Transmission Line Theory PDF

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories
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Transmission Lines Basic Theories
1 Introduction
At high frequencies, the wavelength is much smaller than
the circuit size, resulting in different phases at different
locations in the circuit.
Quasi-static circuit theory cannot be applied. We need to
use transmission line theory.
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A transmission line is a two-port network connecting
a generator circuit at the sending end to a load at the
receiving end.
Unlike in circuit theory, the length of a transmission line
is of utmost importance in transmission line analysis.
z
0
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2 Common Types of Transmission Lines
(e) Waveguide
metal walls
dielectric spacing
(d) Microstrip line
We focus on studying the coaxial and the two-wire
transmission lines.
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3 AC Steady-State Analysis
3.1 Distributed parameter representation
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R = resistance per unit length, (/m)
L = inductance per unit length, (H/m)
G = conductance per unit length, (S/m)
C = capacitance per unit length, (F/m)
z = increment of length, (m)
We use the following distributed parameters to
characterize the circuit properties of a transmission line.
These parameters are related to the physical properties of
the material filling the space between the two wires.
where , , = permittivity, permeability, conductivity
of the surrounding medium.
= ' ' C L
=
'
'
C
G
(See Text Book No.3,
pp. 432-433)
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For the coaxial and two-wire transmission lines, the
distributed parameters are related to the physical
properties and geometrical dimensions as follows:
Surface
resistivity of
the conductors
(See Text
Book No.3,
pp. 445-447)
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3.2 Equations and solutions
Consider a short section z of a transmission line
(dropping the primes on R, L, G, C hereafter) :
Using KVL and KCL circuit theorems, we can
derive the following differential equations for this
section of transmission line.
Generator
Load
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( ) ( )
( , )
, ( , ) , 0
( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) 0
i z t
v z t R zi z t L z v z z t
t
v z z t
i z t G zv z z t C z i z z t
t
+ =
+
+ + =
By letting z0, these lead to coupled equations:

( , ) ( , )
( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , )
v z t i z t
Ri z t L
z t
i z t v z t
Gv z t C
z t

= +

= +

General Transmission Line Equations Coupled!
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For sinusoidal varying voltages and currents, we can use
phasor forms.
( ) ( ) { }
t j
e z V t z v

Re , =
( ) ( ) { }
t j
e z I t z i

Re , =
V(z) and I(z) are called phasors of v(z,t) and i(z,t). In
terms of phasors, the coupled equations can be written as:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
dV z
R j L I z
dz
dI z
G j C V z
dz
= +
= +
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After decoupling,
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
( )
( )
d V z
V z
dz
d I z
I z
dz
=
=
( )( )
j R j L G j C = + = + +
is the complex propagation constant whose real part is
the attenuation constant (Np/m) and whose imaginary
part is the phase constant (rad/m). Generally, these
quantities are functions of .
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Solutions to transmission line equations:
0 0
0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
z z
z z
V z V z V z
V e V e
I z I z I z
I e I e

+
+
+
+
= +
= +
= +
= +
Forward
travelling
wave.
Backward
travelling
wave.
0 0 0 0
, , , V V I I
+ +
= wave amplitudes in the forward and
backward directions at z = 0. (They
are complex numbers in general.)
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4 Transmission Line Parameters
From the solutions to the transmission line equations, it
can be shown (using the coupled transmission line
equations) that:
0 0
0 0
V V R j L
I I

+
+
+
= =
This ratio is called characteristic impedance Z
0
.
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Z
0
and are the two most important parameters of
a transmission line. They depend on the
distributed parameters (RLGC) of the line itself
and but not the length of the line.
C j G
L j R
C j G
L j R
Z

+
+
=
+
=
+
=
0
( )( ) C j G L j R j + + = + =
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For lossless transmission lines, R = G = 0.
Parameters for lossless transmission lines

