i"i'a, s"u--,e5 (u" $a'ed )i"h '%n"inu%us se"(a'*s and "he Indian !%,i'3 %$
(a'*"a'*in- %n !%mises made5 "ans$%med "he m%+emen" in"% an amed s"u--,e2 An Indian
s'h%,a5 Sumi" Gan-u,35 )%"e5 ;a$"e 3eas %$ $us"a"ed a""em!"s a" meanin-$u, !%,i"i'a,
!a"i'i!a"i%n5 and in "he a(sen'e %$ ins"i"u"i%na, means %$ e7!essin- dissen"5 "he es%" "% m%e
+i%,en" means (e'%me a,, (u" ine+i"a(,e2;
9=
L"2 Gen2 V2K2 Na3a5 a $%me Indian Am3 '%mmande5
s"a"ed "ha" "he %%" 'ause %$ "he Kashmi si"ua"i%n )as :!%,i"i'a, ine!"ness5 due "% )hi'h
Kashmiis $e," is%,a"ed (%"h $%m "he na"i%na, mains"eam and )i"hin "he s"a"e i"se,$2;
90
A''%din-
"% Suman"a ?%se5 an Indian s'h%,a5 ;Kashmiis %se in e(e,,i%n n%" (e'ause Mus,ims ae
'%ns"i"u"i%na,,3 in'a!a(,e %$ ,%3a,"3 "% a Kse'u,aL s"a"e5 (u" (e'ause "he3 sa) n% h%!e %$
edessa, )i"hin "he Indian s"a"e;s ins"i"u"i%na, $ame)%* "% "he -%ss5 '%nsis"en" and s3s"ema"i'
!a""en %$ a(use %$ "hei i-h"s as 'i"iCens and as human (ein-s2 The (u"a, and
dis!%!%"i%na"e,3 +i%,en" es!%nse "% )hi'h "hei #ini"ia,,3 ,a-e,3 n%n4+i%,en"& !%"es"s )ee
s%u-h" "% (e su!!essed5 es!e'ia,,3 in ea,3 .//B5 s"ee,ed "hei es%,+e "% see* Kse,$4
de"emina"i%nL5 "h%u-h $%'e i$ ne'essa35 and i" )as "hus "ha" "he -un (e'ame a ,e-i"ima"e
!%,i"i'a, )ea!%n in a s%'ie"3 )hee "he Ksi-h" %$ (,%%dL #as >a,"e La)en'e %(se+ed a" "he "un
%$ "he 'en"u3& )as %n'e ana"hema2;
9@

Pa*is"an (ein- a ,e-i"ima"e !a"3 "% "he dis!u"e5 (3 +i"ue %$ "he Pa"i"i%n P,an and "he UN
es%,u"i%ns5 has "he i-h" "% su!!%" "he 'ause %$ "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n %$ "he Kashmiis2
As a-ued (3 D2 I<aC Hussain5 an e7!e" %n in"ena"i%na, ,a)5 :Pa*is"an;s locus standi in "he
Kashmi dis!u"e is a,s% es"a(,ished (3 "he $a'" "ha" %n 88 Janua3 ./0A "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,
de'ided "% 'han-e "he i"em %n i"s a-enda $%m "he KJammu and Kashmi Hues"i%nL "% "he KIndia4
Pa*is"an Hues"i%n2L
99
The +e3 $a'" "ha" "he $eed%m m%+emen" in Kashmi has (een -%in- %n
sin'e ./015 and -ained m%men"um sin'e ./A/5 i"se,$ es"a(,ishes "he und3in- indi-en%us na"ue
%$ "he m%+emen"2 N% %u"side in$,uen'e 'an sus"ain a m%+emen" $% su'h a ,%n- !ei%d in "his
manne5 in )hi'h in "he ,as" de'ade a,%ne5 #sin'e ./A/&5 "he Kashmiis ha+e sa'i$i'ed m%e "han
AB5BBB ,i+es2 T% di+e" )%,d a""en"i%n $%m "he ea, si"ua"i%n5 India has5 sin'e ,%n- "ime5 (een
"3in- "% !%"a3 "he indi-en%us s"u--,e as (ein- )a-ed (3 :e,i-i%us $ana"i's; % :Mus,im
"e%is"s2; The Kashmii ,eades "hemse,+es ha+e (e,ied "he Indian !%!a-anda2 >hi,e a""endin-
"he @=
d
Sessi%n %$ "he UN 6%mmissi%n %n Human Ri-h"s in Gene+a5 "he "hen Se'e"a3 Genea,
%$ A,, Pa"ies Hui3a" 6%n$een'e5 Ghu,am M%hammad Sa$i said: :$is" and $%em%s"5 i" is a
m%+emen" $% a ea,isa"i%n %$ "he i-h" "% se,$4de"emina"i%n %$ "he !e%!,e %$ Jammu and Kashmi
in a''%dan'e )i"h in"ena"i%na, ,a)2;
91
PART II
PROPOSED OPTIONS FOR RESOLUTION
OF THE DISPUTE
O+e "he !as" $i$"3 3eas5 (esides "he UN es%,u"i%ns5 %(se+es and in"e,,e'"ua,s ha+e !%!%sed
+ai%us %"he %!"i%ns $% es%,+in- "he Kashmi dis!u"e "ime and a-ain a" "he UN $%a and a" "he (i,a"ea,
India4Pa*is"an ,e+e,s2 These !%!%sa,s ae e7amined (e,%)2
I2 UN Res%,u"i%ns: The P,e(is'i"e O!"i%n
The UN Se'ui"3 6%un'i, es%,u"i%ns %$ Au-us" .=5 ./0A and Janua3 @5 ./0/5 !%!%sed "he !,e(is'i"e
%!"i%n $% es%,+in- "he Kashmi dis!u"e2 H%)e+e5 i" is im!%"an" "% n%"e "ha" "he G%+enmen" %$ India
i"se,$ a''e!"ed ple!iscite % referendum as a i-h" %$ "he Kashmii !e%!,e5 )hen i" $i,ed "he ini"ia, '%m!,ain"
a-ains" Pa*is"an (e$%e "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns %n Janua3 .5 ./0A5 as !%in"ed %u" in Pa" I %$ "his !a!e2
?e-innin- )i"h G%+en% Genea, M%un"(a""en5 Indian ,eades ,i*e Pime Minis"e Nehu a,s% e!ea"ed,3
made "he '%mmi"men" "% :"he )i,, %$ "he Kashmii !e%!,e; as has (een dis'ussed in de"ai, ea,ie in Pa" I2
A$"e India $i,ed i"s ini"ia, '%m!,ain"5 "he UN Se'ui"3 6%un'i, !assed "he ")% im!%"an" es%,u"i%ns %$
Au-us" .=5 ./0A and Janua3 @5 ./0/2 #See A!!endi7 I and II& These es%,u"i%ns ,aid d%)n "he !in'i!,es
and !%'edues $% a $ee and im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"e unde UN aus!i'es2 ?%ad,35 "he es%,u"i%n %$ Janua3
@5 ./0/5 s"a"ed: :#a& "he Eues"i%n %$ "he a''essi%n %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi "% India and
Pa*is"an5 )%u,d (e de'ided "h%u-h "he dem%'a"i' me"h%d %$ a $ee and im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"e a$"e "he
'ease4$ie and "u'e a-eemen" !%+ided $% in "he Res%,u"i%n %$ Au-us" .= had (een 'aied %u"I #(& "he
Se'e"a3 Genea, %$ "he UN )%u,d n%mina"e a P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"%5 )h% )%u,d (e a!!%in"ed (3 "he
-%+enmen" %$ Jammu and Kashmi and -i+en !%)es )hi'h he '%nsides ne'essa3 $% h%,din- a $ee
and im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"eI #'& %n im!,emen"a"i%n %$ "he 'ease$ie and "he "u'e a-eemen"5 "he 6%mmissi%n
and "he P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% )%u,d de"emine5 in '%nsu,"a"i%n )i"h "he G%+enmen" %$ India5 "he $ina,
dis!%sa, %$ Indian and S"a"e Amed F%'es5 as )e,, as "he F%'es in ACad Kashmi #in '%nsu,"a"i%n )i"h
"he ,%'a, au"h%i"ies&I #d& !es%ns )h% had en"eed "he S"a"e sin'e Au-us" .@5 ./01 )%u,d (e eEuied "%
,ea+e "he S"a"e5 and 'i"iCens %$ "he S"a"e )h% had ,e$" "he S"a"e %n a''%un" %$ dis"u(an'es )%u,d (e
a,,%)ed "% e"un2;
9A
?%"h India and Pa*is"an a''e!"ed "he a(%+e UN Res%,u"i%ns2 H%)e+e5 ,a"e5 di$$een'es a%se %+e
"he in"e!e"a"i%n %$ +ai%us ',auses %$ "he es%,u"i%ns5 es!e'ia,,3 %n "he issues %$ demi,i"aisa"i%n and
dis(andmen"Mdisamin- %$ "he :ACad Kashmi; $%'es2 India -a+e i"s %)n in"e!e"a"i%n "% "he a-eemen"
and su--es"ed "ha" "he ACad Kashmi $%'es (e dis(anded and "he de$en'e and adminis"a"i+e
es!%nsi(i,i"3 %$ "he e-i%n (e -i+en "% India and Indian Kashmii au"h%i"ies2
9/
Pa*is"an5 %n "he %"he
hand5 )as in $a+%u %$ a '%m!,e"e and simu,"ane%us )i"hda)a, %$ amed $%'es !es%nne, (3 (%"h "he
'%un"ies2
1B
On "his issue5 "he Pesiden" %$ "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,5 Genea, M'Nau-h"%n5 in his !%!%sa, %$
De'em(e 885 ./0/5 in !aa 85 ',ai$ied "ha" "he Res%,u"i%ns %$ ./0A and ./0/ 'a,,ed $% demi,i"aisa"i%n %$
"he )h%,e S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi and n%" mee,3 ACad Kashmi: "ha" :demi,i"aisa"i%n sh%u,d
in',ude "he )i"hda)a, $%m "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi %$ "he e-u,a $%'es %$ Pa*is"anI and "he
)i"hda)a, %$ "he e-u,a $%'es %$ India n%" eEuied $% !u!%ses %$ se'ui"3 % $% "he main"enan'e %$
,%'a, ,a) and %de2;
1.
