Polaris Burmese Library - Singapore - Collection - Volume 110

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Burma/Myanmar Affairs Vol 110
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Burma/Myanmar Affairs Vol 110
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POLARIS BURMESE LIBRARY ( SINGAPORE )
Index: Polaris Burmese Library, LPK Library, Daw Aung San

Suu Kyi, Bo Than Shwe, Myanmar History, Myanmar Politics,
Myanmar Junta, Myanmar People, Myanmar Students, Insein
Prison, Prison in Myanmar, Political Prisoner in Myanmar,
Torture in Myanmar, Myanmar Army, Myanmar Affairs, Burma
Affairs


Thakin Kodaw Hmaing's mausoleum on Shwedagon Pagoda

Road, Yangon




U Thant's tomb, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon

U Thant
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In this Burmese name, U is an honorific.
U Thant
3rd Secretary-General of the United Nations

In office
30 November 1961 – 1 January 1972
Preceded by Dag Hammarskjöld
Succeeded by Kurt Waldheim
22 January 1909
Born
Pantanaw, British Burma
25 November 1974 (aged 65)
Died
New York City, USA
Nationality Burmese
Spouse(s) Daw Thein Tin
Religion Theravada Buddhism
This article contains Burmese script. Without
proper rendering support, you may see question
marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of
Burmese characters.

U Thant (Burmese: ý ċö ì Ċ; MLCTS: u:san.; pronounced [ú θa̰N]; English
pronunciation: /uːtɑːnt/
[1]
; January 22, 1909 – November 25, 1974) was a Burmese diplomat
and the third secretary-general of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. He was chosen for
the post when his predecessor, Dag Hammarskjöld, died in September 1961.
"U" is an honorific in Burmese, roughly equal to "mister." "Thant" was his only name. In
Burmese he was known as Pantanaw U Thant, in reference to his home town of Pantanaw.
Contents
[hide]
 1 Early days
 2 Civil servant
 3 UN secretary-general
 4 Death
 5 Personal life
 6 In popular culture
 7 Named for him
 8 References
 9 Further reading
 10 External links
[edit] Early days

Thant was born in Pantanaw, Lower Burma, and was educated at the National High School
in Pantanaw and at University College, Rangoon, where he studied history. He was the
eldest of four sons and was born into a family of well-to-do landowners and rice merchants.
His father, Po Hnit, who came "from a mixed background, with both Muslim and Buddhist
forebears," had helped establish The Sun (Thuriya) newspaper in Rangoon.[2] He was also a
founding member of the Burma Research Society. His father died when Thant was 14, and a
series of inheritance disputes forced Thant's mother, Nan Thaung, and her four children into
difficult financial times.[citation needed]
After university Thant returned to Pantanaw to teach at the National School and had become
its headmaster by the age of 25. During this time he became close friends with future prime
minister U Nu, who was from neighbouring Maubin and was the local superintendent of
schools. Thant regularly contributed to several newspapers and magazines under the pen
name "Thilawa" and translated a number of books, including one on the League of Nations.
U Thant was a devout Buddhist.
[edit] Civil servant

When U Nu became the prime minister of the newly independent Burma, he asked Thant to
join him in Rangoon and appointed him director of broadcasting in 1948. In the following
year he was appointed secretary to the government of Burma in the Ministry of Information.
From 1951 to 1957, Thant was secretary to the prime minister, writing speeches for U Nu,
arranging his foreign travel, and meeting foreign visitors. During this entire period, he was
U Nu's closest confidant and advisor.
He also took part in a number of international conferences and was the secretary of the first
Asian-African summit in 1955 at Bandung, Indonesia, which gave birth to the Non-Aligned
Movement. From 1957 to 1961, he was Burma's permanent representative to the United
Nations and became actively involved in negotiations over Algerian independence. In 1960,
the Burmese government awarded him the title Maha Thray Sithu as a commander in the
order of Pyidaungsu Sithu.
[edit] UN secretary-general
Thant began serving as acting secretary-general from November 3, 1961, when he was
unanimously appointed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security
Council, to fill the unexpired term of Dag Hammarskjöld. He was then unanimously
appointed secretary-general by the General Assembly on November 30, 1962, for a term of
office ending on November 3, 1966. During this first term he was widely credited for his
role in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis and for ending the civil war in the Congo. He also
said that he wanted to ease tensions between major powers while serving in the UN. [3]
In April 1964, Thant accepted the Holy See’s designation of itself as a permanent observer.
There appeared to be no involvement of the General Assembly or the UN Security Council
in the decision.[4]
U Thant was re-appointed secretary-general of the United Nations by the General Assembly
on December 2, 1966, on the unanimous recommendation of the Security Council. His term
of office continued until December 31, 1971, when he retired. During his time in office, he
oversaw the entry into the UN of dozens of new Asian and African states and was a firm
opponent of apartheid in South Africa. He also established many of the UN's development
and environmental agencies, funds and programmes, including the UN Development
Programme (UNDP), the UN University, UNCTAD, United Nations Institute for Training
and Research (UNITAR), and the UN Environmental Programme.
Unlike his two predecessors,[citation needed] Thant retired after ten years on speaking terms with
all the big powers. In 1961, when he was first appointed, the Soviet Union had tried to insist
on a troika formula of three secretaries-general, one representing each Cold War bloc,
something which would have maintained equality in the United Nations between the
superpowers. By 1966, when Thant was reappointed, all the big powers, in a unanimous
vote of the Security Council, affirmed the importance of the secretary-generalship and his
good offices, a clear tribute to Thant's work.
The Six Day War between Arab countries and Israel, the Prague Spring and subsequent
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 leading to the birth
of Bangladesh all took place during his tenure as secretary-general.
He was widely criticized in the US and Israel for agreeing to pull UN troops out of the Sinai
in 1967 in response to a request from Egyptian president Nasser.[citation needed] U Thant tried
to persuade Nasser not to go to war with Israel by flying to Cairo in a last-minute peace
effort.
His once good relationship with the US government deteriorated rapidly when he publicly
criticized American conduct of the Vietnam War. His secret attempts at direct peace talks
between Washington and Hanoi were eventually rejected by the Johnson Administration.
Thant followed UFO reports with some interest; in 1967, he arranged for American
atmospheric physicist James E. McDonald to speak before the UN's Outer Space Affairs
Group regarding UFOs.[5]

On January 23, 1971, U Thant categorically announced that he would "under no
circumstances" be available for a third term as secretary-general. For many weeks, the UN
Security Council was deadlocked over the search for a successor before finally settling on
Kurt Waldheim to succeed U Thant as secretary-general on December 21, 1971—
Waldheim's 53rd birthday—and just ten days before U Thant's second term was to end.
In his farewell address to the United Nations General Assembly, Secretary-General U Thant
stated that he felt a "great sense of relief bordering on liberation" on relinquishing the
"burdens of office". In an editorial published around December 27, 1971, praising U Thant,
The New York Times stated that "the wise counsel of this dedicated man of peace will still
be needed after his retirement". The editorial was titled "The Liberation of U Thant".
While serving as secretary-general, U Thant lived in Riverdale, Bronx, on a 4.75-acre

(1.92 ha) estate near 232nd Street, between Palisade and Douglas avenues.[6]
[edit] Death
U Thant's tomb, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon
U Thant died of lung cancer in New York on November 25, 1974. By that time Burma was
ruled by a military junta which refused him any honors. The then Burmese president Ne
Win was envious of U Thant's international stature and the respect that was accorded him
by the Burmese populace. Ne Win also resented U Thant's close links with the democratic
government of U Nu which Ne Win had overthrown in a coup d'etat on March 2, 1962. Ne
Win ordered that U Thant be buried without any official involvement or ceremony.
From the United Nations headquarters in New York, U Thant's body was flown back to
Rangoon, but no guard of honour or high ranking officials were on hand at the airport when
the coffin arrived except for U Aung Tun, deputy minister of education, who was
subsequently dismissed from office.[citation needed]
On the day of U Thant's funeral on December 5, 1974, tens of thousands of people lined the
streets of Rangoon to pay their last respects to their distinguished countryman, whose coffin
was displayed at Rangoon's Kyaikasan race course for a few hours before the scheduled
burial.
The coffin of U Thant was then snatched by a group of students just before it was scheduled
to leave for burial in an ordinary Rangoon cemetery. The student demonstrators buried U
Thant on the former grounds of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), which Ne
Win had dynamited and destroyed on July 8, 1962.
During the period of December 5–11, 1974, the student demonstrators also built a
temporary mausoleum for U Thant on the grounds of the RUSU and gave anti-government
speeches. In the early morning hours of December 11, 1974, government troops stormed the
campus, killed some of the students guarding the makeshift mausoleum, removed U Thant's
coffin, and reburied it at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda, where it has continued to lie.

Upon hearing of the storming of the Rangoon University campus and the forcible removal
of U Thant's coffin, many people rioted in the streets of Rangoon. Martial law was declared
in Rangoon and the surrounding metropolitan areas. What has come to be known as the U
Thant Crisis—the student-led protests over the shabby treatment of U Thant by the Ne Win
government—was crushed by the Burmese government.[citation needed]
In 1978, U Thant's memoirs, View from the UN, were posthumously published, initially by
the American publishing house Doubleday.
[edit] Personal life

This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (August 2009)
U Thant had three brothers: Pantanaw U Khant, U Thaung, and U Tin Maung. U Thant was
a licensed radio amateur, call-sign XZ2TH. He was married to Daw Thein Tin. U Thant lost
both sons. Maung Bo died in infancy. Tin Maung Thant fell from a bus during his visit to
Rangoon. Tin Maung Thant's funeral procession, which was attended by dignitaries, was
grander than that of the state funeral of Commodore Than Pe, member of the 17-man
Revolutionary Council and minister of health and education. Thant was survived by a
daughter, an adopted son, five grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren (three girls and
two boys). His only grandson, Thant Myint-U, is a historian and a former senior official in
the UN's Department of Political Affairs and the author of The River of Lost Footsteps, in
part a biography of U Thant.
[edit] In popular culture

 In the Tom Hanks film That Thing You Do, when drummer Guy Patterson is
skeptical of guitarist Jimmy Mattingly being a genius, he quips, "If Jimmy's a
genius, then I'm U Thant."[citation needed]
 In Herbie #5 (Nov. 64), Herbie Popnecker met U Thant and was assigned to stop
communism in India.[citation needed]
 In Larry Niven's science-fiction novel Protector (novel), there is a spaceship named
after U Thant.
[edit] Named for him

This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (August 2009)
 The U Thant Peace Award acknowledges and honours individuals or organizations

for distinguished accomplishments toward the attainment of world peace.
 The embassy road, Jalan U Thant in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is named after him.
 A tiny island in the East River opposing the headquarters of the United Nations, U
Thant Island, is named for him.
 U Thant Honorary Lecture Series has been held regularly at the United Nations
University (UNU) Headquarters in Tokyo, Japan.
 United Nations University (UNU) Headquarters in Tokyo, Japan has named their
premiere conference facility after him.
 The United Nations International School faculty votes to elect a Junior as the U
Thant Scholar, equivalent to valedictorian.

[edit] References
1. ^ vintage news video
2. ^ The River of Lost Footsteps. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2006. ISBN 0374163421.
3. ^ "1962 In Review, upi.com"
4. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations, Interventions
5. ^ Letter to U Thant / James E. McDonald. - Tucson, Ariz. : J.E. McDonald, 1967. - 2
s;Druffel, Ann; Firestorm: Dr. James E. McDonald's Fight for UFO Science; 2003, Wild
Flower Press; ISBN 0-926524-58-5
6. ^ Dunlap, David W. "Bronx Residents Fighting Plans Of a Developer", The New York
Times, November 16, 1987. Accessed 2008-05-04. "A battle has broken out in the Bronx
over the future of the peaceful acreage where U Thant lived when he headed the United
Nations. A group of neighbors from Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil has demanded that the
city acquire as a public park the 4.75-acre (19,200 m2) parcel known as the Douglas-U
Thant estate, north of 232d Street, between Palisade and Douglas Avenues."
[edit] Further reading

 June Bingham (1966). U Thant: The Search For Peace. Victor Gollancz.
 Bernard J. Firestone (2001). The United Nations under U Thant, 1961-1971.
Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3700-5.
 Ramses Nassif (1988). U Thant in New York, 1961-1971: A Portrait of the Third UN
Secretary-General. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-02117-8.
 U Thant (1978). View from the UN. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-
11541-5.
United Nations portal
[edit] External links

 U Thant at Find a Grave
 UN Photos of U Thant from the United Nations website
 Official U.N.S.G. biography from the United Nations website
 Peace Eludes U Thant Henry Soe-Win, Asian Tribune, June 17, 2008
Political offices
Preceded by Succeeded by
United Nations Secretary-General
Dag Hammarskjöld 1961 – 1972 Kurt Waldheim
Sweden Austria

Thakin Kodaw Hmaing

ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;
In this Burmese name, Thakin is an honorific.
Maung Lun
Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing

23 March 1876
Born Wale Village, near Shwedaung, Pyay
Township, Bago Division, Myanmar
23 July 1964 (aged 88)
Died
Yangon, Myanmar
Pen name Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing
Occupation novelist , poet , politician
Writing
1911-1964
period
Genres Nationalist
Notable Missata Maung Hmaing hmadawbon
work(s) Wuttu 1916
Notable Staline Peace Prize (1954) Honorary
award(s) Doctorate, University of Hamburg (1960)
Spouse(s) Ma Shin (1903-19??)
Thakin Kodaw Hmaing (23 March 1876 - 23 July 1964) was the greatest Burmese poet,
writer and political leader in the 20th century history of Burma. He was regarded as the
Father of Burmese nationalist and peace movements as well as a literary genius. His legacy
and influence on the post-war generations can still be felt in both literature and the ongoing
political situation in Myanmar (Burma).

Contents
[hide]
 1 Formative years
 2 Literary genius
 3 Mr Maung Hmaing
 4 National leader
 5 Peace activist
 6 References
[edit] Formative years

Hmaing was born Maung Lun in Wale village near Shwedaung in Lower Burma. He was
sent at an early age to be educated in the traditional manner in Mandalay, and at the age of 9
he witnessed the fall of the Konbaung dynasty and the abduction of King Thibaw and
Queen Supayalat by the British, being taken away in a carriage, near the queen's own
Myadaung Monastery where he was a boarder. It was a scene that he would never forget
and one that sparked his nationalist fervour in a life-long struggle for independence.
[edit] Literary genius

In 1894 Hmaing moved to Rangoon (now Yangon) to start his career as a playwright, and
switched to journalism later on writing articles for a newspaper in Moulmein (now
Mawlamyaing). In 1903 he married Ma Shin whom he had met in Rangoon before moving
to Moulmein, and returned to the capital as the nationalist movement was gaining
momentum in 1911 to work for the Thuriya (Sun) newspaper. Writing under his own name
Maung Lun or Saya Lun, he had already reached a wide audience by now through
traditional stage plays written in verse and based on historical Burmese myth and legend.
He contributed regularly to the paper and other publications such as the Dagon magazine
where he later became an editor.[1][2]
His mastery of classical Burmese literature enabled him to write extensively in verse with
such ease and flair that future generations of writers still find hard to match. A genius in
multiple and complex rhyme, here is one of his couplets that has often been quoted: Kaung
myo ahtweidwei yenè chunzei myazei saw, daung owei yelo tunzei kazei thaw - "May a
myriad good things with vigour have a chance; may the peacock have its call and dance".[3]
The dancing peacock (ka daung) was the emblem of Burmese sovereignty featured on
pennants, coins and currency notes, whereas the fighting peacock (hkut daung) is the
emblem of Burmese student unions. Owei is the call of the peacock and was also the title of
the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU) magazine.
Hmaing also wrote in mixed verse and prose style brilliantly presenting satires in the form
of learned religious commentaries, called htikas in Pali, such as Hkway htika (On Dogs) in
which he castigated politicians for wasting their time and effort in futile squabbling when
they should be concentrating on the fight against colonial rule. [2]
1. Bo htika - On Chiefs 1914

2. Daung htika - On Peacocks 1920
3. Myauk htika - On Monkeys 1923
4. Hkway htika - On Dogs 1925

5. Boingkauk htika - On Boycott 1927
6. Galonbyan dipani htika - On the Flying Garuda 1931
7. Thakin htika - On Thakins 1938
[edit] Mr Maung Hmaing

A novel titled Missata Maung Hmaing hmadawbon wuttu (the Epistles of Mr Maung
Hmaing) written under the pseudonym Mr Maung Hmaing in 1916 immediately caused a
furore which was also the intended effect. Maung Hmaing was the name of the main
character, a Casanova- like scoundrel, in a popular novel at the time called Chinbaungywet
the Maung Hmaing (The Roselle Vendor Maung Hmaing) by U Kyee (1848 - 1908), and
Hmaing by taking his name and styling himself Mister at the same time was mocking the
affectation among some fashionable Anglophile Burmese who had started putting Mr in
front of their names. It did stop the trend. And the name stuck.[1][2]
[edit] National leader

Hmaing joined the nationalist Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Association) in 1934 and
quickly rose to become the leader of young Thakins - a title that proclaimed they were the
true masters of their own land, not the British who had usurped the title. He thus came to be
known as Thakin Kodaw Hmaing (Master Lord Hmaing), and later Sayagyi (great teacher)
Thakin Kodaw Hmaing.
He is also considered to be unequalled in another traditional form of poetry called Laygyo

gyi which he revived to great effect by giving it a new content of contemporary political
issues. Hmaing inspired a whole generation of Burmese nationalists in the fight for
independence, fostering immense pride in their own history, language and culture, and more
importantly urging them to take direct action such as strikes by students and workers, the
subject of Boingkauk htika (On Boycott). He showed no mercy to those who were mere
political opportunists either, as in Hkway htika (On Dogs). His allusive and highly
memorable style of verse made him very popular with the Burmese public and shielded his
work from colonial government censorship.[2]
In the wake of the second university students strike in history of 1936 when the All Burma
Students Union (ABSU) was formed, Hmaing was elected its patron.[4] By 1941 his
reputation as a leading nationalist earned him a place on the colonial authorities' 'Burma
List', regarded as an 'enemy of the state'.[1] It was Hmaing along with other leaders of the
Dobama who sent Aung San and other young men - later known as the 'Thirty Comrades' -
to seek military training abroad in order to fight the British.
[edit] Peace activist
Thakin Kodaw Hmaing's mausoleum on Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon
After independence in 1948 the country immediately plunged into a widespread civil war
which caused great sorrow to Hmaing, and he spent the rest of his life trying to bring
internal peace to the land. He was a leading light in the world peace movement in Burma,
and in 1952 attended the Peace Conference for Asia Pacific Region in Peking. He was
elected Chairman of the World Peace Congress (Burma) the same year, and won the Stalin
Peace Prize in 1954. Hmaing also travelled to People's Republic of China, Mongolia,
Hungary and the Soviet Union in 1953, and went to Ceylon and India for the World Peace
Conference in 1957. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1960 by the University of
Hamburg, West Germany.
Thakin Kodaw Hmaing gave his active support together with the former Brig.General Kyaw
Zaw to the Internal Peace Committee during the 1963 peace parley between the
Revolutionary Council government of Ne Win and various armed rebel groups including the
Communist Party of Burma, Red Flag Communists, and ethnic minorities. Hmaing's was
the one voice that all parties across the political divide would listen to with respect, and
remained the only alternative political voice the military could not silence, after they took
power in 1962, until his death at the age of 88 in 1964 when all political parties except the
ruling Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) were abolished by decree.
He devoted his time to peace and national reconciliation with less time for writing towards
the end of his life, stating that his last wish was to see a peaceful and united country. He was
buried at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda, and on March 23, 1976, the centenary of
Hmaing's birth (Hmaing yabyei), over 100 students were arrested for holding a peaceful
ceremony at his mausoleum.[1]
Thakin Kodaw Hmaing was, in Anna Allott's words, "a man of many skills - a true Buddhist
and a staunch patriot; poet and playwright; historian and teacher; pioneer writer and satirist
- Thankin Kodaw Hmaing is the single most revered literary figure in modern Burma".[2]
[edit] References
1. ^ a b c d "Thakin Kodaw Hmaing (1876 - 1964)". The Irrawaddy. March 1 2000.

http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art_id=1836. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
2. ^ a b c d e Allott, Anna (1988). Far Eastern Literature in the 20th.Century:Burmese
Literature. England: Oldcastle Books. pp. 5-6.
3. ^ "Hmaing gallery". pbase.com. http://www.pbase.com/hmine/image/56257620.
Retrieved 2007-03-05.
4. ^ All Burma Federation of Student Unions (March 23 2003). "127th. anniversary of
Thakin Kodaw Hmaing's birth". Burma Today.
http://www.burmatoday.net/archives_03/030324_statement_absfu.htm. Retrieved
2007-03-04.

 The Role of Literature in Nation Building Tin Htway, December 1972, The Journal
of Burma Research Society
 Photo Gallery
 Interview with Tin Moe Burma Debate by courtesy of Radio Free Asia, September
2000
 A Lifetime Spent Fighting Injustice The Irrawaddy vol.5 No.3 June 1997
 To Thakin Kodaw Hmaing a poem by Tin Moe, translated by Kyi May Kaung
 Burma's Tomb Raiders Khin Maung Soe, The Irrawaddy, November 2006
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakin_Kodaw_Hmaing"

Ne Win
ppftm%m&SifAdkvfae0if;

This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (March 2007)
For other persons named Ne Win, see Ne Win (disambiguation).
Ne Win
4th President of Burma

In office
1974 – 1981

Preceded by Win Maung (1962)
Succeeded by San Yu
4th Prime Minister of Burma

In office
29 October 1958 – 4 April 1960
Preceded by U Nu
Succeeded by U Nu
6th Prime Minister of Burma

In office
2 March 1962 – 4 March 1974
Preceded by U Nu
Succeeded by Brigadier General Sein Win
May 14, 1911

Born
Paungdalè, British Burma
December 5, 2002 (aged 91)
Died
Rangoon, Burma
Nationality Burma
Political party Burma Socialist Programme Party
Tin Tin
Khin May Than
Spouse(s)
Yadana Nat Me
Ni Ni Myint
Ngwe Soe
Sandar Win
Children
Phyo Wai Win
Kyemon Win
Alma mater Rangoon University
Religion Theravada Buddhism
Ne Win (Burmese: ì Ą õÜ ċ IPA: [nè wín]; 24 May or 14 May, 1911 or 10 July, 1910 – 5
December, 2002) was a Burmese politician and military commander. He was Prime
Minister of Burma from 1958 to 1960 and 1962 to 1974 and also head of state from 1962 to
1981. He also was the founder and from 1963 to 1988 the chairman of the Burma Socialist
Programme Party, which from 1964 until 1988 was the sole political party.

Contents
[hide]
 1 Date of birth
 2 Early years
 3 Military coup of 1962
 4 "Burmese Way to Socialism" (1962-1988)
o 4.1 Economic policies
 5 Protests
 6 Resignation
 7 Military coup of 1988
 8 Family
 9 Death
 10 References
[edit] Date of birth

Ne Win's date of birth is not known with certainty. The English language publication Who's
Who in Burma published in 1961 by People's Literature House, Rangoon, stated that Ne
Win was born on 24 May, 1911. The late Dr. Maung Maung stated in the Burmese version
of his book Burma and General Ne Win, also published in English, that Ne Win was born
on 14 May, 1911. However, in a book written in Burmese entitled The Thirty Comrades, the
author Kyaw Nyein gave Ne Win's date of birth as '10 July, 1910'.
Kyaw Nyein's date of 1910 can be considered as the more plausible date. First, Kyaw Nyein
had access to historical records and he interviewed many surviving members of the Thirty
Comrades when he wrote the book in the mid-to late 1990s. (Ne Win was one of the Thirty
Comrades who secretly went to undergo military training in Japanese-occupied Hainan
Island in the early 1940s for the purpose of fighting for independence from the British. In
his book published around 1998 Kyaw Nyein lists the names of the surviving members of
the Thirty Comrades whom he had interviewed although Ne Win was not one of them.)
Secondly, when Ne Win died on 5 December, 2002, the Burmese language newspapers
which were allowed to carry a paid obituary stated the age of 'U Ne Win' to be '93 years'.
According to Burmese custom a person's age is their age next birthday. Since Ne Win
turned 92 in July 2002, when he died in December 2002 he was considered to be 93 years
old. Most Western news agencies, based on the May, 1911 birth date, reported that Ne Win
was 91 years old but the obituary put up by his family (most probably his children) stated
that he was 93 years old, which would be 92 according to the Western way of calculating
age.
[edit] Early years

Ne Win, given name Shu Maung, was born into an educated middle class family in
Paungdale about 200 miles north of Rangoon. Although Ne Win officially declared his
ancestry to be Bamar,[1] there is speculation that he had Chinese roots,[2][3] with ancestry
from Meixian.[4] He spent two years at Rangoon University beginning in 1929, and took
biology as his main subject with hopes of becoming a doctor. However, he left university
and Rangoon in 1931 to become Thakin Shu Maung, a member of the nationalist
organisation Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Association). Other members of the group
included Aung San (father of Aung San Suu Kyi) and U Nu. In 1941 Ne Win, as a member

of the Ba Sein-Tun Ok (Socialist) faction of the Dobama, was one of thirty young men
chosen for military training by the Japanese . Their leader was Aung San and they formed
the Burma Independence Army (BIA). During military training at the then Japanese-
occupied Hainan Island Shu Maung chose a nom de guerre, Bo Ne Win (Commander
Radiant Sun). In early 1942 the Japanese Army and the BIA entered Burma in the wake of
the retreating British forces. Ne Win's role in the campaign was to organize resistance
behind the British lines.
The experience of the Japanese Occupation in Burma worked to alienate the nationalists as
well as the population at large. Toward the end of the Second World War, on 27 March,
1945 the Burma National Army (successor to the BIA) turned against the Japanese
following the British re-invasion of Burma. Ne Win, as one of the BNA Commanders, was
quick to establish links with the British - attending the Kandy conference in Ceylon and
taking charge of the anti-Communist operations in the Pyinmana area as commander of the
4th Burma Rifles after the Red Flag Communists and the Communist Party of Burma went
underground to fight against the government in October 1946 and on 28 March, 1948
respectively. Burma obtained independence on 4 January, 1948, and for the first 14 years it
had a parliamentary and democratic government mainly under Prime Minister U Nu, but the
country was riven with political division. Even before independence, Aung San was
assassinated together with six of his cabinet members on 19 July, 1947; U Saw, a pre-war
prime minister and political rival of Aung San, was found guilty of the crime and executed.
U Nu as leader of the Socialists took charge of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
(AFPFL) formed by the Communists, Socialists and the BNA in 1945 now that Aung San
was dead and the Communists expelled from the AFPFL.
Following independence there were uprisings in the army and amongst ethnic minority
groups. In late 1948, after a confrontation between army rivals, Ne Win was appointed
second in command of the army and his rival Bo Zeya, a communist commander and fellow
member of the Thirty Comrades, took a portion of the army into rebellion. Ne Win
immediately adopted a policy of creating Socialist militia battalions called 'Sitwundan'
under his personal command with the approval of U Nu. On 31 January, 1949, Ne Win was
appointed Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) and given total control of the
army replacing General Smith Dun, an ethnic Karen. He rebuilt and restructured the armed
forces along the ruling Socialist Party's political lines, but the country was still split and the
government was ineffective.
Ne Win was asked to serve as interim prime minister from 28 October, 1958 by U Nu, when
the AFPFL split into two factions and U Nu barely survived a motion of no-confidence
against his government in parliament. Ne Win restored order during the period known as the
Ne Win caretaker government'.[5] Elections were held in February 1960 and Ne Win handed
back power to the victorious U Nu on 4 April, 1960.
[edit] Military coup of 1962

Less than two years later, on 2 March, 1962, Ne Win again seized power in a military coup
d'etat. Ne Win became head of state as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council and also
Prime Minister.
The coup was characterized as "bloodless" by the world's media. Following riots at
Rangoon University, troops were sent to restore order. Ne Win's military used comparative
restraint against protesters.[6]

Shortly afterwards, around 8 p.m. local time, Ne Win addressed the nation in a five minute
long radio which concluded in the statement: "if these disturbances were made to challenge
us, I have to declare that we will fight sword with sword and spear with spear".[7]
In 1988, 26 years later, Ne Win denied any involvement in dynamiting of the Student Union
building, stating that his deputy Brigadier Aung Gyi - who by that time had fallen out with
Ne Win and dismissed - had given the order and that he had to take responsibility as a
"revolutionary leader" by giving the sword with sword and spear with spear speech.
On 13 July 1962, less than a week after the speech, Ne Win left for Austria, Switzerland and
the United Kingdom "for a medical check up".[8] All universities were closed for more than
two years until September 1964.
[edit] "Burmese Way to Socialism" (1962-1988)

Ne Win instituted a system including elements of extreme nationalism[citation needed],
Marxism, and Buddhism[citation needed] - though he himself lacked interest in either ideology or
religion - terming this the Burmese Way to Socialism.
Ne Win founded the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP), the chairman of which he
remained for 26 years from 4 July, 1962 until 23 July, 1988.
A system of state hospitals and institutions was established in Burma; medical aid was
freed. Private hospitals were brought under public ownership.
A new system of public education was introduced. A campaign to liquidate illiteracy was
carried out starting in 1965.
Between 1962 and 1965 important laws against landlords and usury were adopted. They
protected peasants' rights to land and property and to the renting of land. Among these
measures was the law abolishing lands rents.
On 2 March, 1974 - twelve years after his coup - he disbanded the Revolutionary Council
and proclaimed the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. He was elected President and
shortly afterwards appointed Brigadier General Sein Win Prime Minister.
On 9 November 1978, Ne Win resigned as President and was succeeded in that post by
General San Yu. However, Ne Win remained leader of the party and thus remained the
ultimate political authority until his resignation in 1988.
[edit] Economic policies
His government nationalized the economy and pursued a policy of autarky, which involved
the economic isolation of his country from the world. The ubiquitous black market and
rampant smuggling supplied the needs of the people, while the central government slid
slowly into bankruptcy. Autarky also involved expelling foreigners and restricting visits by
foreigners to three days, and after 1972, one week. Furthermore, political oppression caused
many in the educated workforce to emigrate.
He also took drastic steps regarding the currency: In 1963, he issued a decree that 50 and
100 kyat notes would cease to be legal tender, alleging that they were subject to hoarding by
blackmarketeers and also financing of the various insurgencies. Though limited
compensation was offered, this wiped out people's savings overnight. At least one
insurgency, that of the ethnic Kayan, was triggered by this act.
In September 1987 he ordered the Burmese currency, the kyat, to be issued in
denominations of 15, 35, 45, 75 and 90 kyats, besides the existing 5 and 10 kyat notes. He
reportedly changed the currency to add up to nine because an astrologer said he would live
to 90 if he did this. Ne Win was well known for his penchant numerology and yadaya -
cabalistic rituals and spells performed in order to ward off misfortune.
In 1987 After the United Nations had declared Burma a "Least Developed Country" in
1987, Ne Win resigned on 23 July, 1988 as chairman of the ruling Burma Socialist
Programme Party at the height of the uprising against one-party rule.
[edit] Protests
Despite the oppression, sporadic protests against the government continued. Students led
protests in 1965, December 1969, December 1970. These demonstrations took place mainly
on campuses located in the cities of Rangoon, Mandalay and Moulmein and were often
followed by closure of universities and colleges. In June 1974, workers from more than 100
factories throughout the nation participated in a strike, to which the government reacted by
shooting about 100 workers and students on 6 June, 1974 at the Thamaing Textile Factory
and the Sinmalaik Dock Yard in Rangoon. Since Ne Win was in Australia on an official
visit at the time, responsibility for these shootings is unclear. On 5 December, 1974,
students turned the funeral of former UN Secretary General U Thant into a demonstration,
snatching the coffin on display at the Kyaikkasan Race Course and erecting a makeshift
mausoleum on the grounds of the former Student Union building in protest against the
government for not honouring their famous countryman with a state funeral. The military
stormed the campus on 11 December killing some of the students, recovered the coffin and
buried U Thant at the foot of the Shwedagon pagoda, next to the tomb of Thakin Kodaw
Hmaing.
Students from universities throughout Rangoon demonstrated again in June 1975 in

commemoration of the previous year's Labour Strike. Student-led demonstrations also
occurred in March 1976, September 1987, March and June 1988. In August and September
1988, these demonstrations turned into a nation-wide uprising against BSPP rule in what is
now known as the 'Four Eights Uprising'.
[edit] Resignation
At the height of the Four Eights Uprising against the BSSP regime, Ne Win resigned as
party chairman on 23 July 1988. During his farewell speech to the BSPP Party Congress, he
again resorted to issue warning against potential protestors, stating that if the "disturbances"
continued the "Army would have to be called and I would like to declare from here that if
the Army shoots it has no tradition of shooting into the air. It would shoot straight to hit."[9]
The Tatmadaw troops shot, killed and maimed hundreds if not up to 3000 or more
demonstrators in various places throughout Burma from the period of 8 August, 1988 to 12
August, 1988 and again on 18 September, 1988, proving that Ne Win's farewell speech was
not an empty threat.
[edit] Military coup of 1988

On 18 September, 1988 the military led by General Saw Maung dispelled any hopes for
democracy by brutally crushing the uprisings. It is widely believed that Ne Win, though in
apparent retirement, orchestrated the coup from behind the scenes.[10]

For about ten years, Ne Win kept a low profile but remained a shadowy figure exercising at
least some influence on the military junta. After 1998, Ne Win's influence on the junta
began to wane. On 4 March, 2002, an alleged plot to overthrow the junta by Ne Win's son-
in-law Aye Zaw Win, the husband of his favorite daughter Sandar Win was exposed. Ne
Win and his daughter were put under house arrest and in September Aye Zaw Win and his
three sons - Aye Ne Win, Kyaw Ne Win and Zwe Ne Win - were found guilty of treason
and sentenced to death. They are thought to remain in custody in Rangoon's Insein Jail.
[edit] Family
Ne Win was married five times:
1. He was first married to Tin Tin, who bore him a son, Ngwe Soe.
2. He then married Khin May Than (Katie Ba Than), daughter of Professor Ba Than,
the former dean of Rangoon medical school. The couple had two daughters and a
son between them, Sandar Win, Kye Mon Win, and Phyo Wai Win. Khin May Than
brought three daughters from her first marriage, Le Le Win and twins Thida Win
and Thawdar Win, into the family. Khin May Than was Ne Win's favourite wife and
her death in 1972 was a heavy blow to him.
3. He then married Ni Ni Myint, a university teacher, whom he divorced.
4. He then married June Rose Bellamy (Yadana Natme), a great granddaughter of
Crown Prince Ka Naung.
5. He remarried his former wife Ni Ni Myint.
[edit] Death
Still under house arrest, the 92-year-old Ne Win died on 5 December, 2002 at his lakeside
house in Yangon.[11] The death remained unannounced by Burmese media or the junta. The
only mention of Ne Win's death was a paid obituary notice that appeared in some of the
government-controlled Burmese language newspapers. Ne Win was not given a state
funeral and his former contacts or junior colleagues were strongly discouraged from
attending a hastily-arranged funeral, so that only thirty people attended the funeral. Many
people in Burma think that he's still alive.[citation needed]
Ne Win’s daughter Sandar Win was temporarily released from house arrest to attend his
funeral and cremation. She later dispersed her father's ashes into the Hlaing River
[edit] References
1. ^ Tango with China (article located middle of the page)
2. ^ Leong, S.T. (1997). Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History. Stanford
University Press.
3. ^ Mya Maung, "The Burma Road from the Union of Burma to Myanmar". Asian
Survey 34 (May 1994).
4. ^ 缅甸华人史概述(1)
5. ^ Nicholas Tarling, ed (1993). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. ISBN 0-
521-35505-2.
6. ^ Boudreau, Vincent (2004) Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in
Southeast Asia Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., pp. 37-39, ISBN 0-
521-83989-0
7. ^ The Burmese phrase is "dah go dah gyin, hlan go hlan gyin". Two different
English translations of the speech can be read on the front page of the Rangoon
Nation and the Rangoon Guardian of 9 July, 1962. Part of The Nation’s headline of

9 July, 1962 read 'General Ne Win States Give Us Time to Work: Obstructionists
are Warned: Will Fight Sword with Sword').
8. ^ News items of Ne Win's trip to these countries for 'medical check up' can be found
in The Guardian and The Nation of 14 July 1962
9. ^ The English translation of Ne Win's speech can be found in 24 July 1988 issues of
the Rangoon Guardian and The Working People's Daily.
10. ^ Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: Fearless Voice of Burma. ISBN 0-
8225-4931-X.
11. ^ "Former Myanmar President U Ne Win Dies". People's Daily China 5 December
2002. http://english.people.com.cn/200212/05/eng20021205_107999.shtml.
Retrieved 2007-02-05.