= =
=
LC
0
1 1
velocity phase = = = =
LC
u
p
jk j f j j j = = = = =
=
2
2
constant n propagatio complex
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LC f
f
f
f
u
p
1 2 1

line ion transmiss the along wavelength
= = = = =
=
C
L
C j G
L j R
Z
=
+
+
=
=

impedance stic characteri
0

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Voltage and current along the line:
( )
( )
jkz jkz
jkz jkz
e I e I z I
e V e V z V
+
+
+ =
+ =
0 0
0 0
L
j
L
jk
jk
L
e
V
V
e V
e V
z
z
= = =
=
=
=
+
+

0
0
0
0
0
0

0 at voltage incident
0 at voltage reflected
Define a reflection coefficient at z = 0 as
L
:
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In terms of the reflection coefficient
L
, the total
voltage and current can be written as:
( )
( )
jkz
L
jkz
jkz jkz
jkz jkz
e e V
e
V
V
e V
e V e V z V
2
0
2
0
0
0
0 0
1
1
+ =
+ =
+ =
+
+
+
+
( )
( )
jkz
L
jkz
jkz jkz
jkz jkz
e e I
e
V
V
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
z I
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
=
=
=
+
+
+
In subsequent analyses, we will consider only lossless
transmission lines.
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5 Infinitely Long Transmission Line
For an infinitely long transmission line, there can be no
reflected wave (backward travelling wave). So for an
infinite long transmission line, there is only a forward
travelling wave.
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
) ( Z
z I
z V
z I
z V
z Z = = =
+
+
0 =
L
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
jkz
jkz
e I z I z I
e V z V z V
+ +
+ +
= =
= =
0
0
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6 Terminated Transmission Line
Note the two coordinate systems and their relation:
z = measuring from the left to the right
= measuring from the right to the left
load source
= -z
L
()
Z()
z = -d
= d
z = 0
= 0
z

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In the z coordinate system,
( )

V e V e V
jk jk
= +
+
0 0
( ) z I e I e I
jkz jkz
= +
+
0 0
In the ( = -z) coordinate system,
( )

I e I e I
jk jk
= +
+
0 0
( ) z V e V e V
jkz jkz
= +
+
0 0
We will use the coordinate system in subsequent
analyses.
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( )
L
jk
jk
e V
e V
= = =
+

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Z
I
V
=
+
+
The characteristic impedance in the coordinate system is:
The reflection coefficient at = 0 in the coordinate
system is:
As
L
is obtained at = 0 (the load position), it is
called the reflection coefficient at the load.
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L
V V V = +
+
0 0
L
I
Z
V
Z
V
=
+
0
0
0
0
At the position of the load ( = 0), the voltage is V
L
and
the current is I
L
. Then we have:
L
L
L
Z
I
V
=
Solve these two equations, we have:
( )
( )
0 0
0 0
2
1
2
1
Z Z I V
Z Z I V
L L
L L
=
+ =
+
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Putting the expressions for V
0
+
and V
0
-
into the equations
for the voltage and current, we have:
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]

k jZ k Z I
e e Z e e Z I V
L L
jk jk jk jk
L L
sin cos
2
1
0
0
+ =
+ + =

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]

k jZ k Z
Z
I
e e Z e e Z
Z
I
I
L
L
jk jk jk jk
L
L
sin cos
2
1
0
0
0
0
+ =
+ + =

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Using V() and I(), we can obtain the impedance Z() at
an arbitrary point on the transmission line as:
( )
( )
( )
( )
k jZ Z
k jZ Z
Z
I
V
Z
L
L
tan
tan
) (
0
0
0
+
+
= =
The reflection coefficient at the load
L
can be expressed
as:
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
1
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z I
Z Z I
V
V
L
L
L L
L L
L
+
=
+
= =
+

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In fact, we can further define a reflection coefficient ()
at any point on the transmission line by:
( )

k j
L
k j
jk
jk
e e
V
V
e V
e V
2 2
0
0
0
0

point at voltage incident
point at voltage reflected

+
+

= = =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
0 0
2
1
2
1
Z Z I e V
Z Z I e V
jk
jk
=
+ =