The UN Se'ui"3 6%un'i, !assed Res%,u"i%n AB %n Ma'h .05 ./@B5 )hi'h 'a,,ed
u!%n "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an :"% !e!ae and e7e'u"e )i"hin a !ei%d %$ $i+e m%n"hs $%m
"he da"e %$ "his es%,u"i%n a !%-amme %$ demi,i"aisa"i%n %n "he (asis %$ "he !in'i!,es %$ !aa-a!h 8 %$
Genea, M'Nau-h"%n;s !%!%sa,5 % %$ su'h m%di$i'a"i%ns %$ "h%se !in'i!,es as ma3 (e mu"ua,,3 a-eed2;
Pa*is"an a''e!"ed "ha" Res%,u"i%n as )e,,5 (u" India main"ained i"s !%si"i%n as e-ads "he demi,i"aisa"i%n
issue2 La"e5 "he UN Re!esen"a"i+es '%n"inued dis'ussi%ns )i"h "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an
%+e +ai%us !%!%sa,s2
?ased %n "hese dis'ussi%ns5 "he UN Se'ui"3 6%un'i, !assed Res%,u"i%n /A5 in De'em(e ./@82 #See
A!!endi7 III& The UNS6 Res%,u"i%n5 e-adin- demi,i"aisa"i%n issue ',ai$ied "ha": #A"i',e 0& :"he
G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an "% en"e in"% immedia"e ne-%"ia"i%ns unde "he aus!i'es %$ "he Uni"ed
Na"i%ns e!esen"a"i+e $% India and Pa*is"an in %de "% ea'h a-eemen" %n "he s!e'i$i' num(e %$
$%'es "% emain %n ea'h side %$ "he 'ease4$ie ,ine a" "he end %$ "he !ei%d %$ demi,i"aisa"i%n5 "his num(e
"% (e (e")een =5BBB and 95BBB amed $%'es emainin- %n "he Pa*is"an side %$ "he 'ease4$ie ,ine and
(e")een .85BBB and .A5BBB amed $%'es emainin- %n "he India side %$ "he 'ease4$ie ,ine2; Th%u-h
duin- "he dis'ussi%ns Pa*is"an;s e!esen"a"i+e "% "he UN5 M2 Na$u,,a Khan5 !%in"ed %u" "ha" "he num(e
%$ $%'es !%!%sed )as n%" $ai5 3e" he said "ha" Pa*is"an :is !e!aed "% -% $%)ad %n "he (asis %$ "his
es%,u"i%n2;
18
The Indian e!esen"a"i+e5 Ms2 Pandi"5 in he s!ee'h5 h%)e+e5 'a"e-%i'a,,3 said5 :I sh%u,d
,i*e "% e!ea" "ha" )e e<e'" "he !%!%sa, in i" and )e ae n%" !e!aed "% en"e in"% an3 "a,*s %n "he (asis
su--es"ed2;
1=
Re-adin- "he Eues"i%n %$ !,e(is'i"e5 Pa*is"an )as in $a+%u %$ -i+in- '%m!,e"e au"h%i"3 "% "he UN $%
h%,din-5 %-anisin- and su!e+isin- "he !,e(is'i"e2 India5 %n "he %"he hand5 %n,3 )an"ed "he n%n4(indin-
ad+i'e %$ "he UN2 Vai%us UN media"%s )ee a!!%in"ed "% es%,+e "his issue5 (u" n% %ne )as su''ess$u,
in '%n+in'in- India %n a '%m!%mise2 Si O)en Di7%n5 "he UN media"%5 in his e!%" su(mi""ed in ./@B5
)%"e: :In "he end I (e'ame '%n+in'ed "ha" India;s a-eemen" )%u,d ne+e (e %("ained "% demi,i"aisa"i%n
in an3 su'h $%m5 % "% !%+isi%ns -%+enin- "he !ei%d %$ !,e(is'i"e %$ an3 su'h 'haa'"e5 as )%u,d in m3
%!ini%n5 !emi" %$ "he !,e(is'i"e (ein- '%ndu'"ed in '%ndi"i%ns su$$i'ien",3 -uadin- a-ains" in"imida"i%n
and %"he $%ms %$ in$,uen'e and a(use (3 )hi'h "he $eed%m and $ainess %$ "he !,e(is'i"e mi-h" (e
im!ei,,ed2;
10
D2 Fan* P2 Gaham5 a!!%in"ed UN e!esen"a"i+e $% India and Pa*is"an in ./@.5 su(mi""ed
$i+e e!%"s5 u! "% Ma'h ./@=5 (u" his e$$%"s a" media"i%n a,s% !%+ed "% (e unsu''ess$u, as India )%u,d
n%" a-ee %n "he siCe %$ "he $%'es "% (e ,e$" %n ei"he side %$ "he 'ease4$ie ,ine a$"e demi,i"aisa"i%n2
India5 "hee$%e5 '%nsis"en",3 e$used "% "a*e e'%use "% a,, !%!%sa,s %$ +ai%us s"a"esmen and UN
e!esen"a"i+es $% "he h%,din- %$ a !,e(is'i"e in Jammu and Kashmi2 On "he %"he hand5 i" is %n e'%d
"ha" Pa*is"an su!!%"ed a,, su'h in"ena"i%na, media"i%n and UN e$$%"s2
1@
De$endin- "he Indian !%si"i%n %n !,e(is'i"e5 Sisi Gu!"a5 an Indian s'h%,a5 )%"e: :i" (e'ame %(+i%us
e+en a" "he ea,3 s"a-es %$ "he Kashmi dis!u"e "ha" a !,e(is'i"e 4 an Kidea,L s%,u"i%n a''%din- "% s%me O
(e'ause %$ "he '%m!,e7i"ies in Kashmi )as di$$i'u," "% a''%m!,ish2 E+en as a dem%'a"i' s%,u"i%n5 i" had
,%%!h%,es2 Kashmi5 ',ea,35 is n%" '%m!%sed %$ %ne !e%!,e: in e,i-i%n5 i" has "hee ma<% -%u!sI in
,an-ua-e5 $%u2 I$ "hee is a se'"i%n )hi'h )an"s "% se'ede $%m India5 "hee ae %"hes )h% d% n%"2;
19
H%)e+e5 "he $a'" %$ "he ma""e is "ha"5 i-h" $%m "he (e-innin-5 India $eaed "ha" i$ a !,e(is'i"e )as he,d i"
)%u,d ,%se )ha" i" had a,ead3 %''u!ied2 A''%din- "% a Kashmii a'"i+is"5 P%$2 Ms2 Shamim Sha),5
:!,e(is'i"e is "he m%s" !,ausi(,e s%,u"i%n %$ "he !%(,em2 This has (een a''e!"ed in "he Res%,u"i%ns %$
Au-us" 0A and Janua3 ./0/2 I" is "hese es%,u"i%ns5 )hi'h '%n$im "he dis!u"ed 'haa'"e %$ "he !%(,em
and ne-a"e "he Indian !%si"i%n "ha" sa3s Kashmi is an ie+%'a(,e !a" %$ India2 India is in $a'" 'ha,,en-in-
"he i-h"$u, and ,e-a, au"hen"i'i"3 %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns (3 de,a3in- "he im!,emen"a"i%n %$ UN
es%,u"i%ns2;
11
Kee!in- in +ie) "he (asi' -enesis and na"ue %$ "he dis!u"e5 "he %!"i%n in'%!%a"ed in "he "hen UN
es%,u"i%ns is s"i,, +a,id2 The UN es%,u"i%ns ae n%" "ime4(aed5 as %(se+ed in ./@95 (3 "he UN
Se'e"a3 Genea,5 Da- Hammas*<%,d5 )h% ',ai$ied "he im!%"an" !in'i!,e "ha" :"he UN de'isi%n is +a,id
un"i, i" has (een in+a,ida"ed (3 "he %-an )hi'h "%%* i"2;
1A
II2 The UN Tus"eeshi! O!"i%n
Genea,,35 "his %!"i%n !%!%ses "ha" Kashmi sh%u,d (e !,a'ed unde UN Tus"eeshi! and "hen
!,e(is'i"e ma3 (e he,d $% "he $ina, es%,u"i%n %$ "he dis!u"e2 I" is a-ued "ha" "his )i,, !%+ide a $a'e4sa+in-
$% India5 and )i,, a,s% -i+e Kashmiis5 %n (%"h sides %$ "he Line %$ 6%n"%,5 en%u-h "ime "% '%me u! )i"h a
<%in" %!"i%n2 The JKLF 6haiman5 Ammanu,,ah Khan in De'em(e .//=5 !%!%sed: #.& '%m!,e"e5
simu,"ane%us )i"hda)a, %$ Indian and Pa*is"ani "%%!s and 'i+i, adminis"a"i%n5 n%n4Kashmii !es%nne,
$%m Jammu and KashmiI #8& "he euni$i'a"i%n %$ Indian and Pa*is"ani4'%n"%,,ed !a"s %$ KashmiI #=&
!,a'emen" %$ "he S"a"e unde UN '%n"%, $% $i+e "% "en 3easI and #0& h%,din- %$ a !,e(is'i"e2
1/
>e,,4*n%)n
Pa*is"ani e'%n%mis"5 "he ,a"e D2 Mah(u(u, HaE5 in an in"e+ie) he -a+e "% an Udu >ee*,3 5urmat, in
.//05 !%!%sed "ha" %n,3 "he Kashmi Va,,e3 (e !,a'ed unde UN Tus"eeshi! $% "en 3eas and "hen
!,e(is'i"e (e he,d in "he Kashmi Va,,e32
AB
As India e-ads O''u!ied Kashmi as i"s in"e-a, !a"5 i" is %(+i%us "ha" i" )i,, ne+e +%,un"ai,3 a-ee
"% "he !,a'in- %$ "he S"a"e5 % "he Kashmi Va,,e3 unde UN "us"eeshi!2 'econdly, (%"h "he a(%+e
"us"eeshi! %!"i%ns su!!%" "he !,e(is'i"e %!"i%n unde "he UN aus!i'es5 an %!"i%n "ha" has (een e<e'"ed
(3 India e+en "h%u-h in "he ea,3 3eas %$ "he dis!u"e India '%mmi""ed i"se,$ "% h%,din- %$ "he !,e(is'i"e2
As e-ads Pa*is"an and "he Kashmiis5 sin'e "he a(%+e !%!%sa,s su!!%" a UN %,e and "he %!"i%n
%$ !,e(is'i"e5 in +ie) %$ "he a,ead3 e7is"in- UN es%,u"i%ns )hi'h !%+ide "he !,e(is'i"e %!"i%n unde UN
aus!i'es5 "he a(%+e !%!%sa, )%u,d mean unne'essai,3 !%,%n-in- "he s%,u"i%n (e3%nd $i+e % "en 3eas2
M%e%+e5 a''%din- "% A"i',e 19 %$ 6ha!"e XII %$ "he UN 6ha"e %ne %$ "he (asi' %(<e'"i+es %$ "he
"us"eeshi! s3s"em is :"% !%m%"e "he !%,i"i'a,5 e'%n%mi'5 s%'ia,5 and edu'a"i%na, ad+an'emen" %$ "he
inha(i"an"s %$ "he "us" "ei"%ies5 and "hei !%-essi+e de+e,%!men" "%)ads se,$4-%+enmen" %
inde!enden'e5 as ma3 (e a!!%!ia"e "% "he !a"i'u,a 'i'ums"an'es %$ ea'h "ei"%3 and i"s !e%!,esJ;
The 'ase %$ Jammu and Kashmi d%es n%" eEuie !,a'emen" unde UN "us"eeshi! as "he Kashmiis
ha+e5 %+e "he 3eas5 dem%ns"a"ed "hei !%,i"i'a, )i,, (3 )a-in- an indi-en%us m%+emen" in O''u!ied
Kashmi $% "hei i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n5 undes'%in- "he $a'" "ha" "hei !e$eed %!"i%n is se,$4
de"emina"i%n2
III2 The Pa"i"i%n O!"i%n
Re-adin- "he %!"i%n %$ "he !a"i"i%n %$ Jammu and Kashmi5 "his has ,a-e,3 (een an a'ademi'
de(a"e and +ai%us s'h%,as ha+e su--es"ed di$$een" !%!%sa,s2 The first is a di+isi%n4e,a"ed %!"i%n $%
Jammu and Kashmi5 (ased %n "he h%,din- %$ e-i%na, !,e(is'i"es2 This !%!%sa, )as $is" -i+en (3 UN
Re!esen"a"i+e5 Si O)en Di7%n5 in his e!%" %$ ./@B4@.2 6a,,ed "he :Di7%n Re!%";5 i" !%!%sed "he idea
%$ h%,din- e-i%na, !,e(is'i"es5 ins"ead %$ a -enea, !,e(is'i"e as !%!%sed in "he UN es%,u"i%ns2
A.