 Heroes and Villains[dead link] The Irrawaddy, March 2007
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Burma Succeeded by

Acting
U Nu 1958 – 1960 U Nu
Preceded by Chairman of the Revolutionary Succeeded by

Win Maung Council of Burma Himself
as President of Burma 1962 – 1974 as President of Burma
Preceded by Prime Minister of Burma Succeeded by

U Nu 1962 – 1964 Sein Win
Preceded by
Himself President of Burma Succeeded by
as Chair of the Revolutionary 1974 – 1981 San Yu
Council
Party political offices
Chairman of the Burma Socialist

Programme Party
None Sein Lwin
1962 – 1988
Military offices
Chief of General Staff of the

Tatmadaw
Smith Dun San Yun
1949 – 1972

Asiaweek: Goodbye to Ne Win
Goodbye to Ne Win
Asiaweek, 5 August 1988.

To most Burmese, their undisputed leader of the last 26 years had seemed an immovable
fixture. Commonly referred to as "No. 1," Gen. Ne Win, 77, ruled his socialist police state
with a will as tough and unbending as Burmese teak. But as any good Burmese Buddhist
knows, all thing are transient, even strongmen. At an emergency meeting of the country's
only political party, the Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP), Ne Win stunned the more
than 1,000 delegates, and the nation, by announcing his resignation as chairman and his
retirement from politics. In his wake, he left an economy in tatters and a restive and
disaffected population; well over 100 people have already been killed in riots in this year.
Most of all, Ne Win left a tangle of questions for his countrymen over what might happen
next.
If, as some suspected, the wily ruler was angling for an outburst of popular clamor four him
to stay in office, he may have miscalculated. Certainly, many speakers rose to prise him
and insist that his continued rule was indispensable for the nation. IMPLORED TO
RECONSIDER, ran the headline in one state-controlled newspaper. Sweeping economic
reforms that his men unveiled were enthusiastically received. Two days after his speech,
however, the congress accepted his resignation and that of party vice-chairman San Yu who
had succeeded Ne Win in 1981 as president of Burma. The congress also took the virtually
unprecedented step of rejecting a proposal of Ne win's: he had called for a referendum on
setting up a multi-party system in place of the only game in town, the BSPP. On the streets,
no masses poured out to plead that their ruler stay on. The capital, Rangoon, displayed only
a tense and expectant quiet. to one Western diplomat, the acceptance of Ne Win's
resignation coupled with the rejection of his referendum was "a slap in the face for him."
A day later, the BSPP's top body, the Central Executive Committee, selected a close ally of
Ne Win's, Sein Lwin, 64, to replace him as chairman. That choice had immediate
implications for the government's approach to any further disturbances. Considered among
the hardest of the hardliners, Sein Lwin was in charge of the riot police that ruthlessly
suppressed student-sparked protests in March and June. Sources say that in debates in the
Central Executive Committee after widespread rioting June 21, Sein Lwin argued: "With the
death of a few, everything is quiet. If we kill another 10,000 we will solve the problem for
good." Sein Lwin also commanded an army company still remembered for killing 22
students during protests at Rangoon University shortly after Ne Win took power in his 1962
coup. Those who have met the new chairman say his manners are crude and unpredictable.
Reportedly, he hs no formal education beyond the free elementary-level teaching offered by
monks.
The sudden rise of Sein Lwin, No. 4 in the party hierarchy and No. 3 on the governing State
Council, left open the question of how much influence Ne Win had on the choice. Although
supposedly retiring from politics, the old warhorse gave strong indication in his speech July
23 that he did not want to leave the scene completely. In stern tones, Ne Win emphasised
that only he could give the orders for the army to intervene to suppress disturbances. He
did so, he said, in his home town of Prime in July and warned that he would not hesitate to
call out the army again. Said he bluntly: "I am reigning from politics, but I will not allow
chaos in the country. In this connection, I want all the people throught the country to know
that in the future if there are any disturbances, as you know the army shoots straight. It
does not fire into the air to scare."

Ne Win personally took some of the responsibility "even if indirectly" for what he termed the
"sad events that took place in March and June." Curiously, however, this section of his
speech, which also contained his resignation, was read not by Ne Win but by another,
unidentified man to whom the chairman turned over the microphone for a short period. To
some Burmese analysts, that indicated that Ne Win could choose to dissociate himself from
the blame-taking sentiments.
Ne Win gave advancing age as his reason for retirement, pointing to party rules that allow
members to resign only because of age or health. He is believed to have been in poor health
for several years and to have made several trips to Europe and the U.S. for medical
reasons. Still to emerge was whether he would retire to his lakeside villa in Rangoon or, as
some speculated, move abroad. If he should choose exile, it would probably be in
Switzerland, where he apparently keeps a house. He reportedly owns another home in the
London suburb of Kingston, where Burmese dissidents have at times daubed protest
slogans, although this house is also said to be an official residence.
The congress declined to accept resignations of four other senior party officials Ne Win
named, including Sein Lwin, allowing only San Yu's to go through. Left in place was party
general secretary Aye Ko, also vice-chairman of the State Council, who theoretically was
next in succession before Sein Lwin. After the new party chairman was named, the Central
Executive committee announced the Prime Minister Maung Maung Kha, 68, had been
dismissed from the post he held for eleven years. State radio said he should take the blame
for the March disturbances. Some analysts believed that he was Sein Lwin's main rival for
the top party post.
A major nemesis at the congress was Brig.-Gen. Aung Gyi, who had recently issued a series
of daringly critical open letters to Ne Win. The tone of attacks by Ne Win and many
delegates, noted one analyst, was not just a scolding for an erring subordinates but a
denunciation of a serious rival, even a traitor. A former Ne Win colleague, Aung Gyi
resigned from the Revolutionary Council in 1963 when its policies veered off in a strongly
socialist direction. But Ne Win told the congress that Aung Gyi resigned not because of
policy differences but because "he gave the orders to blow up the student union." That was
a reference to the destruction of the Rangoon University Students' Union in 1962 soon after
the 22 students died. Other speakers claimed that his letters exaggerated the casualties
from the recent riots in order to make trouble.
At his elevation, Sein Lwin wholeheartedly backed the economic reforms approved
unanimously by the congress. Implementing them, however, will be at all order. They are
nothing less than a total repudiation of Ne Win's isolationist "Burmese Road to Socialism".
Nearly a year ago, after admitting mistakes, Ne Win began instituting some capitalist-style
reforms, especially in the critical rice trade. But the latest measures would open virtually all
areas of Burma's economic life to private enterprise, excluding only oil production,
armaments, jade and gems.
Joint ventures between private and state-owned concerns and with foreign firms would be
allowed. Steps would be take to restore confidence in the banking system. All curbs,
checkpoints and other barriers that hinder movement of goods in the country would be
abolished. Print media would be opened to the private sector. Farmers would be allowed to
purchase farm machinery and engage in all kinds of agricultural trade. the timber industry
would be opened to the private sector. All forms of inland transportation would be
privatized. Laws encouraging foreign investment would be drafted.
Under the proposals, noted one diplomat, "the economic freedom, apart from the few
remaining controls, is almost comparable to Thailand's." But onlookers remained sceptical
about the follow-through. Laws implementing the new policies had yet to be promulgated by
the People's Assembly, which was to get down to business July 27. Moreover, the country
has no real leaders other than those who are steeped in the old ways or have a vested
interest in the country's "shadow economy."
Still, Aye Ko spoke candidly about economic rot to the congress, which was called to bring
in the reforms a year ahead of schedule. The country's major industries -- oil, farming,
fishing, and mining -- were all languishing for lack of investment and foreign currency to
buy needed materials, he said. The balance of payment deficit was now in excess of $300

million and being financed through increasing borrowing from abroad. The fall in oi8l
production had severely affected the transport of goods, leading to shortages and exorbitant
price rises.
The deteriorating economy has been blamed for a rise in tensions of all types. Despite the
surface calm during the congress, the U.S. embassy in Bangkok warned American citizens
intending to visit Burma then to "exercise extreme caution." It noted that Monday, July 25,
was an important Muslin holiday -- the celebration of Haj to Mecca -- and that some of the
previous disturbances, in Taunggyi and Prime, had racial and religious overtones. About
3.6% of Burma's 38 million people are Muslims of various races. For this year's festival, the
government restricted the ritual slaughter of animals -- long a point of friction with
Buddhists -- to home instead of mosque. Leaflets alternately inciting Buddhists or Muslims
to rise up against the other also surfaced.
As the week progressed, Rangoon's streets were largely free of security forces. However,
residents said police were no longer patrolling some neighbourhoods for fear of being hit in
the back by a junglee -- akind of home-made spear using umbrella or bicycle spokes tipped
with poisonous insecticides or excrement. There were no other signs of unrest; universities
have been closed since June. But to many Burmese, the potential for further troubles in
their gentle country seemed, if anything, to be greater.
ASIAWEEK, 5 AUGUST 1988.

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Oyrm…bDyDtkdif (aq;0g;puf±Hk) rSmqkd&if uav;xdef;Xme&Sdw,f? pnf;urf;owfrSwfr_jrifhw,f? tcef;xJ0if&if bdeyf
cíwf0if/ ykd;owfxm;wJh0wfpkHawG vJ+yD;rS0if&wmrsKd;?
avhvma&;u jyefvm&if aumifpDtpnf;ta0; xkdif&w,f? xkwfvkyfa&; b,fvkdwkd;atmifvkyf&rvJ aqG;aEG;}uw,f?
'Dae&mrSm rqvacwft&m&Sd}uD;awGeJ@ olwkd@vnfywfaewJh ,EW&m;}uD;ta}umif;ukd rdrdeJ@qufpyfaewJhtydkif;uae+yD;
ajymcsifw,f?
wa,mufu Akdvfrª;}uD;wifpkd;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;rSm OD;omausmf+yD;&if olyJ? olu ‘'DrSm udk0if;xdef/ cifAsm;odwJh
twkdif; usaemf[m tpkd;&t}uD;wef;t&m&Sdjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh usaemf bmrSvkyfvkd@r&bl;’ wJh?
tJ'D aumifpDtpnf;ta0;rSmyJ usaemfu ‘xkwfvkyfa&;rSm M 6 vkH;vkd@ ajym}uw,f? man vl/ machine pufu&d
,m/ market aps;uGuf/ money qkdwJh ykdufqH/ method enf;ynmeJ@ management ac:wJh pDrHcef@cGJr_? usaemfwkd@puf±HkrSm
acwfrDSzkd@qkd&if usaemfwkd@tvkyform;tm;vkH;ukd twwfynmjr‡ifh&r,f? puf±Hkukd acwfrDzkd@ M 6vkH; wyfqif&r,f? usaemf
wkd@ odyfyifyef;aew,f? vpmuenf;w,f/ tm[m&urvkdufEdkif/ cGeftm;vnf;r&Sd/ acwfuvnf;rrDawmh u&def;eJ@vkyf&r,fh
[mukd vlawGeJ@ r,ae&w,f? 'ga}umifh M 6vkH; udpP tjrefpOf;pm;ay;}uyg’ vkd@ajymvkdufw,f?
'kAkdvfrª;}uD;!Gef@atmif qkdwm&Sdw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u olu &efvkH;atmifppfa&,mOf&JŒ C.O jzpfw,f? Akdvfae0if; pmwkduf
}uD;pma&;vkyfaepOfu ol@ukdxdef;ay;&wmqkdawmh b,fol@rS*±krpkdufbl;? ol@txufu AkdvfcsKyfaomif;wifvm&ifvnf;
salute ray;bl;? rjrifcsifa,mifaqmifaewm? usaemfwkd@&@J taxGaxGrefae*smu OD;rsKd;cifqkdwJh &cdkifukvm;}uD;/ olu puf
-2-
±Hkukd odyfzGH@òzd;apcsifw,f? odyfwkd;wufapcsifw,f? tvkyform;awG&JŒb0udk aumif;apcsifw,f? 'gudkodwJhtcg ol@ txuf

t&m&SdOD;omausmfu ‘a[@rsKd;cif’ qkd+yD; ‘ig’ eJ@ukdifwkwfw,f? OD;omausmf[m &cdkifawGxJrSm bk&ifvkd qufqH&wm/ awmf
awmfrsm;rsm;u ol@udk bk&m;rxl;&±Hkwr,fyJ?
a&wyf&JhtxmuwrsKd;? AkdvfawGukdxrif;ykd@&wJh AP wyfom;awG&Sdao;w,f? xrif;ykd@wJhtcg olwkd@r}unfvkd@&Sd&if
xrif;xJ wHawG;axG;xnfhay;vkdufwm/ rdoGm;wJhtcg xkd;}u}udwf}u jzpf}uw,f? olwkd@eJ@ usaemfwkd@tvkyform;awG
a,bk,stm;jzifh cif}uw,f? t&m&Sda&m wyfom;awGyg cif}uw,f? b0t&ukd rcifvkd@rjzpfbl;? vl 200-300 avmufpD;
wJh/ wefcsdef 3000 avmuf&SdwJhppfoabFm}uD; yifv,fxJoGm;wJhtcg tvkyform;awG vkyfay;vkdufwm raooyf&if vkd&m
ra&muf ao&Gma&mufoGm;Edkifw,f? oabFmaygufqif;&if usaemfvufrSwfxkd;rS xGufcGifh&wmqkdawmh usaemhfukdta&;ay;
ygw,f?
ara';wkd@/ jynfaxmifpkae@wkd@qkd&if usaemfwkd@oabFmusif;tvkyform;awGyJ xreJxkd;ay;&w,f? vlaxmifaomif;
twGufxkd;ay;&wmyg? usaemf tvkyform;awGeJ@ twlxkd; twlpm;aecJhw,f/ oabFmusif;rSm pm}unfhwkdufzGifhw,f/ twl
zwf}u avhvm}uw,f? 'Dtvkyform;awGxJrSm ±k&Sm;/ ykdvef/ ta&SŒ*smr%D æ pwJh qkd&S,fvpfEdkifiHawGudkoGm;+yD; ynmoif
cJh&olawG&Sdw,f?
'ga}umifh qkd&S,fvpfpepftay: wdrf;!Gwfr_awG&Sd}uw,f?
txufrSm ajymcJhwmawG[m ta&;tcif;ray:rD aemufcHtaetxm;awG jzpfygw,f? tck usaemfwkd@XmeeJ@qkdifwJh
ta&;tcif;ta}umif; wifjyygr,f?
ZGefv 5 &ufae@u pygr,f? usaemfwkd@ qifrvkdufoabFmusif;eJ@ vSnf;wef;rD;&xm;vrf;eJ@u uyfaew,f? &efukef
bufu rD;&xm;tvkyform;awG tif;pdefbuf csDwufoGm;}u+yD qkdwJhowif;}um;ae}u&+yD?
ZGef 6 &ufae@rSm xkH;pHtwkdif; Xmeukd tapm}uD;oGm;w,f? oef@&Sif;a&;vkyf/ a&aEG;wnf/ pm}unfhwkdufzGifh/ puf±HkzGifh
ay;+yD; uJefwif;xJoGm;xkdifapmifhaewkef; tvkyform;awG 0ifvmw,f? ‘ukd0if;xdef/ [kdrSm rD;&xm;rSmawmh qENjyr_awG
jzpfae+yD? bmvkyf}urvJ’ vkd@ tvkyform;&Jabmfukdbmpdefuar;w,f? ‘olwkd@awmifarSmuf&if usaemfwkd@vnf;arSmufaygh
Asm? 'gudpPaumif;yJ’ qkd+yD; vufajr‡mufjyvkdufw,f? tvkyform;awGuvnf; tm;vkH;vufajr‡mufjyvkduf}uum ‘'Dvkdqkd
&if usaemfwdk@oydwfarSmuf}ur,f’ vkd@nd‡vkduf}uw,f? uysmu&mpm;aomuf+yD; xGufvm}uw,f? qkdifa&S@rSm usaemfu
‘oydwf oydwf’ wkdifwmeJ@ ‘arSmuf arSmuf’ qkdwJhtoHawG [def;xGufcJhw,f?
tvkyform;awGukd usaemfu ‘&Jabmfwkd@/ cktcsdefup+yD;awmh oydwfarSmufr,f? 'kd@tvkyform;awG&JŒ tcGifhta&;awG
&z@kdtwGuf 'dk@oydwfarSmuf}ur,f? qENjy}ur,f? 'DtcGifhta&;awG&&Sdzkd@ pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;eJ@ wkdufyGJ0if}ur,f’ vkd@ v_H@aqmf
vkdufw,f? tvkyform;awG wajzmajzma&muf&SdvmcsdefrSmawmh usaemfu pm;yGJwvkH;ay:wuf&yfvkduf+yD; ‘oydwf oydwf’
vkd@wkdifvkdufwmeJ@ ‘arSmuf arSmuf’ qkdwJhtoH}uD;u wkef[D;xGufay:vmw,f? aemufawmh wjcm;puf±HkawGbuf
csDwuf}uw,f? 0,f'ga&Sm@ (Weldershop) bufa&mufawmh ‘&Jabmftvkyform;taygi;f wkd@/ 'kd@&JŒtcGifhta&;awGukd&zkd@
wkdufyGJ0if}ur,f? 'DtwGuf 'kd@ tvkyfrvkyf}uawmhbl;? puf±HkawGydwfr,f’ vkd@ a}unmvkdufw,f? &Jabmfbefa&$u ‘tvkyf
orm;oydwf arSmuf arSmuf’ vkd@wdkifay;w,f? aemuf usaemfu zdwifa&SmhuaomheJ@ 0,f'ga&SmhuaomhESpfacsmif; odrf;xm;
vkdufw,f?
&Jabmfbefa±$OD;aqmif+yD; tvkyform;awGu a'gufum (Docker) bufukdxGufoGm;}uw,f? &Jabmfbefa&$[m u&def;
ay:wufvkduf+yD; ‘tvkyform;&Jabmftaygif;wkd@/ cktcsdefrSm usaemfwkd@tvkyform;awG&JŒ tcGifhta&;ukd awmif;qkdr,f? &
atmifawmif;qkdr,f? EGm;arG;&if jrufau|;&r,f? vlarG;&if qefay;&r,f’ vkd@ a[majymw,f? tvkyform;xk}uD;u
‘'kd@ta&; 'kd@ ta&;’ vkd@ aºuG;a}umf}uw,f?
tJ'DvkdeJ@ usaemfwkd@wawG t,fvufx&Du,fa&Sm@/ r&Sif;a&Sm@/ &SpfbDvf'if (shipbulding)/ aemuf 0,f'ifa&Sm@/
umyifwm (Carpenter)/ abmf'D (Body) a&Smh/ tif*sif&DyJ&m;a&Smh (engine repair shop)/ 0ef}uD;±Hk; (TLC)/ OD;omausmf±Hk;
(oabFmusif;xJrSmyJokH;w,f) awGbuf vSnfhvnf}uw,f?
tJ'Dae@u OD;omausmfrvmbl;? olu tv,fxyfrSmaew,f? 0ef}uD;±Hk;rSm trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;0efxrf;awG &Sdw,f?
olwkd@ukd usaemfuajymw,f? ‘oabFmusif;wckvkH;ukd tvkyform;awGodrf;vkduf+yD? tJ'Dawmh cifAsm;wkd@ tvkyform;awG
eJŒvufwGJ+yD; oydwfarSmufyg? twlwuG usaemfwkd@tcGifhta&;awGudk awmif;qkd}ur,f? r&rcsif;awmif;rSmjzpfw,f? cifAsm;
wkd@ tvkyfrqif;}uygeJ@’ vkd@?
olwdk@wkH@jyefr_u aumif;ygw,f? tvkyfrqif;}uygbl;? tJ'Duae aq;cef;xJoGm;w,f? a'gufwmpDpDeJ@ em@pfrav;
wifwifrl &Sdw,f? olwkd@ESpfa,mufvkH; tvkyform;awGeJ@cifw,f? apwemvnf;aumif;}uw,f? aq;ay;vnf; &ufa&m
-3-
w,f? wufx&mqkdufuvif;qkd vufwckyf}uD;ay;wm? olwkd@u tdrfjyefzkd@jyifae}u+yD? usaemfu tvkyform;awGukd ypf

roGm;zkd@/ twlvufwGJwkdufzkd@ awmif;yefygw,f? olwkd@vnf; tvkyform;awGukd pmem+yD; rsuf&nf0kdif;vm}uw,f? aemuf
awmh twlvufwGJwdkufzkd@ oEMdÏmefcs}uw,f?
tvkyform;&JabmfawGu usaemfhqD a&mufvm}uw,f? ‘&Jabmf0if;xdef/ wcsKd@t&m&SdawG oydwfukdòzdcGJzkd@ óud;pm;ae
w,f? tJ'Dawmh usaemfwkd@ bmvkyfrvJ/ ±kduf}urSmvm;vkd@ ajymwmeJ@ ‘[m/ rvkyf}uygeJ@/ xdef;odrf;xm;yg? 'DrSm±Hk;zGifhxm;
wmyJ/ 'Dudkac:cJhyg’ qkdawmh/ r}umcif aumifpDOuUÏOD;cspfOD;/ 'kOuUÏOD;tkef;armif/ aemuf twGif;a&;rª;ukdvSjrifhygvmw,f?
olwkd@rsufESmawGvnf; raumif;}ubl;? usaemfu ‘OD;rsKd;xGÉfwkd@/ OD;cspfOD;wkd@cifAsm;? pdwfr&SdygeJ@/ vkHòcHa&;twGuf ac:&wmyg?
usaemfwkd@ukd ,kHapcsifw,f? cifAsm;wkd@udkrowfygbl;? ckvkdtjyifrSmvkyfaewmudk tvkyform;awGu cifAsm;wkd@tay:
oHo,jzpfaew,f? 'ga}umifh vkHòcHa&;tcef;rSmae}uyg’ vkd@ajym+yD; xdef;xm;vkduf&ygw,f? vkHòcHa&;aomhawGtyg aomh
tm;vkH;ukd usaemfukdifxm;ygw,f?
oydwfwkdufyGJukd 8 em&D 9 em&DrSm pvkduf}u+yDrkd@ tvkyform;oydwfaumfrwDvnf;zGJ@}u&w,f? OuUÏusaemf/ 'kOuUÏ
ukdbefa&$/ t}uHay;ukdwifjrifh ponf wm0efay;}uw,f? OuUÏtaeeJ@ tkwfwkdifwwkdifay:wuf rkdufu±kdzkef;ukdif+yD; rdef@cGef;
ajym&w,f?
‘&Jabmftvkyform;taygif;wkd@?
cktcsdefup+yD; 'kd@awG qifrvkdufoabFmusif;ukdodrf;vkduf+yD;/ puf±HkawGtm;vkH;ukd 'dk@odrf;ykdufvkduf+yD? puf±HkawGeJ@twl
ppfoabFmukdvnf; odrf;xm;vkduf+yD? 'ga}umifh puf±HkawGtm;vkH; oabFFmawGtm;vkH;[m 'kd@tvkyform;awG&JŒ tm%m
atmufrSm&Sdw,f? 'ga}umifh 'kd@odrf;ykdufxm;wJh puf±HkawGtwGuf 'kd@tvkyform;awG jynfolawG&J@tusKd;twGuf 'kd@oydwf
arSmufqENjyr,f? awmif;qkdcsufawGr&rcsif; qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;r,f? 'kd@[m tnHhrcHbl;/ tav#mhray;bl;? &Jabmf
tvkyform;taygif;wkd@/ pkpkpnf;pnf;eJŒ wkdufyGJ0if}uyg’ vkd@vnf;awmif;qkdvkdufa&m tvkyform;awGu ‘'kd@ta&; 'kd@ta&;’
vkd@ aºuG;a}umfvkduf}uw,f?
usaemfuquf+yD; aumifpDrSm usaemfwifjyaqG;aEG;xm;wJh M 6 vkH;udpP &Sif;jyygw,f? aemufrS
‘'D M 6 vkH; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHr&SdbJeJ@ 'DavmufacwfrDwJhoabFmusif;}uD; rvnfywfEdkifbl;? u&def;eJ@r,&r,fh[mukd vlawGeJ@
r,ae}u&w,f? &Apf±kdufaewJh tvkyform;awGukd }unfhvkdufOD;? ppfzdeyfu u|Jwzuf EGm;wzuf/ ukd,fay:rSm pufqDawG
ay/ waygif; wefcl;/ {+yDv}uD;xJrSm acG;awGvkd av;bufaxmuf &Apf±kdufae}u&w,f? oH*a[aqmfwJh tvkyform;awG
c%c% "mwfvkdufcH&wmwkd@ bmwkd@jzpfukefw,f?
qdkcsifwmu vkyfief;cGif[m tEW&m,fruif;bl;? tEW&m,fuif;atmif &Jabmfwkd@ awmif;qkd}u&vdrfhr,f? aemufwck
&Jabmfwkd@ tvkyfqif;wJhtcg 7 em&DcGJ a&mufvmEdkifzkd@ 6 em&Duwnf;u tdrfuxGuf&w,f? rkd;csKyfrStdrfjyefa&mufw,f?
tcsdefawG trsm;}uD;ukefoGm;+yD? waeukef tvkyfxJrSmyJ epfae}u&w,f? &wJhvpmuodyfenf;w,f? 'ga}umihf 'DrSm tcef;
&zkd@ vkdvm+yD? tdrfcef;&zkd@ awmif; qkd&r,f?
tkdAmwkdifudpPvnf; ajym&r,f? tkdAmwkdifukd wv 27 em&DyJ vkyfcGifh&Sdw,f? 'kd@ vufawG@vkyfay;}u&wmu em&D 100
ausmfw,f? em&DausmfawG[m a';atmhzf (dayoff) eJ@yJjyef&w,f? qkdcsifwmu tkdAmwkdifvkyfc tjynfhr&bl;? &wJhvpmu
odyfenf;? wcsKd@us bm;qkH;ae+yD? y±kdrkd;&Sif; wifay;oifh+yD? csKyfvkduf&if vkyfcawGodyfenf;w,f? tkdAmwkdif wtm; vkyfae&
w,f? vkyfief;cGifuvnf; tEW&m,f}uD;rm;w,f? 'ga}umifh 'gawGtwGuf 'kd@wkduf}ur,f? qefvakH vmufpGm&zkd@ awmif;qkd&
r,f? vpmwkd;ay;zkd@/ &mxl;wdk;ay;zkd@/ aetdrf&&Sdzkd@/ ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;zkd@awGvnf; awmif;qkd}u&r,f?’
aemufawmh usaemfu aºuG;a}umfoH wkdifay;vkdufygw,f?
qefvkHavmufpGm&&Sda&; ('kd@ta&;/ 'kd@ta&;)
ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&; ( ? )
aetdrf&&Sda&; ( ? )
vkyfief;cGiftEW&m,fuif;a&; ( ? )
vpmwkd;jr‡ifha&; ( ? )
aemufwqufwnf; oabFmusif;rSm&SdwJh a&wyfukdvnf; xyf+yD;awmh yef}um;&w,f? 'Dtcsdefu a'gufwifxm;wJh
a&wyfoabFm 5 pif;&Sdw,f?
‘&efvkH;atmif/ &efrsKd;atmif/ okawoD/ e*g;a=u;/ e0&wf oabFmay:u wyfrª;wyfom;taygif;wkd@/ &Jabmfwkd@udk usaemf
wdk@ tdrfjyefcGifhray;awmhbl;vkd@’ vnf;a}unmvkdufw,f? (usaemfu }um;jzwf+yD; &JabmfawGukdar;vkdufw,f?)
ar;? ? a'gufwifaewJhtcsdef oabFmay:rSm pwif;bkdif (standby) vm;?
-4-
ajz? ? olwkd@bmom vkyfae}uwmyJ/ ±kd;±kd;ae}uwmayg@? tdrfrSmaeovkdae}uwmyJ?