+

As we know (by solving the two equations on page 22

with 0):
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( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
1
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z I
Z Z I
+
=
+

Therefore, alternatively we can write,
( )
( )
( )
+
=
1
1
0
Z Z
Then,
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At the position of the generator ( = d),
( )
( ) kd jZ Z
kd jZ Z
Z d Z Z
L
L
i
tan
tan
) (
0
0
0
+
+
= = =
( )
kd j
L
i
i
i
e
Z Z
Z Z
d
2
0
0

=
+
= = =
i
V
g
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Example 1
A 100- transmission line is connected to a load consisted
of a 50- resistor in series with a 10-pF capacitor.
(a) Find the reflection coefficient
L
at the load for a 100-
MHz signal.
(b) Find the impedance Z
in
at the input end of the
transmission line if its length is 0.125.
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Solutions
The following information is given
The load impedance is
(a) Voltage reflection coefficient is
Hz 10 MHz 100 , 100 F, 10 , 50
8
0
11
L L
= = = = =

f Z C R
( )
L L L
8 11
1
50 50 159
2 10 10
Z R j C
j j

=
= =

L 0
L 0
/ 1 0.5 1.59 1
0.76 60.70
/ 1 0.5 1.59 1
L
Z Z j
Z Z j

= = =
+ +
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(b) d =0.125
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
( 0.125 )
tan 4

tan 4

14 3717 25 5544
29.32 60.65
in
L
L
L
L
Z Z
Z jZ
Z
Z jZ
Z jZ
Z
Z jZ
. - j .
= =
+
=
+
+
=
+
=
=
See animation Transmission Line Impedance Calculation

Normalized z
in
= 0.1437-j 0.2555
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6.1 Voltage/current maxima and minima
( )
( )

k j
L
jk
k j jk
jk jk
e e V
e
V
V
e V
e V e V V
2
0
2
0
0
0
0 0
1
1
+
+
+
+ =
+ =
+ =
( )
( )
2
0
2
0
0
1
1
1
L
j k
L
j k
L
V V e
V e
V
+
+
= +
= +
= +
|
L
|1
( ) 2

a complex number
L
j k
L
e

=
=

L
j
L L
e

=
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=
L
-2k
1 +
1
0
Complex plane of (1+ )
Re
Im
( ) 2 '
L
j kz
L
e

= 1
L

1
L
+
0 =
m
( ) V
See animation Transmission Line Voltage Maxima and Minima
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( )
( )
( )
[ )
max
is maximum when 1 1
2 2
, 0,1, 2,
4 2
Note: has to be specified in the range , .
L
L
L
M
L
V
V k n
n
n

+ = +
= =
= + =

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
[ )
min
is minimum when 1 1
2 2 1
2 1
, 0,1, 2,
4 4
Note: has to be specified in the range , .
L
L
L
m
L
V
V k n
n
n

=
= = +
+
= + =

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( )
2
0
0
0
1
1
j k
L
I I e
V
Z
+
+
=
=
As current is
Current is maximum when voltage is minimum and
minimum when voltage is maximum.
( )
( )

=
+
+ =
L
L
M
n
n
I with , , 2 , 1 , 0 ,
4
1 2
4
at
max

( )

= + =
L
L
m
n
n
I with , , 2 , 1 , 0 ,
2 4
at
min

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( )
( )
( )
( )
0
max
0
min
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
1
1
(dimensionless)
1
1
L
L
L
L
S
V V
V V