The
O)en Di7%n P,an !%!%sed "he di+isi%n %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi in"% $%u main e-i%ns:
Jammu5 Lada*h5 "he Va,e %$ Kashmi in',udin- MuCa$$aa(ad5 and Gi,-i"4?a,"is"an2 A''%din- "% his !,an
"he dis"i'" %$ P%%n'h )as "% emain )i"h Pa*is"an2 He !%!%sed "ha" %$ "he $%u e-i%ns5 Jammu and
Lada*h sh%u,d -% un'%n"es"ed "% India and "he N%"hen Aeas "% Pa*is"an2 He '%n',uded "ha" in "he
Va,,e3 a !,e(is'i"e mi-h" (e he,d "% de'ide a(%u" i"s $u"ue2 Pa*is"an5 did n%" %u"i-h",3 e<e'" "he !%!%sa,5
(u" )as in $a+%u %$ a -enea, !,e(is'i"e in "he )h%,e %$ Jammu and Kashmi2 India %n "he %"he hand
e-aded Jammu and Kashmi as a uni" %$ "he Indian Fedea"i%n and "hus )as n%" in $a+%u %$ an3
e-i%na, !,e(is'i"e2
A8
The second !a"i"i%n !%!%sa, is an %!"i%n (ased %n a :Ties"e4"3!e; s%,u"i%n2 The Ties"e issue5
(e")een I"a,3 and Gu-%s,a+ia5 a%se as a esu," %$ "he ")% >%,d >as2 A$"e >%,d >a I5 Ties"e and "he
ad<%inin- aeas5 in',udin- "he )h%,e +a,,e3 %$ "he Adi-e i+e and Is"ia5 )en" "% I"a,35 (u" in ./0@ i" )as
',aimed (3 Gu-%s,a+ia %n "he -%unds "ha" I"a,3 )as -ui,"3 %$ a--essi%n a-ains" Gu-%s,a+ia2 H%)e+e5
Ties"e and i"s en+i%ns and "he G%Cia e-i%n "% "he n%"h)es" #N%ne A& emained unde An-,%4Amei'an
'%n"%, and "he s%u"hen !%"i%n #N%ne ?& )as unde "he '%n"%, %$ "he Gu-%s,a+ "%%!s2 Fina,,35 in ./@05
I"a,3 and Gu-%s,a+ia a-eed "% a !a"i"i%n and N%ne A #in',udin- Ties"e& )as -i+en "% I"a,3 and N%ne ? "%
Gu-%s,a+ia2 I"a,3 a-eed "% main"ain a $ee !%" a" Ties"e2 La"e5 "he a-eemen" )as -i+en a de jure s"a"us
(3 "he ./1@ Tea"3 %$ Osim% (e")een I"a,3 and Gu-%s,a+ia2
The :Ties"e;4"3!e %!"i%n $% Jammu and Kashmi !%!%ses "ha" "he Va,,e3 a,%n- )i"h s%me ad<%inin-
!a"s %$ Jammu and "he Pa*is"ani side %$ Kashmi #ACad Kashmi&5 (e made an au"%n%m%us uni"s5 unde
India and Pa*is"an5 es!e'"i+e,32 The L%6 )%u,d (e a s%$" (%de (e")een "he ")% au"%n%m%us uni"s2 The
emainin- aeas %n (%"h sides %$ "he L%6 ma3 (e me-ed )i"h India and Pa*is"an5 es!e'"i+e,32 India and
Pa*is"an )%u,d (e eEuied "% )i"hda) "hei $%'es unde UN su!e+isi%n2
A=
A-ain5 "his !%!%sa, ,a'*s
+ia(i,i"35 as i" d%es n%" addess ei"he "he -enesis %$ "he dis!u"e5 n% "he '%m!,e7i"ies "ha" ha+e
a''umu,a"ed sin'e "hen "% da"e2 The s"u--,e in Jammu and Kashmi is n%" $% au"%n%m3 %$ an3 %ne
e-i%n (u" $% "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n "% (e e7!essed (3 "he Kashmiis5 as -an"ed "% "hem unde
UN es%,u"i%ns2 A,s%5 India and Pa*is"an (ein- !a"ies "% "he dis!u"e )i,, '%n"inue "% ha+e a ',ash %$
in"ees"s in "he !%!%sed au"%n%m%us e-i%nsI "hee$%e5 "his )%u,d 'e"ain,3 n%" esu," in an3 s"a(i,i"3 in
"he e-i%n2 M%e%+e5 "he %!"i%n im!,ies "ha" "he e7is"in- Line %$ 6%n"%, #L%6& ma3 se+e as "he ,ine %$
di+isi%n2 The L%6 emains "he UN4e'%-nised 'ease$ie ,ine #6FL& and )as n%" da)n )i"h an3 (asis $%
se+in- as a !emanen" (%de5 (u" )i"h "he in"en"i%n %$ (in-in- a(%u" 'essa"i%n %$ mi,i"a3 h%s"i,i"ies2
The third !a"i"i%n !%!%sa, '%nsides "he '%n+esi%n %$ "he Line %$ 6%n"%, #L%6& in"% an in"ena"i%na,
(%de2 This means main"enan'e %$ "he !e+ai,in- status 1uo2 This %!"i%n is in !in'i!,e su!!%"ed (3
India2 I$ i" )ee a''e!"ed5 India )%u,d "a*e addi"i%na, ad+an"a-e (3 "hen !%!a-a"in- "ha" i" had '%n'eded
Indian "ei"%3 "% Pa*is"an and )%u,d "3 "% eme-e as a !ea'ema*e in "he e-i%n2 As assessed (3
R%(e" >isin-5 :(3 asse"in- "he !ima'3 %$ a'"ua, mi,i"a3 control %+e !uni"i+e ,e-a, entitlement5 i" "a'i",3
a'*n%),ed-es India;s d%minan" !%,i"i'a, s"andin- in "he e-i%n2 ?3 eEuiin- Pa*is"an "% e,inEuish i"s
',aim %$ "he '%+e"ed Va,,e3 %$ Kashmi and "he Kashmii se!aa"is"s "hei ',aim %$ inde!enden'e5 )hi,e a"
"he same "ime en"ai,in- ,i"",e % n% de"a'hmen" $%m India %$ "ei"%ies n%) in i"s !%ssessi%n5 i" ,ea+es
e7is"in- !%,i"i'a, and e'%n%mi' aan-emen"s essen"ia,,3 undis"u(ed2 Thus5 %$ "he se+ea, '%n'ei+a(,e
$%ms %$ !a"i"i%n5 i" is ',ea,3 am%n- "he m%s" -ene%us "% India2;
A0
H%)e+e5 "he :"he L%6 as a (%de; %!"i%n has "% "a*e in"% a''%un" "he $a'" "ha" "he L%6 is mee,3 a
'ease$ie ,ine5 as )e,, as "a*e s"%'* %$ "he s"u--,e $% "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n "ha" is -%in- %n in "he
Indian4he,d Kashmi2 M%e%+e5 Kashmiis d% n%" e'%-nise "he L%62 P%$2 Ms2 Shamim Sha),5 a
Kashmii s'h%,a $%m Sina-a5 has a-ued "ha" :"he !%!%sa, %$ di+isi%n is in '%n"a+en"i%n %$ "he (asi'
!in'i!,e "ha" Jammu and Kashmi is an indi+isi(,e en"i"32 I" a,s% +i%,a"es "he $undamen"a, $a'" "ha" "he
Kashmi !%(,em is (asi'a,,3 "he !%(,em %$ "he !e%!,e %$ Jammu and Kashmi2 I" is n%" a (i,a"ea,
!%(,em (e")een India and Pa*is"an2 N% is i" a "ei"%ia, dis!u"e2;
A@
Se'%nd,35 "he !esen" L%6 is an
a,"eed 'ease$ie ,ine5 )hee(3 India a'Euied "ei"%3 "h%u-h mi,i"a3 a--essi%n in ./1.2 Thee$%e5
a''e!"in- L%6 )%u,d mean ,e-i"imisin- Indian mi,i"a3 a--essi%n2 Thid,35 "he L%6 as a''e!"ed (3 (%"h
Pa*is"an and India a" Sim,a in ./18 d%es n%" e7is" an3m%e2 Indian in'usi%n in"% Sia'hen in ./A0 has
des"%3ed "he san'"i"3 %$ "he 'ease$ie ,ine2
Fourthly, s%me >es"en s'h%,as ha+e !%!%sed "he !a"i"i%n %$ Kashmi a,%n- e"hni'M'u,"ua,5
e,i-i%us5 and ,in-uis"i' ,ines2 F% e7am!,e "he Kashmir 'tudy 4roup5 a US4(ased -%u! '%m!isin-
a'ademi's and di!,%ma"s $%m +ai%us '%un"ies as mem(es5
A9
has made +ai%us !%!%sa,s a,%n- "hese
,ines in i"s e!%" en"i",ed5 Kashmir6 A /ay Forward #Se!"em(e .///&2 The !%!%sa,s su--es"ed ae as
$%,,%)s:
7a8 Two hypothetical sovereign entities, self-governing in all aspects, esta!lished on !oth sides
of the %ine of ontrol on cultural and linguistic grounds- A''%din- "% "he s"ud35 :On "he
Indian side %$ "he LO6 e+e3 "ahsi, in Kashmi !%!e and in D%da dis"i'" in Jammu5 and
G%%, Gu,a( Gha "ahsi, in Udham!u dis"i'" in Jammu )%u,d see* in'%!%a"i%n in "he
!%!%sed s"a"e2 A,, "hese aeas ae im(ued )i"h KKashmii3a"L % in"ea'" )i"h Kashmii
s!ea*in- !e%!,e2 On "he Pa*is"ani side i" is '%n'ei+a(,e "ha" "he )h%,e %$ ACad Kashmi
)%u,d %!" "% ha+e a s%+eei-n s"a"us2 This is !ed%minan",3 Pun<a(i4s!ea*in-5 )h%,,3
Mus,im aea;I
7!8 A new sovereign state on the $ndian side of %o with no territorial e.change !etween $ndia
and #a*istan- The s"a"e )%u,d in',ude :)i"hin i"s ma7imum !%"en"ia, aea "he )h%,e %$
Kashmi !%!e as )e,, as ad<%inin- aeas in )hi'h Kashmii is ei"he "he ma<%i"3 ,an-ua-e
% "ha" %$ a !,ua,i"3 %$ "he !%!u,a"i%n;I
7c8 "esira!le territorial changes along and !eyond the %ine of ontrol in 2ammu and Kashmir-
Vie)in- "ha" :L%6 is d3s$un'"i%na, and has (een +i%,a"ed innumea(,e "imes;5 i" !%!%ses
"ha" a ne) s"a"e (e 'ea"ed )i"h "ei"%ia, e7'han-es (e")een India and Pa*is"an2
H%)e+e5 i" !%!%ses "ha" Pa*is"an -i+es a,m%s" ")i'e as mu'h aea #15=99 sE2 *m& "%
India5 "han India 'edin- "ei"%3 #05@B. sE2 *m& "% Pa*is"an2 The a"i%na,e -i+en $% su'h an
e7'han-e is : %+ea,,5 "he "ei"%ia, ad<us"men"s sh%u,d n%" (e e7'essi+e,3 disu!"i+e %$ "he
es"a(,ished %de and 3e" sh%u,d a!!ea si-ni$i'an" and (e %$ su'h a na"ue as "% a,,%) a,,
!a"ies "% ',aim a +i'"%32;
A1
The a(%+e !%!%sa,s ae a-ain n%" +ia(,e s%,u"i%ns5 as "he3 "end "% '%m!,i'a"e "he si"ua"i%n in