ar;? ? olwkd@u oabFm}uD;xm;cJ@+yD; urf;ay:wufwm&Sdovm;?
ajz? ? r&Sdbl;av?
'Dae&mrSm ajymzkd@vkdwmu oabFmwpD;rSm wyfcGJwcJG&Sdw,f? 5 pD;qkd 5 cGJ&Sdw,f? wpD; wpD;ukd 'kAkdvfrª;}uD; (C.O)
odk@r[kwf Akdvfrª;wa,muf tkyfcsKyfw,f?
okawoDoabFmu tÀ0gqkdufprpf (Seismic) / 'Daumifu wefzkd;odyf}uD;w,f? tJ'DacwfaiGaps;eJ@ukd odef; 50-60
avmufay;&w,f? &efrsKd;atmifu pwD;oabFm/ 'kwd,urBmppfwkef;u r[ma&,mOf ('kAkdvfrª;}uD; tkyfcsKyfw,f)/ &efrsKd;
atmifrSm tajrmufygw,f? okawoD/ ar,kwkd@rSmvnf; tajrmufygw,f? wjcm;vufeufrsKd;pkH wyfqifxm;&mrSm abmfzm/
yGdKifhzkduf ponfwdk@&Sd}uw,f? ae0if;pwif;ukd ±kd;±kd;wyfom;awG udkif}u&w,f? oabFmwkdif;rSm &duQmawG&Sd}uw,f? yJtdwf/
qeftdwftjyif tajccH&duQm jynfhjynfhpkHpkH wifxm;&w,f? olwkd@twGuf jy\emr&Sd? 'geJ@ ‘oabFmay:rSm&SdwJh wyfrª;
wyfom;taygif;wkd@/ &Jabmfwkd@ tdrfrjyef}uygeJ@? 'DtxJrSmyJae}uyg? usaemfwkd@eJ@ wkdufyGJtwl0if}uyg? usaemfwkd@&J@wkdufyGJukd
&Jabmfwkd@axmufcH}uvdrfhr,fvkd@ ,kH}unfygw,f’ vdk@ qufyef=um;vdkufw,f?
tJ'Dawmh a&wyfu&JabmfawG usaemfwkd@eJ@twl vm+yD;qENjyw,f? oabFmay:&SdwJholawG[m òrd@xJoGm;csif&if usaemf
wkd@*dwfawGjzwfrS&w,f? a&vrf;aygufu xGufr,fqkd&ifvnf; oabFmawGudk usaemfwkd@u ukdifxm;vkduf+yD? ±_yfaxG;r_awG
trsm;}uD;jzpfvmEdkifwJh taetxm;yg? a&wyftaeeJ@ ypfr,fcwfr,fqkd&if tcsdefra&G;ypfEdkifygw,f?
r}umvkdufygbl;? &efvkH;atmifoabFmu Akdvfrª;pkd;v_dif usaemfhqDukda&mufvmw,f? 0ef}uD;±Hk;rSmaqG;aEG;w,f? olu
‘q&m0if;xdef/ b,fvkdvJ’ wJh?
usaemfu ‘Akdvfrª;pkd;v_dif/ usaemhfwkd@ukdulnDyg? &duQmawG vkdcsifw,f? &rvm;’ qkdawmh ‘,lyg/ &ygw,f’ wJh? quf+yD;
olu ‘cifAsm;wkd@oydwf Edkifyg@rvm;’ ayg@? usaemfu Edkifygw,f/ usaemfwkd@ukd Akdvfrª;axmufcHprf;yg? Akdvfrª;wkd@vkHòcHa&;udk
tmrcHygw,f’ vkd@ ajymvkdufawmh E_wfquf+yD; Akdvfrª;pkd;v_difjyefoGm;w,f? usaemfvnf; yifyef;vGef;wmeJ@ em;aepOf tvkyf
orm;&Jabmfwa,muf vmowif;ykd@w,f?
‘Akdvfrª;&J!Gef@ vmaESmihf,Sufaew,f? tvkyform;awG oydwfrarSmuf&bl;vkd@ ajymaew,f’?
Akdvfrª;&J!Gef@ukd oGm;tac:ckdif;ayrJh vkdufrvmyg? olu !¸ef}um;a&;rª;/ olŒ±Hk;cef;ukd usaemfvkdufoGm;+yD; ‘Adkvfrª;cifAsm;/
usaemfwkd@eJ@ vkdufcJhapcsifw,f’ vkd@ajymawmh yxr jiif;aeao;w,f? usaemfu ‘cifAsm;&JŒvkHòcHa&; tEW&m,f&Sdw,faem/
vkdufcJ@yg’ qkdawmhrS vkdufvmygw,f? ‘armif&if }unfhvnf;vkyfay;yg’ vkd@vnf;ajymw,f?
‘'gawG xm;vkdufprf;yg’ qkd+yD; ac:xkwfvmcJ@w,f? usaemfwkd@ESpfa,muf wGJxGufvmwmjrifawmh tvkyform;awGu
vufckyfwD;óud}uygw,f? ‘'kdŒta&; 'kd@ta&;/ oydwf oydwf arSmuf arSmuf’ ‘ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&; 'kd@ta&;’ aºuG;a}umfoH
awG xGufay:vmygw,f?
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ajymvkdufw,f? Akdvfrª;&J!Gef@u zkdk;0if;xdef/ ppfwyfuawmh wu,fypfawmhr,f? udk,fhukd armif&ifwkd@ tav#mhay;vdkufygvkd@
cyftkyftkyfajymw,f? Akdvfrª;&J!Gef@/ cifAsm;vnf;usnfqHwawmifh usaemfvnf;usnfqHwawmifhyJ? ao&ifawmh twlao
=urSmyJ? tJ'ga=umifh cifAsm;taeeJ@ vkyfom;jynfolawGtay:rSm wu,foHa,mZOf&Sd&if/ wu,fopPm&Sd&if rypfygeJ@vkd@
ppfwyfudk rkdufu±kdzkef;eJ@ ajymay;ygqkd+yD; rkdufu±kdzkef;xkd;ay;vkdufw,f?
olu zkd;0if;xdef/ udk,fu ppfwyfu wyfrawmft&m&Sdjzpfw,f? wyfrawmfudk opPmazmufvkd@rjzpfbl;? 'ga=umifh ukd,f
rajymbl; wJh? 'Dawmh usaemfu Akdvfr_;/ cifAsm;uvnf; wyfrawmfudkopPm&Sdw,f? usaemfuvnf; tvkyform;awGtay:
rSmopPm&Sdw,f/ jynfolay:rSmopPm&Sdw,f? tJ'Dawmh ESpfa,mufao,ao=uwmaygh? wa,mufusnfqHwawmifhpDeJ@vkd@ ajym
&if;eJ@ jyefqkwfcJhw,f? 'Dtcsdef OD;jr[efeJ@ udkausmf}uD;cif vmajymjyefw,f? ppfwyfuwufvm+yD? urf;ajcuaewufvmwm
jzpfw,fwJh? wcsKd@&JabmfawGrvnf; bmvkyf&rvJ vmar;=uw,f? bmrSrvkyfeJ@/ 'Dtwkdif;awmif;qkd}ur,f? bmrSrvkyfeJ@/
bmukdrSrvkyfeJ@vkd@ trdef@ay;vkdufw,f? 'Dtcsdef zswfceJowd&vkdufwm&Sdw,f? b,fvkdwkH@jyefrvJ? usaemhfvufxJrSm
oabFmusif;wckvkH;u aomhawG&Sdw,f? yg0gpaw&Sifukd azmufcGJvkd@&w,f? oabFmusif; a&vkHusif;ua&awG azmufxkwf
vkdufvkd@&Sd&if oabFmawGysufoGm;Edkifw,f? *írf;xkd;arSmufckHjzpfoGm;r,f? 'DrSma&wyfppfoabFmawGuvnf; &Sdaew,f?
oabFmusif;jymusoGm;atmif vkyfEdkifw,f? &yfuGufxJrSm&SdwJhjynfolawGvnf; jymuswJhtxJygoGm;Edkifw,f? 'Dtcsdef
uGrf;jcH&yfuGufwckvkH; ppfwyfu0kdif;xm;+yD;+yD/ tajctaeawGu tJ'Dvkd&Sdw,f? udkausmf}uD;cifu aemufrSm uGefrif'kdwyf
awG a&mufvm+yDvkd@ owday;w,f? uJAkdvfrª;=um;wJhtwkdif;yJ? usKyfwkd@uawmh taocH+yD;wkduf&awmhr,f? 'Dawmh Akdvfrª;
&J!Gef@vufudkvdrfvdkuf+yD; oleJ@twljyefoGm;cJhw,f? uGefrif'kdwyfvmr,fhae&mukd OD;wnfvkdufw,f? a&S@a&mufoGm;wmeJ@
pypf+yD? Akdvfrª;&J!Gef@ukd ay; ay; vkd@vnf; yg;pyfuatmfawmif;w,f? a[h tvkyform;awG rif;wkd@qefr&bl;? a[m'gyJ
&r,fuGvkd@ vnf;óuH;0g;w,f? ajymajymypfypf vkyf=uw,f? bufeuf (v#HpGyf)awGeJ@ wufxkd;w,f? tvkyform;&JabmfawG
[m taxG;vkdufvJusukefw,f? wcsKd@a&uefxJusw,f? 'Dtcsdef Akdvfrª;&J!Gef@u &J!Gef@qkdwmusaemfyJ atmf+yD;±kef;w,f?
usaemfuvnf; v$wfay;vkdufygw,f? vufxJuygoGm;wJhtcg a[h &J!Gef@&+yDa[h ayghaemf? rkd;uvif;aeyg+yD? vrf;ay:u
aoG;awGuawmh apG;apG;eDaeygw,f? aoG;cJawG aoG;pD;a=umif;awG? &JabmfwcsKd@ *sDo&D;usnfqH azmufxGufoGm;vkd@ ajc
axmufrSm taygufawGeJ@? &Jabmfoef;atmifqkd&if yg;pyf}uD;jywfxGufoGm;+yD; v#m[m uyfaus;eJ@n‡yfxm;ovkdyJ? o,fEdkif
oavmuf &JabmfawGukd ayG@ayG@+yD;awmh aq;cef;xJoGif;&w,f?
a'gufwmpDpDuvnf; rsuf&nfawGeJ@ idkae&Smw,f? a'gufwmpDpDeJ@ wifwifrlwkd@ awmf&Smygw,f? vlem&JabmfawGukd
aq;xkd;ay; ywfwD;pD;ay;ygw,f? '%f&m&&JabmfawGqkdwm trsm;}uD;? ukwifay:rSmrqef@vdk@ }urf;cif;ay:rSmcsxm;&w,f?
&Jabmfwifarmif/ olu pum;rajymEdkifawmhbl;? olurD;owfpufukdEdk;aewkef; aemufuae *sDo&D;eJ@ypfvkd@ ptkdxJ usnfqH
0ifoGm;w,f? ol@em;oGm;awmh r&awmhbl;ayghaemf/ vufcgjyw,f? tvm;wl &Jabmfoef;atmifuvnf; acgif;cgjy&Smw,f?
&Jabmfbzl;uawmh em;xifudkv#HpGyfeJ@ txkd;cHxm;&vkd@ yg;pyfuaoG;awG AGufueJ AGufueJ tefusaeygw,f? 'Dvkdav#muf
=unfhtm;ay;aepOf &JabmfawGu usaemfhukdajy;ckdif;ae=uw,f?
usaemfu &Jabmfwkd@/ usaemf &Jabmfwkd@eJ@twl taocHr,f? jy\emawGukd usaemf&Sif;r,f? b,fawmhrS &Jabmfwkd@udk
rpGef@cGmbl;? tJ'Dawmh &Jabmfwkd@eJ@twl usaemf&Sdr,f? óud;pifukd usaemfwufoGm;r,f? &Jabmfwdk@tay:rSm xm0pOf opPm&Sd
r,f? &Jabmfwkd@udk b,fawmhrS opPmrazmufbl;vdk@ ajymaecsdefrSmyJ ppfwyfuuy`wdefwa,muf tcef;xJa&mufvm+yD; a[h/
0if;xdef qkd+yD;awmh *sDo&D;eJ@vSrf;axmufxm;w,f? aemufawmh usaemfhukdvufajr‡mufckdif;+yD; tjyifudkac:xkwfoGm;w,f?
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oydwfvrf;r}uD;rSm aoG;awG aoG;cJawG trsm;}uD;ygyJ? tJ'Dvrf;ay:rSm uGefrif'kdAkdvf}uD;jzpfolu usaemfhudkaqmifha=umifh

xkdifckdif;w,f? rif;ighudkypfcsifypfav? iguawmh xkdifp&mrvkdbl;? igw&m;cHr[kwfbl;? rif;wkd@w&m;cHyJ? ypfvkdufprf;yg ajymrS
'Daumifu usaemfhukd OD;cspfOD;wkd@/ OD;tkef;armifwkd@/ OD;xGef;&Dwkd@ukd usaemfcsKyfxm;wJhtcef;xJ jyefxnfhw,f? OD;cspfOD;u
usaemfhqDu aomhawGawmif;w,f? olu &JabmfawGawmh tawmfrsm;rsm;usukef+yD/ udk0if;xdef vdk@vnf;ajymw,f? olŒukd
aomhtm;vkH;ay;vkdufygw,f?
rkd;tawmfvif;ae+yD? uGefrif'kdwyfom;awG vufeufrsKd;pkH tDuGpfref@rsKd;pkHeJ@ urf;em;uwufvm+yD; oabFmusif;vrf;}uD;
ukd zGifhcsypfvkdufw,f? aemufrdef;*dwf}uD;ukd zGifhjyefw,f? 'Dtcsdef wkdif;rª; vkd@,lq&olwa,muf rmpD'D;um;}uD;eJ@ oabFm
usif;xJ 0ifa&mufvmw,f? tvkyform;awG&JŒ aoG;awGay:eif;+yD; ppfom;awGu oGm;vmae=uw,f? 7-em&DavmufrSm
tvkyform;wkdufyGJ}uD; +yD;qkH;oGm;+yDaygh? usaemfhukdawmh bm;vrf;udkac:oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DurS tif;pdefaxmif?
&Jabmf0if;xdef
(ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD armfuGef;wdkufrS aus;Zl;ð yonf?)
aemufwae@
atmiftwdwf (pdwfynm)
1974 ZGef (7) &uf eHeufykdif; 4;20 avmufrSm qifrvkdufoabFmusif;ukd rqvppftpk;d &u ypfcwfacsr_ef;+yD;wJh
aemufykdif; eHeuf 6;00 em&DavmufrSmawmh toHrsm; wdwfqdwfoGm;ygawmhonf?
urm&Gwf/ vSnf;wef;/ =unfhjrifwdkif&yfuGufrsm;uawmh ykd+yD;wdwfqdwfaeayvdrhfrnf? usaemfwkd@aeaom 0dZ…m-ody`H
wuUokdvf0if;uawmh eJeJv_yfv_yf&G&Gav;jzpfaeao;onf? tvkyform;oydwf&J@ aemufqkH;cHwyfjzpfaom Tqifrvkduf
oabFmusif;twGif;u aoewfoHrsm;a=umifhyif?
usaemfwkd@aeaom '*kHaqmif (vlaeaqmif) u teD;qkH;rkd@ twGJvkdufypfcwfoHawGa&m/ tjcm;aygufuGJoHyg =um;vkduf&
onf? taqmif&Sd ausmif;om;tm;vkH; pdwfaumif;=urnfr[kwfyg? '*kHaqmifESifhausmcsif;uyf a&$bkdaqmifvnf; =um;Edkif
ayrnf? oD&d/ rmvm (rdef;uav;aqmif) wkd@rSmvnf; =um;EdkifayvdrfhOD;rnf?
æ wuUokdvf0if;}uD;wckvkH; ajcmufuyfuyfEdkifvGef;onf[k usaemfxifrdonf?æ 'Dae@vnf; class &Sdao;onf? wufzkd@
pdwfr0ifpm;=u?
onfvkdeJ@yJ/ twef;wufjzpfovkdvkd/ rwufjzpfovkdvkd &ifxJuawmh wckckcHpm;ae&onf? wm0efa=uovkdvkd/ ra=u
ovkdvkd? ,ckvkd tvkyform;rsm;tm; ypfcwfESdrfESif;jcif;cH&wmawGu rdrdwkd@wuUokdvfu ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olawGeJ@
rqkdifava&mhovm;?æ rywfoufa&mhovm;?æ rdrdwkd@e,fuwufaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf udpPr&Sd? tJh'D qifrvkduf
oabFmusif;bufrSmaewJh ausmif;om;awG&@J rdbaqGrsKd;awGa&m rygEdkifawmhbl;vm;?æ olwkd@ygae&ifaumæ 'kd@u 'Dtwkdif;
=unfhae&awmhrSmvm;/æ vm;/æ vm;? wckckawmh wkH@jyefoifhwmaygh?æ rdrduawG;&if; &mrnpmoifaqmifbufukd
xGufvmcJhonf?
zDvkdqkdzD 401 oifcef;pmu eHeufykdif;? A[kdEdkifiHa&;wuUokdvfu rdrdwkd@ 0dZ…m-ody`HwuUokdvfrSm RL wuf&if; rdrdwdk@ukd
qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;rsm;/ orkdif;a=umif;tcsKd@ukdykd@csaeaom q&mOD;wifv_dif (v,fwGif;om;apmcspf) ukd ar;vkdufcsif
onfh pdwf0ifvmonf? “q&mwkd@&J@ rqvvrf;pOfeJ@pepfrSm 'Dvkdtvkyform;udpPawGukd 'DvkdyJ ajz&Sif;wwfovm;vkd@?”
jzwfvmcJhwJh pmoifcef;awGu ajcmufuyfuyfESifh? aumf&pf'ga'gifhrSm&SdaewwfwJh/ awG@aeustwGJav;awGawmif
rsufESmxm;wnfwnfav;awG jzpfae=uonf? wckckawmh xyf+yD;jzpfOD;rnf xif=uonf? ausmif;rydwfv#ifawmh aocsmyg+yD
[k xyfawG;rdonf? e,fuausmif;vmwufonfh rdrdwkd@vkdausmif;om;awG ukd,fhòrd@e,f/ udk,fh&Gmukdjyefa&muf&ifawmh
'Dta=umif;awG ajymjzpfOD;rnfxifygonf? eHeufzefvnf; bmjzpfOD;rnfrod?
tJh'Dae@ nbuf 9;30 ausmfausmfavmufrSm?
urm&Gwf*wfbufut0if OD;cspfvufzuf&nfqkdifem;a&mufawmh ausmif;om;wpku cGyfa'gif;tvHxkwf+yD; atmfvm
=uonf? “'kd@ausmif;om;awG 'DvkdyJ=unfhae=uawmhrSmvm;? tvkyform;awGeJ@ yl;aygif;=ur,f?” “rif;wkd@ taqmifawGu
qif;cJh=uyg?” “rif;wkd@ a=umufae+yDvm;” qkdwJh toHawGxGufvmw,f? atmf+yD;ajym=uw,f? pkpkaygif;ausmif;om;t&G,f
(30) avmuf&Sdrnfxifygonf? usaemfwkd@u zkdife,f&D;,m; aemufqkH;ESpform;awGrkd@ tay:qkH;xyfu atmufukdikH@=unfh
aerdygonf? atmufxyfokd@qif;vmawmh avScg;xdyfrSm&yfae=uwJh q&mawG awG@ygonf? q&mrsm;. rsufESmrSmawmh pkd;&drf
onfht&dyfuav;rsm; awG@ae&onf? ukd,f&Sdefowfvkdufonf? atmufqkH;avSum;ukd iHk@=unfhvkdufawmh napmifh
ukdwif=unfu atmufqkH;avScg;xpfeJ@uG,f+yD;&yfaeonf? taqmif0wHcg;}uD;ukdawmh aomhcwfxm;vkduf+yDjzpfygonf?
-9-
olwkd@u oHbm*smwHcg;}uD;ukdqGJzGifh=uonf? òydifwl vltkyf}uD;tm;ESifhrkd@ wHcg;}uD;yGifhoGm;onf? taqmifxJukd ausmif;

om;wcsKd@0ifvm+yD; atmfajym=uonf? “rif;wkd@ igwkd@eJ@ vkdufcJh=uyg?” “'kd@ tvkyform;awG aoukef+yD?” “wkdufyGJ0if=ur,f?
vmæ vrf;ray:xGuf+yD; aºuG;a=umfr,f?” usaemfwkd@u wkyfwkyfr#rv_yfbJ =unfhae=uonf? qif;vmvkd@vnf; r&yg?
q&mwcsKd@u &yfae=uonf?
“rif;wkd@jyef=uyg? olwkd@rvkduf&if rac:ygeJ@? tay:xyfwuf&ifawmh rif;wkd@wm0efyJ” taygufapmifhwm0efus
ukdwif=unf&@Jpum;oHukd =um;rdygonf? “vm/ qif;cJh=uyg? wkd@eJ@twl wkdufyJG0if=ur,f?” usaemfwkd@ rvkdufjzpfcJhyg? reuf
wkef;uypfcwfcJhonfh aoewfoHukdawmh em;xJ jrifa,mif/ =um;a,mifae=uonf? “rif;wkd@ owWdr&Sdvkd@ rvkduf&J&ifvnf;
aecJh=uyg? [kd;tay:xyfqkH;u &Jabmfausmif;om;awG ckefcscJhyg? usKyfwkd@ atmufuae+yD; zrf;xm;yghr,f? cifAsm;wkd@ bmrS
rjzpfap&ygbl;?” usaemfwkd@ tay:qkH;xyfuvnf; wkyfwkyfrSrv_yf? q&mwcsKd@uawmh tay:=unfhvkduf/ atmuf=unfhvkduf/
pkd;&drfpdwfawGeJ@? c%=umawmh pdwfysuf+yD; oHbm*smwHcg;}uD;ukd aqmifhuefoGm;av&J@? wHcg;}uD;u ysufpD;ae+yD; [ww}uD;
usefcJhonf?
“ol&Jabma=umifwJhaumifawG/ rdef;rawG/ *ef'l;awG” wJh? atmfajymoGm;wJhtoHawGu usaemfwkd@&ifxJ jr‡m;oGm;awG
tðyHvkdufpl;0ifoGm;ovkdyJ cHpm;oGm;&onf? q&mawGu ysufpD;oGm;wJhwHcg;}uD;ukd =unfhaepOfrSmyJ rdrdaewJh tay:qkH;xyfu
tcef;ukdjyefvmygw,f? ukwifay:ypfvSJ+yD; rD;ydwfvkdufw,f? &ifxJu w'dwf'dwfeJ@? usdwfrSdwf+yD;tdyfw,f? raysmfygbl;?
awG;&if;eJ@ wkdufwkdufqkdifqkdif/ rdrdaewJhtcef;u AkdvfatmifausmfaeoGm;wJhtcef;wJh? tcef;trSwf (100) vkd@ajym=uw,f?
AkdvfatmifausmfaoG;eJ@ rdrdaoG;u tD;eJ@eH@omvkdygyJvkd@ rdrdukd,fukd¶_H@csrdw,f? “bmyJajymajymav/ tarhukdvkyfau|;EdkifwJh
om;aumif;wa,muftaeeJ@awmh &SdEdkifygao;w,fvkd@?” tarajymbl;ygw,f? “wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfwmxuf rdbeJ@
rdbt&G,fawGukd ðypkwmu ykd+yD;jrifhjrwfw,f ighom;” wJh? tif;/ tarh pum;em;axmif+yD; rdbukdyJvkyfau|;awmhr,f? tb
(taz) qkH;wm ig 12 ESpfom;avmufxJuqkdawmh tarvJtkdvS+yD? 3 em&DcGJavmufrS tdyfaysmfoGm;cJhonf?
»»»ššš»»»
okH;bD;um;/ av;bD;um;oHawG/ ypPnf;wifwJhtoHawGeJ@ rdbtcsKd@ vmac:wJhtoHawG=um;awmhrS tdyf&mu vef@Edk;
rdw,f? uysmu,m rsufESmopf+yD;awmh oGufoGufav; tv,fxyfukdqif;vmrdygw,f? ay:wDukd qif0if0&J@vufwef;/
taqmifeJ@uyfaewJh 0&efwmckHav;rSmawmh ukdwifpkd; (pkd;}uD;/ wwd,ESpf-pdwfynm/ &ckdifjynfe,f &[kdif;ul;wkd@&Gm) u
wa,móud;n‡daewmawG@&w,f?
taqmifausmif;om;tcsKd@u txkyftykd;awGeJ@ wa&G@a&G@xGufoGm;=uyg+yD? wcsKd@uawmh okH;bD;/ av;bD;um;awGukd
apmifhae=u[efwlygw,f? wcsKd@uawmh taqmifukdausmckdif;+yD; æ?
rdrdpdwfxJrausreyfjzpfaerdonf? 'Dvla=umifae+yD? nuvnf; b,folrS taqmifxJurvkdufbJeJ@? ckvnf; xGufoGm;
wJhausmif;om;awGukd =unfh+yD; wa,mxkd;aevkdufwm? &Sufp&maumif;vkdufwmvkd@ awG;rd+yD; “a[haumif/ pkd;}uD;? rif;u
rjyefbJeJ@ wa,mxkd;aewm bmoabmvJ” vkd@ rdrdu toHrmrmeJ@ar;+yD; ol@ukd=unfhvkdufw,f? ol@rsufESmrSm rsuf&nfp
awGeJ@ygvm;? rsufawmifwcsuftcwfrSm vdrfhusoGm;wJh ol@rsufawmif olowdrdxm;rdbJ atmufukdai;=unfh&if; æ ol
oDcsif;wyk'fukd xkd;vkdufw,f? wa,moHoufoufygyJ? “wwDwdæ wDwDæ æ wd wJh wJhæ wJhæ w,fæ wDwJhæ w,fæ
w,f” atmf/ rdrdodvkdufygonf? pkd;}uD; cHpm;csufawGaygufuGJaeyg+yD? ol@oHpOfukd usaemfzwfrdvkdufonf? “æ igwkd@
Armjynf0,fæ rdbwkdif;uuG,fæ Akdvfatmifqef;vkdæ ol&Jaumif;awG arG;&r,f?”
ol@ wa,moHukdepfarsm&if; &ifqkd@rsuf&nfusrdonf? ESpfcgxyfem;axmif+yD;awmhrS “vm/ pkd;}uD;? jyefr,fuGm/ ig
yJcl;jyefr,f? rif;vkdufcJhOD;rvm;?” “igawmh &efukefu oli,fcsif;tdrfrSmyJ aecJhawmhr,f? rif;wkd@ jyef=uawmhuGmæ awmuf”
wJh?
“igodygw,f? owWda=umifwJhpm&if;xJrSm ighukdwkd@xm;vkdufyg?” wauG@auG@awmhñuH&ifav [k rdrdpdwfxJrSmyJ wif;xm;
cJhonf? qufrajymbJ tay:xyfjyefwufcJhonf?
ausmif;vnf; oHk;vvm;/ av;vvm; ydwfoGm;+yD[kod&onf? txkyfawGjyif+yD;awmh taqmifay:u cyfokwfokwf
qif;vmcJhonf? ysufpD;oGm;wJh wHcg;}uD;vnf; vdrfaumufaevkd@? taqmifvnf; vSnfhr=unfhawmh+yD? wa,moHvnf; a0;
a0;usefcJh+yD? tJ'Dwkef;u AdkvfatmifausmfaecJhwJhtcef;rSmaecJhwJh owWda=umifwJh pdwfynmausmif;om;wa,mufav?
atmiftwdwf (pdwfynm)
ESpf (30) qdkonfrSmvnf; æ

armifarmifwdwf (ABSDF)
- 10 -
olay;zwfaomrSwfwrf;udk =unfhrd&if; wOD;csif;wa,mufcsif;. yHk&dyfrsm;udk vSpfueJvSpfueJ jyefawG;rd&if;ESifh ?

tdkæ c%av;vdkygvm;? rae@wae@uvdkygvm;? 'gawG[m tdyfrufawGr[kwf/ edrdwfyHkawGr[kwf? yuwd? yDbd?
olajymovdkæ olu'DESpftwGif;rSmyJ xGufcJhovdk/ 'DtvkyfawGudkyJ wufºuGxufoefpGmeJ@ vkyfaeqJrdk@?
'dk@usefcJhwJh (52) OD;udk tawmfav;pkxm;&w,f? wcsKd@u EdkifiHjcm;a&mufukef+yD/ wcsKd@ujynfwGif;rSm? wcsKd@u awmfvSef
a&;e,fajrxJrSm? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;/ wdkufwdu k fqdkifqdkif/ wdk@ (3) a,mufuawmh 'DxJrSm&Sdae=uav&J@wJh? tif; æ wcsKd@uawmh
uG,fvGefoGm;=u+yD?
olajymovdkygyJ? ol[musaemfwdk@xJrSm toufti,fqHk;? axmifusumpuqdk&if usaemfwdk@b0awGuwqpfcsKd;rdk@
rsufESmav;awGraumif;=u? wuUodkvf0if;xJu csufjcif;axmifxJa&muf axmifuscJhjcif;jzpfonf? tJh'Dwkef;u olu oDcsif;
qdkjyonf? tqdkaumif;/ tuaumif;yif? ZmwfxJvdkufzdk@aumif;a=umif;vnf; ajymjzpf=uonf? oluusaemfwdk@udk ðyH;wm
&,fwm jrifcsifvdk@wJh ?
,ck ol ti,fqHk;yif touf (50) jynfhawmhrnf? awG;rd&if; usaemfh±kyfudkvnf; jyefjrifrdonf? E_wfcrf;ar$;/
rkwfqdwfar$;/ em;o,far$;wdk@yif jzLae=u+yD? acgif;rSmawmh =umqHacsmif;av;rsm;u uGuf=um;=um;&Sdae+yD?
'Dtjzpftysufordkif;udkawmh yg0ifywfoufonfholrsm;u a&;=uygrnf? 'Dtjzpftysufv_yf&Sm;rsm;u óudwifaqmif&Guf
xm;=uonfr[kwfyg? 'Dvdkjzpfvmvdrfhrnf[kvnf; xif=urnfr[kwf?
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tJæ'DZifbm (1) &ufae@nbufrSmawmh usaemfwdk@ (5) OD;qHkrd=uonf? tif;vsm;aqmifutjyef tif;0aqmifa&S@rSm
xdkif+yD;awmh ajymjzpf=uonf? pdk;}uD; (&[dkif;ul;wdk@&Gm- pdwfynmwwd,ESpfausmif;om;) up+yD;ajymjzpfonf?
'dk@qDudk OD;oef@tavmif;}uD;a&mufvm+yD? 'dk@wm0efvnf;jzpfw,f? 'dk@bmvkyf=urvJ/ 'g[m EdkifiHa&;toGifeJ@awmh
qdkifvSwmr[kwfbl;?
udkaomif;at;/ apmvSaiG/ udkjrifh[efeJ@ usaemfwdk@u ai;+yD;=unfhaeygonf? 'l;,m;pD;u&ufav; raomufwwf
aomufwwfeJ@ zGmae&if; usaemfu tif;vsm;aqmifbufu *pfwmoHav;rsm;=um;&ovm;vdk@ em;pGifhaerdygonf?
tif;vsm;olwdk@ 'Dtcsdeftdyfawmhrnf? vdrfz,fvdrfz,fZmwfvrf;pxm;olrsm;u *Dwmav;ESifh vGrf;jyae=uygonf? tJ'Dwkef;
u “rmrD&,f&Smay;uG,f &nf;pm;vdkcsifw,f” qdkwJh wuUodkvfxGef;aemifoDcsif;u acwfpm;aewkef;av? qHyif&Snf}uD;
awGESifh “qHyif&Snfxm;wdkif; vrf;o&Jvm;/ *wkH;wHk;wdkif; bkef;}uD;vm;” qdkwJhtar;awGeJ@ rqvacwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;&J@
tawG;awGudk wwfEdkifovdk acsyae=uwJhtcsdef? bmyJajymajym qHyif&SnfeJ@a&m twdkeJ@a&m ausmif;om;awGu “pmrwwf
olyaysmufa&;pDrHudef;” twGuf vkyftm;ay;cJh=uonf?
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'DZifbm (5) &ufae@ajrmufrSmawmh usKduUqHuGif;xJu OD;oef@tavmif;udk (Convocation) bGJ@ESif;obifcrf;rxJodk@
o,faqmifvm=uygonf? usaemfwdk@tpDtpOfxJwGifrygyg? udkwifarmifOD;/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfuq&mro*ôjrifhESifh udkwifpkd;
(pdk;}uD;) wdk@a[majym+yD; tavmif;udkodr;f vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? 'Dvdkjzpfvmatmif olwdk@tpDtpOfwcsKd@ &SdEdkifygonf?
'DZifbm (6) &ufae@wGifusaemfwdk@ wuo0if;udk&Sif;/ zkef;qdk;awmudkrD;±d_@/ *lae&mpaqmuf=uonf? ‚if;ae@eHeufydkif;yif
rEWav;aqmiftD;pDudk usaemfwdk@zGJ@onf? vuf&Sdausmif;wufaeaom pdwfynmausmif;om; (5) a,muf/ jrefrmpm
wa,mufyJjzpfygonf? wcsKd@tv,fwef;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;/ ae@ausmif;om;rsm;u olwdk@Edkif
wmudkyJvkyf=urnf? tD;pDwGifryg0ifvdk=u/ cdkif;or#yl;aygif;vkyf=urnf[k qdkygonf? cifAsm;wdk@/ tpfudk}uD;wdk@uom !¸ef=um;
yg/ twwfEdkifqHk;0dkif;vkyfrnf? OD;oef@psmyetavmif;umuG,fzdk@/ vHkðcHa&;,lzdk@/ owif;axmufvSrf;zdk@/ &duQm/ pm;p&m/
qufoG,fa&;rsm;udk olwdk@uwm0ef,lay;rnf? owif;xl;v#if vmydk@rnf? tv,fxyfudk jyef=um;a&;¶Hk;xm;yg[kqdkonf?
pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfrS udkpkd;!$ef@ (pwkwÎESpf-ajymif}uD;) uawmh A[kd (bGJ@ESif;obifcrf;r) a&m/ rEWav;aqmiftD;pDtjzpfa&m
olwdk@em;vnfxm;=uonf? acgif;av;w+idrfh+idrfhESihf awmfawmfav;v_yf&Sm;oGufvufwJh ausmif;om;wOD;yif? tJh'Dwkef;u
touf (24) ESpfatmufrsm;jzpf=uoudk;?
'DZifbm (7) &ufae@nbuf rJcGJqHk;jzwf=uonf? v_yf&Sm;aeaomausmif;om;rsm;udk rzrf;zdk@/ OD;oef@tavmif;ESihf
xdkufwefaom ae&mwckjzpfEdkifonfh uefawmfrifyef;jcHydk@zdk@? aemuf 'D wuo0if;xJrSmyJjr‡Kyfzdk@?
a':at;at;oef@/ ODwifjrifhOD;/ OD;cef@/ qpf'eDcef@ (OD;oef@wl) wdk@u rEWav;aqmifvm+yD; olwdk@oabmxm;udk ajym=u
ao;onf? at;at;csrf;csrf;yJ jzpfapcsifonf? psmyeudpP+yD;oGm;v#if OD;oef@txdrf;trSwfvnf;jzpf/ ol.qENvnf; jzpfonfh
pm=unhfwdkufwckjzpfapcsifonf? ‚if;wdk@.qENudk usaemfwdk@em;axmifonf?
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usaemfwdk@uawmh 'Dwuo0if;xJrSmyJ jr‡Kyfapcsifonf? wuo0if;onf t"dyg,f&SdvGef;onf? ordkif;tpOftvm