+
+
=
+
+
= = =
1
1
+
=
S
S
L
|V(z)|
|V|
max
|V|
min
|I|
max
|I|
min
|I(z)|
load load
lmax lmax
Define a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) as:
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Special terminations
Z
L
= Z
0
(matched) 1 0
Z
L
= (open-circuited) 1
Z
L
= 0 (short-circuited) -1
Z
L
S
L
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6.2 Power flow in a transmission line
Power flow at any point z on a transmission line
is given by:
( ) ( ) ( ) { } z I z V z P
av
*
Re
2
1
=
Power delivered by the source:
{ }
*
Re
2
1
i g s
I V P =
Power dissipated in the source impedance Z
g
:
{ } { } { }
g i i i g Z Z Z
Z I I I Z I V P
g g g
Re
2
1
Re
2
1
Re
2
1 2
* *
= = =
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Power input to the transmission line:
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
{ } { } { }
=
= = =
= =
*
2
*
*
2
* *
*
1
Re
2
1
Re
2
1

Re
2
1
Re
2
1
Re
2
1

Re
2
1
i
i
i
i
i
i i i i i i i
av i
Z
V
Z
V
V
Z I I I Z I V
d I d V d P P
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
{ } { } { }
=
= = =
= =
*
2
*
*
2
* *
*
1
Re
2
1
Re
2
1

Re
2
1
Re
2
1
Re
2
1

0 0 Re
2
1
0
L
L
L
L
L
L L L L L L L
av L
Z
V
Z
V
V
Z I I I Z I V
I V P P
Power dissipated in the terminal impedance:
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By the principle of conservation of power:
L i
i Z s
P P
P P P
g
=
+ =
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Example 2
A lossless transmission line with Z
0
= 50 and d =1.5 m
connects a voltage V
g
source to a terminal load of Z
L
= (50 +
j50) . If V
g
= 60 V, operating frequency f = 100 MHz, and
Z
g
= 50 , find the distance of the first voltage maximum
M
from the load. What is the power delivered to the load P
L
?
Assume the speed of the wave along the transmission line
equal to speed of light, c.
Z
0
= 50
Z
L
d
Z
g
V
g
Z
i
0
I
i
A
A
V
i
~
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Solutions
The following information is given:
m 3
10

Hz 10 MHz 100
, 50 50 , 50 , V 60
m, 1.5 , 50
8
8
0
= = =
= =
+ = = =
= =
c
c u
f
j Z Z V
d Z
p
L g g
1.11
0
0
50 50 50
0.2 0.4 0.45
50 50 50
j
L
L
L
Z Z j
j e
Z Z j
+
= = = + =
+ + +
The reflection coefficient at the load is:
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rad 11 . 1 , 45 . 0 Therefore, = =
L L

load) (from the m 27 . 0 09 . 0
4
11 . 1

0 when ,
2 4
Then,
= = =
= + =

n
n
L
M
( )
( ) kd jZ Z
kd jZ Z
Z Z
L
L
i
tan
tan
0
0
0
+
+
=
The input impedance Z
i
looking at the input to the
transmission line is:
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A 24 . 0 48 . 0
50 50 50
60

: is line ion transmiss the input to at the current The
j
j Z Z
V
I
i g
g
i
=
+ +
=
+
=
{ } W 2 . 7 50 288 . 0
2
1
Re
2
1 2
= = = =
i i i L
Z I P P
As the transmission line is lossless, power delivered to the
load P
L
is equal to the power input to the transmission line
P
i
. Hence,
( )
+ =
+ +
+ +
= 50 50
5 . 1
3
2
tan 50 50 50
5 . 1
3
2
tan 50 50 50
50 j
j j
j j
Z
i

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The voltage and current on the transmission line can
be written as:
( ) ( )

k j
L
jk jk jk
e e V e V e V V
2
0 0 0
1
+ +
+ = + =
( ) ( )

k j
L
jk jk jk
e e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
I
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

+
+ +
= =
We still have one unknown V
0
+
in V() and I(). We
need the knowledge of voltage source V
g
to further
determine V
0
+
.
6.3 Complete solutions for voltage and current
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g i i g
Z I V V + =
V
i
and I
i
are related to the source voltage V
g
as:
From the expressions of V
i
, I
i
, and V
g
, we can find V
0
+
.
( )( )
kd j
L g g
jkd
g
e Z Z
e Z V
V
2
0
0
0
1