Jammu and Kashmi and esu," in a $u"he di+isi%n %$ "he e-i%n5 a"he "han ,eadin- "% a s"a(,e s%,u"i%n2
M%e%+e5 "he :Kashmi S"ud3 G%u!;s; !%!%sa,s ma*e n% !%+isi%n $% "he i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n %$
"he !e%!,e %$ Kashmi "% )hi'h !esen",3 a mi,i"a3 s"u--,e is unde)a3 (3 "he Kashmiis in Indian4
%''u!ied Kashmi2
IV2 The Inde!enden'e O!"i%n
An %!"i%n -adua,,3 e+%,+ed as a esu," %$ "he im!asse %n "he Kashmi issue is "ha" %$ inde!enden'e5
-enea,,3 *n%)n as "he :Thid O!"i%n;2 Unde "his %!"i%n5 "he !e4Pa"i"i%n s"a"us %$ "he Jammu and
Kashmi S"a"e is "% (e es"%ed and an inde!enden" s"a"e es"a(,ished2 The !%!%sa, is main,3 ad+%'a"ed
(3 "he JKLF2 I"s 6haiman5 Amanu,,ah Khan5 in %ne %$ his a"i',es sa3s5 :"he $u"ue inde!enden" Kashmi is
"% (e neu"a,5 ,i*e S)i"Ce,and5 )i"h $iend,3 and "ade e,a"i%ns )i"h a,, i"s nei-h(%us2; A''%din- "%
Amanu,,ah Khan;s !%!%sa,5 :Inde!enden" Kashmi is "% '%nsis" %$ $i+e $edea"in- uni"s: Kashmi Va,,e35
Jammu !%+in'e5 Lada*h5 ACad Kashmi and Gi,-i"4?a,"is"an5 ea'h en<%3in- '%nsidea(,e in"ena,
au"%n%m35 ha+in- i"s %)n e,e'"ed !%+in'ia, -%+enmen"2 A" "he 'en"e "hee )i,, (e a (i'amea,
!a,iamen"2; He $u"he sa3s5 :"he e4uni$i'a"i%n and inde!enden'e %$ "he s"a"e 'an (e (%u-h" a(%u"
)i"h%u" ma*in- an3 das"i' 'han-es in "he e7is"in- s%'i%4e'%n%mi'5 !%,i"i'a, and adminis"a"i+e s"u'"ues
%$ an3 %$ "he !esen" "hee uni"s i2e2 Indian %''u!ied aeas5 ACad Kashmi and Gi,-i"4?a,"is"an2;
AA
A''%din- "% Indian s'h%,as :inde!enden'e5 ei"he $% !a" % a,, %$ JPK5 is eEua,,3 unea,is"i'2 The3
main"ain "ha" a,"h%u-h an a"i$i'ia, !%du'" %$ )a5 "he Line %$ 6%n"%, d%es $%,,%) a %u-h and ead3
e"hn%4'u,"ua, di+ide in s%me measue2 Fu"he5 Kse,$4de"emina"i%nL )i"hin "he ")% !a"s %$ JPK '%u,d
esu," in "he ?a,*anisa"i%n %$ a m%sai' !u" "%-e"he (3 his"%35 )i"h e+e3 ne) :se,$4de"emined; min%i"3
(ein- assai,ed $% a ne),34'ea"ed ma<%i"aianism5 )hi'h ,esse min%i"ies e$use "% a''e!"2 Su'h an
una+e,,in- )%u,d (e a e'i!e $% s"i$e5 inse'ui"35 and des"a(i,isa"i%n %$ "he e-i%n2;
A/

The %!"i%n $% an inde!enden" Jammu and Kashmi s"a"e d%es n%" seem "% (e a +ia(,e s%,u"i%n5 as
"he S"a"e )%u,d (e ,and4,%'*ed and5 "hee$%e5 !emanen",3 de!enden" %n i"s nei-h(%us2 F% India "he
!%!%si"i%n )%u,d (e una''e!"a(,e (e'ause i" '%u,d ,ead "% a simi,a una+e,,in- in %"he aeas )hee
se!aa"is" m%+emen"s ae -%in- %n in India2
As e-ads Pa*is"an5 "he :"hid %!"i%n; 'an (e ad+an"a-e%us2 An inde!enden" Jammu and Kashmi
s"a"e )%u,d ha+e a !e$een'e $% -%%d e,a"i%ns )i"h a nei-h(%u "ha" has '%nsis"en",3 e7"ended i"s
su!!%" "% "he !in'i!,es %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n2 Pa*is"an;s !%si"i%n %n "he :"hid %!"i%n; has (een "ha" i"
sh%u,d n%" '%n$%und "he e7is"en" !%(,ems $u"he5 and5 "hee$%e5 i" s"esses "he need "% addess "he
issue in "he ,i-h" %$ "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, Res%,u"i%ns5 as a $is" s"e! in "he es%,u"i%n %$ "he dis!u"e2
V2 The Iish M%de,
Re'en",35 +ai%us s'h%,as ha+e su--es"ed "he Iish m%de,5 (ased %n "he :G%%d Fida3 A-eemen";
si-ned in A!i, .//A (e")een "he G%+enmen"s %$ "he Uni"ed Kin-d%m %$ Gea" ?i"ain and N%"hen
Ie,and and "he G%+enmen" %$ Ie,and5 as a !%ssi(,e %!"i%n $% es%,+in- "he Kashmi dis!u"e (e")een
India and Pa*is"an2
The main $ea"ues %$ "he :G%%d Fida3 A-eemen";
/B
ae: #a& i" e'%-nises "he '%nsen" !in'i!,e: "ha"
'han-e in "he s"a"us %$ N%"hen Ie,and 'an %n,3 '%me a(%u" )i"h "he '%nsen" %$ "he ma<%i"3 %$ i"s
!e%!,e2 I" a'*n%),ed-es "ha" )hi,e a su(s"an"ia, min%i"3 in "he N%"h and a ma<%i"3 %n "he is,and )an" a
uni"ed Ie,and5 "he ma<%i"3 in "he N%"h 'uen",3 )ishes "% main"ain "he Uni%n2 H%)e+e5 i" sa3s "ha" i$
"ha" si"ua"i%n 'han-es5 "hee is a (indin- %(,i-a"i%n %n (%"h -%+enmen"s "% -i+e e$$e'" "% )ha"e+e )ish
"he !e%!,e %$ "he N%"h e7!essI #(& i" e'%-nises :"he (i"hi-h" %$ a,, "he !e%!,e %$ N%"hen Ie,and; "%
iden"i$3 "hemse,+es and (e a''e!"ed as Iish5 ?i"ish % (%"hI #'& i" !%!%ses '%n'e"e ,e-is,a"i+e and
'%ns"i"u"i%na, 'han-esI su'h as5 "he G%+enmen" %$ Ie,and A'" 5 ',aimin- ?i"ish <uisdi'"i%n %+e a,, %$
Ie,and is "% (e e!,a'ed5 $u"ue !%,,s in "he N%"h %n i"s s"a"us ae "% (e he,d %n "he %de %$ "he Se'e"a3
%$ S"a"e $% N%"hen Ie,and2 Su'h !%,,s mus" (e a" ,eas" se+en 3eas a!a"I #d& i" !%!%ses a .BA4
mem(e Assem(,3 e,e'"ed (3 !%!%"i%na, e!esen"a"i%nI #e& i" es"a(,ishes a N%"h4S%u"h Minis"eia,
6%un'i, unde ,e-is,a"i%n a" >es"minis"e and "he Oiea'h"as5 "% (in- "%-e"he minis"es $%m "he N%"h
and "he Re!u(,i'I #$& i" es"a(,ishes a ?i"ish4Iish 6%un'i, '%nsis"in- %$ e!esen"a"i+es %$ "he ?i"ish and
Iish G%+enmen"s5 de+%,+ed in si"ua"i%ns in N%"hen Ie,and5 S'%",and and >a,es5 "he Is,e %$ Man and
"he 6hanne, Is,andsI #-& i" es"a(,ishes a ne) ?i"ish4Iish 6%n$een'eI #h& ea$$ims '%mmi"men" "% "he
"%"a, disamamen" %$ a,, !aami,i"a3 %-anisa"i%ns5 and '%n$ims in"en"i%n "% )%* '%ns"u'"i+e,3 )i"h "he
Inde!enden" 6%mmissi%n %n De'%mmissi%nin-I and5 #i& es"a(,ishes an inde!enden" '%mmissi%n "% ma*e
e'%mmenda"i%ns $% $u"ue !%,i'in- aan-emen"s in "he N%"h2
/.

?ased %n "he Iish m%de,5 s%me Indian s'h%,as ha+e made su--es"i%ns su!!%"in- au"%n%m3 $%
+ai%us e-i%ns %$ Jammu and Kashmi2 F% e7am!,e5 Ami" A2 Pand3a5 an Indian s'h%,a5 has !%!%sed
"he $%,,%)in- s"e!s: #.& An India4Pa*is"an '%mmissi%n "% dis'uss (%unda3 issues in Jammu and Kashmi5
and "% en-a-e in <%in" m%ni"%in- %$ "he LO6I #8& Phased demi,i"aisa"i%n a" "he LO65 '%n"in-en" $is" %n
su(s"an"ia, 'essa"i%n %$ :'%ss4(%de; "e%ismI #=& Thee4)a3 #Indian5 Pa*is"ani5 Kashmii& '%mmissi%n
%n in"ena, ,a) and %de2 Kashmiis "% (e 'h%sen $%m Pa*is"an4%''u!ied ACad Kashmi and a,, Indian4
%''u!ied se-men"sQVa,,e35 Jammu and Lada*h2 #0& Indian and Pa*is"ani '%mmi"men"s "% !%'eed )i"h a
s'heme %$ ,%'a, -%+enmen" e$%m and s"en-"henin- %$ ,%'a, ins"i"u"i%ns and ,%'a, au"%n%m3 in
es!e'"i+e aeas %$ Kashmi2 #@& Issue4s!e'i$i' '%nsu,"a"i+e (%dies #)a"e5 !%)e5 "%uism5 $inan'e&
'%m!isin- su'h ,%'a, uni"s5 and Indian Jammu P Kashmi S"a"e and ACad Kashmi -%+enmen"s2
#9& Re-u,a,3 s'hedu,ed and !u(,i'i"34$ee '%nsu,"a"i+e me'hanism $% Indian -%+enmen";s "a,*s )i"h a,,
!a"ies5 and )i"h n%n4!a"3 'i+i, s%'ie"3 ins"i"u"i%ns5 )i"hin Indian Kashmi %n !%,i"i'a, issues2
#1& 6%es!%ndin- me'hanism $% ACad Kashmi2 #A& 6%nsu,"a"i+e me'hanism $% "a,*s am%n- a,, !a"ies
%n e"hni' and e,i-i%us min%i"3 !%"e'"i%ns2 #/& 6%nsu,"a"i+e me'hanism $% dia,%-ue (e")een "hese
!%'esses %n "he Indian and Pa*is"ani side %$ "he LO62 #.B& Indian '%mmi"men" "% a,,%) $ee a''ess5
'%nsis"en" )i"h se'ui"3 eEuiemen"s5 "% inde!enden" and 'edi(,e Indian human i-h"s m%ni"%in-
%-aniCa"i%ns5 and "% Indian5 and Pa*is"ani !ess2 6%es!%ndin- '%mmi"men" (3 Pa*is"an $% ACad
Kashmi2
/8
An%"he Indian s'h%,a5 P%$ess% Suman"a ?%se5 (asin- his su--es"i%ns %n "he Iish m%de,
!%!%ses "hee dimensi%ns2 "imension one6 the New "elhi-$slama!ad a.is5 in+%,+in- "he :es"a(,ishmen"
%$ a !emanen" India4Pa*is"an In"e-%+enmen"a, 6%n$een'e "% !%m%"e "he ham%ni%us and mu"ua,,3
(ene$i'ia, de+e,%!men" %$ "he "%"a,i"3 %$ e,a"i%nshi!s (e")een "he ")% '%un"ies2; As su--es"ed (3
P%$ess% ?%se5 "his (%d3 is "% (e 'haied (3 "he es!e'"i+e !ime minis"es5 and i"s ")i'e43ea,3 mee"in-s