}uD;vGef;onf? 'DrSmwif +idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD;[k usaemfwdk@av;pm;aom OD;oef@tavmif;ukd jr‡Kyfapcsifonf? rqv tpdk;&u
cGifhðycsifrS cGifhðyrnf? usaemfwdk@u wuUodkvfe,fajronf vGwfvyfaome,fajrjzpfonf? wuUodkvfausmif;wkdif;onf
rnfonfhtpkd;&ESifhr#rqdkif/ tJ'Dwdkif;jynfuykdifonf? ausmif;om;rsm;wGif tpdk;&r&Sd/ olykefr&Sd/ t=urf;zufr_r&Sd/ cGJjcm;r_r&Sd&?
vlrsKd; bmom omoemutp vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdonf? ta&miftqif;/ t,lqpGJtpGef;rsm;vufrcH? vGwfvyfaom tawG;
tac:t,ltqrsm;jzifhom rdrdtem*wfESifh wdkif;jynf.wdk;wufr_tem*wfrsm;udk qufpyfaeonf[k xifcJh=uonf?
ausmif;uxGuf&ifawmh ta&mifawGajymif;/ aumif;raumif;u ordkif;a=umif;awG&Sdrnf[k awG;xifcHpm;ae=uonfh tcsdef
vnf; jzpfcJhygonf?
'Dawmht"d<yg,f&Sdaomae&monf wuo0if;yif? Adkvfatmifausmfausmufwdkifav;udk nzuf za,mif;wdkifxGef;xm;
onfvnf; awG@&onfrdk@ 'Dae&mudk a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwf=ujcif;jzpfonf? rqvtpkd;&uawmh óudufróudufrod/ jy\emawmh
jzpfrnfudk od=uonf? aemufqHk; (62) ckESpfeJ@ vGefcJhwJh ZGef (6) &ufuvkd AHk;cGJ+yD;ypfowfEdkifonfxd awG;=uonf? rwwfEdkif/
aemufrqkwfcsif=u? vmrJhab; ajy;=urnfvm;/ ajy;awG@=urnfvm;qdkwmawmh tJ'DtcsdefrSod&ayawmhrnf[k cyfayghayghyJ
awG;xm;rd=uonf?
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tif;æ'DZifbmqdkawmh aqmif;&J@owWd at;jrjr&moDav;ucHpm;ae&yg+yD? yDjyifvSaomaqmif;&moDobifudk trd
wuUodkvf}uD;rSm at;csrf;vSypGmjzifh cHpm;&awmhrnfawmh r[kwfygacs? rpfwrf; Mid-term pmar;yGJu (10) rSwfzdk;rdk@
pmusuf&wmvnf; ysif;ysif;? tm;upm;&moDuvnf;jzpfawmh olav;wdk@wodkuf tajy;avhusifh=uayawmhrnf? usaemfwdk@
'*Hkaqmifu *syfqifvrf;eab;wGif&Sdawmh tm;vHk;udkjrif&onf? q,fausmfoufwdk@. oGufvufjrL;ºuG/ vSyyHkESifh &ifckefp&m
rsm;udk awG@xdcHpm;&p+rJ? aºuG±kyfuav;vdkvSyolrsm;/ ,rif;±kyfav;vdkvSyolrsm;/ umwGef;xJu ZmwfaumifawGvdk ±kyfoGif
av;rsm;eJ@ wcgw&Hremvdkp&maumif;atmif wGJav#mufvmwwfaom twGJav;rsm;udk =unfh&if;eJ@ pdefyef;yif}uD;rsm;udk
cJESifhaumufaygufwwfaom oli,fcsif;wcsKd@udk owd&ae rdjyefygao;onf?
pdefyef;yif/ a&wrmyif/ ydawmufyif}uD;rsm;/ uHhaumfawm/ opfykwfyif/ wHwm;jzL (,ckawmh eDoGm;acs+yD)/ tif;vsm;
uefabmif/ tif;vsm;a&jyif/ avSavSmf&Gufwdkuftoif; æ? ESif;aiG@oufoufav;rsm;eJ@ tif;vsm;&J@ eHeufcif;a&aiG@jzLjzLav;
rsm;u uefa&jyifxufwGif,Sufvdrfae=urnf? ESif;aiG@at;at;/ a&aiG@aEG;aEG;av;rsm;=um;rSm vrf;av#mufvmwwf=u
aom ajc&mav;rsm;ykdif&Sifwdk@um; æ? wcgwcg0if0ifvmwwfonfh pdefyef;yifxufu O=ooHryDwyDuvnf; æ?
omrefqdk&ifawmh uHhaumfawm[k rdrdwdk@wifpm;xm;onfh &efukef0dZ…m-ody`HwuUodkvf0if;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf
0if;}uD;onf =unfEl;p&m/ vGrf;armp&mrsm;ESifh jynfhaeawmhrnf? uHhaumfwap> tajcmufcH&+yD; t+rD;tarmufrwnfhbJ &Sdae
wwfaomolwdk@vnf; wpHkw&mudkar#mfvifh&if; ai;arm&if;ESifh &ifxJ[mwmwmESifhyif &Sdaeacsawmhrnf? 'DZifbmausmif;
ydwfwdk@wGif rcGJcsifbJcGJcGm&awmhrnf? usaemfwdk@u 'Dvdkajym=uonf? vdrfz,fvdrfz,fZmwfvrf;av;rsm;ESifh twdtvif;
ra=unm&Jaom twGJav;rsm;. rsuf0ef;udkawmh zwfrdygonf?
=uifem=uvGef;olrsm;twGufawmh rcGJ&ufp&m/ rcGJ&ufp&m 'DZifbmygyJav? 'Dausmif;ydwf&ufawGuawmh olwdk@
twGuf rajzp&mæ aEGurBmvdktylawGyJaygh? 'DZifbmrSm olwdk@rcsrf;=uygbl;? vGrf;wwf=uygw,f? tJ'golwdk@tpm; cHpm;
=unfhrdwmav?
'Dvdk'DZifbmrsKd; oHk;}udrfjzwfcJhzl;aom usaemfwdk@vdk pm=urf;ydk;pmawavrsm;uawmh tiSm;zDvifav;rsm;eJ@ [dkwuGuf/
'DwuGuf a&;csifp&m ?
'DESpf'DZifbmrSmawmh pm=unfhwdkuf topfaqmufvkyfaeojzifh uHhaumfawmav;udk wjcrf;zsufvdkuf&onf? rdrdtyg
t0if ausmif;om;tcsKd@u xdkodk@aqmufonfudk róudufvS? wjcm;wae&maqmuf&if&&J@om;eJ@ [kawG;rdonf? uHhaumf
&GufaºuGawmav;xJ vrf;av#muf&onfudku t&omyif? xdkifcHkav;rSmxdkif+yD; =uifempGm xrif;cGH@au|;ae=uaom olav;
rsm;u wcgw&H &GufajcmufawGay: ajcvSrf;}uJ}uD;rsm;ESifh av#mufvmae=uaomtoHa=umifh “olcdk;vlrdovdk &Suf&G@H[ef
av;rsm;/” +yD;awmh tJ'DcHkwef;av;awGrSmyJ wOD;wnf;xdkif+yD; uAsmpav; pmpav;awG &cJhwmwdk@rsm; rcHpm;&ava&mh
ovm;/ aqmufvkyfcGifhay;vdkufwJh ausmif;uq&mwdk@-ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;wdk@&,fvdk@ a'gre\ xGufrd=uao;onf?
uHhaumfawmudk aESmif;vli,fawG jrif=u&awmhrnfr[kwf/ &ifemrdcJhjyefygonf?
wu,fawmh 'DuHhaumfawmomr[kwf? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;r/ opfykyfyif/ t"dywdvrf;r/ *syfqifbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;/ RC
tyef;ajzcef;r/ wuotaqmuftOD; (,ckawmh vGifjyif zkef;qdk;ae&m) wdk@[m rsm;pGmaomausmif;om;rsm;. Zmwfvrf;
rsm;/ ordkif;a=umif;rsm;udk pcJh=uonfyif? *E<0iftcspfZmwfvrf;rsm;/ tEkynmonfrsm;? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;/ ajymif
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ajrmufaom owWdaoG;ESifh pGef@v$wfolrsm;/ awmfvSefa&;ordkif;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifae=uonfyif? wuUodkvfa&mufzl;/ óuHzl;=u

aom/ wufae=uaomausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;. aemufcHyef;csDum;wcsyfyif?
usaemf vGrf;armaerdygonf? vGrf;vnf;vGrf;ygonf? armvnf;armygonf? usaemfvnf; trdwuUodkvfe,fajrudk
cspfaom ausmif;om;wa,mufrdk@ygav?
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tJ'D 'DZifbm (7) &ufn (10) em&DavmufuygyJ? udkvwf}uD;wdk@vlpku vmajymoGm;onf? “igwdk@wm0efaus+yDuGm”
wJh? “rif;wdk@ EC awGyJqufvkyf=uawmh? wdk@yifyifyef;yef;aqmufvkyfcJh&wJh *l}uD;udkawmh OD;oef@tavmif;udk c%avmuf
xnfhxm;apcsifw,fuGm? rif;wdk@oabmygyJ? wdk@'DrEWav;aqmif EC awGzufu ESpfrJvm;/ oHk;rJvm;/ &+yD;awmh [dk; uGefAdk
au;&Sif;zufu A[kdaumfrwDawGu ajcmufrJvm;/ ckESpfrJvm; &w,fvdk@od&w,f? 'Drkdua&pDt&qdk&ifawmh wdk@±_H;oGm;+yD?
'gayrJh rif;wdk@wwfEdkif&ifawmh =uH=uOD;aygh? igawmhxifygw,f? wdk@ausmif;om;trsm;pku 'DrSmwif jr‡Kyfcsif=uwm? igwdk@
uawmh (6) &ufae@uwnf;u ae@rtdyf nrtdyf/ ae@rD; nrD;eJ@ vkyfoGm;wm +yD;oGm;+yD? tck txufwef;ausmif;om;av;
awGu olwdk@tkyfeJ@olwdk@ *ludkapmifhae=uw,f?
“igwdk@awmh 'DavmufyJ wwfEdkifw,f? jyeftdyf=uOD;r,f? +yD;&if jyefvmcsifvnf; vmcJhr,f? wdk@òrd@awGvnf; wdk@jyefoGm;
csifoGm;=ur,f? rif;wdk@qufvkyfaygh?”
udkvwf}uD;wdk@tzGJ@ tkwf*lvkyfzdk@ wm0ef,lxm;=uygonf? olu RIT (BE) bGJ@&+yD;om;? oabFmom;vkyfaeonf [k
od&onf? cyfxGm;xGm;/ cyfawmifhawmifh? ol@udk enf;enf;armh+yD;rS ajymvkd@&onf? 'DZifbm (6) &uf/ wuouGif;}uD;&Sif;+yD;
awmh *laqmufzdk@ae&ma&G;=uonf? rdrdESifh tjcm;ausmif;om; (2) OD;u yef;&Hq&mudkoGm;ac:=uonf? awmifilaqmifwHcg;
wm0efusausmif;om;rsm;u zGifhray;I ausmfwuf+yD;oGm;&onf? =uHawmok\efteD;u emewfawm&yfuGuftpGefrSm
&SmawG@onf? yef;&Hq&m}uD;u rvdkufjzpf? ol@wynfhwa,mufudk ypPnf;wcsKd@ESifhxnfhvdkufonf? rdrdwdk@rSmvnf; awmifil
aqmif*dwfudk jyefausmf+yD; 0ifcJh&ao;onf? tapmifhausmif;om;av;rsm;u rdrdwdk@udk,fay: &Sm=uao;onf? tzsufypPnf; yg
rygqdkwmudk?
a&mufwmESifh wcgwnf; ajrwl;=uonf? aygufwl;udkvk+yD; wl;=uonf? wufºuGvGef;onfh ausmif;om;i,frsm;udk
=unfh&if; yDwdrsuf&nf0Jrdonf?
nzuf (8) em&Da&mufawmh udkvwf}uD;wdk@vlpk jyefvm=uonf? tmZmenfukef; (AHk;cGJrcH&rSD) u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tkwf*ltwdkif; twdtuswdkif;+yD; ,lvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? ‚if;twdkif; twdtusaqmufrnf[kajymonf? usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;
oabmusvufcH=uonf?
“cifAsm;wdk@xrif;pm;+yD;=u+yDvm;?” “[mæ b,fpm;&OD;rSmvJ? xrif;uta&;r}uD;bl;av?” “at;Asm? [kd *sifrf
(tm;upm;±Hk) xJrSm udkwifpdk; (csLaw;/ ±lyaA'aemufqHk;ESpf) eJ@ udkpdk;!Gef@ (ajymif}uD;/ pD;yGm;a&;aemufqHk;ESpf) wdk@tzGJ@u
xrif; ',f}uD;ESifh csuf+yD;au|;ae=uw,f? eD;eD;av;yJ/ oGm;pm;vdkuf=uygOD;?”
“atmfæ 'DrSmvJ odrf}uDaps;zufuvSLxm;wJh wdk@[l;a=umfawG&Sdw,f? 'gu '*Hkbdvyf&nfpuf±HkuvSLvdkufwJh u&if
aqmf'geJ@ bdvyf&nf&Sdw,f? tcsKd&nfawGav? ,loGm;ygOD;vm;”
usaemfhpum;rqHk;cif olwdk@u rEWav;aqmiftv,fxyfqD qif;oGm;awmhonf? ESpf&ufESifh t+yD;aqmufrnfwJh? tkwf
oJbdvyfajr b,fu&rnfenf;/ usaemfawG;rdonf? 'guolwdk@wm0efyJav?
tif;æ tjyifxGuf tvSLcH&ifawmh tzrf;cH&rSm aocsmw,f? pm=unfhwdkuftopfuvnf;aqmufaewkef;? usaemf
qufpyfawG;rdfvdkufonf?
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“a[haumif/ udkvSaiGa&? wkd@b,fvdkvkyf=urvJ? OD;oef@tavmif;}uD;udk olwdk@o,foGm;=uawmhr,f? ightxifawmh
toHv$ifh±Hkem;a&mufwmeJ@ trftdkifawGu &efjzpf[efaqmif+yD; wdk@vltkyfwef;}uD;xJrSm jy\em&Smr,f? tJ'DtoHv$ifh±Hkudk
cJeJ@aygufr,f? rSefawGuGJoGm;&if txJrSm&SdwJhtapmifhwyfu ppfom;awGu wdk@ukdypf&if ±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpf+yD; tacgif;}uD;eJ@
tavmif;}uD;u vrf;ay:rSm uGJxGufoGm;r,f? wdk@ausmif;om;awG ydk+yD;oduQmus&awmhr,f? tzrf;cH&awmhr,f? axmifxJ
ra&mufwmawmif vr;fray:rSmyJ typfcH&awmhr,f? taocH&awmhr,f?”
usaemfu tcspfcif&qHk;ESifh t&if;ESD;qHk; twef;wl ^m%fus,fav; apmvSaiG (pwkwÎESpfpdwfynm) udk ajymrdygonf?
usaemfwdk@pdwfynmausmif;om; (5) OD;rSm rEWav;aqmifudkodrf;xm;+yD; tD;pDtjzpfwm0ef,lxm;=uolrsm;jzpfygonf?
apmvSaiGu A[dk owif;ESifhqufqHa&;udkwm0ef,l/ usaemfu b¾ma&;ESifhvHkðcHa&;/ udkaomif;at;ESifh udkjrifh[efwdk@u jyef
=um;a&;ESifh axmufvSrf;a&owif;wm0ef,l/ pkd;}uD;uawmh pnf;±Hk;qufqHa&;ESifh taqmifvHkðcHa&;/ twGif;tjyifqufqH
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a&;udk wm0ef,lae=uonfjzpfygonf? wdwdusus pepfwusESifh vkyfae=uonfawmh r[kwfyg? todw&m;ESifh wm0ef,lae

=ujcif;jzpfygonf?
rEWav;aqmifa&S@wGif udkxGef;ausmf+idrf;/ udkbdkbdkausmf+idrf; (zqyv OD;ausmf+idrf;.om;ESpfOD;) wdk@OD;aqmif+yD; ,m,D
aq;ay;cef;av; zGifhxm;onf? vHkðcHa&;wcsKd@udkvnf; wm0efyl;wGJ,lxm;=uonf? udktif'±l;/ udkwifarmifOD; (Av}uD;)/
udk&JjrifhESifh udkOm%fay: (pma&;q&mrif;vl) wkd@u owif;ESifhjyef=um;a&;[k pmwrf;av;rsm;wyfum ausmif;xdkifcHkav;rsm;
rSmxdkif+yD; oa&mfpmrsm;/ umwGef;yHkrsm;/ &xm;aomowif;rsm;udk csufjcif;yif vufa&;pmvHk;ESifha&;=u+yD; uyfxm;=uyg
onf? udk,fEdkifaomwm0efrsm; udk,fhzmom,l+yD; wpdwfw0rf;xJ vkyfae=uonfrSm tHh=op&myif?
'Dae@&Spf&ufrSm *l}uD;vnf;+yD;oGm;yg+yD? *laemufzufu udkrsKd;jrifh (yef;csD) wdk@&J@ wr[kwfcsif;vuf&mjzpfvmwJh OD;oef@
yHkwl yef;csDum;}uD;aemufcHwJh pifjrifh}uD;vnf; tenf;i,ft+yD;owfzdk@yJ vdkygawmhonf? rae@u (7) &uf'DZifbmae@u rJcGJ
qHk;jzwfcJh=uonfhtwdkif; 'D*l}uD;udk 'DvdkyJxm;+yD; uefawmfrifyef;jcHxJudk OD;oef@tavmif; ydk@&ygawmhrnf? rauseyf=uyg/ rydk@
csif=uyg/ rwwfEdkifygav? 'DeHeuf udk;em&DcGJavmufrSm uGefAdkau;&Sif; (bGJ@ESif;obifcef;r) xJu OD;oef@psmyetacgif;udk
o,fvm=uawmhrnf[k a=unmvdkufygonf?
tpDtpOfu a&S@qHk;uausmif;om;tcsKd@ESifh bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;/ +yD;awmh yef;acGrsm;/ +yD;awmh tacgif;}uD;udk xrf;vm=u
rnf? ‚if;a&S@wGif psmyeaumfrwDOuUÏudk=unf0if; (tift,fvf'Dtrwf/ r*Fvm'Hk) u uefawmhyGJudk acgif;ay:rSm&Guf+yD;awmh
vkdufygvmrnf?
vlawGu ±_yf&Sufcwf+yD; t"dywdvrf;ay:rSmjynfhoGm;onf? wa&G@a&G@ESifh vmae=uonf? udk=unf0if; (pwkwÎESpfocsFm)
rSm tðyH;awG/ yDwdawG awG@&onf? rsufvHk;tpHkrSm 0rf;omrsuf&nfpav;rsm; vnfaeonf[kxif&onf?
apmvSaiGu tavmif;a&mufvmonf[kod&awmh atmufuq dk if;oGm;onf? tm;vHk;atmufudk vdkufqif;oGm;=u
onf? taqmifrSm&Sdaeaom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;vnf; ygonf? usaemf aemufqHk;qif;jzpfoGm;onf? tavmif;u RC ausmf
ausmfavmufyJ &Sdao;onf[kod&I rEWav;aqmif tv,fxyfodk@ jyefwufvmcJhonf? usaemfhpdwful;u onf tavmif;
onftacgif;}uD;udk acwW*lxJodk@oGif;apcsifonf? 'grS *laqmufxm;olrsm;/ wuo0if;udk &Sif;vif;ay;cJholrsm;/ vHkðcHa&;
ausmif;om;i,frsm;/ &duQmxrif; vmcsufay;olrsm;/ vma&muftm;ay;=uaomolrsm; auseyf=uayrnf? Edk@r[kwf&ifawmh
jy\emwufEdkifonf?
avScg;xpfrsm;udk tajy;av;wufcJh+yD;aemuf tv,fxyfqif0ifcrf;rab;wGif wyfqifxm;aom/ pyDumESpfvHk;ESifh
qufoG,fxm;onfhrdkufudk udkifvdkufygonf? b,folrSr&Sdaoma=umifh ydk0rf;omrdoGm;onf? rdkufwvHk;udk vnfyif;rSm ywf
xm;+yD; wvHk;udk yg;pyfESifhawhxm;vdkufonf? rEWav;aqmifa&S@&Sd t"dywdvrf;r}uD;ay:rSm vlawG¹yGwfodyfaeonf? udk,fvHk;
awG rjrif&awmh? acgif;awGyJ jrif&awmhonf? udk=unf0if;u acgif;ay:uuefawmhyGJudk us˜roGm;atmif xdef;xm;+yD;awmh
vrf;z,fcdkif;aeonf? pum;tjyeftvSefajymoHawGu qlnHaeonf? usaemfowd&vdkufonf? rdkufu±dkzkef;wckudk udkif+yD;
awmh idkifae&mrS “jynfolvlxk}uD;eJ@ ausmif;om;rsm; &[ef;awmfrsm;cifAsm;” oHk;cgwdwdtoHjr‡ifhatmfawmhrS atmufu
toHrsm;+idrfoGm;onf? tvnfxyfrS rdkufu±dkzkef;udkifxm;aomusaemfhudk =unfhae=uonf?
“usaemfwdk@u OD;oef@udk 'Dae&mrSmðryf+yD; *k%fðyzdk@ pnf;a0;qHk;jzwfcJh=uayrJh um,uH&SifawGjzpfwJh OD;cef@ (OD;oef@
tpfudk)/ qpf'eDcef@(OD;oef@wl)/ a':at;at;oef@wdk@eJ@ rJcGJqHk;jzwfwJhtcg uefawmfrifyef;jcHudk ydk@&rSmjzpfygw,f? wu,f
awmh 'DOD;oef@tavmif;[m usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;eJ@vnf; oufqdkifygw,f? 'Dtavmif;}uD; tjyifra&mufcif qHk;jzwfcsuf
ay;Edkifygao;w,f”
“at;æ at;æ [kwfw,f/ [kwfw,f” vufckyfwD;=u/atmfajym=uygonf? “'Dawmh 'Dtavmif;}uD;udk 'DrSmwif
jr‡KyfwmurS oifhawmfygOD;r,f?” “[kwfw,fa[h” toHawGuxGufay:vmygonf? wcsKd@u rEWav;aqmif0if;xJudk ajy;0if
vm=uygonf? olwdk@u usaemf&Sd&m tv,fxyfudk vmcsifyHkay:ygonf? r&awmhyg? usaemf aomhcwfcJh+yD;jzpfygonf? bm*sm
wcg;ukd qGJv_yfoGm;+yD;aemuf jyefxGufoGm;=uygonf?
“'DrSmðryfrJholeJ@/ [dkrSmðryfrJholawGudk usaemf toHeJ@qHk;jzwf+yD;awmh rJcGJ=unfhygr,f? 'gu cifAsm;wdk@qENt&yg? uJæ
'Dawmh wuovGifjyifrSm jr‡Kyfr,fqdkwJholrsm;u vufckyfwD;=uyg?”
vufckyfoHrsm; [D;xGufvmygonf? oHk;av;rdepf=umrS vufckyfoHrsm;twD;jywfoGm;onf? aemuf uefawmfrifyef;jcH
rSmjr‡Kyfzdk@ qdkwJholrsm; vufckyfwD;ay;=uygOD;qdkawmh vufckyfoHrsm;u [dkwuGuf/onfwuGuf?
“[kwfuJh/ =um;wJhtwdkif;ygyJ? 'DrSmyJ jr‡KyfrSmjzpfygw,fcifAsm;?” OuUÏudk=unf0if; pdwfysufoGm;rnf[k xifvdkufygonf?
rwwfEdkifawmhyg?
- 14 -
udkvwf}uD;wdk@ OD;pD;aqmufvkyfxm;aom *l}uD;xJodk@ psmyeacgif;}uD;udk xnfhvdkufygonf? toHrsm;wdwfoGm;=uyg

onf? aemufrS atmfajymvdkufaom toHwoHudk =um;vdkuf&ygonf? “ukvor*~tvH}uD;udv k nf; xnfhydwfvdkufa[h”
wJh? uAsmu,m rdkufu±dkzkef;jzifh atmf[pfvdkuf&ygao;onf? “tvHudktjyifxkwfyg? *lxJ rxnfh&ygbl;?” toHrsm;um;
a&moGm;acs+yD?
usaemfrdkuf (2) vHk;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufygonf? óud;wcsKd@udkvnf; zsufqD;jzwfawmufvdkufygonf? aemuf taqmif
atmufxyfudk qif;vmcJhygonf? atmufxyft0ifwcg;rSm yGifhae+yD; ab;cef;rwck. wcg;0tay:zufwGif “rEWav;aqmif
xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;” [ka&;xm;a=umif;awG@&ygonf? cHkawGvnf; &Sif;vif;xm;ygonf? touf}uD;}uD;/ ezl;ajymifajymifESifh
vl}uD;wa,mufudkawG@&ygonf? rEWav;aqmiftayguf0 ab;aygufi,frSxGufvm+yD; *l&Sd&mudk vmcJhygonf? wdk;oGm;Ir&
awmhyg? &[ef;ysKdrsm;uydwfxm;ygonf? &[ef;ysKd oHk;xyf/ av;xyfavmuf ydwfxm;a=umif;awG@vdkufygonf? tavmif;udk
vma&mufzsufqD;vk,ufrSmpdk;vdk@[k od&ygonf?
“wynfhawmf rEWav;aqmifu tD;pDyg bk&m;? wynfhawmfuo dk Gm;cGifhðyyg? ukvor*~tvH}uD;udkxnfh+yD; jr‡KyfrdrSm
pdk;vdk@yg bk&m;?” bkef;}uD;wyg;u vSnfh=unfh+yD;awmh “'umav;æ 'DvdkoGm;vdk@r&awmhbl;? 'dk@vnf; vrf;z,fay;vdk@r&awmh
bl;? =uyfnyfae+yD? rif; 'dk@ycHk;ay:uav#mufoGm;awmh?” “rjzpfEdkifygbl;bk&m;æ enf;enf;z,fay;=uyg?” “tdkæ =umw,f
uGm? a&mh/ 'umav;? usKyfycHk;ay:uyJoGm;awmh?” usaemf apG@ueJygoGm;onf? zdeyfwzufusefcJhonf? usefwzufu
bkef;awmf}uD; ycHk;ay:usoGm;onf? “udpPr&Sdbl;? rif; 'dk@ycHk;ay:uom av#mufoGm;awmh?” usaemf rav#mufwwfyg/
ukef;ukef;}uD;av;bufaxmufjzpfaeygonf? [dkzufuwGef; 'Dbufua&G@ESifh *lem;a&mufoGm;ygonf?
*la&S@wGif acgif;pnf;teDpnf;xm;aom txufwef;ausmif;om;av;rsm;u wxyfcHxm;onf? *ludkvnf; yef;&Hq&mu
p˜ydwfae+yDjzpfonf? “nDwdk@/ ighnDwdk@æ ukvor*~tvH}uD;udk *lxJxnfhroGif;zdk@ ajymay;yg? tvHudk*lay:rSmyJ v$rf;xm;ygvdk@?
'DtvH}uD;udk aoG;pGef;atmifvkyf&J&if vkyf=uygap” vdk@ajym+yD; jyefxGufcJhonf? tjyefrSmvnf; bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;&J@
ykcHk;xufujyefvmcJh&onfrdk@ &ifxJqdk@eihfoGm;cJhygonf?
tv,fxyfjyefa&mufawmh vltawmfpHkaeyg+yD? rdrdwdk@rEWav;aqmifu tD;pDrsm;udk tjypfajymawmhrnfcH&awmhrnf[k
xifrdygonf? aemuf'DudpPuvnf; æ
apmvSaiGESifh udkjrifh[efwdk@rsufESmxm;awGu wnf+idrfaeonf? qHk;jzwfcsuf csxm;[efvnf;wlonf? udkwifpkd;udkawmh
rawG@&/ udktkef;armif}uD;ESifhvdkufoGm;[efwl.? udkaomif;at;uawmh xHk;pHtwdkif; acgif;av;cyfarmharmhESifh usaemfhudk
=unfhaeonf?
“vmudkwdwfæ rif;udkajymzdk@yJ vdkawmhw,f? tJ'g udkapmvSaiG ajymvdrfhr,f?”
“uJ/ 'dk@wm0efawmh wpdwfwydkif;+yD;oGm;+yD? aemufwyGJquf&awmhr,f? tJ'guæ EdkifiHa&;toGifaqmifoGm;+yDuG?
'D*lAdrmef}uD;qufvkyf+yD;wdkufyGJazmf&awmhr,f? 'D*l}uD;+yD;oGm;wmeJ@ r+yD;ao;bl;/ udkwdwfæ ”
“rif;wdk@ b,fvdkoabm&ovJ”
olwdk@u “igwdk@uawmh qufvkyf&rSmyJ? 'DrSmyJ 'dk@&ifqdkif&awmhr,f? ZGefv (6) &ufae@/ vGefcJhwJh (6) vu tvkyform;
awGudk aemufydwfqHk;ypfowfcJhwm rif;wdk@todyJ r[kwfvm;?”
“'gjzifh 'D*l}uD;udkqufaqmuf/ w&m;a[m pnf;±Hk;ae&if;eJ@ 'dk@ tvkyform;awGeJ@ aygif;rdatmifpDpOf=ur,f? tvkyf
orm;wcsKd@u 'dk@eJ@ vmyl;aygif;+yD;xGufvm&rSm enf;enf;wGef@ae=uw,f? 'dk@udkvnf; r,Hkao;bl;vdk@xifw,f?”
“tvHaxmif r,fuGmæ cGyfa'gif;tvH/ omoemhtvH/ tvkyform;tvH? 'DoHk;vufaxmifr,f?”
“tvkyform;tvHuaum?”
“wlwHpOftvHyJaygh?”
“[mæ 'gqdk&if 'dk@udk uGefjrLepftvHaxmifw,fvdk@ ajym=urSm?”
“olwdk@u =u,feDygw,f?”
“'dk@ua&mæ ”
“=u,feDygvnf;&w,f/ rygvnf;&w,f?”
“'dk@udk uGefjrLepfvdk@ pGyfpGJ&ifaumæ ”
“epfæ epfuGm/ wdkufyGJ0ifzdk@yJ?” udkaomif;at;u pdwfr&SnfpGmeJ@ usaemfhudkajym+yD; pkduf=unfhaeygonf? &ifxJrSm&SdwJh
tvHk;}uD;vnf; usoGm;yg+yD?
“ig tdyfa&;ysufvGef;vdk@ toH0ifae+yD? tay:qHk;xyfudkoGm;+yD; em;OD;r,f?”
“rif; bmjzpfvdk@ rdkufu±dkzkef;awG zsufqD;vdkufwmvJ?”
- 15 -
“[mæ rif;wdk@vnf;odom;yJ?”
(74) 'DZifbmrS &Jabmfrsm;udkOD;!Gwfv#uf
armifarmifwdwf (ABSDF)
OD;oef@ta&;tcif;
pufr_wuUodkvfpdk;0if;
ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; OD;oef@onf 1974 ckESpf/ Edk0bFmv 25 &ufae@ tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;a,mufòrd@wGif
uG,fvGefcJhygonf? urBm@ukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;onf OD;oef@.±kyfuvmyfudk }uD;us,fcrf;em;pGm urBm@ukvor*~tzGJ@0ifEdkifiH
aygif;pHkrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh aemufqHk;*g0&ðyvkyfI OD;oef@.rdom;pkqENt& rdcifwdkif;jynf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif OD;oef@
±kyfuvmyfudkoò*õvf&ef tpDpOfrsm;udk ðyvkyfygonf?
OD;oef@uG,fvGefa}umif; odvdkuf&wJhtwGuf rsKd;cspfpdwf&SdwJh jrefrmwrsKd;om;vHk; ,lusHK;r& 0rf;enf;a}uuGJjcif; jzpf}u
ygonf? urBmhtv,frSm jrefrmh*k%fudkaqmifcJhwJhOD;oef@/ tm&Swkdufom;OD;oef@onf urBm.t}uD;rm;qHk;aom wm0ef
0wW&m;&Sdonfh ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyf&mxl;udk ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifcJhonfh jrefrmwOD;jzpfygonf?
xdktcsdefu usaemfonf &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf aemufqHk;ESpfausmif;om;/ tif*sifeD,mbJG@ESifh vufwurf;tvdk
aemufqHk;ESpf0ufwGif a&muf&Sdaeygonf? rSm;wJhae&mESifh rSm;wJhtcsdefrSm usaemf a&muf&Sdaeonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
1974 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae@ OD;oef@±kyfuvmyf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ a&muf&Sdvmygonf? ae0if;ppftpdk;&onf
+yD;pvG,foabmjzifh OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk jrif;òydifuGif;a[mif; usKduUqHuGif;wae&mwGif r¾yfi,fwckomaqmufay;+yD;
}uufajceDtoif;0ifvli,frsm;ESifhom tapmihfcsxm;ygonf? 'DZifbmv 5 &ufae@/ ae@vnf (1) em&DwGif }uHawmoif;csKdif;
odk@ ydk@aqmifoò*õvfrnf[k jynfolvlxkudk a=unmcJhygonf?
EdkifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf wcrf;wem; *k%fðyoò*õvfvdrfhrnf[k ,lqaeonfh jynfolvlxkonf ae0if;ppftpdk;&.
vspfvsL&_jcif;/ OD;oef@.*k%foduQmudkrSraxmuf/ vkyf&ufavjcif;&,fvdk@ jynfol}um;0,f wqifhpum; jyef@ES@Hvdk@ rauseyf/
0rf;enf;a'gorsm; aygufuJGapcJhygonf?
- 16 -
wcsdefwnf;wGif wuUodkvfausmif;aygif;pHkrS ausmif;om;wdk@onf psmyeaumfrwDrsm; zJG@pnf;+yD; psmyevdkufygydk@aqmif/