+
+
=

( )
kd j
L
jkd
i
e e V V
2
0
1
+
+ =
( )
kd j
L
jkd
i
e e
Z
V
I
2
0
0
1

+
=
At = d, V(d) = V
i
and I(d) = I
i
.
t coefficien reflection source
0
0
=
+
=
Z Z
Z Z
g
g
g

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( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )

k j
L
jk
kd j
L g g
jkd
g
k j
L
jk
kd j
L g g
jkd
g
e e
e Z Z
e V
I
e e
e Z Z
e Z V
V
2
2
0
2
2
0
0
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
+
=

Putting V
0
+
into the expressions of V() and I(), we have:
Now the voltage and current on the transmission line are
expressed in terms of the known parameters of the
transmission line.
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Example 3
A 1.05-GHz generator circuit with a series impedance Z
g
= 10
and voltage source given by:
is connected to a load Z
L
= (100 + j50) through a 50-, 67-cm-
long lossless transmission line. The phase velocity of the line is
0.7c, where c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. Find the
instantaneous voltage and current v(,t) and i(,t) on the line and
the average power delivered to the load.
( ) ( ) ( ) V 30 sin 10
g
+ = t t v
Z
0
= 50
Z
L
d
Z
g
v
g
Z
i
0
I
i
A
A
V
i

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Solutions
35 . 3
2 . 0
67 . 0
cm 67
m 2 . 0
10 05 . 1
10 3 7 . 0
9
8
p
= = =
=

= =
d
f
u
3
2
50 10
50 10
t coefficien reflection source
0
0
=
+
=
+
=
Z Z
Z Z
g
g
g
46 . 0
0
0
45 . 0
50 50 100
50 50 100
t coefficien reflection load
j
L
L
L
e
j
j
Z Z
Z Z
=
+ +
+
=
+

NUS/ECE EE2011
49
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( )
[ ]
46 . 0 77 . 2 46 . 0
35 . 3
4
46 . 0
35 . 3
2
3 /
2
2
0
0
45 . 0 18 . 10 45 . 0
45 . 0 3 / 2 1 50 10
50 10

1
1

+ = +
+
=
+
+
=

k j jk j jk j jk
j
j
j
j
k j
L
jk
kd j
L g g
jkd
g
e e e e e e
e e
e e
e e
e Z Z
e Z V
V

( ) ( )
( ) { } ( ) V 10 Re 60 cos 10
30 sin 10
60
g
t j j
e e t
t t v

= =
+ =
Phasor form:
3 /
g
10
j
e V

=
NUS/ECE EE2011
50
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
[ ]
46 . 0 77 . 2
2
2
0
45 . 0 20 . 0
1
1

+
=

k j jk j
k j
L
jk
kd j
L g g
jkd
g
e e e
e e
e Z Z
e V
I

Therefore instantaneous forms are:
( ) ( ) { }
( )
[ ] { }
( ) ( ) 23 . 3 cos 58 . 4 77 . 2 cos 18 . 10
45 . 0 18 . 10 Re
Re ,
46 . 0 77 . 2
+ + + + =
+ =
=

k t k t
e e e e
e V t v
t j k j jk j
t j

( ) ( ) { }
( )
[ ] { }
( ) ( ) 23 . 3 cos 09 . 0 77 . 2 cos 20 . 0
45 . 0 20 . 0 Re
Re ,
46 . 0 77 . 2
+ + + =
=
=

k t k t
e e e e
e I t i
t j k j jk j
t j


NUS/ECE EE2011
51
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 . 17 9 . 21
35 . 3
2
tan 50 100 50
35 . 3
2
tan 50 50 100
50
tan
tan
0
0
0
j
j j
j j
kd jZ Z
kd jZ Z
Z Z
L
L
i
+ =
+ +
+ +
=
+
+
=
55 . 1
3 /
28 . 0
4 . 17 9 . 21 10
10
j
j
i g
g
i
e
j
e
Z Z
V
I