"% (e %"a"ed (e")een Indian and Pa*is"ani 'i"ies2 "imension two6 the New "elhi-'rinagar and $slama!ad-
0u9affara!ad a.is, hee "he :%(<e'"i+e in Kashmi )%u,d (e "he -adua,5 in'emen"a, n%ma,isa"i%n %$
!%,i"i's )i"hin Kashmi in (%"h Indian4and Pa*is"ani4'%n"%,,ed C%nes5 and "he de+isin- and
im!,emen"a"i%n %$ !%,i"i'a, $ame)%*s )hi'h 'an $%s"e a )%*in- de-ee %$ in"ena, a''%mm%da"i%n and
'%%!ea"i%n (e")een "he e!esen"a"i+es %$ '%mmuni"ies h%,din- adi'a,,3 di$$een" (asi' !%,i"i'a,
a,,e-ian'es2; "imension three6 the 'rinagar-0u9affara!ad a.is, !%!%ses :a,%n- )i"h "he !%-essi+e
n%ma,isa"i%n %$ "he %+ea,, $ame)%* %$ India4Pa*is"an e,a"i%ns and "he -adua, n%ma,isa"i%n %$ ,i$e and
!%,i"i's in (%"h sides %$ "he Kashmi (%de;5 "ha" "hee is -ea"e need "% ma*e "he (%de !%%us2 He
$u"he su--es"s :"he es"a(,ishmen" %$ a '%ss4(%de Jammu and Kashmi 6%un'i, $% 6%%!ea"i%n5 )i"h
e!esen"a"i+es $%m in',usi+e5 e,e'"ed and au"%n%m%us -%+enmen"s $%m (%"h sides %$ "he ,ine %$
'%n"%,2;
/=
These Indian !%!%sa,s5 se,e'"i+e,3 use "he Iish m%de,5 (u" (asi'a,,3 su!!%" au"%n%m3 $% "he
e-i%ns %$ Jammu and Kashmi unde "he su!e+isi%n %$ India and Pa*is"an2 The 'en"a, as!e'"s $%'usin-
%n se,$4de"emina"i%n and "%"a, disamamen" a$"e im!,emen"a"i%n %$ "he a-eemen" ae i-n%ed2 The
Indian !%!%sa,s ae simi,a "% "he idea %$ a '%nd%minium )i"h d%minan" Indian in$,uen'e2 A,s%5 "he L%6
has (een !%!%sed as "he di+idin- ,ine and a s%$" (%de2 This is a-ains" "he -enesis %$ "he Kashmi
dis!u"e5 )hi'h is n%" $% -ea"e au"%n%m3 % :se,$4-%+enmen";5 as !%!%sed5 (u" $% "he i-h" %$ se,$4
de"emina"i%n "% (e e7!essed (3 "he Kashmiis2 H%)e+e5 as D2 MaCai has su--es"ed5
/0
i" is "he 'en"a,
as!e'"s %$ "he Iish m%de,5 )hi'h ae e,e+an" in 'ase %$ "he Kashmi dis!u"e and '%u,d (e used as
-uidin- !in'i!,es $% a es%,u"i%n %$ "he '%n$,i'"2 F% ins"an'e "he unde,3in- !in'i!,e is recognition of the
right of the people as of Northern $reland "% 'h%%se "hei !%,i"i'a, $u"ue "h%u-h a e$eendum2 A,s%5 "he
!in'i!,e %$ de)ea!%nisa"i%n is ,in*ed "% i"5 as $%,,%)in- "he im!,emen"a"i%n %$ "he A-eemen"2
6ON6LUSION
The Kashmi dis!u"e (asi'a,,3 in+%,+es "hee !a"ies5 name,35 India5 Pa*is"an and "he Kashmiis2
Pa*is"an and India ae "he ")% main !a"ies a''%din- "% "he UN es%,u"i%ns2 The "hid !a"3 is "he
Kashmiis )h%se i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n has (een e'%-nised in UN es%,u"i%ns2 Thee$%e5 Pa*is"an
and India5 %n "hei %)n5 'ann%" de'ide "he $u"ue %$ "he Kashmiis5 (3 e7',udin- "hem $%m an3 su'h
!%'ess2
I" is n%) e+iden" "ha" $% s%,+in- "he Kashmi dis!u"e in an3 dua(,e manne5 a +ia(,e s%,u"i%n )%u,d
ha+e "% in',ude as a sine 1ua non "he $u,, su!!%" %$ "he Kashmii !e%!,e2 The Indian !%,i'3 %$ im!%sin- a
s%,u"i%n5 (ased %n au"%n%m35 )i"hin "he Indian Uni%n )i,, n%" (e su''ess$u,2 This (e'ame ',ea,3 e+iden"
$%m "he %u"'%me %$ "he ")% %unds %$ "a,*s5 in Au-us"MSe!"em(e 8BB85 he,d (3 "he Indian Kashmi
6%mmi""ee headed (3 M2 Je"hma,ani5 )i"h "he APH6 de,e-a"i%n and M2 Sha(i Shah5 ,eade %$ "he
Jammu and Kashmi Dem%'a"i' Feed%m Pa"32 The 6%mmi""ee '%ndu'"ed '%nsu,"a"i%ns "% !esuade
APH6 and M2 Shah "% !a"i'i!a"e in "he Se!"em(e 8BB8 e,e'"i%ns in "he O''u!ied S"a"e2 APH6 and M2
Shah5 h%)e+e5 e<e'"ed !a"i'i!a"i%n in "he Assem(,3 !%,,s in O''u!ied Kashmi (ein- he,d in
Se!"em(e4O'"%(e 8BB82

N%) "he e,e'"i%ns ha+e (een he,d in "he O''u!ied S"a"e2 >i,e "he Indian E,e'"i%n 6%mmissi%n
',aimed "he !%'ess )as $ai and had a +%"e "un%u" %$ 00 !e 'en" duin- "he $%u !hases %$ "he
e,e'"i%ns5 inde!enden" es"ima"es !u" "he +%"e "un%u" a" .B4.8 !e'en"2 A,s% a''%din- "% e!%"s in "he
Indian media5 a s"%n- an"i4in'um(en'3 )a+e a-ains" "he Na"i%na, 6%n$een'e )as +isi(,e in "he 'en"es
)hee +%"in- "%%* !,a'e2 Pe%!,e a" +ai%us !,a'es !%"es"ed and esis"ed "he a""em!"s %$ "he en$%'ed
$an'hise2 A''%din- "% e!%"s in 4reater Kashmir, s,%-ans head duin- "hese !%"es"s )ee5 :n%
e,e'"i%n5 n% se,e'"i%n5 )e )an" $eed%m2;
/@
Re!%"s (3 +ai%us Indian %-anisa"i%ns a,s% '%n$im "he
'%e'i+e %,e !,a3ed (3 "he se'ui"3 $%'es2 F% e7am!,e5 %n O'"%(e 05 "he Jammu and Kashmi 6%a,i"i%n
%$ 6i+i, S%'ie"3 e!%"ed K+i%,en" '%e'i%nL (3 se'ui"3 $%'es in m%s" %$ "he .9 '%ns"i"uen'ies5 )hi'h )en"
"% !%,,s duin- "he "hid !hase2
/9
Kee!in- in +ie) "he !as" %,e %$ se'ui"3 $%'es in "he e,e'"i%ns in
O''u!ied Kashmi5 i" is di$$i'u," "% (e,ie+e "ha" unde su'h a hea+3 de!,%3men" %$ 1BB5BBB amed $%'es
!es%nne, "he e,e'"i%ns 'an (e "emed as (ein- :$ee; and :$ai;2

The ?JP -%+enmen" !%<e'"ed "hese e,e'"i%ns in O''u!ied Kashmi as an e7!essi%n %$ "he )i,, %$
"he !e%!,e %$ Kashmi2 F% e7am!,e5 in a s"a"emen" in Denma*5 "he Indian Pime Minis"e Va<!a3ee said
"ha" "he +%"e in O''u!ied Kashmi )as $% :India;s uni"35 Kashmii3a" and a-ains" Pa*is"an4s!%ns%ed
"e%ism and Is,ama(ad;s an"i4India !%!a-anda2;
/1
H%)e+e5 e<e'"in- "he Indian Pime Minis"e;s
s"a"emen"5 "he APH6 'haiman5 A(du, Ghani ?ha"5 had said "ha" :"he !e%!,e +%"ed in an-e a-ains" "he
in'um(en" -%+enmen" and India2; He s"essed "ha" "he e,e'"i%ns sh%u,d n%" (e '%ns"ued as an
a,"ena"i+e "% !,e(is'i"e2 He5 h%)e+e5 added :i$ a !,e(is'i"e is n%" )%*a(,e $% s%me eas%n5 "hen ,e" "hee
(e a dia,%-ue in+%,+in- India5 Pa*is"an and "he Hui3a" 6%n$een'e2;
/A

In"ees"in-,35 a''%din- "% "he %$$i'ia, esu,"s n%ne %$ "he !a"ies5 !a"i'i!a"in- in e,e'"i%ns5 ha+e )%n
en%u-h sea"s "% $%m "he -%+enmen" (3 i"se,$2 The Na"i%na, 6%n$een'e )%n 8A sea"s5 6%n-ess 8B
sea"s5 Pe%!,e;s Dem%'a"i' Pa"3 .9 and "he ?JP in a,,ian'e )i"h RSS '%u,d )in %n,3 a sin-,e sea"2 F%
$%min- a -%+enmen" in an A14mem(e assem(,3 "he !a"3 needs 00 sea"s2 As "his s"ud3 -%es "% !in"5
ne-%"ia"i%ns )ee unde)a3 $% a '%a,i"i%n "% (e se" u!2 ?%"h "he 6%n-ess and PDP ae '%n"endes $%
"he 6hie$ Minis"eshi!2 M%e%+e5 "h%u-h "he Na"i%na, 6%n$een'e eme-ed as "he sin-,e ,a-es" !a"35 i"s
,eade5 Oma A(du,,ah )as de$ea"ed and n% mem(e %$ A(du,,ah $ami,3 '%u,d )in a sea" in "he e,e'"i%ns2
Oma A(du,,ah5 a,s% "he Minis"e %$ s"a"e $% E7"ena, A$$ais in NDA -%+enmen"5 and Fa%%E A(du,,ah5
"he 'ae"a*e 6hie$ Minis"e5 esi-ned $%m "hei !%s"s and "he Va<!a3ee -%+enmen" im!%sed G%+en%;s
Ru,e in O''u!ied Kashmi %n O'"%(e .15 8BB82 6%mmen"in- %n "he si"ua"i%n5 "he G%+en%5 Giish
6handa Sa7ena5 said %n O'"%(e ./5 "ha" "he '%m!,e7 !%,i"i'a, si"ua"i%n ne'essi"a"ed "he im!%si"i%n %$
G%+en%;s u,e2
//
>ha"e+e "he end esu," %$ "he !%,i"i'a, s'ene in O''u!ied Kashmi5 i" has (e'%me
%(+i%us "ha" "he ne) -%+enmen" )i,, n%" (e "he "ue e!esen"a"i+e +%i'e %$ "he !e%!,e %$ Kashmi5 as "he
ma<% e!esen"a"i+e +%i'e5 "he APH65 did n%" !a"i'i!a"e in "he e,e'"i%ns2

Pa*is"an has (een s"essin- "he need $% a ne-%"ia"ed se"",emen" %$ "he Kashmi dis!u"e2 In "his
'%n"e7" Pa*is"an su!!%"s "he esum!"i%n %$ "he dia,%-ue !%'ess
.BB
(e")een India and Pa*is"an2 In "his
'%nne'"i%n5 Pesiden" Pe+eC Mushaa$5 duin- his addess "% "he na"i%n %n Janua3 .85 8BB85 'a,,ed
u!%n "he Indian Pime Minis"e5 M2 Va<!a3ee5 "% :'%me $%)ad and he,! 'ea"e !ea'e and ham%n3 )i"h
a +ie) "% es%,+in- a,, dis!u"es "h%u-h !ea'e$u, means and "h%u-h dia,%-ue2;
.B.