aemufqHk;*g0&ðyvkyf&ef pDpOf}uygonf? yxrtpDpOft& bwfpfum;rsm;iSg;+yD; usKduUqHuGif;rSmpk±kH;&ef ausmif;om;udk,fpm;
vS,frsm; bwfpfum;rsm; oGm;iSg;ygonf? bwfpfum;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk oufqdkif&mrS ausmif;om;rsm;udk riSg;&bl;vdk@
wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? bwfpfum;iSg;&rf;vdk@r&aoma}umifh wuUodkvfaygif;pHkrS ausmif;om;rsm; &efukef0dZ…mESifhody`HwuUodkvf
wGifpk±kH;+yD; usKduUqHuGif;odk@ ajcvsifjzifhcsDwufzdk@ tpDpOfajymif;vdkuf&ygonf?
psmyetcef;em;ae@/ usaemfwdk@pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf &&ma'g@*spfum;rsm;udkiSg;+yD; &efukef0dZ…mESifhody`H
wuUodkvfpk&yfodk@ oGm;a&muf}uygonf? usaemfwdk@a'g@*spfum;rsm; 0dZ…mESifhodyH̀wuUodkvfe,fajrudk0ifonfESifh t&if
a&mufESifhaeonfh wuUodkvfausmif;aygif;pHkrS ausmif;om;awGu vufckyfoHwajzmif;ajzmif;eJ@ óudqdkr_[m usaemfwdk@&J@&ifxJ
wGif wrsKd;wrnfcHpm;&ygonf?
ae0if;OD;aqmifaom ppftpdk;&onf 1962 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@wGif jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if ausmif;
om;or*~taqmuftOD;}uD;udk AHk;cGJzsufqD;+yD; &maygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;pkpnf;r_udk vufeuftm;udk;jzifh owfjzwf
csKd;EdSrfcJhonfh (12) ESpfausmfumv Tae@ 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@wGif yxrOD;qHk; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;
jyefvnfaoG;pnf; nD!Gwfpk±kH;rd}ujcif;jzpfygonf?
,Ofaus;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;jzpf=uI pnf;urf;&Sd}uygonf? oHk;a,mufwwGJ wuUodkvftvdkuf pDwef;ae
&m,l+yD; &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfrS um;wpD;/ 0dZ…mESifhody`HwuUodkvfrS um;wpD;/ toHcsJ@pufrsm;ESifh “usaemfwdk@ausmif;
om;xkonf +idrf;csrf;a&;ydokum}uD;OD;oef@. aemufqHk;c&D;odk@ vdkufygydk@aqmif&efESifh aemufqHk;*g0&ðyvkyf&ef pnf;urf;wus
csDwufvma}umif; a=unmygonf” vrf;c&D;wavsmufrSmvnf; auseyfjcif;tjyHK;eJ@ vltkyf}uD;rsm;u óudqdk}uonfomru
aomufa&rsm;/ zD;}urf;iSufaysmoD;rsm; a0iSay;jcif;jzifh ajcvsifavsmufvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;ukd tarmajyapygonf?
OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfxm;&Sdonfh usKduUqHuGif;onf OD;oef@udk aemufqHk;*g0&ðy&efa&muf&Sdaeaom vltkyf}uD;ESifh jynfhv#H
aeygonf? ±kyfuvmyfxm;&Sd&m r¾yftwGif;wGiv f nf; OD;oef@rdom;pk/ aqGrsKd;rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&mvl}uD;rsm;u ae&m
,lxm;ygonf? rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdaomvli,frsm;/ *k%fðyxdkufoludk *k%fðy&rnf[k tod&Sdonfh vli,fwuUodkvfausmif;om;
xk}uD; pepfwus/ usKduUqHuGif;twGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufaomtcg rdbjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;. vufckyfoHrsm;onf rdk;+cdrf;oH
uJhodk@ uGif;jyifwckvHk; zHk;v$rf;oGm;ygawm@onf? yJG}unfhpifrsm;wGif rdbjynfolwdk@ESifh jynfhv#HaeI ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;
onf OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfxm;&Sd&mr¾yf. ta&S@bufuGif;jyifwGif ae&m,l&avonf?
rGef;vGJcsdefjzpfI yljyif;vSonfh tyl&SdefatmufwGif “bma}umifhrsm; OD;oef@.psmyeudk +yD;pvG,fpDpOf&oenf;” qdkonfh
ar;cGef;onf jynfolausmif;om;wdk@. &ifudkylavmifapcJhonfomru rauseyfjcif;qdkonfh cHpm;csufudk ausmif;om;jynfol
wdk@&ifxJrSm cHpm;vdkuf&ygonf? TwGif ausmif;om;xk.v_yf&Sm;r_onf pwifvmygawmhonf? avmfpyDumuae
ausmif;om;rsm;udk v_H@aqmfpnf;±kH;vmygawmhonf? “+idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD; OD;oef@twGuf *lAdrmef&&Sda&;/ 'dk@ta&;/ 'dk@ta&;”
[lonfh aºuG;a}umfoHESifhtwl ausmif;om;rsm; v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfvmygawmhonf? ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ta&;ay:
pnf;a0;+yD; aemufqHk;+idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD; OD;oef@tm; xdkufoifhaompsmyetcef;em;jzifh oò*õvf&efqHk;jzwfygonf?
“+yD;pvG,fwnfaqmufxm;aomr¾yf” “jrif;òydifuGif;a[mif;” “}uHawmokomef” Ttcsufwdk@onf t±kyfqdk;vSay
onf? xdk@a}umifh ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u wuUodkvfe,fajrodk@ jyefvnfo,faqmifI xdkufoifhaom psmyetcrf;em;ESifh
+idrf;csrf;a&;*lAdrmef}uD; wnfaqmufrnfjzpfa}umif; aºuG;a}umf}uavonf? wqufwnf;rSmyJ rqdkifolrsm; r¾yfwGif;rS
z,f&Sm;ay;&ef ausmif;om;xku a=unmvdkufygonf? v#yfwysuftwGif; tajctaersm; ajymif;vJoGm;ygonf? r¾yf
twGif;rS }uufajceDvli,frsm;/ OD;oef@aqGrsKd;ESifhrdom;pkrsm;/ oufqdkif&mvl}uD;rsm; r¾yftjyifodk@ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?
r¾yftwGif;odk@ ausmif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufae&m,lxm;vdkufygonf?
toHcsJ@pufrS ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ‚if;wdk@onf OD;oef@. ±kyfuvmyfudk wuUodkvfe,fajrodk@ jyefvnf
o,faqmif+yD; xdkufoifhaom psmyetcrf;tem;jzifh oò*õvfI *lAdrmefaqmufvkyfay;rnfjzpfa}umif;/ ‚if;twGuf OD;oef@.
rdom;pkESifh aqGrsKd;rdwfaqGrsm;qDrS cGifhawmif;ygonf? OD;oef@.tpfudk OD;cef@udk toHcsJ@puf&Sd&modk@ zdwfac:vdkufygonf?
toHcsJ@puf wyfqifxm;onfh a'g@*spfum;ta&S@wydkif;/ um;pufxm;&Sd&mae&monf ausmif;om;wdk@. ,m,DpifjrifhozG,f
jzpfoGm;+yD; ausmif;om;tygt0if vltkyf}uD;.tm&Hkonf xdkpifjrifhodk@ a&mufae}uonf? OD;cef@ pifjrifhay:odk@wufa&muf+yD;
ausmif;om;wdk@tm; pdwfvdkufrmefyg rðyvkyf&ef/ tpdk;&ESifhqef@usif+yD; rðyvkyf&ef/ enf;pepfrSefuefpGm aqmif&Gufzdk@&ef
wdkufwGef;ajym}um;oGm;avonf? tajctaeudkapmifh}unfhaeaom vlxk}uD;ESifhausmif;om;xkwdk@onf tjrefqHk;
wuUodkvfe,fajrodk@ OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudko,faqmif&ef aºuG;a}umfvmygawm@onf?
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aemufqHk; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk ykcHk;ajymif;o,f,l+yD; vGrf;ol@yef;acGwifaqmif&m wkd,dk

wmypfuyfum; acgifrdk;ay:odk@wif}uygonf? ausmif;om;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm; +cH&Hvsuf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
ausmif;om;xk}uD;. csDwuf&mvrf;a}umif;twGif;rS OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk vm&mvrf;twdkif; wuUodkvfe,fajrodk@ jyefvnf
o,faqmifoGm;ygonf? vrf;wavsmufvHk;wGifvnf; vltkyf}uD;awGESifh jynfhusyfae+yD; ausmifom;xkwdk@. aºuG;a}umfoH
rsm;onf t&m&mudk zHk;v$rf;aeygonf?
wuUodkvfe,fajr t"dywdvrf;twdkif; ±kyfuvmyfudko,faqmif+yD; bGJ@ESif;obiftaqmuftOD;a&S@wGif ,m,Dpifjrifh
ðyvkyfI jyifqifxm;ygonf? wuUodkvfe,fajrwckvHk;wGif ausmif;om;/ t&yfom;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#H
aeygonf? rauseyfEdkifonfh ausmif;om;rsm;.aºuG;a}umfoHrsm; qufwdkufxGufay:vmygonf?
1962 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7) &uf/ 12 ESpfvHk; aoG;pnf;r_r&SdcJ@aomausmif;om;rsm; Tae@wGif jyefvnfpk±kH;rdI
ae0if;ppftpdk;&tm; ausmif;om;xku wefjyefwdkufyJG0if&ef zefwD;aeonfh toGifaqmifaeygonf? EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf&Sdonfh
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_ wpcef;xvmygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;oHk;+yD; Oya'trsKd;rsKd;xkwfI
xGufaygufr&Sdatmif ae0if;ppftpdk;&onf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcJhonfomru/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfwnfaqmufa&;qdkonfh em;axmifvdk@
aumif;aom a0g[m&rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;wdk@tm; r_dif;wdkufcJhygonf? tzdESdyfcH&aom jynfolvlxkESifhausmif;om;rsm; ,ck
vufiif;udpPwGif xGuf&yfaygufudk &SmonfrSm obm0usvSayonf? EdkifiHa&;aºuG;a}umfoHrsm; tHk;tHk;ºuGuf aygufuGJvm
ygawmhonf?
bGJ@ESif;obifcef;ra&S@wGif OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk tmvHk;u*g0&ðy}uygonf? xdk@haemuf bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rtwGif;odk@
oHCmawmfrsm;+cH&Hvsuf OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk o,faqmifygonf? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;r&Sd pifjrifhay:wGif OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk
xm;+yD; ta&;ay:psmyeaumfrDwDzGJ@pnf;vdkufygonf? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rtwGif;ESifh teD;ywf0ef;usif wuUodkvfe,fajronf
vltkyf}uD;jzifh jynfhv#Haeygonf? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;ra&S@jrufcif;jyifwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ae&m,lxm;+yD; um;acgifrdk;ay:rSaeI
vufwzufwGif rdkufu±kdzHk;udkifvsuf vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; ausmif;om;wOD;csif; wufa&muf&ifzGifh}uygonf? bmudkrS
*±krpdkufEdkif}uawm@yg? 12 ESpf umveD;yg; E_wfydwfa&iHkaecJh&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@&ifwGif;rS EdkifiHa&;cHpm;csuf
rsm;udk [pfatmfaºuG;a}umfygawm@onf?
“ajymawmh qdk&S,fvpf'Drdkua&pD/ vkyfawm@ wygwDaumif;pm;a&;/” tiwfab;qdkufaeonfh jynfolvlxkudk,fpm;
ausmif;om;rsm;u ae0if;ppftpdk;&udk “atmufudkvnf; jyef}unfhygOD;/ um;0,fwdkufaqmufESifhom tcsdefðzef;raeygESifh” [k
wzkH/ trsKd;rsKd;aompum;vHk;rsm;ESifh av#mufvJae}uavonf? wufa&mufem;axmifaeaom ausmif;om;xkESihf t&yfom;
wdk@ vufckyfoHrsm; wazsmif;azsmif;ESifh axmufcHcsD;jr‡ifhae}uavonf?
1974 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (6) &uf? OD;oef@±kyfuvmyf bGJ@ESi;f obifcef;rtwGif; xm;&Sda}umif; }um;odI &efukefqifajczHk;
rS vltrsm;tjym; vma&muf*g0&ðy}uavonf? bGJ@ESif;obifpifjrifhay:&Sd toHcsJ@puf pum;ajymcGufESifh vGwfvyfpGm pum;
ajymqdkcGifh&Sdonfqdkonfh 'Drdkua&pDppfppfudk ausmif;om;rsm;u o±kyfazmfaeygonf? ausmif;om;rsm; &J&ifhajymifajrmufpGm
wOD;csif; pifjrifhay:odk@ wufa&mufI rdrdwdk@.cHpm;csufrsm;udk &ifzGifh}uygawm@onf? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;vkH;jynfh&Sd vltkyf}uD;
vufckyfoHrsm;ESifh axmufcHtm;ay;}uygonf? ,m,DpsmyeaumfrDwDrS a=unmcsufw&yf xGufay:vmygonf? “OD;oef@.
psmyeudk ae0if;ppftpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf ðyvkyfay;&ef awmif;qdkaompmudk EdkifiHawmfaumifpDodk@ ydk@vdkuf+yD
jzpfa}umif;/ tu,fI ,ae@nae (4) em&Dwdwdtxd jyef}um;csufwpHkw&mr# r&&Sdygu/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfolvlxk
tultnDESifh rdrdwdk@zmom psmyetcrf;tem;ðyvkyfI +idrf;csrf;a&;tkwf*lAdrmef wnfaqmufrnfjzpfa}umif; a=unmvdkufyg
onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tHk;tkH;ºuGufºuGufvufckyfoHrsm;ESifh bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rwckvHk;udk rdk;csKef;ouJ@odk@ zHk;vGrf;oGm;ygawmh
onf?
em&DvufoHwdk@onf wa&G@a&G@vnfywfaeygonf? ausmif;om;ESifh t&yfom;udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@ wOD;csif;tvSnfhus
pifjrifhay:odk@ wufa&mufrdef@cGef;ajym}uygonf? Eke,faomESvHk;om;ydkif&Sif rdef;cav;rsm;yif olwdk@. &ifxJrSxGufvmaom
pum;vHk;rsm;onf rdef;rom;rsm;ESifhrS rudkufnDbJ/ rmausmjywfom;vSayonf?
vlwdkif; em&Dw}unfh}unfhESifh (4) em&Dudk apmifhar#mfae}uygonf? aemufawm@ (4) em&Dom xdk;oGm;aomfvnf;
EdkifiHawmfaumifpDrS vHk;0wkef@jyefajz}um;jcif;r&Sdonf@twGuf/ ausmif;om;/ t&yfom;/ oHCmawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;.
oabmwlnDcsuft& ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;a[mif; (1962 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@wGif/ ausmif;om;or*~
taqmuftOD;}uD;onf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl ae0if;ppftpdk;.AHk;'%f xdrSefòyduJGzsufqD;jcif;cHcJh&ygonf) ae&mudk &Sif;
vif;+yD; OD;oef@twGuf tkwf*lwnfaqmuf oò*õvfrnfjzpfa}umif;/ xdkwqufwnf;rSmyif +idrf;csrf;a&;*lAdrmefudkvnf; wnf
aqmufrnfjzpfa}umif; qHk;jzwf}uygonf?
- 18 -
qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfESifh ausmif;om;/ t&yfom;rsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm; or*~a[mif;ae&mudk pwif&Sif;vif;I &efukef

pufr_wuUodkvf ydokumXmeESifh òrd@jyXmerSausmif;om;rsm; wm0ef,lyHkqGJ+yD; OD;oef@tkwf*lESifh ,m,D*lAdrmefudk aqmufvkyfyg
onf? pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf/ ynma&;wuUodkvf/ 0dZ…mESifhody`HwuUodkvf/ aq;ausmif;rS wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
txufwef;ESifh tv,fwef;ausmif;aygif;pHkwdk@rS ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifvkyftm;ay;}uygonf?
1974 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (7) &uf/ n (7) em&DtcsdefwGif ausmif;om;/ oHCmESifh OD;oef@rdom;pkwdk@onf ta&;ay:
tpnf;ta0;udk rEWav;aqmifwGif ðyvkyfygonf? xdktpnf;a0;wGif tzGJ@0if (11) OD;yg0ifygonf? OD;oef@.nDOD;aomif;u
&efukefwdkif; jynfol@aumifpDuxkwfvdkufaompmudk xkwfjyygonf? OD;oef@udpPESifhywfoufI tkwf*lwnfaqmufa&;ESifh
*lAdrmefwnfaqmuf&ef uefawmfrifyef;+cHwGif ae&may;rnfjzpfa}umif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; ta&;,lzrf;qD;rnf r[kwf
a}umif; yg&Sdavonf? OD;aomif;taeESifh OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk tjrefqHk;oò*õvfcsif+yDjzpfa}umif;/ 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@ (12)
em&DtcsdefY oò*õvfa&;tpDpOfpwif&ef ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ajym}um;ygonf? a'gufwmwifjrifhOD; (OD;oef@.
om;ruf) uvnf;/ rdrdudk,fwdkif yHkpHa&;qJGxm;aom OD;oef@.tkwf*lAdrmefudk uefawmfrifyef;+cHwGif aqmufvkyf+yD; oò*õvf
&ef jyifqif+yD;jzpfa}umif;/ ausmif;om;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;tm; tjrefqHk;pDpOf&ef yef}um;oGm;avonf? OD;oef@psmyeudpPESifh
ywfoufI ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ oHCmawmfrsm; tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;}u+yD;/ tpnf;a0;.qHk;jzwfcsufudk trsm;
oabmwlnDcsufjzifh qHk;jzwfrnfjzpfa}umif;/ wOD;csif;qEN,lrnfjzpfa}umif;/ xdktpnf;a0;wufa&mufoltm;vHk; oabmwl
nDavonf? yxrOD;qHk; OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfoò*õvfa&;tpDpOfudk 'DZifbmv 8 &ufae@/ 12 em&DwdwdwGif pwif&ef oabm
wlnD}uavonf? qufvufI atmufygtcsufESpfcsufudkaqG;aEG;+yD; qHk;jzwfrJcGJ&ygrnf?
(1) OD;oef@.±kyfuvmyfudk bGJ@ESi;f obifcef;rrS ausmif;om;or*~ae&m/ ausmif;om;rsm;aqmufvkyfxm;aom
OD;oef@tkwf*lay:wGif wifI OD;oef@rdom;pkrsm;/ jynfolvlxk/ ausmif;om;/ oHCmawmfrsm; aemufqHk;*g0&ðy+yD; uefawmfrif
yef;+cHodk@o,faqmif&ef?
(2) OD;oef@.±kyfuvmyfudk ausmif;om;ESifhjynfolwdk@. ac|;ESifhwnfaqmufaeonfh OD;oef@tkwf*lwGifoò*õvf+yD; OD;oef@
*lAdrmefudk ausmif;om;rsm; toufESifhaoG; paw;cJ@onfh ausmif;om;or*~ae&mwGifwnfaqmuf&ef?
wOD;csif;qEN,lvdkufaomtcg (7) rJ (4) rJESifh yxrtcsufudk oabmwlnD}uygonf?
(7) rJxJrSm OD;aomif;/ a'gufwmwifjrifhOD;/ oHCmawmfESpfyg;ESifh usefausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,foHk;OD;yg0ifygonf?
(4) rJxJrSm usaemfwdk@pufr_wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om; (3) OD;ESifh aq;wuUodkvfudk,fpm;ðy aq;ausmif;om;wOD; tyg
t0if ausmif;om; (4) OD;onf 'kwd,tcsufukd rJay;ygonf?
TwGif OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk (7) rJ (4) rJESifhqHk;jzwf+yD; uefawmfrifyef;jcHwGif oò*õvfrnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmhtoHv$ifh±kH
a&'D,kdrSvnf; 8-12-1974 &uf 12 em&Dtcsdew f Gif psmyetcrf;tem;pwifrnf[k a}unmygonf?
ausmif;om;ESifhoHCFmwdk@onf ausmif;om;xkESifhjynfolvlxkudkudk,fpm;ðyI/ Ttpnf;ta0;odk@ wufa&mufvmjcif;
jzpfygonf? rJcGJ&mwGif ausmif;om;ESifhoHCFmawmfrsm;.qENrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;aeygonf?
tajctaejzpf&yftm;vHk;udk jyefvnfpDppfaomtcg/ ae0i;fppftpdk;&onf/ +yD;pvG,f OD;oef@ (urBmhukvor*~ twGif;
a&;rª;csKyfa[mif;) ±kyfuvmyfudk }uHawmoif;csKdif;wGifoò*õvf&ef tpDtpOfðyvkyfygonf? ausmif;om;ESifhjynfolvlxkonf
rauseyfEdkifI av;pm;*k%fðyxdkufaomOD;oef@tm; EdkifiHawmfpsmyetcef;em;ðyvkyfay;&ef ae0if;ppftpdk;&tm; awmif;qdkcJhyg
onf? jynfolvlxkESifh ausmif;om;wdk@. awmif;qdkr_udk wHk@jyefr_r&SdI/ aemufqHk; ausmif;om;wdk@ toufaoG;eJ@paw;cJhonfh
ausmif;om;or*~a[mif;ae&mwGif OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudkoò*õvf+yD; tkwf*lESifh *lAdrmefwnfaqmufygonf?
or*~taqmuftOD;ae&mwGif vkyftm;ay;aeaom jynfol ausmif;om;rsm;/ bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rwGif; OD;oef@±kyfuvmyf
udk apmifha&Smufaeaom jynfolausmif;om;rsm;/ t"dywdvrf;ray:wGif tvªaiGaumufcHaeaom jynfolausmif;om;rsm;/
OD;oef@±kyfuvyfudk aemufqHk;vma&muf*g0&ðy}uaom jynfolw&yfvHk;.vdktifqENonf pm}unfhwdkuftaqmufOD;ae&mrS
tkwfcsyfrsm;udk wa,mufwvufESifh vufqifhurf;o,f,l wnfaqmufaeonfhtkwf*lwGif OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk oò*õvf+yD;
qufvufI OD;oef@*lAdrmefaqmufwnf&efjzpfygonf?
“vluav;&,f/ tzGm;vnf; tkwfwcsyfavmuf 0ifo,f,lukodkvfðyyg&ap” qdkonfh tzGg;wdk@. toHESifhrrsSonfh
vkyftm;jzifh OD;oef@tkwf*laqmuf&mwGif tzGm;tdkvnf; yg0ifvkyftm;ay;cJhygonf? tkwf*lESifh*lAdrmefwnfaqmuf&mwGif
vkyftm;ay;ae}uonfh jynfol/ &[ef;oHCmESifh ausmif;om;wdk@twGuf xrif;xkyfrsm;udk &yfuGufrsm;rS vma&mufvSl'gef;
}uygonf? xrif;xkwfrsm;wGifvnf; “ighnDwdk@/ rif;wdk@&JhrSefuefwJhvkyf&yfudk igwdk@tm;ay;w,f? vkyfief;+yD;qHk;onfxd
qufvufvkyfaqmifyg” qdkonfhpm&Gufi,fuav;rsm;jzifh jynfolvlxkqENudk ajym}um;aeygonf? xdkwGifru rauseyfEdkif
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onfh OuUvmy&yfuGufujynfolwdk@onf ausmif;om;jynfoltrsm;twGuf xrif;xkyftvªcHonfhtzGJ@udk wm;jrpfonfh

&Jpcef;udk rD;&SdhzsufqD;vdkufygonf?
bGJ@ESif;obifcef;r&Sd [pfwdkifrdkufu±kdzkef;rSvnf; ausmif;oluav;wOD;. &ifzGifhcsufed*kH;csKyfpum;vHk;rsm; (“usr vuf&Sd
ae0if;ppftpdk;& vkyfyHkudkifzHkav;awGudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf'Drdkua&pDusus a0bef&wJhtwGuf rsm;pGmrStm;&auseyfvSyg
w,f? tckvdkajymvdk@ usrudkzrf;+yD; axmifcs&ifvnf; usraxmifxJrSmae±kHygyJ? bma}umifhvnf;qdkawmh axmifxJrSmrS
xrif;av;rSefrSefpm;&rSm”) 'D Eke,faomausmif;oluav; jzpfvifhupm; oluav;.cHpm;&r_wdk@onf jyif;xefvSygonf?
&efukef0dZ…mody`HwuUodkvfe,fajrwckvkH;onf ajccsp&mr&Sd/ jynfolvlxk}uD;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf?
rEWav;aqmif (11) OD; psmyeaumfrDwDtpnf;a0;+yD;onfESifh ausmif;om;rsm; tkyfpkuJGoGm;ygonf? pufr_wuUodkvfrS
ausmif;om;oHk;OD;onf aemufxyfqufvufI psmyetpDpOftpnf;ta0;udk uef@uGufonfhoabmESifh qufvuf rwuf
a&muf}uawmhbJ/ tkwf*lwnfaqmuf&m ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;a[mif;ae&mudk pufr_wuUodkvf.pk&yfvdk@ owf
rSwfvdkufygonf? wa,mufwqifh/ wa,mufem;qdkouJhodk@ OD;oef@.±kyfuvmyfudk ausmif;om;jynfolwdk@ ac|;ESifhwnf
aqmufonfhtkwf*lwGif oò*õvf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? or*~a[mif;0ef;usifwckvk;H udk pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
ae&m,lapmifh}uyfvdkufygonf? OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk tkwf*lay:wGif aemufqHk;*g0g& ðy+yD;jcif; *lydwfoò*õvf&ef bdvyfajr
(Concrete cement mixture) ESifh y&Hq&m (Masonary) tqifoifh&Sd&ygonf? wufnDvufnD/ wm0efudk,fpDESifh
ausmif;om;rsm;nD!Gwf}uygonf?
bJG@ESif;obifcef;rwGifvnf; OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk toufaoG;ESifhumuG,fapmifha&Smufrnfh taocH (12) OD; ausmif;
om; ausmif;olrsm; cGwfa'gif;acgif;pD;eDrsm; OD;xdwfwGifpD;I jcH&Hapmifh}uyfae}uygonf?
'DZifbm (8) &uf/ rGef;wnfh 12 em&D 1974 ckESpf?
bJG@ESif;obifcef;r0ef;usifwckvHk;/ wuUodkvfe,fajr t"dywdvrf;wavsmufvHk;wGif OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk aemufqHk;
vma&muf *g0g&*k%fðy}uaom jynfolrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf? ausmif;om;or*~a[mif; ywf0ef;usifwckvHk;udk pufr_
wuUodkvfausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm; vufwGJrjywfapmihf}uyfxm;ygonf?
OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rrS rsm;jym;vSonfh ausmif;om;xk}um;rS cJ&mcJqpf ausmif;om;or*~ae&m
a[mif;odk@ o,faqmifvm&avonf?
or*~a[mif;ae&mtkwf*lESifh ,m,D*lArd mefwdk@onf wa,mufwvufeJ@ wnfaqmufcJhygonf? OD;oef@±kyfyHkyef;csDum;
csyfonf *k%f&SdvSygonf? tvHawmfoHk;ck v$ifhxlxm;ygonf? Ak'<bmomtvHawmf/ ukvor*~tvHawmfESifh ausmif;om;
or*~ cGwfa'gif;tvHawmfwdk@onf atmif&rnfqdkonfhtoGifaqmifvsuf aumif;uif,HwGif wvlvlvGifh tvHawmfrsm;
wifhw,fx,f0g ysHjrL;ae}uygonf? wcsed fuTae&monf ausmif;om;rsm;pkpnf;&m ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;}uD;
wnf&SdcJhygonf? q&m}uD;OD;oef@onf urBmwGif jrefrmjynfom;wdk@.*k%fudk aqmifcJhonfomru rdrd.aemufqHk;c&D;rSmyif
EdkifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm; aemufqHk;rSwfwrf;wifowif;,l&ef a&muf&Sdae}u&ygonf? xdk@xufru
wcgrSpkpnf;r_r&SdcJhaom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; te,fe,f&yf&yfrSvma&mufI ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vufwGJvsufaeonf
rSm tHhzG,f&mjzpfygonf?
OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk ausmif;om;wnfaqmufaom tkwf*la&Shpm;yGJay:wGifwifI/ oHCmawmfrsm;/ OD;oef@rdom;pkrsm;/
EdkifiHjcm;oHwrmefrsm;/ jynfolausmif;om;rsm; aemufqHk;*g0g&ðy}uygonf?
tpDpOft& OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk uefawmfrifyef;jcHodk@ o,f,lrnf[k a}unmvdkufonfEiS fh “OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk
or*~0if;twGif;rS b,fudkrSrxkwf&bl;” qdkonfhaºuG;a}umfoHrsm; wcJeufqlnHoGm;ygawmhonf? or*~ae&ma[mif;a&Sh&Sd
rEWav;aqmifcef;r toHcsJ@pufrS OD;cef@taeESifh jynfolESifhausmif;om;xkudk arwWm&yfcHpum; tenf;i,fajym}um;oGm;yg
onf? OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk ausmif;om;rsm;wnfaqmufxm;aom tkwf*lwGif xm0&oò*õvf&ef aºuG;a}umfoHrsm; qlnH
oxuf qlnHvmygonf? tajctaerSm oufqdkif&mausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u wpHkwckrSrðyvkyfygu/ usefausmif;
om;rsm;u twif;0ifa&mufoò*õvfrnfh tajctaewGif&Sdaeygonf?
aemufqHk; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk ausmif;om;rsm;wnfaqmufaom tkwf*lwGifom
xm0&oò*õvfrnfjzpfa}umif; a=unmvdkufonfhtcsdefrSom ausmif;om;xkESifhjynfolrsm; vufcHauseyf}uavonf? a=u
nm+yD;onfhtwdkif; ausmif;om;rsm; OD;oef@±kyfuvmyf ykckH;ajymif;o,f,l+yD; tkwf*lwGif oò*õvfvdkufygonf? bdvyfajr
(concrete cement mixture) uvnf; tqifoifhjyifxm;onfhtwGuf/ y&Hq&m (Masonary) vufpGrf;ESifh tkwf*ludk
xm0&ydwfvdkufygonf? “atmif+yD” “atmif+yD” “atmif+yD” [laomaºuG;a}umfoHrsm; rdk;uJGvkrwwf jrnf[def;oGm;ygonf?
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oHCmawmfrsm; y&dwfw&m;em+yD; taocHausmif;om;wyfzGJ@u urBmhukvor*~tvHawmfESifh tkwf*lukdvusfm&pfoHk;ywf/