=
+ +
=
+
=

NUS/ECE EE2011
52
Power delivered to the load
= power input to the transmission line at AA
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
Watt 86 . 0
4 . 17 9 . 21 Re 28 . 0
2
1
Re
2
1
Re
2
1
Re
2
1
2
2
*
*
=
+ =
=
=
=
j
Z I
I Z I
I V
i i
i i i
i i
NUS/ECE EE2011
53
7 Special Cases of Terminations in a Transmission Line
For a matched line, Z
L
= Z
0
. Then,
7.1 Matched line
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
line the of length any for
0
tan
tan
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
=
+
=
=
+
+
=
Z Z
Z Z
Z
k jZ Z
k jZ Z
Z Z
Thus, there is no reflection on a matched line. There is

only an incident voltage. It is same as the case of an
infinitely long line.
Note =-z
NUS/ECE EE2011
54
Z
0
Z
in
1
-1
1
-1
Normalized current magnitude
1
-1
Normalized impedance (Z
in
/Z
0
)
Z
0
z
z
z
z
0
0
Note:
Normalized voltage = voltage/max. |voltage|
Normalized current = current/max. |current|
Normalized voltage magnitude
NUS/ECE EE2011
55
For a short circuit, Z
L
= 0. Then
7.2 Short-circuited line
( ) ( ) kz jZ k jZ Z tan tan
0 0
sc
in
= =
Normalized impedance (=-tan(kz))
NUS/ECE EE2011
56
7.3 Open-circuited line
For an open circuit, Z
L
= . Then
( ) ( ) kz jZ k jZ Z cot cot
0 0
oc
in
= =
Normalized impedance (=cot(kz))
Note that:
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
2
0
0 0
oc
in
sc
in

cot tan
Z
k jZ k jZ Z Z
=
=
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( )

k
k jZ k jZ Z Z
2
0 0
oc
in
sc
in
tan
cot tan
=
=
k. and compute , and , , Given
0
oc
in
sc
in
Z Z Z
NUS/ECE EE2011
57
7.4 /4 transmission line terminated in Z
L
7.5 /2 transmission line terminated in Z
L
( )
( )
L L
L
in
Z
Z
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z Z Z
2
0
0
0
0
2 tan
2 tan
) 4 ( =
+
+
= = =

( )
( )
L
L
L
in
Z
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z Z Z =
+
+
= = =
tan
tan
) 2 (
0
0
0
Z
in
Z
0
Z
L
Z
in
Z
0
Z
L
NUS/ECE EE2011
58
Example 4
The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances measured at
the input terminals of a lossless transmission line of length
1.5 m (which is less than a quarter wavelength) are j54.6
and j103 , respectively.
(a) Find Z
0
and k of the line.
(b) Without changing the operating frequency, find the
input impedance of a short-circuited line that is twice
the given length.
(c) How long should the short-circuited line be in order
for it to appear as an open circuit at the input
terminals?
NUS/ECE EE2011
59
Solution
The given quantities are
(a)
(b) For a line twice as long, = 3 m and k =1.884 rad,
m 5 . 1 =
m rad 628 . 0 tan
1
oc
in
sc
in
1
= =

Z Z k
232 tan
0
sc
in
j k jZ Z = =
m 10
2
= =
k
103
sc
in
j Z =
6 . 54
oc
in
j Z =
75
sc
in
oc
in 0
= = Z Z Z
NUS/ECE EE2011
60
( ) k jZ Z tan
impedance input circuit Short (c)
0
sc
in
= =
, 2 , 1 , 0 , 2 , For
sc
in
= + = = n n k Z

4
1 2 2 +
=
+
=
n
k
n

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Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

By letting z0, these lead to coupled equations:

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

As we know (by solving the two equations on page 22

See animation Transmission Line Impedance Calculation

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

Hon Tat Hui Transmission Lines Basic Theories

Thus, there is no reflection on a matched line. There is

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