Pesiden" Mushaa$5
)hi,e "a,*in- "% "he As!en S"a"e-3 G%u! duin- his +isi" "% US in Janua3 8BB85 su--es"ed a $%u4!a"
!%'ess "% de$use "he 'isis in Kashmi2 A''%din- "% "he $%u4!a" !%'ess5 #a& India and Pa*is"an mus"
esume an %$$i'ia, dia,%-ueI #(& (%"h mus" a''e!" "he !emise "ha" Kashmi is 'en"a, "% "he dis!u"eI #'&
e,imina"e $%m dis'ussi%ns )ha" ea'h side $inds una''e!"a(,eI and #d& '%ns"u'" an a-eemen" %n "he
(asis %$ a,"ena"i+es "% "hei *n%)n !%si"i%ns2
.B8
La"e5 Pesiden" Pe+eC Mushaa$5 )hi,e addessin- "he
@1"h sessi%n %$ "he UN Genea, Assem(,3 %n Se!"em(e .=5 8BB85 has su--es"ed a "hee4!%in" !%!%sa,
$% edu'in- "ensi%ns in "he e-i%n: #a& mu"ua, )i"hda)a, %$ $%)ad de!,%3ed $%'es (3 (%"h s"a"es5 #(&
%(se+a"i%n %$ a 'ease$ie a,%n- "he Line %$ 6%n"%, in Kashmi5 and #'& 'essa"i%n %$ India;s s"a"e "e%ism
a-ains" "he Kashmii !e%!,e2
.B=

The de'isi%n (3 "he Indian 6a(ine" 6%mmi""ee %n Se'ui"35 %n O'"%(e .95 8BB85 "% !u,, (a'* "%%!s
de!,%3ed a,%n- "he in"ena"i%na, (%de )i"h Pa*is"an is "he $is" s"e! $% de4es'a,a"i%n %$ "ensi%n (e")een
India and Pa*is"an2
.B0
In es!%nse Pa*is"an a,s% ann%un'ed )i"hda)a, %$ $%'es "% !ea'e "ime
,%'a"i%ns2
.B@
These de+e,%!men"s5 i$ $%,,%)ed (3 "he esum!"i%n %$ dia,%-ue (e")een India and Pa*is"an
$% dis'ussin- a,, %u"s"andin- issues5 !a"i'u,a,3 "he Kashmi dis!u"e5

)i,, n%" %n,3 esu," in n%ma,isa"i%n
%$ e,a"i%ns (e")een India and Pa*is"an (u" )i,, a,s% !%m%"e !ea'e and s"a(i,i"3 in "he S%u"h Asian
e-i%n2 T% (e-in )i"h5 i" eEuies n%ma,isa"i%n %$ di!,%ma"i' e,a"i%ns5 and $% "ha" es"%a"i%n %$ a,,
'%mmuni'a"i%ns ,in*s # ai5 ai, and %ad& has "% "a*e !,a'e2
Kee!in- in +ie) "he -%und ea,i"ies5 "he Indian e<e'"i%n %$ a -enea, !,e(is'i"e unde UN aus!i'es
and "he '%n"inuin- s"u--,e (3 "he Kashmiis $% "hei i-h" %$ se,$4de"emina"i%n5 )ha" ae "he %!"i%ns $%
Pa*is"an $% $indin- a s%,u"i%n )i"hin "he !aame"es %$ se,$4de"emina"i%nF I$ "he (i,a"ea, "a,*s ae
esumed $% es%,+in- "he dis!u"e5 "hen Kashmiis )i,, ha+e "% (e in',uded5 a" s%me s"a-e5 $% dis'ussin-
+ai%us %!"i%ns2 In !in'i!,e5 India has a,s% e'%-nised "hid !a"3 media"i%n %n Kashmi (3 a,,%)in- "he
US "% !,a3 an indie'" %,e2 F% e7am!,e5 %n Au-us" 815 8BB85 a hi-h4,e+e, Amei'an de,e-a"i%n5 ,ed (3
Lisa 6u"is5 Seni% Ad+ise "% "he US Assis"an" Se'e"a3 %$ S"a"e5 6his"ina R%''a5 !aid a ")%4da3 +isi" "%
O''u!ied Kashmi i" ma3 (e n%"ed5 +ia Ne) De,hi2 The de,e-a"i%n '%nsis"ed %$ Shee"a, Pa"e, and Kai,ash
Jha %$ "he P%,i"i'a, De!a"men" %$ "he US Em(ass3 in De,hi as mem(es2 I" he,d mee"in-s )i"h APH6 and
%"he Kashmii ,eades2 Su'h "hid !a"3 mee"in-s !%+ide an %!!%"uni"3 "% "he APH6 and %"he Kashmii
,eades en-a-ed in "he $eed%m m%+emen" "% e7!ess "hei +ie)s die'",3 "% $%ei-n di-ni"aies2 A,%n- )i"h
a -%)in- e'%-ni"i%n %$ "he e!esen"a"i+e na"ue %$ "he APH65 "his de+e,%!men" d%es sh%) "ha" India is
-adua,,3 m%+in- "%)ads a''e!"in- s%me %$ "he -%und ea,i"ies %$ "he Kashmi dis!u"e2 H%)e+e5 i" s"i,,
needs "% %+e",3 e'%-nise "ha" )i"h%u" Pa*is"an5 )hi'h is an in"e-a, !a"3 "% "he dis!u"e5 "hee 'ann%" (e
a dua(,e s%,u"i%n %$ "he Kashmi dis!u"e2
REFEREN6ES
.2 See Mu<"a(a RaC+i5 The Frontiers of #a*istan, Kaa'hi5 Na"i%na, Pu(,ishin- H%use L"d25 ./1.5 !2/02
82 6haudhi Muhammad A,i5 The :mergence of #a*istan, Resea'h s%'ie"3 %$ Pa*is"an5 Lah%e5 ./A@5
!2 8A02
=2 V2 P2 Men%n5 The Transfer of #ower in $ndia, 6a,'u""a5 Oien" L%n-mans5 ./@95 !2 =A02
02 V2 P2 Men%n5 The 'tory of $ntegration of the $ndian 'tates, 6a,'u""a5 Oien" L%n-mans5 ./@95 !2 =/02
@2 See Vi'"%ia S'h%$ie,d5 Kashmir6 $n the rossfire, I2 ?2 Tauis Pu(,ishes5 L%nd%n5 .//95 !2 .81I
92 L%d ?id)%%d5 Two Nations and Kashmir, L%nd%n5 R%(e" Ha,e Limi"ed5 ./@95 !2 10I Eu%"ed (3
6haudhi Muhammad A,i5 %!2'i"2 !2 8.92
12 D2 I<aC Hussain5 Kashmir "ispute6 An $nternational %aw #erspective, Na"i%na, Ins"i"u"e %$ Pa*is"an
S"udies5 .//A5 !!2 .0.4.@82
A2 I(id5 !2 .082
/2 I(id2
.B2 I(id5 !2 .0@2
..2 See "e7" %$ "he (N harter si-ned %n June 895 ./0@-
.82 D2 I<aC Hussain5 %!2'i"5 !2 .092
.=2 I(id5 !!2 .0A4.0/2
.02 D2 Shieen M2 MaCai5 KPa*is"an and "he an"i4"e%is" '%a,i"i%n: Se,$4de"emina"i%n and Te%ismL5
"efence 2ournal, O'"%(e5 8BB.2
.@2 See 6haudhi Muhammad A,i5 %!2'i"2 !2.0/4.@/
.92 I(id2 !2 889
.12 I(id2 !2 88A
.A2 I(id2 !2 8=84==
./2 F% de"ai,s see 6haudhi Muhammad A,i5 %!2'i"2 !2 8=8I A,s%5 Ea, M%un"(a""en %$ ?uma5 Time 3nly
to %oo* Forward, !208I Eu%"ed (3 S2M2 ?u*e in #a*istan,s Foreign #olicy6 An 5istorical Analysis,
Kaa'hi5 O7$%d Uni+esi"3 Pess5 ./1=5 !2.12
8B2 See 6haudhi Muhammad A,i5 %!2'i"2 !2 8=B2
8.2 F% de"ai,s see5 6haudhi Muhammad A,i5 i(id2 !!2 88848=92
882 I(id2 !2 8192
8=2 I(id2 !28A.
802 I(id2 !2 8A.2
8@2 I(id2
892 I(id
812 F% de"ai,s see5 A,as"ai Lam(5 Kashmir6 A "isputed %egacy ;<=>-;??@, O7$%d Uni+esi"3 Pess5
Kaa'hi5 .//85 !!2 .8.4.0BI Vi'"%ia S'h%$ie,d5 Kashmir6 $n the rossfire, I2 ?2 Tauis Pu(,i'a"i%ns5
L%nd%n5 .//95 !!2 .==4.=@2
8A2 A,as"ai Lam(5 Airth of a Tragedy6 Kashmir ;?>B, R%7$%d ?%%*s5 .//05 !2 A8
8/2 I(id2
=B2 I(id2
=.2 I(id2
=82 A,as"ai Lam(5 $ncomplete #artition6 The 4enesis of the Kashmir "ispute ;?>B-;?><, R%7$%d
?%%*s5 .//15 !2.1@2 As s"a"ed (3 Lam(5 ;The +ea'i"3 %$ "his "a,e )as 'ha,,en-ed5 a,(ei" "a'i",35 in M2
62 Maha<an;s au"%(i%-a!h3 )hi'h a!!eaed in ./9=2 M2 62 Maha<an asse"s "ha" he did n%" ,ea+e
De,hi %n O'"%(e 895 $%,,%)in- his ai+a, "hee ea,3 "ha" m%nin-2 He indi'a"ed "ha" "he <%in" +isi" "%
Jammu )i"h V2 P2 Men%n a'"ua,,3 "%%* !,a'e %n 81 O'"%(e2; Men%n and Maha<an )ee -%in- "%
Jammu "% %("ain "he si-na"ue %$ "he Mahaa<a %n "he Ins"umen" %$ A''essi%n2 A,s%5 in "he (%%*
Kashmir6 A "isputed %egacy-;<>=-;??@, Lam( s"a"es "ha" Pa"ia,a $%'es had a,ead3 ,anded a"
Sina-a ai$ie,d %n O'"%(e .15 )e,, (e$%e O'"%(e 895 "he da"e Indian %$$i'ia,s ',aim "he Indian
"%%!s in"e+ened in Jammu and Kashmi2 !2 .=.2 F% de"ai,ed dis'ussi%n a,s% see A,as"ai Lam(5
Airth of a Tragedy5 R%7$%d ?%%*s5 UK5 .//05 !!2 /.4/A2
==2 D2 I<aC Hussain5 %!2'i"2 !21@2
=02 6haudha3 M%hammad A,i5 The :mergence of #a*istan, !2 8/@2
=@2 6haudha3 M%hammad A,i5 i(id5 !28/94/1
=92 D2 I<aC Hussain5 %!2'i"2 !!2@.4@=2
=12 See "e7" in M2 S2 De%a and G%+e #ed2&5 "ocuments on Kashmir #ro!lem5 V%,2 I5 ne) De,hi5
Dis'%+e3 Pu(,ishin- H%use5 .//.5 !2902
=A2 Adaesh Sein Anand5 The "evelopment of the onstitution of 2ammu and Kashmir, Veina-
Pu(,ishes5 ACad Kashmi5 .//.5 !2 .B.2
=/2 I(id5 !2 .B82
0B2 I(id2
0.2 See A,as"ai Lam(5 Kashmir6 A "isputed %egacy-;<>=-;??@, !2.@0
>C- Kashmir in the 'ecurity ouncil5 G%+enmen" %$ Pa*is"an !u(,i'a"i%n2
0=2 R%sa,3n Hi--ins, (nited Nations #eace-Keeping ;?>=-;?>B6 "ocuments and ommentary, $$, Asia5
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0A2 See K2 Sa)a Hasan5 #ed& "ocuments on the Foreign &elation of #a*istan6 The Kashmir Duestion,
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0/2 See A,as"ai Lam(5 Kashmir6 A "isputed %egacy-;<>=-;??@, !2 ./B2
@B2 I(id2 8B.48B82
@.2 Suman"a ?%se5 The hallenge in Kashmir6 "emocracy, 'elf-"etermination and a 2ust #eace5 Sa-e
Pu(,i'a"i%ns5 Ne) De,hi5.//15 !2 ==
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@=2 A2 Lam(5 %!2'i"2 !28B=2
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A02 R%(e" G2 >isin-5 %!2'i"2 !2 88B
A@2 A"i',e (3 P%$2 Shamim Sha),5 %!2 'i"25 !2===
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6haiman %$ "he ?%ad2 I"s mem(es in',ude: Am(assad% H%)ad ?2 S'ha$$e %$ Ge%-e"%)n
Uni+esi"35 D2 J%es!h E2 S'h)a"C(e- %$ Uni+esi"3 %$ Minnes%"a5 D2 R%(e" >isin- %$ Uni+esi"3
%$ S%u"h 6a%,ina5 D2 6ha,es S2 Kenned3 %$ >a*e F%es" Uni+esi"35 D2 A2T2 Em(ee %$ 6%,um(ia
Uni+esi"35 D2 Pe"e L3%n %$ "he Ins"i"u"e %$ 6%mm%n)ea,"h S"udies5 L%nd%n5 D2 Da+id Ta3,% %$ "he
S'h%%, %$ Oien"a, and A$i'an S"udies5 L%nd%n2
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85 8BB82
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%unds %$ "a,*s )ee he,d2 The "a,*s )ee esumed in .//05 h%)e+e in .//1 Pa*is"an and India
a-eed "% se" u! >%*in- G%u!s a" a!!%!ia"e ,e+e,s "% addess a,, %u"s"andin- issues in an
:in"e-a"ed manne; As a esu," )%*in- -%u!s )ee iden"i$ied (u" "his '%u,d n%" (e im!,emen"ed2
A$"e emainin- s"a,,ed $% m%e "han a 3ea "he $is" %und %$ mee"in-s %$ "he >%*in- G%u!s )as
he,d in O'"%(eM N%+em(e .///2 Sin'e "hen "he !%'ess %$ (i,a"ea, dia,%-ue (e")een "he ")%
'%un"ies emains s"a,,ed2
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.B=2 The "awn5 #Is,ama(ad&5 Se!"em(e .05 8BB82
.B02 Times of $ndia5 O'"%(e .15 8BB82
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$$endi&-!