ywf+yD; tav;ðyygonf? xdk@aemuf ukvor*~tvHawmfudk tkwf*lxufwGif v$rf;òcHvdkufygonf?
‚if;ae@nbufwGif ae0if;ppftpdk;&bufrS jrefrmhtoHuwqifh ausmif;om;rsm;u OD;oef@rdom;pk.qENudkjiif;y,fI
ausmif;om;rsm;wnfaqmufonfhtkwf*lwGif OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk oò*õvfa}umif;/ pm}unfhwdkuftaqmuftOD;twGuf
xm;aom aqmufvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udk tvJGoHk;pm;ðyvkyf+yD; tkwf*laqmufonfhtwGuf/ jynfolydkifypPnf;zsufqD;r_ESifh ta&;
,lay;&ef/ &efukefwdkif;aqmufvkyfa&;aumfydka&;&Sif;rS pmydk@a}umif; a=unmygonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh *lAdrmefqufvufwnfaqmuf&ef/ taocHwyfzJG@trnfwyfum +idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD;OD;oef@
twGuf toufudky"merxm;bl; qdkonfhcH,lcsufESifh OD;oef@tkwf*ludk apmifha&Smufxm;ygonf? rauseyfEdkifonfh jynfol
vlxk}uD;ESifhausmif;om;wdk@onf ae0if;ppftpdk;&. wygwD0g'udk qufvufuef@uGuf qENjyae}uygonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;onf ydkrdkIpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfvmygonf? wOD;udkwOD; nDtpfudkarmifESrozG,f apmifha&Smuf}uygonf?
ae0if;ppftpdk;&. olv#Kdtrftdkif (Military Intelligence-MI) rsm;udk rsufajcrjywfppfaq;I zrf;rdaomtrftdkifrsm;udk
ausmif;om;rsm;u ±kdufESufowday;vdkuf}uygonf?
w&uf ESpf&uf ausmif;om;rsm;onf qufvufI *lAdrmef+yD;pD;a&;twGuf qufvufvyk fudkifae}uygonf? oHCm
awmfrsm;/ ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;ESifh jynfolwdk@onf ae0if;ppftpdk;&. owif;pmrsm;ESifha&'D,kdwdk@rS trsKd;rsKd;±_wfcs
a0zefr_rsm;udk cH,lae}u&ygonf?
oHk;&ufajrmufae@ 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@ 1974 ckESpf ae0if;ppfwyfonf ausmif;om;rsm;udkEdSrfeif;&ef wdwfwqdwf pDrH
ygonf?ppfwyfonf &efukef0dZ…mody`HwuUodkvfe,fajrwckvHk;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufygonf? e,fajrwckvHk;twGif;odk@
t0iftxGufudk ydwfvdkufygonf? 11-12-74 reuf 2 em&DwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhqENjyolrsm; trsm;pktdyfarmuscsdef
avmufwGif t"dywdvrf;&Sd t"duyifr0ifaygufwHcg;}uD;tm; u&def;}uD;jzifhwGef;vSefzsufqD;I ausmif;0if;twGif; 0ifa&muf
zrf;qD;}uygonf? xdkodk@0ifa&muf&mwGif bJG@ESif;obifcef;rae&muGufvyftm; rD;armif;rsm;xdk;+yD; &Jrsm;u 'dkif;umrsm;/
vufudkifwkwfrsm;jzifh pwif0ifa&muf+yD; rsufa&AHk;rsm; ajraumfpufrsm;/ armfawmfum;rsm;toHk;ðy+yD; qENjyolrsm;tm;
vlpkcGJum OD;oef@tkwf*ltm;vnf;òzdcsI ±kyfuvmyftm; jyefvnfazmf,l+yD; a&$wd*Hkbk&m;teD; uefawmfrifyef;jcHab;&Sd ocif
udk,fawmfr_dif;tkwf*lab;ae&modk@ nwGif;yifajymif;a&$@jr‡KyfESHygonf? xdkodk@ }urf;wrf;pGmzsufqD; zrf;qD;onfhtwGuf ausmif;
om;wcsKd@ aoqHk;cJh}u&ygonf? wcsKd@rSmawmh ppfzdeyfpmxdI t±kd;usKd; wkwfrsm;.±kdufcsuf'%fa}umifh acgif;uJG+yD;vJusol
rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? vufeufrJhaom jynfol oHCmawmfrsm; ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsKyfum;ay:odk@ twif;t"rR zrf;qD;
wifaqmifI nwGif;csif;yif tif;pdeftusOf;axmifodk@ ydk@ygonf? o,faqmif&mppfum;.taemufydkif; trdk;tumrJhwGif
tm;vkH;udk yqpf'l;wkwf/ vufESpfzufudk acgif;ay:wif/ acgif;ikH@ v_yfr&atmifxdkifcdkif;+yD;/ ppfum;.aemufydkif; av;buf
a'gifhwGif ppfom;av;OD;onf/ *sDo&D;aoewfrsm;ESifh csdefxm;ygonf? ppf±kyf&Siu f m;rsm;wGif ppfyJGrStusOf;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;
ouJhodk@ ae0if;ppftpdk;&onf ausmif;om; jynfol &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk rw&m;zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifcJhygonf?
nydkif;rSpwifzrf;qD;+yD; tif;pdefaxmifodk@ydk@aqmifaom aemufqHk;ppfum;onf eHeuf (*) em&Dtcsdefxdjzpfygonf? Tjrif
uGif;onf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;twGuf &ifeifhzG,f&m rwwfomvdk@ vufydkuf}unfhae&onfh tajctaewGif a&muf&Sdaeyg
onf?
jrefrmAk'<bmomxHk;pHudkrS*±krpdkuf/ tkw*f ludkazmufcJG+yD; oò*õvf+yD;onfh±kyfuvmyfudkxkwf,ljcif;/ jynfol/ oHCmawmf
ESifh ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfzrf;qD;jcif; qdkonfhowif;udk}um;onfh jynfolvlxk}uD;rSm
ae0if;ppftpdk;&.vkyf&yfudk vufcHEdkifpGrf;r&SdonfhtqHk; eHeuf *;30 tcsdefavmufwGif &efukefòrd@wGif tpdk;&ESifhoufqdkifonfh
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfygwD ,lepf±kH;rsm;/ &Jpcef;rsm;/ ±kyf&Sif±kHtcsKd@udk rD;±_d@zsufqD; wefjyeft}urf;zufqENjy}uygonf?
“igwdk@wygwDaumif;pm;a&; qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk xdyg;vm&ifawmh ae0if;ppftpdk;&onf rnfoludkrS toufcsrf;omay;
rnfr[kwfa}umif;” w±kyfjynfrS uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif}uD; armfpDwkef;.pum;ESifhEd_if;I “tm%monf aoewfajymif;0wGif
&Sda}umif;” jynfolvlxk}uD;tm; vufawG@owfjzwfjyygonf?
ppfwyf.ajymi;f0udk jynfolwdk@tm; csdef&G,fypfcwfESdrfeif;ygonf? &efukefòrd@wGif;wGif aoewfoHrsm; zHk;v$rf;vsuf
vlaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm aoG;ajruscJh&ygonf? &efukefòrd@wGif;0,f ppfe,fajrouJhodk@ wifhum;}uD;ESifhvSnfhvnfvsuf/ *sDo&D;
aoewf}uD;rsm;ESifh ypfcwfaeygonf? &efukefòrd@wGif;udkvnf; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a'otjzpfowfrSwf+yD;/ nrxGuf&trdef@rsm;
xkwfjyefygonf? zrf;qD;rdonfhjynfolrsm;udk jynfolydkifypPnf; csKd;azmufzsufqD;r_qdkonfh rw&m;yk'frwyfcg axmif (3) ESpfrS
axmif (5) ESpfcsum tpGrf;jyaeygonf? OD;oef@psmyeudpPwGifyg0ifaom jynfol oHCmawmf ausmif;om;rsm;udk ae0if;
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ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;trftdkif (MI) yk*~dKvfrsm;udktoHk;ðyvsuf aetdrfrsm;rS vdkufvHzrf;qD;ygonf? Eke,fi,f&G,fvSonfh

ausmif;om;uav;rsm;yifrcsef tif;pdefaxmifxJoGif;xm;ygonf?
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;ESifhjynfol &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; toufqHk;±_H;cJhygonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
ausmif;om; jynfolwdk@udk axmifcsxm;onf? usefausmif;om;rsm;onf tdk;ypftdrfypf ynma&;qHk;±H_qHk;cH+yD; olwdk@.
zrf;qD;r_rS a&Smifwdrf;ae&ygonf? a&Smifwdrf;ae&aom ausmif;om;wcsKd@onf awmwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzJG@pnf;rsm;odk@ wcsKd@
a&muf}uygonf? wcsKd@vnf; EdkifiHjcm;wdik f;jynfrsm;odk@ cdk;xGufyHk;vsSKdae&ygonf? olwdk@.b0a&S@a&;onf rnfuJhodk@zefwD;
rnfudkum; rnfolurSrajymEdkifatmifjzpfygonf?
aumufcH&&Sdaom&HyHkaiG 300˜000 usyf rnfolxHwGif&Sdaeonfudk pma&;oltaeESifh owif;rSefrod&Sdaomfvnf; pm;&rJh
aomuf&rJh 0wf&rJhtajctae}um;rS TrsSaomaiGyrm%udk OD;oef@*lAdrmefwnfaqmuf&ef vª'gef;}uaom vlxk}uD;.
apwemudk od&SdEdkifygonf?
*k%fðyxdkufoludk *k%fðy&rnfqdkonfudk omrmeftod^m%f&Sdolwa,mufyif od&Sdygonf? urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD;
OD;oef@udk todOm%f&Sdonfh vlom;tm;vHk;u xdkufoifhpGmoò*õvf&ef óud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; rarsSmfvifhonfh wkef@jyefcsufrsm;
a}umifh jrifraumif; }um;raumif; toufrsm;pGmpaw;+yD; aoG;ajrusum +idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD;psmyetcrf;tem;udk +yD;qHk;
vdkuf&ygonf?
&ifaoG;i,fwdkif; ,Ofaus;vdrRm&rnf
&ifaoG;i,fwdk@urBm +idrf;at;om,m&rnf
&ifaoG;wdk@acwf qef;opfa0qm&rnf
ÚÚÚ a'gufwmrif;wifrGef ÚÚÚ
“ta&;}uD;qHk;aom +idrf;csrf;a&;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;vufxJwGif rxm;oifhyg”

ÚÚÚOD;oef@ (urBmhukvor*~/ twGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif;) ÚÚÚ
“Peace is too important to be left exclusively to the politicians.”

UThant (Former UN Secretary-General)
ywfòrd@ (Perth, W. Australia) ausmif;om;rsm;. aw;oDcsif;?

“urBmra}ubl;”
urBmra}ubl; igwdk@aoG;eJ@a&;cJh}uwJh armfuGef;awG
awmfvSefa&; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGtwGif;rSm usqHk;aom
a}omf ol&Jaumif;wdk@a&···
tmZmenfawG aewJhwdkif;jynf &J&Jawmuf'dk@jrefrmjynf
udk,fawmfr_dif; &mZ0ifawGvnf; &dkif;cJh&+yDtzdk;a&···
ocifatmifqef; EdkifiHawmfvnf; aoG;pGef;cJh+yD tza&···
a}omf vkyf&uf}uay ayw&may:rSm jynfoltavmif;awG
twkH;t±kH;eJ@ vJòydumae···
nDtpfudkwdk@··ayw&may:rSmpD;wJhaoG;awG rajcmufao;bl;
rawGa0eJ@···'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGtwGif;rSmusqHk;aom
a}omf···ol&Jaumif;wdk@awG tcdkiftrmyDjyif awmfvSefypfyav··
'dk@cspfwJh 'dk@jrefrmjynf···
*********************************************************************************
wcsdefu 'DZifbm 1974 ckESpf/ usaemfonf &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfwGif rSm;wJhtcsdefeJ@ rSm;wJhae&ma&mufcJhonf[k

xifcJhygonf? Ttcsdefonf usaemfhtwGuf trSefqHk;tcsdefjzpfcJhonfomru usaemf.rSefaomae&monf &efukefpufr_
wuUodkvfjzpfcJhygonf? odk@r[kwfygu usaemfonf Tae@Tae&mudk a&muf&Sdrnfr[kwfyg?
pufr_wuUodkvfpdk;0if;
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¡arv(20)2002¢
aemful;r.trSwfw&
aX;aX;0if; (74)
5/12/74 &ufae@n pm=unfhpm;yGJay:rSm pmudkpdwfr0ifpm;bJ zwfaecsdef n (8) em&D jrefrmhtoHowif;udk em;axmif
aeaom arar.tpfudk zsmyHkòrd@e,ftrwf (zqyv) Adkvfbwifhu ae0if;uawmhvkyfcsvdkufjyef+yD ajymawmh usru
bmjzpfvdk@vJ bb ar;wJhtcg OD;oef@udk ol@rdef;ra':cifaroef;&J@ *lajc&if;rSm ay;vdkufw,f/ OD;oef@vdkvlrsKd;udkawmh 'Dvdk
vkyfzdk@raumif;bl;vdk@ajymw,f?
usru bmrSrodao;wJh t-x-u (4) wmarGu (7) wef;ausmif;olqdkawmh OD;oef@qdkwmb,folvJ vdk@ar;vdkuf
w,f? OD;oef@[m (UN) rSmwwd,urBmppf}uD;rjzpfatmif olpGrf;aqmifcJhvdk@ urBm@EdkifiHtoD;oD;u odyfawmfwJhOD;oef@
b,fuvJ ar;awmhrS OD;oef@[mArm/ Arm[mb,frSmvJqkdrS jrefrmjynfajryHkav;udk urBmuodatmif trsKd;*k%f
aqmifwJhOD;oef@udk xdkufwefwJhAdrmefwckawmh vkyfay;oifhw,fvdk@ bbuajymawmh usrwdk@jrefrmvlrsKd;xJrSm 'Davmuf
awmfwJhvludk wtm;*k%fðycsifwJhpdwfawG &&SdcJhw,f? 'ghtjyif ae0if;[m ocifEkqDutm%mudk rw&m; 1962 up+yD;
odrf;ydkufcJhvdk@ ae0if;udkt&rf;rkef;cJhw,f? oltkyfcsKyfwJhtcsdefup+yD; ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;udkzsufqD; jrefrmvlrsKd;
jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;udk zsufqD;owfjzwfcJhwm vlwdkif;todygyJ?
AdkvfcsKyfaoqHk;oGm;jcif;[m jrefrmvlrsKd;awG@&J@b0 aoqHk;oGm;ovdk jzpfcsif&mawGjzpfysufukefw,fqdk+yD; bbu
usrudk tjrJwrf; em;oGif;cJhw,f?usrtouft&G,feJ@ 'gawGodvm&jcif;[m usrbba=umifhyJjzpfygw,f?
aemufwae@reuf ausmif;oGm;r,fqdk+yD; oli,fcsif;cifoufrmeJ@ESpfa,muf OD;oef@psmye&Sd&m wuUodkvfausmif;0if;
twGif;udk vrf;av#muf+yD;vmcJh&m "rRm&Hka&S@ vSnf;wef;rD;yGdKifhxdyfudk a&mufvmcJhawmh nae 3;30 &Sdae+yD? vltkyfudkawG@+yD;
oli,fcsif;u olrvdkufawmhbl;qdkwmeJ@ usr[m bGJ@ESif;obifcef;ra&S@udk a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; txJrSm OD;oef@&J@tacgif;ay:
+idrf;csrf;a&;tvHtkyf+yD; pifjrifhay:wifxm;wm usrawG@vdkuf&w,f?
&[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;vlxkawG tvkyfrsm;ae=uw,f? usru ausmif;om;tpfudkwa,mufudkoGm;+yD; usr txu
(4) wmarGu (7) wef;ausmif;olyg? OD;oef@psmyejzpfajrmufa&;twGuf yg0ifcsifvdk@ygoGm;ajymawmh/ oluusrudk uav;r
av; bmawGvmajymaewmvJ qdkwJhyHkpHeJ@ pdwf0ifwpm;ac:r,fholr&Sdwma=umifh usr tayguf0 jyefxGufvmwJhtcgrSm
tayguf0pifjrifhay:rSm bkef;}uD;wyg;w&m;a[m+yD;qif;tvm usrupifjrifhay:wuf+yD; usr[m (7) wef;ausmif;ol
wa,mufjzpfa=umif;/ OD;oef@vdkyk*~dKvfwa,muf[m *k%fðyxdkufolwa,mufjzpfa=umif;/ ae0if;[m ol@xufomvdk@ remvdk
jzpf+yD; ae&mray;a=umif; pwmawGvdk usrodwmawGudk w&m;a[majymwJhtcgrSm vlxku awmfawmfav; oabmusyg
w,f? tJ'geJ@ usr[m t0wfwxnfudk,fwckeJ@ ausmif;0if;xJrSmae+yD; ae0if;tpdk;&raumif;a=umif;w&m;udk &ufquf
a[maewm (10) &ufae@rSm arareJ@tpfrawGu usrwdk@udk zrf;awmhr,fqdkwmodvdk@ vmac:w,f? *dwfrSmwm0efuswJh
tpfudkwa,mufu aX;aX;/ eifhtareJ@tpfrvdk@ajymw,f/ oGm;awG@rvm;vdk@ vmac:w,f? usru tarr&Sd/ tpfrr&Sd/
bbeJ@yJaewm/ 'g axmufvSrf;a&;uvdrf+yD; ac:cdkif;wmjzpfr,fvdk@ vdrfvdkufw,f? rdcifeJ@tpfrudkapmfum;vdkufvdk@ usr
tJ'DnrSmyJtzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f?
OD;oef@*lab;rSm0dkif;+yD; usrwdk@ausmif;om;rsm;[m rsuf&nf,dkAHk;'%fa=umifh ar@vJoGm;cJhw,f? owd&wJhtcsdefrSm
wef;pD+yD; um;ay:wufzdk@ apmifhae&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm *ludk u&def;eJ@qGJwifaewm awG@&ygw,f? reuf (5;50) em&DrSm
tif;pdefaxmifudk a&muf&SdcJhygw,f?
usrwdk@eJ@b0wl ausmif;om;§ol/ jynfol aps;a&mif;olutp trsKd;orD; (167) a,muf tzrf;cHcJh&w,f? (12) &uf
ae@reuf (9) em&DavmufrSm axmifydkifeJ@ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; (4-5) OD;cef@u ausmif;olawGxGufcJhvdk@ajymawmh usr tcef;
xJuaexcsdefrSm twlwlvkyfcJhwJh pkpkrm idkw,f? ola=umufw,fwJh? usrudkrxGufygeJ@wJh? usru vkyf&Jw,f cH&Jw,f?
xGufr,fqdk+yD; xGufcJhawmh ausmif;ol (7) a,mufavmuf&Sdr,f/ usrwkd@xGufwJhvlawGxJrSm axmufvSrf;a&;wa,mufu
eifwdk@xJrSm aemful;rqdkwm b,folvJ vdk@ar;wJhtcg usrux+yD; usryJvdk@ajymvdkufawmh aemufuae ajcaxmufudk
jzwf&dkufvdkufwm a&S@udkvJusawmh rsufESmudkapmifeJ@tkyf+yD; ppfa=uma&;&Hk;cef;xJrmS yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ tppfaq;cHcJh&ygw,f?
axmifqdkwm edAŠmefr[kwfrSef;odayrJh usrvHk;0ra=umufcJhygbl;? tpuxJu olwdk@awmfvSef&if 'Dvdkjzpfr,fqdkwm
usr&J@bbu erlem&Sd+yD;om;yJ/ ra=umufvdk@vkyfcJhwJhtwGuf aoonfhtxd usraemifwr&bl;?
- 23 -
em&DeJ@ae@&ufawGrSm usrb,frSm&Sdw,f? bmawGvkyfw,f/ ae0if;raumif;a=umif;awG a[mcJhw,fvdk@ tppfcHcJhw,f?

usr 'DvdkawGa[majymwm b,folajr‡mufay;vdk@vJwJh? usru b,folrSajr‡mufay;wm r[kwfbl;/ usrpdwfeJ@usr vkyfwm
vdk@ajymcJhw,f? 'gtrSefyJ? 1975 ckESpfxJrSm bbudk (4) v ac:zr;fcJhao;w,f?
7-4-75 ckESpf tif;pdefppfcHk&Hk; (1) rSm Adkvfrª;v_difbGm; (a&wyf) uOD;pD;+yD; tvkyf=urf;eJ@axmif'%f (5) ESpfcscJhw,f?
trsKd;orD; (167) a,mufxJrSm (166) a,mufvGwf+yD; usrwa,mufxJ axmifuscJhw,f?
usrwdk@ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkwifarmifOD;udk ajcmufvHk;jyL;wvufeJ@ vSnf;wef;rSm zrf;qD;cJhw,f? ol@udk vlowf
vufeufudkifqmifr_eJ@ raorcsif;óud;uGif;pGyfIowfap qdk+yD;óud;rdef@ay;cJhw,f? ()&uf ae@ reuf (5) em&DrSm usrwdk@aemuf
zuf vlowfpifrSm a=u;pnfwD;+yD;ac:oGm;wJhae@[m usraxmifxJrSm ta=uuGJqHk;ae@wae@ygyJ?
axmifxJrSm (3) ESpf (4) vaecJh+yD; (7-4-78) &ufae@rSm axmifuvGwfcJhygw,f? axmifuxGufwkef;u usr wdkufydwf
cHae&wJhtcef;u xGufcJh&ygw,f?
axmifuxGufvdk@ ausmif;tyfzdk@ ausmif;udka&mufawmh &moufyef ausmif;uxkwfvdkuf+yDwJh? ae0if;tpdk;& a=unm
wJhausmif;om; (52) a,mufrSm usrwa,mufyJ rdef;uav;/ toufti,fqHk;/ eHywf (52) jzpfvdk@ygyJ?
1988 ckESpf ta&;tcif;jzpfvmwJh tcsdefrSm usrwdk@ 1974 OD;oef@/ 1975 a&$wd*Hkoydwf/ 1976 ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;
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usrvdk i,f&G,fwJhrdef;rom;wa,mufudkawmif &uf&ufpufpufaxmifcscJhovdk usrwkd@ausif;om;acgif;aqmif udkwifarmif
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rdcif a':=unfOD;eJ@ bbeef;!GefaqGwkd@eJ@twl v_yf&Sm;cJhw,f?
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(3) &uf&Sd+yD/ bmudpP&Sdvdk@vJ/ vm&ifbmajym&rvJ ar;awmh b,foGm;vJwJh? usrrodbl;/ usreJ@pum;rajymwm =umae+yD/
usruajymawmh jyefoGm;=uw,f? cifyGef;[m usef;rma&;0ef}uD;OD;oef@Zif&J@nDjzpfvdk@ olwkd@todkif;t0dkif;xJrSmyJ v_yf&Sm;+yD;
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- 24 -
vnf; tcsdefydkif;0ifulay;=uw,f? 1982 ck ESpfukefydkif;avmufrSm yJcl;±dk;rjyefqif;&if; wyf&if;rª;Adkvfrif;odef;wdk@eJ@twl usqHk;

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jzpfol) qdk&if (10) &ufae@usrS tjyifrSmaecJhzdk@ vdktyfwJhtwGuf vkyfazmfudkifbufawG&J@qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ jyefxGufoGm;&wm
jzpfw,f? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif csif;trsKd;om;udkwifarmifOD; (óud;ay;cH) uawmh rEWav;aqmiftzGJ@eJ@ odyfryl;bl;?
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vltkyfqDu a[;ueJ nmoHay;vdkuf=uw,f? pum;ajymzdk@jyifqifwJhtaeeJ@ "mwfpuftrfyvDzdkif,m (Amplifier)
cvkwfudkzGifhvdkufvdk@ ay:vmwJhtoHyJ r[kwfygvm;? 'D&ufydkif;rsm;twGif;rSm 'Da&S@ajy;toHeJ@twl a=unmcsufawG/ owd
ay;csufawG c%c%xkwfjyefaewmrdk@ 'Dtxmudk y&dowfu aemausatmifoabmaygufaeyg+yD?
cyfoGufoGufyJ udkarmifarmifwdwfwa,muf tvkyfpygawmhw,f? rdkufc±dkzkef;pum;ajymcGufudk olaumufudkifvdkuf
w,f? +yD;awmh usaemf&Sd&mbufudk vufqef@wef;+yD; xdk;ay;vdkufw,f? yg;pyfuvJ rif;ajymawmh... wJ.h ..
wDaumifqm;twdk@cH&ovdk usKyfvnf;qwfueJ wGef@oGm;rdw,f? acgif;cg+yD; csufcsif;yJ “rif;ajymvdkuf/ igvnfacsmif;
em+yD; toH0ifaew,f? toHjym}uD;eJ@ rajymcsifbl;” vdk@jiif;vdkufw,f? rif;&J@txm igaygufygw,f qdkwJhoabmeJ@ usKyfudk
- 26 -
olu rxDw&Dwcsufpdkuf=unfh+yD; “at;av/ rif;wdk@urajymbl;qdkawmh rif;wdk@udk,fpm; igyJajymwmayghuGm” qdk+yD; rdkufcGuf

udk pum;ajymzdk@ toifhtaetxm;jzpfatmif jyifvdkufw,f?
rEWav;aqmiftv,fxyfqDu v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfaewmudk pl;pdkuf=unfhae=uwJh y&dowftrsm;pk}uD; ol@udkjrifomatmif
a&S›enf;enf;ydkxGufvdkufw,f? atmifjrifcef@nm;wJhtoHeJ@-“jr‡Kyfoifhroifh” (3) cgawmif;+yD;aemuf rmefygyg olajymvdkuf
wmuawmh “av;pm;tyfygaom y&dowf}uD;cifAsm;? jynfolvlxktaygif;&J@ jyif;jywJhqENeJ@tnD OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk ol@
twGuf usaemfwdk@wawG &nfpl;aqmufvkyfxm;wJh*lrSmyJ tckcsufcsif; *loGif;jr‡KyfESHzdk@ rEWav;aqmifpsmyeaumfrDwDtaeeJ@
qHk;jzwfcGifhðya=umif; today;a=unmtyfygw,f?”
»»»»—?—»»»»
atmif+yD-atmif+yD-atmif+yD oHk;vm;oHk;}udrfajrmuf vlxky&dowf}uD;&J@ 0uf0ufuGJr# aumif;csD;ay;vdkufoH[m t&yf
av;rsufESmqDodk@ wcJeuf xpfcsKef;euf ysH@tkyfoGm;w,f? 'gvnf; vlyifv,f}uD;qDu [def;xGufvm+yD; rdk;ajrodrfhodrfhwkef
apcJhwmrdk@ yifv,f[DoHvdk@ ajymEdkifw,f? 'Drdkua&pDrkwfokefrdk;awG wòzdifòzdif&GmoGef;òzd;cJhwm acsmif;awG uefawG/ tdk;awG/
cGufawGv#Hvdk@ w&moDwm0ef ukefqHk;yg+yDyaum? yifv,fuv$wf/ yifv,fuvm tcsdefwefawmh yifv,fudkjyefoGm;/
a&rsm;&J@oHo&m Oya'twdkif;ygyJav?
»»»»—?—»»»»
*ludkydwf+yD;oGm;vdk@ *lydwfyGJoGm;=unfh=uwJh wm0ef&SdolawGjyeftvmrSm psmyeA[dkaumfrDwD0ifawGvnf; vdkufygvm
w,f? OuUÏudk=unf0if;/ twGif;a&;rª;udkoufv_dif/ pdkif;odkufeef; ... vltawmfpHkom;/ apmxGef;u tm;&0rf;ompGm qD;óud
wHcg;zGifhay;w,f? yef;csDtif'±l;/ udkpHrif;wdk@wodkufvnf; jyef0ifvmw,f?
»»»»—?—»»»»
OD;oef@psmye+yD;qHk;+yDrdk@ psmyeaumfrDwDawGvnf; tvdkvdkysufoGm;+yDjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh wm0efausa=umif; tjyef
tvSeftodtrSwfðy E_wfquf=uw,f? zufvSJwuif; aysmf&$if&if;ESD;pGmyJaygh? ae@naygif;rsm;pGm tdyfysufcJh=uwmrdk@ vlwdkif;
rsufwGif;acsmifeJ@jzpfw,f? wa,mufeJ@wa,muf pum;rajymEdkif=uawmhbl;? p}uFefrSmwcsKd@/ tcef;xJrSmwcsKd@/ wa,muf
wa'gifh wa,mufwae&m ausmcif;zdk@ae&m,lvdkuf=uw,f? ajcypfvufypf arS;puftem;,l tdyfpufae=uyHkrsm; ckxdjrif
a,mifaewkef;/ uifr&mr&Sdawmhvnf; rSwfwrf;rwifEdkifcJh?
»»»»—?—»»»»
usKyfuawmh tdyfvdk@r&bl;? tawG;awGu a&S›rqufbJ taemufqDjyefoGm;aew,f? usKyftwGuf odyftpmra=u
cJhwJh tjzpfoepfawGudk tvdkvdkpjrKH@jyefaerdw,f?
* 27-12-2005 awmifilaqmifa&S› taqmifaeazmf twef;wufzuf oli,fcsif;wodkufeJ@ rdk;csKyfpnae&DrSm
OD;oef@±kyfuvmyf Armjynfa&muf&if 'dk@bmvkyfoifhovJ/ bmvkyfEdkifovJ/ tqifoifhjzpfzdk@ wyfvSef@Edk;aqmfcJh?
vkyfp&m&Sdwmvkyfr,fvdk@ oH"dÏmefcscJh=u?
* aemufwae@n (9;00) em&D '*kHaqmif udkarmifarmifwdwf&J@ tcef;trSwf (100) rSm taqmifaygif;pHku
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ o[m,zGJ@+yD; OD;oef@psmyeudk wuUodkvfaygif;pHkudk,fpm;ðy yef;acGwckeJ@twl
oGm;a&muf*g&0ðyzdk@twGuf pDpOf=u&efqHk;jzwf?
* psmyeydk@aqmifa&; vdktyfwJhum;rsm;iSg;zdk@ vdkufygrJhvlawGudk wdwdususpm&if;,l+yD; pk&yfowfrSwf csdef;csuf
ay;zdk@? aemufw&uf attD; (10) rSm xyfrHawG@qHkn‡dE_dif;=u&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=u?
* 0dZ…mcef;rrSmusif;ywJh 0dZ…mody`HwuUodkvfeJ@ tjcm;wuUodkvfaygif;pHk ae@ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&J@
tpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm rdrdwdk@tpDtpOfudkwifjy+yD; yl;aygif;EdkifwmawG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr,fjzpfa=umif; uwd
u0wfðycJh?
* tcsdefwefawmh owfrSwfxm;wJhtwdkif; taqmifausmif;om; ausmif;olwcsKd@ um;awGeJ@oGm;cJh=u+yD;
wuUodkvf aygif;pHkudk,fpm;ðyyef;acGudk wuUodkvfausmif;om;tkyfpkrsm;&J@ aemufqHk;tokwftaeeJ@ csxm;*g&0
ðycJh?
* tavmif;xm;&Sd&m usKduUqHuGif;twGif; tajctaecsufcsif;ajymif;oGm;+yD; tavmif;udk wuUodkvfjyef,lr,fh
udpPay:wmeJ@ acsmacsmarmarm ajyajyjypfjypfjzpfatmif twwfEdkifqHk; 0dkif;0ef;}uD;=uyfydk@aqmifcJh?
* OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk wuUodkvfor*~taqmuftOD;ae&mwGif *laqmuf+yD; oò*õvfr,fhudpP vlxkoabmxm;
&,l/ vlxkoabmusojzifh csufcsif;taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcJh=u?
- 27 -
* vkyfief;aqmif&Guf taumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&; tvkyfaumfrDwDzGJ@ (rEWav;aqmiftD;pDtzGJ@)/ uefawmfrif

ydk@a&; rydk@a&; rJcGJqHk;jzwf&mrSm (10) rJ (3) rJjzifh rEWav;aqmiftzGJ@ tqdk±_H;edrfh? trsm;oabmudk tenf;u
emcHvdkufema&;rlt& udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;oabmtwdkif; vdkufavsm&ef uwdðycJh?
* *ljzpfajrmufa&; vltm;/ aiGtm;jzifh ttdyfysuf/ tpm;ysuf/ tyifyef;cHvkyfudkifoltm;vHk; yifyef;&usKd;eyf
pdwfcsrf;omr_&ap&ef uefawmfrifocsõKif;odk@ rxkwfaqmifrDS ,ckvuf&Sdaqmufxm;aom*lay:Y pwdoabm
acwW,m,Dcsxm; *k%fðycHem;aeay;&ef n‡dKE_dif;EdkifcJh?
* uefawmfrifocsõKif;odk@ OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk xkwaf qmif&eftcsdefusrS vlxky&dowf.oabmxm; ajymif;vJ
oGm;jcif;/ vlxk. ta&;ay: ay:xGufvmaom udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@ESifh rEWav;aqmifaumfrDwD0ifrsm; tajc
twif n‡dKE_dif;=u&jcif;?
* vlxk.wdkuf±dkuf'Drdkua&pDenf;jzifh qHk;jzwfwifjycsufudk twdkif;twmaqmifonf/ ppfrSefonf[k rEWav;
aqmifaumfrDwDu ,Hk=unfvufcHI vdkufavsmcJhjcif;?
»»»» rlv&nfrSef;csuf wm0ef+yD;qHk;jcif; »»»»

ed*Hk;csKyft& OD;oef@ta&;cif;rSm yHkaoum;us acgif;aqmifr&Sd/ aemufvdkufr&Sd/ tm;vHk;&Jabmf&Jbufpdwfxm;eJ@ yg0if
yl;aygif; vkyfudkifcJh=uw,f?
vlxkudkudk,fpm;ðyaqmf=ozdk@ ukd,fpm;vS,fvdkvmwJhtcg qEN&Sdolwdk@u a&S›xGuf&yf=u+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf cH,l
aqmif&Guf=uw,f? vlxkuvnf; ol@wdk@&J@qENtrSefudk ukd,fpm;ðyay;Edkif&if b,faqmf=oa&;tzGJ@udkrqdk ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
vkyfydkifcGifheJ@tm%m tyfESif;cJh=uw,f?
vlxk[m 'Dvdkudkf,fpm;vS,fawGuwqifh olwdk@oabmxm;qENudk zGifh[ovdk yk*~dKvft&jzpfap/ tkyfpkt&jzpfap/
twdkif;twmaqmifIjzpfap tvsOf;oifhovdk wdkuf±dkuf'Drdkua&pDenf;eJ@vnf; vdktyfwJhtcgwdkif; qENazmfxkwfavh&Sdw,f?
tJ'DtcgrSm aqmf=oa&;udk,fpm;vS,f rvdkawmhyg?
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ,lqcH&olrsm;u udk,fpm;vS,fyDopGm wm0efrxrf;&GufEdkifwJhtcg udk,fpm;vS,fae&mu csufcsif;
qif;ay;zdk@udkvnf; rqkdif;rwGjywfom;pGm awmif;qkd=uw,f?
rEWav;aqmif[m udk,fpm;ðyEdkifr_oabmobm0&J@ 0da&m"djzpfr_eJ@ tvSnfhtajymif;rsm;=um;rSm wcgwav a&S›rwdk;
aemufrqkwfom =um;n‡yfcH&w,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf vlxk&J@ppfrSefwJhqENoabmxm;udkom yxrwef; OD;xdyfyefqif &Guf
aqmifzdk@ oH"dÏmefcdkifrma=umif; oufaojyEdkifcJhw,f?
'gha=umifh tp/ tv,f/ tqHk; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufpOfumvwav#mufvHk; vlxkeJ@ruif;uGmcJh? tv$mtoD;oD;/ rwlnD
wJht,ltq&Sdolyk*~dKvfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ wlwmwGJvkyf/ rwlwma=umifh &efbufrjzpfa&;rleJ@ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufEdkifcJh
w,f? aiGa=u;/ pm;a&&duQm/ owif;/ vkyftm;/ u|rf;usifr_/ t}uHay;^m%fay;/ tultnDrsm;udkvnf; tJ'DwHk;u&cJhw,f?
psmyeudkckwHk;vkyf+yD; EdkifiHa&;tvHeJ@ aºuG;a=umfoHrwifcJhovdk psmye&J@ trsKd;om;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDay:xGef;a&;/ ppftm
%m&Sifqef@usifa&; pwJhta&;awmfyHktoGifaqmifaer_ vlxkwdkufyGJ¶kyfyHkv$mudkvnf; r_H0g;ao;odrfoGm;atmif bmwckrSrvkyf
cJh?
jynfolvlxktv$mrsm;txJ rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifpepf (0g) ae0if;ppftkyfpku wdkufcGJ/ ±dkufcGJ/ tdk;rJokwf/ oyfv#dKaoG;
cGJr_awGa=umifhvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;rsKd;aomtcGifhta&; vmbfvmbrsm;uwzuf/ ta=umufw&m;uwzuf/ rD;pwzuf
a&r_wfwzuf zdtm;ay;cs,fvS,fr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJae&wJhtjzpfudk tJ'DumvrSm
wpHkw&m jyefvnfukpm; aphpyfay;EdkifcJhw,f?
'gha=umifh OD;oef@ta&;tcif;[m White politics oef@pifwJh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfw,f? yifv,fxJu qlyGufxºuG
vmwwfwJh e*g;toGif jynfol&J@a'go±kyfyHkv$mudk wpdwfwa'o twdwfpdrf;ay;vdkufjcif;vdk@ rSwf,lEdkifw,f?
»»»» naeae0if&Dwa&m EGm;±dkif;oGif;csdef »»»»

udkwifpdk;u us,favmifus,favmifeJ@ idkufjrnf;arS;pif;eJ@ usKyfwdk@wodkuf=um;avmufatmif owdðyrdavmufatmif
toHjr‡ifh+yD;ar;vdkufyHku “a[;... udk,fhvlwdk@/ bmqufvkyfrvJ? óudwifpOf;pm;xm;=uaemf? 'Dn (8;00) em&DavmufrSm
tpnf;ta0;xdkif=uwmaygh? tm;vHk;wufaemf...”
usKyfwdk@pOf;pm;=unfhw,f? b}uD;oef@wa,muf t&yfaumif;wJhtwGuf tavmif;vScJh+yD? taoajzmifhrajzmifhuawmh
wrvGefuae =unfhaer,fqdk&if &ifemp&mawGyJawG@r,f? wdkif;jynftwGuf oljzpfapcsifwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tvm;tvmuawmh
- 28 -
w,fraumif;vSbl;? vwfwavm armifae0if;wdk@u bm}uHaevJqdkwm usKyfwdk@vufxJrSm oufaoouUm,eJ@ owif;

tpHktvif qkyfudkifvsufom; jzpfaevdk@yJ? udkwdwfeJ@udkaomif;at;wdk@u usKyfudkvufukyf+yD; aoG;wdk;prf;ar;vdkufyHku...
“b,fheJ@vJ/ 'dk@ tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;tvH (3) vufqufaxmif+yD; wG,f&&ifraumif;bl;vm;”-
usKyf acgif;r+idrfh/ acgif;rcgbJ watmifhavmufawG+yD; pOf;pm;aerdw,f? +yD;rS “ighpdwfuawmh rif;wdk@vdkyJxufoefw,f?
'gayrJh igh±kyfu pdwf&Sdwdkif; udk,frygEdkifawmhbl; jzpfaew,f? tckighacgif;xJrSm&SdaewJh wckwnf;aomqEN[m 00vifvif
tdyfcGifh&zdk@yJ? tajctaeawGu 'dk@bufrSmodyfr&Sdbl;? tuef@towfawGu wtm;rsm;+yD; avmavmq,f xGufvrf;ydwf
aewm rif;wdk@vnf;todyJ” vdk@usaemfjyefajzchJrdw,f?
»»»» yifyef;EGrf;vsjcif;awGeJ@twl pdk;&drfaomu&dyfawGudk tEdkfifEdkfifzHk;zd+yD; »»»»