Res%,u"i%n ad%!"ed (3 "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns 6%mmissi%n $% India and Pa*is"an %n .= Au-us"5 ./0A2
#D%'umen" N%2SM..BB5 Paa2 1@5 da"ed "he /"h N%+em(e5 ./0A&2
THE UNITED NATIONS 6OMMISSION FOR INDIA AND PAKISTAN
Ha+in- -i+en 'ae$u, '%nsidea"i%n "% "he !%in"s %$ +ie) e7!essed (3 "he Re!esen"a"i+es5 %$ India and
Pa*is"an e-adin- "he si"ua"i%n in "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi5 and
?ein- %$ "he %!ini%n "ha" "he !%m!" 'essa"i%n %$ h%s"i,i"ies and "he '%e'"i%n %$ '%ndi"i%ns "he
'%n"inuan'e %$ )hi'h is ,i*e,3 "% endan-e in"ena"i%na, !ea'e and se'ui"3 ae essen"ia, "%
im!,emen"a"i%n %$ i"s endea+%us "% assis" "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an in e$$e'"in- a $ina,
se"",emen" %$ "he si"ua"i%n5
Res%,+es "% su(mi" simu,"ane%us,3 "% "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an "he $%,,%)in- !%!%sa,:
PART I
6EASE4FIRE ORDER
RAS The G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an a-ee "ha" "hei es!e'"i+e Hi-h 6%mmands )i,, issue
se!aa"e,3 and simu,"ane%us,3 a 'ease4$ie %de "% a!!,3 "% a,, $%'es unde "hei '%n"%, in "he S"a"e %$
Jammu and Kashmi as %$ "he ea,ies" !a'"i'a(,e da"e % da"es "% (e mu"ua,,3 a-eed u!%n )i"hin $%u
da3s a$"e "hese !%!%sa,s ha+e (een a''e!"ed (3 (%"h G%+enmen"s2
R?S The Hi-h 6%mmands %$ Indian and Pa*is"an $%'es a-ee "% e$ain $%m "a*in- an3 measues "ha"
mi-h" au-men" "he mi,i"a3 !%"en"ia, %$ "he $%'es unde "hei '%n"%, in "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi2
#F% "he !u!%se %$ "hese !%!%sa,s :4$%'es unde "hei '%n"%,L sha,, (e '%nsideed "% in',ude a,, $%'es5
%-anised and un%-anised5 $i-h"in- % !a"i'i!a"in- in h%s"i,i"ies %n "hei es!e'"i+e sides&2
R6S The 6%mmandes4in46hie$ %$ "he F%'es %$ India and Pa*is"an sha,, !%m!",3 '%n$e e-adin- an3
ne'essa3 ,%'a, 'han-es in !esen" dis!%si"i%ns )hi'h ma3 $a'i,i"a"e "he 'ease4$ie2
RDS In i"s dis'e"i%n5 and as "he 6%mmissi%n ma3 $ind !a'"i'a(,e5 "he 6%mmissi%n )i,, a!!%in" mi,i"a3
%(se+es )h% unde "he au"h%i"3 %$ "he 6%mmissi%n and )i"h "he '%4%!ea"i%n %$ (%"h 6%mmands )i,,
su!e+ise "he %(se+an'e %$ "he 'ease4$ie %de2
RES The G%+enmen" %$ India and "he G%+enmen" %$ Pa*is"an a-ee "% a!!ea, "% "hei es!e'"i+e !e%!,es
"% assis" in 'ea"in- and main"ainin- an a"m%s!hee $a+%ua(,e "% "he !%m%"i%n %$ $u"he ne-%"ia"i%ns2
PART II
TRU6E AGREEMENT
Simu,"ane%us,3 )i"h "he a''e!"an'e %$ "he !%!%sa, $% "he immedia"e 'essa"i%n %$ h%s"i,i"ies as %u",ined
in Pa" I5 (%"h G%+enmen"s a''e!" "he $%,,%)in- !in'i!,es as a (asis $% "he $%mu,a"i%n %$ a "u'e
a-eemen"5 "he de"ai,s %$ )hi'h sha,, (e )%*ed %u" in dis'ussi%n (e")een "hei Re!esen"a"i+es and "he
6%mmissi%n2
A2 #.& As "he !esen'e %$ "%%!s %$ Pa*is"an in "he "ei"%3 %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi '%ns"i"u"es
a ma"eia, 'han-e in "he si"ua"i%n sin'e i" )as e!esen"ed (3 "he G%+enmen" %$ Pa*is"an (e$%e "he
Se'ui"3 6%un'i,5 "he G%+enmen" %$ Pa*is"an a-ees "% )i"hda) i"s "%%!s $%m "ha" S"a"e2
#8& The G%+enmen" %$ Pa*is"an )i,, use i"s (es" endea+%u "% se'ue "he )i"hda)a, $%m "he S"a"e %$
Jammu and Kashmi %$ "i(esmen and Pa*is"an na"i%na,s n%" n%ma,,3 esiden" "heein )h% ha+e en"eed
"he S"a"e $% "he !u!%se %$ $i-h"in-2
#=& Pendin- a $ina, s%,u"i%n "he "ei"%3 e+a'ua"ed (3 "he Pa*is"an "%%!s )i,, (e adminis"eed (3 "he ,%'a,
au"h%i"ies unde "he su+ei,,an'e %$ "he 6%mmissi%n2
?2 #.& >hen "he 6%mmissi%n sha,, ha+e n%"i$ied "he G%+enmen" %$ India "ha" "he "i(esmen and Pa*is"an
na"i%na,s e$eed "% in Pa" II A8 hee%$ ha+e )i"hda)n5 "hee(3 "emina"in- "he si"ua"i%n )hi'h )as
e!esen"ed (3 "he G%+enmen" %$ India "% "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, as ha+in- %''asi%ned "he !esen'e %$
Indian $%'es in "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi5 and $u"he5 "ha" "he Pa*is"an $%'es ae (ein-
)i"hda)n $%m "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi5 "he G%+enmen" %$ India a-ees "% (e-in "% )i"hda)
"he (u,* %$ "hei $%'es $%m "he S"a"e in s"a-es "% (e a-eed u!%n )i"h "he 6%mmissi%n2
#8& Pendin- "he a''e!"an'e %$ "he '%ndi"i%ns $% a $ina, se"",emen" %$ "he si"ua"i%n in "he S"a"e %$ Jammu
and Kashmi5 "he Indian G%+enmen" )i,, main"ain )i"hin "he ,ines e7is"in- a" "he m%men" %$ 'ease4$ie "he
minimum s"en-"h %$ i"s $%'es )hi'h in a-eemen" )i"h "he 6%mmissi%n ae '%nsideed ne'essa3 "%
assis" ,%'a, au"h%i"ies in "he %(se+an'e %$ ,a) and %de2 The 6%mmissi%n )i,, ha+e %(se+es s"a"i%ned
)hee i" deems ne'essa32
#=& The G%+enmen" %$ India )i,, unde"a*e "% ensue "ha" "he G%+enmen" %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and
Kashmi )i,, "a*e a,, measues )i"hin "hei !%)e "% ma*e i" !u(,i',3 *n%)n "ha" !ea'e5 ,a) and %de )i,,
(e sa$e-uaded and "ha" a,, human and !%,i"i'a, i-h"s )i,, (e -uaan"eed2
62 #.& U!%n si-na"ue5 "he $u,, "e7" %$ "he Tu'e A-eemen" % '%mmuniEue '%n"ainin- "he !in'i!,es
"hee%$ as a-eed u!%n (e")een "he ")% G%+enmen"s and "he 6%mmissi%n5 )i,, (e made !u(,i'2
PART III
The G%+enmen" %$ India and "he G%+enmen" %$ Pa*is"an ea$$im "hei )ish "ha" "he $u"ue s"a"us %$ "he
S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi sha,, (e de"emined in a''%dan'e )i"h "he )i,, %$ "he !e%!,e and "% "ha"
end5 u!%n a''e!"an'e %$ "he Tu'e A-eemen" (%"h G%+enmen"s a-ee "% en"e in"% '%nsu,"a"i%ns )i"h
"he 6%mmissi%n "% de"emine $ai and eEui"a(,e '%ndi"i%ns )hee(3 su'h $ee e7!essi%n )i,, (e assued2
The UN6IP unanim%us,3 ad%!"ed "his Res%,u"i%n %n .=4A4./0A2
Mem(es %$ "he 6%mmissi%n: A-en"ina5 ?e,-ium5 6%,%m(ia5 6Ce'h%s,%+a*ia and U2S2A2

$$endi&-!!
Res%,u"i%n ad%!"ed a" "he mee"in- %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns 6%mmissi%n $% India and Pa*is"an %n B@
Janua35 ./0/ #D%'umen" N%2 SM../95 da"ed "he .B"h Janua35 ./0/&
THE UNITED NATIONS 6OMMISSION FOR INDIA AND PAKISTAN
Ha+in- e'ei+ed $%m "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an in 6%mmuni'a"i%ns5 da"ed De'em(e 8=
and De'em(e 8@5 ./0A5 es!e'"i+e,3 "hei a''e!"an'e %$ "he $%,,%)in- !in'i!,es )hi'h ae
su!!,emen"a3 "% "he 6%mmissi%n;s Res%,u"i%n %$ Au-us" .=5 ./0AI
#.& The Eues"i%n %$ "he a''essi%n %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi "% India % Pa*is"an
)i,, (e de'ided "h%u-h "he dem%'a"i' me"h%d %$ a $ee and im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"eI
#8& A !,e(is'i"e )i,, (e he,d )hen i" sha,, (e $%und (3 "he 6%mmissi%n "ha" "he 'ease4$ie
and "u'e aan-emen"s se" $%"h in Pa"s I and II %$ "he 6%mmissi%n;s es%,u"i%n %$ .=
Au-us" ./0A5 ha+e (een 'aied %u" and aan-emen"s $% "he !,e(is'i"e ha+e (een
'%m!,e"edI
#=4a& The Se'e"a34Genea, %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns )i,,5 in a-eemen" )i"h "he
6%mmissi%n5 n%mina"e a P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% )h% sha,, (e a !es%na,i"3 %$ hi-h
in"ena"i%na, s"andin- and '%mmandin- -enea, '%n$iden'e2 He )i,, (e $%ma,,3 a!!%in"ed
"% %$$i'e (3 "he G%+enmen" %$ Jammu and Kashmi2
#=4(& The P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% sha,, dei+e $%m "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi "he
!%)es he '%nsides ne'essa3 $% %-aniCin- and '%ndu'"in- "he !,e(is'i"e and $%
ensuin- "he $eed%m and im!a"ia,i"3 %$ "he !,e(is'i"e2
#=4'& The P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% sha,, ha+e au"h%i"3 "% a!!%in" su'h s"a$$ % assis"an"s
and %(se+es as he ma3 eEuie2
#04a& A$"e im!,emen"a"i%n %$ Pa"s I and II %$ "he 6%mmissi%n;s es%,u"i%n %$ .= Au-us"
./0A5 and )hen "he 6%mmissi%n is sa"is$ied "ha" !ea'e$u, '%ndi"i%ns ha+e (een es"%ed
in "he S"a"e5 "he 6%mmissi%n and "he P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% )i,, de"emine5 in
'%nsu,"a"i%n )i"h "he G%+enmen" %$ India5 "he $ina, dis!%sa, %$ Indian and S"a"e amed
$%'es5 su'h dis!%sa, "% (e )i"h due e-ad "% "he se'ui"3 %$ "he S"a"e and "he $eed%m %$
"he !,e(is'i"e2
#04(& As e-ads "he "ei"%3 e$eed "% in A 8 %$ "he Pa" II %$ "he es%,u"i%n %$ .= Au-us"5
$ina, dis!%sa, %$ "he amed $%'es in "ha" "ei"%3 )i,, (e de"emined (3 "he 6%mmissi%n
and "he P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% in '%nsu,"a"i%n )i"h "he ,%'a, au"h%i"ies2
#@& A,, 'i+i, and mi,i"a3 au"h%i"ies )i"hin "he S"a"e and "he !in'i!a, !%,i"i'a, e,emen"s %$
"he S"a"e )i,, (e eEuied "% '%4%!ea"e )i"h "he P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% in "he
!e!aa"i%n $% and "he h%,din- %$ "he !,e(is'i"e2
#94a& A,, 'i"iCens %$ "he S"a"e )h% ha+e ,e$" i" %n a''%un" %$ "he dis"u(an'es )i,, (e in+i"ed
and (e $ee "% e"un and "% e7e'ise a,, "hei i-h"s as su'h 'i"iCens2 F% "he !u!%se %$
$a'i,i"a"in- e!a"ia"i%n "hee sha,, (e a!!%in"ed ")% 6%mmissi%ns5 %ne '%m!%sed %$
n%minees %$ India and "he %"he %$ n%minees %$ Pa*is"an2
The 6%mmissi%ns sha,, %!ea"e unde "he die'"i%n %$ "he P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"%2 The G%+enmen"s %$
India and Pa*is"an and a,, au"h%i"ies )i"hin "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi )i,, '%,,a(%a"e )i"h "he
P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% in !u""in- "his !%+isi%n "% e$$e'"2
#94(& A,, !es%ns #%"he "han 'i"iCens %$ "he S"a"e& )h% %n % sin'e .@ Au-us" ./015 ha+e
en"eed i" $% %"he "han ,a)$u, !u!%se5 sha,, (e eEuied "% ,ea+e "he S"a"e2
#1& A,, au"h%i"ies )i"hin "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi )i,, unde"a*e "% ensue in
'%,,a(%a"i%n )i"h "he P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% "ha":
#14a& Thee is n% "hea"5 '%e'i%n % in"imida"i%n5 (i(e3 %"he undue in$,uen'e %n "he
+%"es in !,e(is'i"e I
#14(& N% es"i'"i%ns ae !,a'ed %n ,e-i"ima"e !%,i"i'a, a'"i+i"3 "h%u-h%u" "he S"a"e2 A,,
su(<e'"s %$ "he S"a"e5 e-ad,ess %$ 'eed5 'as"e % !a"35 sha,, (e sa$e and $ee in
e7!essin- "hei +ie)s and in +%"in- %n "he Eues"i%n %$ "he a''essi%n %$ "he S"a"e "% India
% Pa*is"an2
Thee sha,, (e $eed%m %$ "he Pess5 s!ee'h and assem(,3 and $eed%m %$ "a+e, in "he
S"a"e5 in',udin- $eed%m %$ ,a)$u, en"3 and e7i" I
#14'& A,, !%,i"i'a, !is%nes ae e,easedI
#14d& Min%i"ies in a,, !a"s %$ "he S"a"e ae a''%ded adeEua"e !%"e'"i%n I and
#14e& Thee is n% +i'"imiCa"i%n2
#A& The P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% ma3 e$e "% "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns 6%mmissi%n $% India
and Pa*is"an !%(,ems %n )hi'h he ma3 eEuie assis"an'e5 and "he 6%mmissi%n ma3 in
i"s dis'e"i%n 'a,, u!%n "he P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% "% 'a3 %u" %n i"s (eha,$ an3 %$ "he
es!%nsi(i,i"ies )i"h )hi'h i" has (een en"us"edI
#/& A" "he '%n',usi%n %$ "he !,e(is'i"e5 "he P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% sha,, e!%" "he esu,"
"hee%$ "% "he 6%mmissi%n and "% "he G%+enmen" %$ Jammu and Kashmi2 The
6%mmissi%n sha,, "hen 'e"i$3 "% "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, )he"he "he P,e(is'i"e has % has
n%" (een $ee and im!a"ia,I
#.B& U!%n "he si-na"ue %$ "he "u'e a-eemen" "he de"ai,s %$ "he $%e-%in- !%!%sa,s )i,,
(e e,a(%a"ed in "he '%nsu,"a"i%n en+isa-ed in Pa" III %$ "he 6%mmissi%n;s es%,u"i%n %$
.= Au-us" ./0A2 The P,e(is'i"e Adminis"a"% )i,, (e $u,,3 ass%'ia"ed in "hese
'%nsu,"a"i%nsI
6%mmends "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an $% "hei !%m!" a'"i%n in %dein- a
'ease4$ie "% "a*e e$$e'" $%m %ne minu"e (e$%e midni-h" %$ $is" Janua3 ./0/5 !usuan"
"% "he a-eemen" ai+ed a" as !%+ided $% (3 "he 6%mmissi%n;s es%,u"i%n %$ .= Au-us"
./0AI
and
Res%,+es "% e"un in "he immedia"e $u"ue "% "he su(4'%n"inen" "% dis'ha-e "he
es!%nsi(i,i"ies im!%sed u!%n i" (3 "he es%,u"i%n %$ .= Au-us" ./0A5 and (3 "he $%e-%in-
!in'i!,es2

T UN6IP unanim%us,3 ad%!"ed "his Res%,u"i%n %n B@4Jan4./0/2
Mem(es %$ "he 6%mmissi%n:
U A-en"ina
U ?e,-ium
U 6%,um(ia
U 6Ce'h%s,%+a*ia and
U U2S2A2
$$endi&- !!!
Res%,u"i%n /A5 ad%!"ed (3 "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, a" i"s 9.."h Mee"in- %n 8= De'em(e5 ./@82 #D%'umen"
N%2 @M8AA=5 da"ed "he 80"h De'em(e5 ./@8&2
THE SE6URITG 6OUN6IL5
Re'a,,in- i"s es%,u"i%ns5 /.#./@.& %$ =B Ma'h ./@.5 i"s de'isi%n %$ =B A!i, ./@. and i"s es%,u"i%ns /9
#./@.& %$ .B N%+em(e ./@.5
Fu"he Re'a,,in- "he !%+isi%ns %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns 6%mmissi%n $% India and Pa*is"an es%,u"i%ns %$
.= Au-us" ./0A5 and @ Janua3 ./0/5 )hi'h )ee a''e!"ed (3 "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an
and )hi'h !%+ided "ha" "he Eues"i%n %$ "he a''essi%n %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi "% India %
Pa*is"an )%u,d (e de'ided "h%u-h "he dem%'a"i' me"h%d %$ a $ee and im!a"ia, !,e(is'i"e '%ndu'"ed
unde "he aus!i'es %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns2
Ha+in- e'ei+ed "he "hid e!%"5 da"ed 88 A!i, ./@85 and "he $%u"h e!%"5 da"ed .9 Se!"em(e ./@85 %$
"he Uni"ed Na"i%ns Re!esen"a"i+e $% India and Pa*is"anI
.2 End%ses "he -enea, !in'i!,es %n )hi'h "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns Re!esen"a"i+e has s%u-h" "% (in- a(%u"
a-eemen" (e")een "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"anI
82 N%"es )i"h -a"i$i'a"i%n "ha" "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns Re!esen"a"i+e has e!%"ed "ha" "he G%+enmen"s %$
India and Pa*is"an ha+e a''e!"ed a,, (u" ")% %$ "he !aa-a!hs %$ his ")e,+e4!%in" !%!%sa,sI
=2 N%"es "ha" a-eemen" %n a !,an %$ demi,i"aisa"i%n %$ "he S"a"e %$ Jammu and Kashmi has n%" (een
ea'hed (e'ause "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an ha+e n%" a-eed %n "he )h%,e %$ !aa-a!h 1 %$
"he ")e,+e4 !%in" !%!%sa,sI
02 U-es "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an "% en"e in"% immedia"e ne-%"ia"i%ns unde "he aus!i'es
%$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns Re!esen"a"i+e $% India and Pa*is"an in %de "% ea'h a-eemen" %n "he s!e'i$i'
num(e %$ $%'es "% emain %n ea'h side %$ "he 'ease4$ie ,ine a" "he end %$ "he !ei%d %$ demi,i"aisa"i%n5
"his num(e "% (e (e")een =5BBB and 95BBB amed $%'es emainin- %n "he Pa*is"an side %$ "he 'ease4$ie
,ine and (e")een .85BBB and .A5BBB amed $%'es emainin- %n "he India side %$ "he 'ease4,ine5 as
su--es"ed (3 "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns Re!esen"a"i+e in his !%!%sa,s %$ .9 Ju,3 ./@85 su'h s!e'i$i' num(es
"% (e ai+ed a" (eain- in mind "he !in'i!,es % 'i"eia '%n"ained in !aa-a!h 1 %$ "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns
Re!esen"a"i+e;s !%!%sa, %$ 0 Se!"em(e ./@8I
@2 Re'%ds i"s -a"i"ude "% "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns Re!esen"a"i+e $% India and Pa*is"an $% "he -ea" e$$%"s
)hi'h he has made "% a'hie+e a se"",emen" and eEues"s him "% '%n"inue "% ma*e his se+i'es a+ai,a(,e
"% "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an "% "his endI
92 ReEues"s "he G%+enmen"s %$ India and Pa*is"an "% e!%" "% "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i, n%" ,a"e "han "hi"3
da3s $%m "he da"e %$ "he ad%!"i%n %$ "his es%,u"i%nI
12 ReEues"s "he Uni"ed Na"i%ns Re!esen"a"i+e $% India and Pa*is"an "% *ee! "he Se'ui"3 6%un'i,
in$%med %$ an3 !%-ess2
The Se'ui"3 6%un'i, +%"ed %n "his Res%,u"i%n %n 8=4.84@8 )i"h "he $%,,%)in- esu,":
In $a+%u: ?aCi,5 6hina5 Fan'e5 Gee'e5 Ne"he,ands5 Tu*e35 U2K2 and U2S2A2
A-ains": N%ne
A(s"ainin-: U2S2S2R2
One Mem(e #Pa*is"an& did n%" !a"i'i!a"e in "he +%"in-