òy;Hjytm;ay;aeayrJh tarudkcsufcsif;qmiwfvmrdw,f
tar-
&ufaygif;rsm;pGmvdk@xif&wJh ta&;tcif;&ufrsm;twGif;rSm om;wkd@yg0ifujycJhw,f? v_yf&Sm;r_wmpxGufwmeJ@ vrf;c&D;
u tauG@tvSnfhawG wtm;rsm;wmyJ? cgawmfrDSyGJvdk@yJ qdk&rvm;rodbl;? Zmwf!¸ef;óudwifrzwf&/ rqdk&/ ravhusifh&/
Zmwfrwdkuf&bJ b0Zmwfq&mtvdkus ZmwfcHkay:a&mufrS rD;pif=unfhu&awmhwmyJ? wcgavawmhvnf; usKyfwdk@vkyfyHk
awGu yHkrxdayrJh “trsm;nD Tu|Jzwf” jzpfoGm;&wmayghtar&,f? y&dowfbufuawmh usaemfwdk@tay: ta&;tcif;
umvwav#mufvHk; oabmxm;}uD;pGmeJ@ em;vnfay;EdkifcJhygw,f? Zmwfarsm}uD;rjzpfoGm;atmif usaemfwdk@ renf;}uD;udk
óud;pm;vkyfcJh&w,f? 'D=um;xJ 'Drdkua&pDòrdifa[0efxJrSm rsufpdvnf+yD; yJavSmf=um; qm;nyf&rvdk jzpfvdkuf&ao;? om;wdk@&J@
rawmufwacgufynmav;eJ@ xGif;xm;wJh rcdkifhwcdkifcaemfceJ@ 'Drdkua&pDavSuav;/ a'gxefaewJh y&dowfyifv,fa=umrSm
0kef;ueJarSmufawmhrvdk@? vufrwifav;yJvdkawmhw,f? awmfao;wmaygh/ OD;wdwf}uD;tav#mufaumif;vdk@ taxmif;vGwf
cJhw,f? tr_dufum;eJ@ygroGm;bJ oDoDuav;vGwfcJhayrJh rEWav;aqmifaumfrDwD0ifawG&J@ udk,fay:rSmawmh zkHeH@ tr_dufeH@
oif;aervm;yJ? txl;ojzifh om;qDrSmaygh? oli,fcsif;awGu 'DrSmwifwpcef;&yf+yD; ywfpmcGgzsmrodrf;Edkifbl;wJh? yGJquf
u=ur,fwJh tara&@? olwdk@tarawGu olwdk@udk oHr_H@pm;+yD; arG;vdkuf=uw,feJ@wlw,f? a'gif;csD/ armif;csD/ rma&a=uma&eJ@
wcsufrSrwGef@=u r&GH@=ubl;?
tarhom;uawmh arG;vmuwnf;u aygifrjynfh/ tm[m&rjynfh/ oli,femtjynfheJ@qdkawmh olwdk@vdk bmrxDawGeJ@
r,SOfEdkifbl;av? jzpfEdkif&if tckcsufcsif; tarqD usaemfjyefvmcsifw,f? 'gayrJh bb}uD;OD;ae0if;wa,muf ausmif;0if;
xJuuav;awG (usaemfwdk@vdk bkef;}uD;ausmif;om;av;awG) olwdk@udk acG;eJ@&SL;wdkufvdkuf+yD; ESyfeJ@vSrf;ypfvdkufwm
rSefoGm;vdk@ t}uD;tus,f a'golykefxae&J@? tajrmufawGeJ@ypfr,f/ AHk;eJ@azmuf+yD; oHcsyfum;eJ@wuf}udwfypfr,f vkyfae=u
w,f? tarhom; xGufvdk@rjzpfao;bl;? tarhqD jyefa&mufcsifrSvnf; a&mufawmhrSm...
i,fi,fwkef;uvdk tylyifuif;wJh cav;av;b0rsKd;eJ@ tarh&ifcGifrSmacgif;xdk;+yD; w±d_ufrufruf om;tdyfcGifh&csifw,f?
wa&;avmufyJ tdyfcGifh&&if om;auseyfyg+yDtar&,f? i,fi,fwkef;u tareJ@twl om;yGJ=unfhcJhw,fav? rsufpdanmif;vdk@
acgif;av;vm&if tarhaygifay:rSm tdyfcJhw,f? wa&;Edk;&if wcgjyef=unfhw,f? om;óudufwwfwJh rif;om;ubDvl;udk ESdrfESif;
wJhtcef;/ Zmwfvdkufuvlqdk;udk wdkufcdkufatmifjrifwJhtcef; a&mufcgeD;us&if om;óudrSmwJhtwdkif; taruEdk;ay;cJhw,f
r[kwfvm;?
[dkwkef;u om;yGJ=unfhcJhayrJ@ tckom;udk,fwdkif yGJ0ifuae&w,f? yGJ=unfhy&dowfwcsKd@ zsmeJ@aumfaZmay:rxdkifbJ cJvHk;
awG/ ajymif;zl;±dk;awGudk zifckxdkifxm;=uw,f? oli,fcsif;awGu yGJqufur,fajymw,f? om;uawmh odyf+yD;rwufºuGbl;?
udk,fhudk,fudk,fodyfr,Hkbl;? rEWav;aqmifa&S›uoHwHcg;}uD; ewfyl;wmvnf; jrifcJh&wm rsufpdxJylylaEG;aEG; vwfvwf qwf
qwf}uD; &Sdaeao;w,f? olwdk@ajymovdk [dktvH/ 'DtvHawG wvlvlv$ifh+yD;awmh ywfr}uD; aAxdaqmfvdkuf&ifawmh
y&dowfupkvm=urSm aocsmw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dae@cif;wkef;u tawG@tóuHt& awGa0w,fvdk@ towfrSwfcH&+yD; ynmay;cH&
zdk@twGuf tvm;tvm&Sdaeawmh vufckyf=obmoHtpm; y&dowfqDu tkwfcJusKd;eJ@ajymif;zl;±dk;awGyJ &vmavtHk;rvm;
pOf;pm;awG;awmaerdw,ff?
bmyJjzpfjzpfaygh tar&,f? avmavmq,fawmh om;udktarvnf;rykdifbl;? om;ukd,fom;vnf;rydkifbl;? 'Dntpnf;
ta0;rSm taygif;toif;aumif;awG wu,fnDw,fqdk&ifawmh t0DpdudkyJoGm;oGm; om;vdkufawmhr,fvdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;
w,f? tarhom; olwdk@vdktm;r&SdayrJh awmifhxm;ygw,f?
»»»» ab;urdkbdkif;zkef; wywf&pfav;&J@toHu wdk;vdkufus,fvdkuf »»»»

- 29 -
uvif... uvif/ uvif... uvif/ qwfueJ acgif;axmif=unfhvdkufw,f? atmfæ 'g rEWav;aqmif&J@ tcef;xJrSmrS
r[kwfbJ? rJaqmufwdkufcef;av; wcef;xJrSmygvm;? c&D;óuH/ vrf;óuH/ usD;vef@pmpm;/ acwWwnf;cdkae&wJhigygvm;? tif;...
zkef;uawmh rudkifrcsif; qufatmfaer,fhyHkyJ? “[Jvdk... trdef@&Sdyg? usaemfapmvSaiGyg? bmudpP&SdygovJ?” “[Jvdk... usr
aX;aX;0if; (74) av tpfudk? toHrrSwfrdbl;vm;?” “atmf... rdaemfvm;? uJ... ajym ajym/ tpfudkem;axmifaew,f?”
“'Dvdk tpfudk&J@... ? ESpfywfvnf&ufeD;vm+yDav? tpfudk@qDupmrlawG tqifoifhjzpf+yDvm;? tJh'g vSrf;owday;wm? tpfudk
u c%c%arhwwfw,fqdkvdk@av?”
“aus;Zl;yJ aX;aX;a&? tpfudkvnf; pma&;aeusr[kwfawmhbl;? a&;+yD;jyefzwf/ róuduf&ifqkwf+zJeJ@ wcgrSr+yD;Edkif
awmhbl;? bmyJjzpfjzpf w&ufESpf&uftwGif; tpfudkt+yD;owfEdkifrSmyg? aus;Zl;yJaemf? +yD;wmeJ@ udkat;atmifqD tjrefqHk;
ydk@ay;vdkufr,f... bdkif... bdki.f .. ?”
apm{&mvd_if
OD;oef@ta&;tcif; “rdrdukd,fawG@jzpfpOf”
udk'D
tv,fwef;ausmif;om;b0a&mufawmh ynma&;ta=umif;/ ausmif;om;wa,muf&J@ b0&nfrSef;csuf[m bmvJqkd
wmawGudk tawmftoifh odvmcJh&ygw,f? txufwef;ausmif;om;b0 a&mufvmawmh ausmif;om;b0EdkifiHa&;tod
rdbrsm;&J@ awmfvSefa&;tawG@tñuHrsm;vnf; odcJh&awmh a&S@qufoGm;&rnfh rdrdtem*gwfb0 ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;vnf; &SdcJhyg
w,f?
usaemfhrdbrsm; uGefjrLepfygwDrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; yJcl;¶kd;r anmifav;yifc¶kdif aus;awmpk&GmrSm usaemfeJ@ usaemfh
tukdukd arG;cJhw,fvkd@ tar&J@ajymjycsuft& odcJh&ygw,f? taz&@Jtaygif;toif;rdwfaqGrsm; tdrfukdvmvnfwkdif; olwkd@
ajymjy=uwJhpum;awG/ tazh&J@'kdif,m&DawG zwfcJhrdwJhtod[m usaemfh&J@ txufwef;ausmif;om;b0rSm wuUokdvfa&muf
+yD; bGJ@wckck&atmif óud;pm;r,f? bJGJ@&+yD;&if bmvkyfr,fqkdwmawG usaemfhtawG;xJrSm trsm;}uD;&SdcJhygw,f?
usaemfhtaz&J@ ajymaeuspum;wcGef; em;xJrSmpGJaew,f? a,musfm;yDowJh vlwa,muf[m æ
(1) bGJ@wck&&r,f/
(2) &[ef;wufzl;&r,f/
(3) axmifuszl;&r,f/
vdk@ajymcJhw,f? eHygwf (1) eJ@ (2) ukdawmh tawG;xJrSm &Sif;w,f? (3) tcsufukdawmh pOf;pm;p&mawGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ tawG;
rsm;cJh&w,f?
tazuusaemfhukd ajymcJhwJh t"dutcsuf&Sdao;w,f? rif; 0dZ…mbJG@,l&r,f? (LLB) bGJ@ukdajymwmyg? tazh&nf&G,f
csufu usaemfhukd EdkifiHa&;vkdif;bufukd v_yf&Sm;apcsifw,fvkd@ xifygw,f? uHtm;avsmfpGmyJ usaemfwkd@acwfrSm (8) wef;
tpdk;&ppf yxrOD;qkH;ESpfrSmyJ 0dZ…meJ@atmifcJhygw,f?
wuUokdvfa&mufcsifaZmeJ@ pmóud;pm;cJhygw,f? usaemfwkd@&Gmbk&m;ysKdrS a0gòrd@ukd ajcvsif (45) rdepf/ tazmfrsm;eJ@ (8)
wef;atmiftxd wufcJhygw,f? (8) wef;atmif+yD; (9) wef; (10) wef;ukd a0gòrd@txueJ@ yJcl;trSwf (4) 0dZ…mausmif;rSm
wufcJhw,f? usaemf wuUokdvfra&mufjzpfcJhwJhta=umif; jzpfvmcJhygawmhw,f?
usaemfhyifukd,fADZ r[kwf&ifrcHcsifwJhpdwf taygif;toif;rsm;twGufqkd&if tjrJwrf; acgif;ra&SmifcsifwJhpdwf&SdwJhusaemf
yJcl;trSwf (3) ody`Hausmif; ESpf (50) ajrmufa&$&wkobif nwnrSm usaemf yJcl;qHawmfwGif;&yfuGufae+yD; yGJoGm;=unfh
cJhw,f? tJh'DnrSmyJ trSwf (4) ausmif;rSoli,fcsif;rsm;eJ@ vrf;o&Jrsm; ¶kduf=uygw,f?
vdyfjymuefa'gifh/ jr0wDykHESdyfwkdufem;rSm n (11) cGJcef@rSm usaemfvnf;ygoGm;+yD; &efjzpf=uygw,f? usaemfwkd@vlenf;vkd@
ajy;cJh&w,f? trSwf (4) ausmif;a&mufawmh vlpk+yD; aemufae@tpDtpOfqGJjzpfw,f? aemufae@ ausmif;wufcgeD; nu
&efjzpfwJhxJygwJh tjcm;tkyfpkrS trSwf (5) eJ@ (6) ausmif;rS (2) a,muf usaemfwkd@ausmif;a&S@ pufbD;eJ@tvm
usaemfeJ@pHodef; (abmvkH;orm;) (2) a,muf ausmif;a&S@rSmxGuf+yD;¶kdufvkd@ twGif;vlemtjzpf aq;¶kHwifvkduf&+yD;/ usaemf
wkd@ (2) a,muf ausmif;xkwfcHvkduf&ygw,f?
a&mufcsifvSwJh wuUokdvfeJ@vnf; a0;cJh&ygw,f? (2) }udrf tjyifrSajzawmhvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;xJa&mufaeawm
(10) wef;ratmifcJhyg?
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usaemf pD;yGm;a&;avmuxJa&mufaecsdef a0gòrd@txurSm (10) wef; (bD) eJ@atmifcJh=uwJhxJu oHacsmif;u vuf

axmufrD;&xm;¶kHykdif vkyfaew,f? tkef;=unfu tif;pdefpDtkdif'DrSm 'k&Jtkyfjzpfaeygw,f?
OD;oef@ tar&duefe,l;a&mufaq;¶kHrSm aoqkH;oGm;a=umif;eJ@ ol@&J@¶kyftavmif;ukd jrefrmjynfjyefykd@+yD; *loGif;oò*õvfr,f
vkd@od&awmh 0rf;omrdw,f? *k%f,lrdw,f?
0rf;om&jcif;u jrefrmjynfom;wa,mufjzpfwJh EdkifiHacgif;aqmif (ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyf) wOD;u aoonfh
wkdifatmif rdrdEdkifiHukdjyef+yD; ta&mufvmcsifwJhol/ rdrdwkdif;jynfukdcspfwJhol/ wefzkd;xm;wJhol/ EdkifiHh*k%fukd xdrf;odrf;csifwJhol
wOD;ygvm;vkd@od+yD; 0rf;om&jcif;yg?
*k%f,lrdwmu urBmhukvor*~rSm wkdif;jynfuay;vkdufwJhwm0efukd qxufxrf;ykd; tvkyfwm0efausyGefatmif vkyf
EdkifcJhwJhol/ urBmwckvkH;&Sdjynfolrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS *k%fðyrSwfwrf;wifavmufatmif vkyfEdkifcJhwJhol
jrefrmjynfom;wa,mufygvm;vkd@ *k%f,lrdcJh&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
usaemfukd,fwkdif wuUokdvfausmif;om;wOD; rjzpfcJhayrJh &efukef0dZ…modyH̀wuUokdvf/ aq;wuUokdvf(2)/ pufr_wuUokdvf
(orkdif;aqmifrsm;)/ usaemfhtukdwufcJhwJh tif;pdef (*sDwDtkdif) pufr_ody`Hausmif;rsm;ukd usaemfhtpfudkeJ@a&mufcJhbl;ygw,f?
OD;oef@tavmif; &efukefa&mufwmeJ@ oGm;csifcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh (10) &ufae@ &efukef0dZ…mody`H
wuUokdvf0if;tm; ppftkyfpkrS0ifa&mufrzrf;cif ae@wae@rS oGm;jzpfygw,f?
usaemfeJ@usaemfholi,fcsif; vufaxmuf¶kHykdifoHacsmif;wkd@ESpfOD; &efukefoGm;r,f? wuUokdvf0if;xJoGm;r,fvkd@ qkH;jzwf+yD;
vmcJh=uygw,f/
&efukefa&muf&if a0gòrd@txurS (at) jzifhatmifcJhol oli,fcsif;a&$vS (pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdvf aemufqkH;ESpfausmif;om;)
eJ@oGm;awG@r,f? oli,fcsif;wa,mufjzpfwJh tif;pdefpDtkdif'D0if;xJ rdom;pkeJ@aewJh 'k&Jtkyfoli,fcsif;tkef;=unftdrfrSm wnf;
r,fqkd+yD; oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf a0grSpxGufcJh=uygw,f?
eHeuf (7) em&DpxGufwJhum;eJ@ &efukefukdvmcJh=uygw,f? &efukef0ifcgeD; axmuf=uH@&mbmawmxJ&Sd vSnf;vrf;
(ajreDvrf;) =um;ukd usaemfwkd@ESpfa,muf vSrf;=unfhrdw,f? jrif&wJhjrifuGif;u &efukeft0ifb,fbufrSmyg? TE 11 um;
rsm; wef;pD+yD;&yfxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? ae@vnf 10 cGJavmufrmS yg? usaemfpdwf0ifpm;rdw,f? usaemfholi,fcsif;ukdvnf;
ajym+yD; a[haumif/ [kdrSmppfum;awG trsm;}uD;wef;pD+yD; &yfxm;wmawG awG@vm;? &JabmfawGvnf; vufeuftjynfhtpkHeJ@
wifxm;w,fuGvkd@ ESpfa,muf=unfh&if;eJ@ vrf;rSmajymjzpfcJhygw,f? bm&,fvkd@awmh rajymjyEdkifwJh tawG;awGeJ@vmcJh&if;
tif;pdefpDtkdif'Dem;a&mufawmh bwfpfum;ay:rSqif;+yD; usaemfwkd@oli,fcsif; 'k&Jtkyftkef;=unf&J@tdrfukd vkdufar;+yD; a&mufcJh
=uygw,f?
tkef;=unftdrfukda&mufawmh usaemhfoli,fcsif;u vmuG oli,fcsif;wkd@/ xkdif=uOD;? bmvmvkyfvJ? b,frSmwnf;rvJ?
b,foGm;rvkd@vJ? ar;cGef;rsm;ar;+yD; igawmh tvkyfawG¶_yfaew,fvkd@ ajymygw,f? ol@trsK;d orD;u a&aEG;=urf;tkd;eJ@
pm;p&m,l+yD; vmcsay;w,f? usaemfwkd@vnf; pm;&if;/ aomuf&if;/ usaemfwkd@ESpfa,muf vm&if;udpPukd ajymjyygw,f?
tkef;=unf/ igwkd@ &efukefwuUokdvf0if;xJrSm&SdwJh OD;oef@tavmif;ukd oGm;=unfhcsifw,f? aemuf+yD; a&$vS txJrSm&Sd
w,fvkd@ od&w,f? ol@qDvnf; oGm;awG@csifvkd@ajymjyygw,f?
usaemfholi,fcsif;tkef;=unfu ausmif;rSmxJu yef;csDynmukd u|rf;usifoljzpfygw,f? a[haumifawG/ rif;wkd@ owdxm;
+yD; oGm;=unfh=u? igbmvkyfaew,fvkd@ rif;wkd@xifovJvkd@ ar;ygw,f? olu yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yJajymygw,f? wòrd@xJom;
tcspfqkH;oli,fcsif;awGjzpf=uygw,f?
olvkyfaewmawG ajymjyw,f? ig pDtkdif'DrSm&SdwJh qkdifu,feJ@um;eHygwfawGtm;vkH; topfjyefa&;aew,fvkd@ ajymjy
ygw,f? [kwfygw,f? ol uufaq;eJ@ eHygwfjym;trsm;}uD;ukd jyefa&;wmjzpfygw,f?
rif;wkd@ b,frSmtdyf=urvJ? ightdrfrSmyJ jyefvmtdyf=uuGm? igxrif;csufxm;r,f vkd@ajymygw,f? usaemfwkd@uvnf;
wuUokdvf0if;xJ a&mufcsifae+yD? oli,fcsif;vSa&$ESifhvnf; awG@csifae+yDqkdawmh oleJ@ c%pum;ajym+yD; igwkd@'DrSmyJ jyefvm
tdyfr,f? oGm;tkH;r,fuGm vkd@ajym+yD; &efukefwuUokdvf0if;xJukd xGufvmcJh=uygw,f?
wuUokdvf0if;ukd vSrf;=unfhvkdufawmh t&yfom;awG/ ausmif;om;awG trsm;}uD; t0iftxGufvkyfaewm awG@&yg
w,f? 0if;em;a&mufawmh usaemfwkd@ukd t&yf0wfeJ@vlwcsKd@ wukd,fvkH;ukdESH@atmif &SmazGppfaq;jcif;cH&ygw,f? ppfaq;cH+yD;
t"dywdvrf; t0ifaygufa&mufawmh tvSLcHwJh aiGzvm;ukdifausmif;olrsm;/ ezl;rSm ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;pnf;xm;wJh
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd awG@&ygw,f? wcsKd@ t0ifuwHcg;wkdifxdyfrSm xkdifaewmvnf; awG@&ygw,f?
t0ifutvSLcHausmif;olrsm;zvm;xJukd wa,muf (25) usyfwefw&GufpDxnfh+yD; 0ifcJh=uygw,f? OD;oef@tkwf*leJ@
OD;oef@yef;csDum;}uD;uvnf; tkwf*l&J@aemufrSm axmifqJGxm;wmawG awG@&ygw,f? zvm;xJ ykdufqHtvSLaiGxnfh+yD;wmeJ@
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wck owdoGm;&vkdufygw,f? oHacsmif;a&/ wkd@awG@cJhwJh vrf;uppfum;awG &yfxm;wJhta=umif; owif;ykd@ay;&ifaumif;r,f

vkd@vnf;ajymrdw,f? oHacsmif;uvnf; at;/ aumif;w,f? b,fol@ajym&rvJ vkd@ar;w,f? 'geJ@ usaemfwkd@vnf; ezl;pnf;
pnf;xm;wJh ausmif;om;wa,mufukd usaemfwkd@ a0guae vmwJhausmif;om;awGyg? vrf;rSmawG@cJhwm ajymjyrvkd@? b,fol@
ukdajymjyjy&rvJ vkd@ar;ygw,f? tJh'Dausmif;om;uvnf; owif;ay;vkd@&r,fh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd jyay;ygw,f? usaemfwkd@
vnf; jrifawG@or#tm;vkH; ajymjyygw,f? wu,f[kwfr[kwfvnf; usaemfwkd@udk ar;ygw,f? usaemfwkd@ESpfa,mufvnf;
owif;ay;+yD;wmeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdvf aemufqkH;ESpfausmif;om; a&$vSeJ@awG@csifa=umif;/ a0grSvmwJh ausmif;om;rsm;
jzpfa=umif;/ oleJ@ausmif;aebufawGjzpfa=umif; ajymjy+yD;/ ezl;pnf;ausmif;om;rsm;rSwqifh ar;jref;cJhygw,f? yxrawmh
&Sdw,fvkd@ jyefodcJh&ygw,f? bmwm0ef,laew,f ajymjycJhygw,f?
aemufawmh rawG@apcsifvkd@vm;/ usaemfwkd@ukd pdwfrcsvkd@vm; awmhrodyg/ r&Sdbl;vkd@ tajz&cJhygw,f? 'geJ@ usaemf
wkd@ESpfa,mufvnf; or*~taqmuftOD;rSmvkyfaewJh a[majymyGJrSm oGm;xkdif+yD;=unfhcJhygw,f?
aoaocsmcsm=unfhrdwmuawm hOD;oef@tkwf*leJ@ yef;csDqGJxm;wJhydwfum;ygyJ? *lukdxkdifckH&Snfrsm; wvkH;vSef/ wvkH;
arSmufqif+yD; 0kdif;ywfxm;ygw,f? twGif;eJ@eHab;rSm ezl;pnf;teDpnf;xm;wJh ausmif;om;rsm; wm0ef,l+yD; apmifh=uwm
awG@ygw,f? tkwf*leJ@yef;csDum;teD;rSm 0ifaygufwckydwfxm;+yD; tmrcHaomh}uD;rsm;eJ@ oHóud;rsm;cwfxm;wm awG@&ygw,f?
'gawGukd=unfh&if; tkwf*l&J@nmbuf aemufbufrSm tkwfykHrsm;&Sdygw,f? tkwfykHay:rSm pum;ajymwJhae&mvkyfxm;+yD;
ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm; wvSnfhpDpum;ajym=u/ jyef=um;a&;Xmeuvnf; axmufvSrf;a&;b,fESpfa,mufukdrdxm;w,f/
pum;ajympifjrifh&J@b,fbuf taemufbufwkduftjrifh jywif;aygufawGuae uifr&mrsm;eJ@ ckd;¶kdufaew,f ponfrsm; em;
axmifcJh&ygw,f? rdef@cGef;ajym=uwJh ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;/ +yD;awmh &[ef;oHCm (200) avmufu y&dwfw&m;rsm;
&Gwfzwf=uwmvnf; awG@&ygw,f?
jyef=um;a&;Xmeu rSwfwrf;wifajym=um;wJh tcsufwckudk trSwf&ygw,f? tvmvrf;rSm &duQmjzwfcHae&pOfrSm
ig;ajcmufwjym;ukd ac|;cHtusôtwGif;xJ 0Suf,lvmwJhausmif;olwOD;ukd rSwfwrf;wifa=umif; =um;vkduf&ygw,f? aemuf
ausmif;olwOD; ajymwJhtxJrSm trSwf&rdwmuawmh OD;oef@tavmif;ukd wuUokdvf0if;xJ o,fvmprSm olta&;tcif;xJ
rygbJ tdrfukdjyefoGm;cJhw,f? tdrfa&mufawmh tdyf&mxJvJS&if; jyefpOf;pm;=unfhrdcJhw,f? iguawmh wa,mufxJjyefcJhw,f?
igholi,fcsif;awG bmawGjzpfae=uvJ/ b,fvkdjzpfaervJ/ ig wukd,faumif;qefovkd jzpfaeygvm;/ igjyefoGm;r,fvkd@ pOf;pm;
+yD; 0rf;enf;pGmeJ@ajymjyoHukd trSwfxm;vkdufrdygw,f?
jrifuGif;uawmh pkHvSygw,f? usaemfwkd@vnf; oli,fcsif;a&$vSukd awG@&Edk;eJ@apmifh+yD; a[majymyGJxJ epfarsmaecJh=u
ygw,f? tdrfjyefcsifpdwfrsm;vnf; aysmufuek fygw,f? rcHcsifwJhpdwf/ 0rf;enf;a=uuGJr_rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;ae=uwJh ausmif;om;rsm;&J@
cHpm;csufrsm;eJ@ rsufESmrsm;ukd=unfh&if; rcsdwifuJ 0rf;enf;0rf;omcHpm;cJh&ygw,f?
oli,fcsif;a&$vSESifhom qkHcJh=uygu usaemfwkd@ESpfa,muf rjyefzkd@qkH;jzwfvkdufygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ naeapmif;awmh usaemf
wkd@ESpfa,muf rjyefcsifayrJh todr&SdbJ/ bmvkyf&rSef;rodeJ@ oli,fcsif;tkef;=unftdrfukd jyefzkd@qkH;jzwf+yD; wuUokdvf0if;xJrS
jyefxGufcJh=uygw,f? t"dywdvrf;rS tjyifukda&mufzkd@ vltkyf=um;xJ wem&Dcef@=um wajz;ajz; wa&G@a&G@/ ausmif;om;rsm;&J@
vufqGJxm;wJhtokwfvkduf v$wfay;wJhvrf;a=umif;twkdif; jyefxGufcJh=uygw,f?
oli,fcsif;tdrfa&mufawmh rkd;csKyfyg+yD? oli,fcsif;ukda&$vSeJ@ rawG@cJh&wJhta=umif;/ vrf;rSmt&SmcH&wJhta=umif;/
jrifuGif;rsm;ta=umif; ajymjycJhygw,f? oluajymw,f? igajymom;yJ/ rif;wkd@owdeJ@oGm;vkd@ [kajymygw,f?
vrf;rSm&Smaewm olodaeykH&ygw,f? tdrfjyefa&muf+yD; xrif;pm;csifpdwfvJr&Sd/ pdwfxJrSmrcHcsifpdwf/ 0rf;enf;0rf;ompdwfeJ@
razmfjyEdkifwJha0'emukd cHpm;ae&ovkdyJ? tJ'Dn ol@tdrfrSmyJ olau|;wJhxrif;pm;+yD;/ reufa0gjyefr,f qkH;jzwf+yD; tdyf&m0if
cJh=uygw,f? usaemfhpdwfxJ ausmif;0if;xJrSmawmh wckckawmhjzpfawmhrSmyJ vkd@pOf;pm;aerdw,f?
usaemfwkd@awG@cJhwJh vrf;u&yfxm;wJhppfum;awGeJ@ ppfom;awG&J@jrifuGif;&,f/ oli,fcsif;tdrfa&mufawmh olvkyfaewJh
um;eHygwfawG ajymif;a&;aewJhjrifuGif; (2) ckukdpOf;pm;+yD; bmrsm;jzpfvmtkHrvJvkd@ xifcJhygw,f?
usaemfwkd@ESpfa,muf um;rDSzkd@ apmapmtdyf&mrSx+yD; oGm;awmhr,f oli,fcsif;vkd@ E_wfquf+yD; um;*dwfukdxGufcJh=u
ygw,f? igvnf;tvkyf&Sdw,fuG vkd@ajym+yD; aemufrSat;at;aq;aq; vmvnf=uygOD;uGm vkd@ajym+yD; usefcJhygw,f?
um;*dwfrSm tapm}uD; rkef@[if;cg;xkdifpm;aewHk;rSmyJ ppfum;rsm;wpD;+yD;wpD; armif;vmwmawG@&ygw,f? um;ay:
vSrf;=unfhvkdufawmh jrifuGif;u ausmif;om;rsm;/ &[ef;rsm; tm;vkH;ikwfwkwfxkdif/ acgif;ay:vufESpfbufwifxm;+yD;/ um;
aemufrSm aoewfukdifxm;wJh ppfom;av;-ig;a,muf vkdufygoGm;=uwm awG@&ygw,f? um;wef;&J@jrifuGif;uawmh rqkH;yg?
um;*dwfem;rSm =um;vkduf&wJhowif;uawmh tif;pdefaxmifrqef@vkd@/ ukefoG,fa&;*kda'gifawGxJrSmvnf; ykd@aew,fqkdwJh
owif;yg?
- 32 -
oli,fcsif;eJ@tjyefvrf;rSm igwkd@awG@cJhwmawG rSefw,faemf? olwkd@ jyifqifcsdefawmh &avmufaumif;yg&@Jvkd@aygh?

usaemfpOf;pm;aewJh tazajymwJhwwd,tcsufu usaemfhtaz “qifjzLawmf” ppfqifa&;eJ@ axmif (3) ESpf
tif;pdeftaqmif (3) rSmae+yD; jyefxGufvmawmh usaemfwkd@rdom;pk oGm;tóudrSm/ 0ifoGm;awmh tom;t&nf aumif;
aumif;eJ@ jyefxGufvmawmh wJG+yD;xGufvmcJhwJh taz&@JaxmifwGif;tawG@tñuHrsm;rS usaemfodcJh&ygw,f?
axmifxJrSm ynmwwfolrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ tawG@tñuH&ifhusufolrsm;/ awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;&J@ tawG@tñuH
zvS,fr_&vm'frsm;/ vl@b0&@J cg;oD;wJhtawG@tñuHrsm;/ b0rSm&yfwnfoGm;zkd@ wnf+idrf&ifhusufr_rsm;[m vl@avmu}uD;rSm
a,musfm;aumif;awG a&muf&r,fh b0wuUokdvf}uD;ukd qkdvdkygvm;vkd@ tazh&J@qkdpum;ukd todtrSwfðy&if; 1974
&efukef0dZ…mody`HwuUokdvf OD;oef@ta&;ukd wufa&mufcJh/ jrifcJh&wJh/ wuUokdvfra&mufcJhwJh e,fausmif;om;wa,muf&J@
ukd,fawG@tawG@tñuHukd r#a0cHpm;ay;vkdufygw,f?
ukd'D
ausmif;0ifeHygwf 2168
a0gòrd@ txufwef;ausmif;
wa&mifxJtm;
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“'DrSm... oli,fcsif;... rif;vkyfyHku 'dk@tay: rif; wrifoufouf vlyg;0vdkufovdkyJ? 'Davmufta&;}uD;wJh owif;awG
udk ukd,fwdkifudk,fus 'dk@rzwf&bJ rif;jyefajymjyoavmufyJ od& vufcH&r,fqdkwm w&m;enf;vrf;usrus rif;[mrif; jyef
pOf;pm;=unfhygtHk;...”
a'garmeJ@pum;ajymaeol&J@ 'D*&DrsufrSef[m jzmusaewJh rD;acsmif;tvif;a&mifa=umifh ol@acgif; tv_yftvSJ@jzpfwdkif;rSm
jzwfueJ0if;ueJ ta&mifjyufaew,f? wu,fqdk&if ol@rsufvHk;xJu a'gorD; xGufcsifvnf;xGufvmEdkifwmyJ? xGufoifh
w,fvdk@vnf; usaemfxifygw,fav?
udk,fh0rf;emudk,fomod vdk@yJajymvkduf&rvm;? udk,fhta=umif;eJ@udk,frdk@ raumif;omwmyJvm;rod/ usaemf bmrSjyef
rajym/ apm'uwufraeawmh? pmtkyfyHk=um;rSm oufawmifhoufom usaemfvSJavsmif;aerdwJh taetxm;twdkif;
quf+idrfaevdkufw,f? usaemfhrsufcGHawG ydkav;vmovdk ol@pum;oHawGvnf; usaemfem;xJrSm AvHk;AaxG;jzpf+yD; wjznf;
jznf;wdk;n‡if;vmw,f? 'Daemuf usaemftdyfaysmfoGm;cJhw,f? olb,ftcsdefjyefoGm;ovJ/ bmawGajymao;ovJ usaemfrod?
·6-12-1974 wuUodkvfbGJ@ESif;obifcef;ra&S›
a':vma':nm-bkef;}uD;eJ@ OD;ae0if;ZeD;a':cifaroef;udk tm;&yg;&uavmfwkwfaewJh tm*rav;wa,muf yxr
n&J@a[majymyGJudk yGJpvdkuf+yD; arSmif&DysdK;wmeJ@ wuUodkvf0if;xJudk w&m;emy&dowfawG wzGJzGJ0ifvmrpJjzpfaew,f?
nOfheufvmav tat;uydkvmav? tr_dufawG/ 'kwfwdk'kwfpawG/ opfudkif;ajcmufopf&GufajcmufawG/ udk,feJ@vufwurf;
rDS&mrSqGJpk+yD; rD;yHkao;ao;av;awGzdk=uw,f? vufzsm;ajczsm;awG taiG@"mwf&atmif rD;uifae=uwmvnf; wcsKd@tzGJ@
awGusawmh wa,mufeJ@wa,muf wdk;a0S›yl;uyfxkdif=u&if; tat;"mwfudk tHwkqef@usifae=uw,f? ajyma[maeolawG&J@
ydkifEdkifu|rf;usifr_eJ@ csufusvufusjzpfr_tay: rlwnf+yD; wa0ga0gyGJus&,farmoH/ vufckyfoHwajzmif;ajzmif;eJ@ =obmay;oH
awGudkvnf; jywfawmif;jywfawmif;=um;Edkifw,f ...
bGJ@ESif;obifw0dkuf t"dywdvrf;r&J@ wzufwcsuf wcsKd@ae&mawG[m yef;òcHawGeJ@ uHhaumfyif&dyf rdk;aewma=umifh
arSmif&dyfcdkvdk@aumif;wJhae&m acsmifuswJhae&mav;awG jzpfaew,f? tJh'Dae&mawGrSmvnf; v_yfv_yf&G&G ol@y&dowftkyfpkeJ@
ol ae&m,lxm;=uw,f?
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a[majymyGJudktm±HkpdkufaewJh vltkyf}uD;eJ@ tvSrf;enf;enf;a0;wJhae&mrSm jzpfwJhtwGuf ±kwf±kwfoJoJ bmwpHkwckrSrjzpfbJ
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bmjzpfwmvJ... bmjzpfwmvJ... wa,mufeJ@wa,mufvdkufar;=u/ pyfpk=ujyefw,f? wcsKd@u ajracG;awG/ acG;tawG
vltkyfxJ0ifvma&maew,f/ owdxm;aemf? wcsKd@uvnf; bmrSrjzpfavmufygbl;/ jrLeDpy,fu acG;avacG;vGifhawG vdkuf
&Sif;xkwfaewmygwJh...
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tckvdktcif;jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf wuUodkvfausmif;om;}uD;wcsK@d eJ@ tv,fwef;/ txufwef;ausmif;om;awGwGJ+yD; vHkòcH

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zl;olawG yg0ifaew,f? udkvwfqdkwJh vli,fav;qdk&if tawmfuav;udk oGufvufcsufcsm+yD; tm;udk;&wJh vli,facgif;
aqmifrsm;xJu wa,mufaygh? ol@udk vlodvnf;rsm;ygw,f?
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vnf;yg/ wdkifpm/ ypfpm/ vlaysmuf&Smcdkif;wm tpHkygyJ? wcsKd@owif;awGusawmh vlukd,fwdkifE_wfeJ@ay;w,f? pmeJ@ a&;&if
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awGuvnf; vrf;!¸eft}uHay; enf;ay;=uav&J@? 'DtcsdefrSmawmh bmvdkovJ/ bmodcsifovJ/ a&ueftoifh=umtoifhyJ?
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twGif; y&dowfwcsKd@udk tvH&SL;vkyf/ r[kwfrrSefowif;v$ifh/ aoG;qlatmifv_H@aqmf+yD; ausmif;0if;tjyifukd qGJaqmif
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awG wm0efeJ@0ifa&mufvmwmawG trsm;tjym;ukdvnf; od&SdazmfxkwfEdkif+yD; rdrdwdk@eJ@y&dowfvHkòcHa&;twGuf vdktyfwJh
tumtuG,f tpDtrHawG csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhw,f?
tJ'Dyk*~dKvfawGeJ@ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawG[m oufqdkif&mtrnfemr/ &mxl;wm0ef/ ±kyf&nfyHkyef;o¿mef
b,fvdk&Sdr,fawGudkyg tao;pdwfowif;ay;ydk@=uwmjzpfw,f? tm%m&tpdk;&taeeJ@ tzsufvkyfief;awGudk wck+yD;wck
enf;tpHkpHkajymif;vJ+yD; óud;pm;cJh=uayrJhvnf; rdrdwdk@u owif;xl;/ owif;rSefawGukd óudóudwifwif/ OD;OD;zsm;zsm; &&Sdae+rJ
jzpfwJhtwGuf atmifjrifpGmwefjyefEdkifcJh=uw,f? 'DvdkrsKd; wygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&eJ@ qdkifwJhowif;awGudk
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk&Edkifajcu udk,fh&J@twGif;ydkif; (0g) wuUodkvf0if;twGif; *dwfrsm;eJ@ vkyfazmfudkifzufawG&Sd&mrSm jzpfay:vmwJh
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oduQmcsEdkifatmif óud;pm;0g'jzef@cJhao;w,f?
1962 eJ@ tJ'Dumvrwdkifcifu wuUodkvfausmif;om;a[mif; tpfudkt&G,f/ OD;av;t&G,fyk*~dKvfwcsKd@tajymudk jyef
azmfjy&&if... ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifóudwif pDpOfZmwfwdkufr_eJ@ trdef@ay;Xme cdkifckdifrmrmxm;&Sd+yD; rxdef;csKyfEdkifwJh 'DvdkrsKd; vlxktHkºuGr_
qdkwm rD;pif=unfhu&wJhyGJeJ@wlw,f? t"dutcef;u ujyaewJholawG/ 0gr&ifh obmr&ifh&if/ tuif;yg;r_r&Sd&if Zmwfa=um
&Snfwwf+yD; rdk;pif;pif;vif;wmawmif Zmwfrodrf;Edkif/ 'grSr[kwf Zmwfodrf;raumif;wmawG jzpfEdkifw,fqdkwmygyJ?
psmyeaumfrDwD (2) &yf tawG;tjrifrwlr_udk jyefvnfowd&jcif;æ

OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk uefawmfrifyef;+cHqDydk@rvm;/ wuUodkvf0if;xJ wnfaqmufaewJh*lrSmyJ xnfhoGif;oò*õvfrvm;
qdkwJhtay: trnfrwltoHawGxGuf+yD;aemuf aumfrDwDESpf&yf awG@qHkn‡dE_dif;zdk@ ta=umif;zefvmw,f? rEWav;aqmif aumf
rDwD0ifawGu wcsdefrSm usKyfudk tckvdkac:ajymw,f?... “udkapmvSaiG/ 'Dn bGJ@ESif;obifcef;raqmifxJrSm tpnf;ta0;
&Sdr,f? usKyfwdk@qDu ukd,fpm;vS,fawmif;xm;w,f? b,fuudk,fpm;vS,fawG b,fvdktcsKd;us yg0if=urvJawmhrodbl;?
usKyfwdk@aumfrDwDtwGufawmh udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muf v$wfay;zdk@ cGJwrf;csxm;+yDjzpfw,f? 'dk@tm;vHk;u rif;udkoGm;zdk@
a&G;w,f? tJh'g rif; rysufruGufoGm;wufvdkufyg? 'dk@oabmxm;uawmh rif;odxm;wJhtwdkif; wuUodkvf0if;xJrSm
jr‡Kyfa&;yJ?”
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nDtpfudkESpfa,muf usKyfxdkifaewJhae&mudk a&mufvm+yD; rEWav;aqmifaumfrDwD oabmxm;tajymif;tvJ&Sdr&Sd wD;acguf
=uw,f? rae@nu rEWav;aqmifxJrSm olwdk@nDtpfudkeJ@ usKyfwdk@tzGJ@ tawmfuav;pum;ajymjzpfcJh=uw,f? 'ga=umifh
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qdk+yD; vmac:wmeJ@ usKyfwdk@oHk;a,muf xyfvdkufoGm;=uw,f? tpnf;ta0;pm;yGJ0dkif;rSm udk,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;ausmf
- 34 -
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wdk@eJ@ woabmwnf;yJ r[kwfvm;...” usKyfacgif;cgjyw,f? +yD;rS tajctaeudk twdkcsKyf&Sif;jy+yD; (3) rJ (10) rJausmfeJ@
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ydk@r,fvdk@ cifAsm;wkd@tm;vHk;eD;yg;u qHk;jzwf+yDqdkrSawmh usKyfwdk@ udk,fhtdrfudk,f jyef=u±HkyJ&Sdwmaygh?” yef;&Hq&m ukvm;&mrif;
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tjzpfawmh ta&mufrcHEdkifbl;...”
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n‡dE_dif;zdk@ wm0ef,lr,f ...raumif;bl;vm; ...”
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vdkuf&awmhrSmyJ ...
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rEWav;aqmifjyef=um;a&;taeeJ@ &&SdwJhowif;awGteufu twnfðy&tcufcJqHk; owif;uawmh (8) &ufae@nrSm
0ifvmwJh owif;wckygyJ? tJh'guawmh OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk uefawmfrifrydk@eJ@/ ydk@&ifvnf; uefawmfrifa&mufrSmr[kwfbl;?
vrf;rSmyJ tpazsmufcH&vdrfhr,f qdkwJhowif;ygyJ? 'Dowif;eJ@ywfouf+yD; rEWav;aqmifaumfrDwDeJ@ oufqdkif&mtodkif;
t0dkif;u jzpfEdkifajc&Sdw,fvdk@ em;vnfcJhayrJh rEWav;aqmifaumfrDwDtay: tr_ywfEdkifwJhtwGuf vHk;0a&ikHE_wfydwfaecJhw,f?
'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; tcsdefwefrS vlxkbmomvlxk óudufovdkqHk;jzwfygapqdk+yD; apmifh=unfhcJhw,f? wu,fvdk@ uefawmfrif
udk oGm;ydk@&r,fqdk&ifvnf; tavmif;udk toufeJ@vJ+yD; umuG,f=uzdk@ udk,fhzmomudk,f }udwfpDpOfxm;vdkufw,f?
»»»»»???»»»»»
tavmif;udk wuUodkvf0if;twGif;rSmyJ jr‡KyfvdkufwJhae@
nbuf aumif;aumif;av; tdyfpuf&w,f? *dwfawGrSmawmh vHkòcHa&;ydkpnf;=uyfxm;w,f? &wJhowif;awGt&
pDppf+yD; zrf;rdwJh axmufvSrf;a&;oHk;toHzrf;puf/ uifr&mtao;pm;eJ@ tjcm;rouFmzG,f&mypPnf;qdkwmawGudk vHkòcHa&;
*dwfawGu rdrdwdk@aumfrDwD!¸ef=um;csufeJ@tnD rdwJhae&m vlxka&S›arSmufrSm xkacszsufqD;cJh=uwmjzpfw,f?
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(10) &ufae@eHeuf (10;00) em&Dowif;

t"duowif;&if;jrpf av;ckuaevmwJh owif;jzpf+yD; av;ckpvHk;udkaygif;pyf,lrS wckvHk;yHkay:vmw,f? ae@vnf
(2;00) em&Dowif;rSmawmh aygif;pyfxm;wJhowif;twkdif; tvm;wludkufnDaewJh pDrHcsufwckvHk;udk owif;vmydk@ay;wm
jzpfw,f? &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf todkif;t0dkif;xJu aomhcsufyk*~dKvfwOD;&J@ udk,fa&;t&m&SdxHu vmwmjzpf+yD; ol@wlrvdk@
qdkwJh wuUodkvfausmif;olrSwqifh ydk@ay;jcif;jzpfw,fvdk@ rSwfrdaeao;w,f? 'Dowif;awGudkvnf; aemufqHk;0if&Sif;wJhtxd
vlod&Sif=um; xkwfjyefjcif;rðycJhyg?
vufOD;r_&Sd&Sd vdktyfovdk óudwifpDrHaqmif&Guf&rnfrsm;udkrl tcsdeftcgESifhtajctae tcGifhtcgay:rlwnf+yD; aqmif
&GufpDrH wkH@jyefEdkifcJh=uygw,f?
10-12-74 noef;acgifausmf (2;00) em&D

aumfrDwD0iftaygif;oif;wa,muf usKyfudkv_yfEdk;w,f? “apmvSaiG/ aemufem&Dtenf;i,favmufqdk ppfbDvl;awG
0ifvmawmhr,f? rvGwfruif;jzpfEdkifwJh pm&Gufpmwrf;awG bm&Sdao;vJ? t+yD;&Sif;ypfawmh...” tdyfr_efpHkr$m;eJ@ usaemfx+yD;
toifhxkyfxm;wJh pmxyf}uD;udk ay;vdkufw,f? ol aoaocsmcsmppfaq; rD;&_d›ypfvdkufw,f? +yD;awmh ESpfa,mufom; *dk&S,f
(ac:) vSatmif (RIT) vkyfxm;wJh aiGpm&if;yg&SdwJh aiGxkyfudk taqmifwGif; acsmifusvHkòcHwJhwae&mrSm oGm;zGufxm;
vdkuf=uw,f? wjcm;odoifhwJhvlawGvnf; aiGxm;wJhae&mjyay;cJhw,f?
tajctaeuawmh vmr,fhab; ajy;awG@r[kwfbJ/ vmr,fhab;udk aoG;at;at;eJ@ apmifhaewmygyJ? zJorm;pum;eJ@
ajym&&ifawmh oydwf0iftdwf0if tEdkifydkif;xm;+yD;om;jzpfaevdk@yJ? aecJhoifholawG aecJh=u/ tjyifxGufoifholawG xGufoGm;
Edkif=uatmif em;vnfr_tjynfheJ@ pDpOfaqmif&GufcJh=uw,f?
eHeuf (3;00) em&DcGJcef@

“a[haumif ...xawmh/ rif;wa,mufyJ usefawmhw,f? atmufqif;=ur,f? ppfwyfawG/ &JawG ausmif;xJudk
0ifvmae+yD? jrefjrefvky.f ..” usKyfudkvmac:wJhol[m csufcsif;yJ jyefajy;xGufoGm;w,f? usKyfvnf; ol@aemufu xyfcsyf
ruGmvdkufoGm;w,f?
t"dywdvrf;rxdyf t0if0udk =unfhvdkufw,f? wHcg;r}uD;wHcg;ESpfcsyfudk u&def;eJ@qGJxkwfypfvdkufw,f? ppfom;awG/
vHkxdef;awG tvHk;t&if;eJ@0ifvmw,f? ausmif;0if;tjyifrSm oHcsyfumum;/ tm;rwfum;awG 0ef;&Hxm;w,f? wuUodkvf
"rRm±Hkbufu puftajrmufawGudkvnf; toifhtaetxm;eJ@ csdefxm;=uw,f?
oHcarmufw0if;0if;/ vSHpGyfwvufvufeJ@ ppfom;awG [dkrS'DrSajy;v$m;+yD; vltkyf}uD;udk tpdwfpdwftr$mr$mjzpfatmif
cGJxkwfaew,f? aoewfoH/ rsuf&nf,dkAHk;aygufoH/ nmoHay;+yD; 0ifa&muf±dkufESufoH/ '%f&mtemw&eJ@ emusifpl;&SpGm
atmfoHawG/ yGufavmnHaew,f? wu,fhppfajrjyifjrifuGif;yJ? qvdkufrD;armif;}uD;awGudk vuf,Sufxdk;xm;wJhtwGuf
aecif;a=umifawmifvdkyJ vif;aew,f? 'Hk;usnfrD;yef;vnf; azmufvdkufao;w,f?
ppfwyfeJ@vHkxdef;awGu tkyfpkawGcGJ+yD; 0dkif;zrf;vdk@&wJholawGudk oHk@yef;vdk acgif;ay:vufwif aexm;cdkif;w,f? aemufqHk;
t"dywdvrf;ray:rSm twef;vdkufpD xdkifxm;cdkif;w,f? ESif;r_HeJ@ rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rD;cdk;awG a&maew,f? wuUodkvfrSma0wJhESif;/
uHhaumfeH@roif;ygbl;? aoG;nDeH@eJ@,rf;eH@yJ oif;aew,f? “ESif;av;awGrS[kwf&J@vm;” vdk@qdkwJh oDcsif;t"dy`g,fu 'DrSm
jynfhpHkoGm;w,f?
“[dkaumif ...rif;acgif;ay:wifcdkif;xm;wJhvufudk b,fyaxG;trdef@&vdk@ ðzwfwmvJ?” ppfom;wa,muf&J@ pum;
tqHk;rSm vHkxdef;ESpfa,mufu 0ifóuH;vdkufwmeJ@ pdkif;odkufeef;vdk@xif&wJhvl[m usKyfab;uae 'vdrfhacgufauG;eJ@ vGifhxGuf
oGm;w,f? usKyfeJ@cyfapmif;apmif;avmufrSm apmxGef;wa,muf yg0grsufrSefr&SdawmhbJ rsufpduaoG;,dkpD;usaewm apmif;
apmif;taetxm;eJ@ =unfhjrifvdkuf&w,f?
vlwa,muf 0ifvmw,f? tem;rS0dkif;ywfapmifh=uyfaewJh ppfom;eJ@vHkxdef;awG ab;udk&SJxGufoGm;w,f? taumif
}uD;xJuyJ jzpfvdrfhr,f? ppfodk;ar$;qG,fwm0wfxm;awmh ycHk;ay:rSm b,fESpfyGifhvJ/ ua&mif;vm; bmvm; rodEdkifbl;?
ppfa&mifodk;ar$;acgif;pGyfvnf; pGyfxm;w,f?
usKyftem;udka&mufawmh olu... “ignDwdk@vkyfwm rSefw,f/ ignDwdk@tm;ri,feJ@/ ra=umufeJ@? rif;wdk@aemufrSm
tpfudkwdk@ t+rJwrf;&Sdaer,f” wJ.h ..
- 36 -
pum;oH[m odwfwdk;wdk;r[kwfbl;? usKyfwdk@ acgif;ay:vufwif+yD; pkxdkifaewJh tem;w0dkufu vlwdkif;

aumif;aumif;=um;Edkifavmufw,fvdk@ usKyfxifw,f? 'Dajympum;eJ@ywfouf+yD; usKyf trSefwu,foHo,jzpfcJhw,f?
Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrifhwdk@&J@ EdkifiHawmfvkyf}uHr_}uD; ray:vmciftxdqdkygpdk@?
Ak'<bmomtygt0if ,Ofaus;wJhbmomwkdif;/ vlrsKd;wdkif;[m romwacguf/ ausmif;q,facgufqdk+yD; oma&;xuf
ema&;rSm ydkvdk@ vlr_0wW&m; ausyGefwwf=uw,f? olwdk@&J@ jrifhjrwfwJhpdwfaeoabmxm;/ ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;udk 'DudpP
awGrSm rSwfausmuftwifcH=uwmvnf;jzpfw,f?
,Ofaus;wJh trsKd;aumif;om;/ trsKd;aumif;orD;awG[m 74 OD;oef@ta&;tcif;rSm wdkif;jynf*k%frn‡dK;&atmif
wa,mufwvuf wwyfwtm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uw,f? toGifo¿meftm;jzifh vlr_a&;oufouf oabmaqmifayrJh
tESpfom&ydkif;rSm EdkifiHa&;t"dy`g,fvnf; tav;eufyg0ifw,fvdk@ rdrdem;vnfcHpm;rdw,f?
OD;ae0if;wdk@a=umifh wuUodkvfaumvdyfwdk@&J@rlvblw yifrwuUodkvfuae OD;oef@udk olrsm;EdkifiHawGvdk *k%fxl;aqmif
bGJ@ray;EdkifcJhayrJh usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;§olawGu jynfov l lxktultnDeJ@ bJG@ESif;obifcef;rxJrSm ol@±kyfuvmyfudk
xnfhxm;+yD; yef;awGeJ@a0atmif tvSqifvsuf xdkufxdkufwefwef*g&0ðycJh=uw,f? blrdeufoH or*~&ifjyifrSm tkwf*lvkyf+yD;
awmh jr‡KyfESHoò*õvfay;vdkufw,f?
tavmif;jr‡Kyf+yD;wJhnu udkxGef;ausmf+idrf;eJ@bkdbkdausmf+idrf;wdk@ ta&;w}uD;okwfoD;okwfjymeJ@ vm=uw,f? udkarmif
armifwdwf}uD;eJ@ pum;ajymae=uwm olwdk@rsufESmrSm pdk;&drfylyifr_awG txif;om;ay:aecJhw,f? “cifAsm;wkd@ 'Dn xGufoGm;
=uawmh? cifAsm;wdk@oGm;csifwJh vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf; wckckqDudkaygh? 'D vªxm;wJh aiGeJ@vuf0wf a&$/ aiGypPnf;awG[m
cifAsm;wdk@xifovdk OD;oef@psmyetwGuf oufoufvnf; [kwfcsifrS[kwfrSm/ awmfvSefa&;c&D;twGuf jzpfaumif;jzpfrSm
...tck MC-2 0yf (Ward) awGudk &Sif;xm;w,fvdk@ od&w,f? 'gu tavmif;awGxnfhzdk@ jyifxm;wmyJ? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;
wdk@ qHk;jzwf=uyg? 'Dowif;[m twdtusyJ? usaemfwdk@uawmh tdrfuaeyJ tzrf;cHvdkufawmhr,f...” olwdk@ tckvdkajymqdk
ae=ucsdefrSm usaemftem;rSm&SdaeayrJh wpHkw&m 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rðycJhygbl;? udkarmifarmifwdwfuawmh usaemfwdk@
tkyfpkoabmxm;udk xif[yfwJhpum;vHk;awGeJ@ tckvdkwkef@jyefcJhw,f...
“usaemfwdk@uawmh roGm;awmhbl;Asm? usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;jynfolrsm;eJ@twl 'DrSmyJae+yD; &ifqdkifvdkufawmhr,f?
cifAsm;wdk@nDtpfudk&J@ apwemeJ@ wm0efodr_/ vkyfazmfudkifzufawGtay:xm;wJh oHa,mZOfawGudkawmh usKyfwdk@em;vnfyg
w,f...”
wu,fqdkawmh 'Dowif;awGudkvnf; usaemfwdk@ &&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; trmcHvkyfazmfudkifzufawGxJu
tajctaeeJ@qENt& xGufrJholawGudk em;vnfay;cJhwmaygh?
vHkòcHa&;eJ@n‡dE_dif;+yD; &moDOwkuvnf; tat;rsm;vmwJhtwGuf cav;i,ftcsKd@eJ@rdcifrsm;/ ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;/ udk,f0ef
aqmifrsm;udk tcsdefrSDjyefxGufoGm;atmif tcsdefvkpDpOfcJh=u&ygw,f? 'DvdkjyefxGufzdk@ usKyfwdk@u wdkufwGef;pDpOfwJhtwGuf
wcsKd@rdcifawG&J@ rsufESmay:u a'go&dyfawGudkawmh tm;empGmeJ@ rsufESmv$JcJh=u&ygw,f? aemufqkH;*dwfwHcg;rsm;ydwfcsdef[m
(10;00) em&Drdk@yg? 'DvdkeJ@yJ vlwaomif;eD;yg;uae ig;axmifausmfavmufyJ wuUodkvf0if;xJrSm &Sdawmhw,f? xyfxkwf&if
xGufoGm;rJhy&dowf vrf;rSmtEW&m,f&SdEdkfifovdk rxGufoGm;csifwJhtwGuf trsufa'goeJ@ rdrdwdk@udk wkef@jyefvmr,fh tajc
taerSmvnf; &Sdaew,f?
OD;oef@ta&;tcif;udk tpOfojzifh a&S›qDudkwl&lvnfaewJh bD;wbD;taeeJ@ yHkcdkif;&&if tv,f0if±dk;[m ausmif;om;xk&J@
pdwf"mwfeJ@oduQmygyJ? (rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;/ txufwef;/ wuUodkvftxdxk}uD;ygyJ)
“=unfhprf; ...bmvdkvdkeJ@ ESpfaygif; (30) ausmfcJh+yD? jynfwGif;ppfrD;}uD;vnf; w[kef;[kef;awmufavmifaumif;aeqJ?
trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJaeyHkuvnf; b,fwkef;ueJ@rwl/ wdkif;jynf}uD;uvnf; emoxufem/ epfoxufepf...”
“'DvdkyHkpHeJ@ rdk;}uD;csKyfv#ifawmh...”
aocsifwJhusm;uawmh awmajymif;ae+yDqdkwm ...tpfudkwdk@todqHk;/ 'DwcsD tpfudkwdk@eJ@nDwdk@ jyefqHk=urJhyGJrSmawmh
rdk;rcsKyfcif tdyfjyefa&mufEdkif=u&atmif...”
apm{&mvd_if
- 37 -
OD;oef@u|ef; [k *k%fðytrnfay;xm;aom
e,l;a,mufòrd@rS u|ef;uav;
odyfonf;qjcif; b,fwlyg@rvJ
armifvlysKd (rdom;pk0kdif;)
usaemf &efukefa&mufonfhESpf 1969-ckESpfupvdk@ cGyfa'gif;tvHukd jyefvnfpwif jrifvm&onfrSm r*Fvm}uD;wyg;[k
qdk&ygrnf? vrf;rawmf t-x-u (1) &efukef/ q,fwef;ausmif;om;b0a&mufrSyif cGyfa'gif;tvHudk pwifjrifzl;.? orD;
av;pdk@pdk@rSmawmh rlóudb0uyif zkef;armfta&;tcif;upvdk@ cGyfa'gif;tvHudk jrifzl;aeonf? uGmjcm;r_}uD;onfudk b0ESifh
csdefpuf+yD; cHpm;&ygonf?
u|ef;qG,ftm;upm;yGJ usif;yonfh ordkif;ausmif;0if;twGif;rS pwifay:xGufvmonfh ausmif;om;xk.v_yf&Sm;r_?
tJ'Dwkef;u udkatmifoef;/ udkausmfwifhwdk@ yg0ifcJhonfudkod&.? 1970-ckESpfwGif usaemf wuUodkvfodk@a&muf+yD? wuUodkvf
a&$&wkobifESifh yufyif;wdk;onf? armfvòrdifaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ pwifvdkuf+yDjzpfI usif;yqJa&$&wkudk
ydwfvdkuf.? ‚if;ae@nYyif usaemfwdk@xdkifaeus urm&Gwft0dkif;}uD;udk pzsufqD;vdkufonf? ausmif;ydwf tdrfjyefcdkif;onfh
enf;onf rqvtm%mydkifrsm;. vlpkcGJonfhenf;jzpfonf?
'kwd,ESpf/ wwd,ESpfumvrsm;? &cdkifausmif;om;wOD; "g;xdk;cH&r_ESifh v_dif*wfwJ0kdif;onfhta&;tcif;/ urm&Gwf*wfwJ
rD;±_d@onfhta&;tcif;rsm; ESpfckudk yGJOD;xGufqifEGJzl;ae.? udk,hfvufESifh udk,fwdkifudk,fus py,f&S,frD;±_d@vdkuf&onfh Oya'
ausmif;om;wOD;.t&omudk b,fbGJ@ESifhrSrvJEdkifyg? Oya'opfudk a&;qGJrnfhvufonf Oya'a[mif;udk rkcszsufqD;&rnf-
toJcdkufatmif ,kH=unf.?
Oya'ausmif;om; udkaemf&def;/ udkwifjrifhwdk@ tzrf;cH&+yD; axmifusoGm;.? w&Gmwnf;om; udkwifazvnf; axmifus
oGm;.? oli,fcsif;tpm; ig@udkzrf;v#if aumif;av&J‹vdk@ oli,fcsif;rsm;udk ajymjzpf.? udkwifaz axmifuxGufvmonfhtcg
rdom;pk0dkif; (awmifukwf-oHwGJ-*G) ynmoifaxmufyHha&;toif;rS axmufyHha=u;csD;jr‡ifhEdkifcJhI toif;udk,fpm;*k%f,lrd.?
*wfwJrD;±_d@+yD;aemuf 1974-ckESpfwGif ZGefv (6) &uftvkyform;oydwf}uD; ay:aygufvm.? wckckawmh vdktyfae+yD
qdkonfudk toJESvkH;rSodae.? atmifoH+cdrfh+cdrfh/ tusnf;wefãe-ponfh oli,fcsif;&Jabmfrsm;pkxkwfonfh uAsmpmtkyf
av;awG xGufae.? xdkpOfu pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfrSeH&Huyfpmapmif “vlr_pD;yGm;” rSm emrnf}uD;jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@XmecsKyf
u Oya'Xmeab;&Sd udkatmif&ifvBuf&nfqdkif? ukuUdK&GufaºuGawG/ usD;uef;csD;awG ckHay:rSm ±_yfyGayusHaeygap usaemfwdk@u
txdkifrysuf? xdkpOfu “rdk;&dyfav&dyf” (q&mpGrf;/ q&mrdk;wdk@yg0ifa&;om;)/ ±dk;r&dyfajc/ pufwifbmrD;awmuf/ atmufwdkbm
vrf;a=umif;/ "g;ajr‡mifeD ponfh taoG;tom;ESifh&if;+yD; a&;om;xm;onfh uAsmpmtkyfrsm; wzGJzGJxGufae.? pmayonf
awmfvSefa&;udk armif;wifaeonf? pmayorm;rsm;ESifh tu|rf;0ifcGifh&.? udkeD[def;/ udkxufjruf/ udk0if;wifhxGef;/
udkEdkif0if;aqG/ udkboif;/ udkausmf/ udkatmif/ rrvS? usaemfwdk@rSm aygufpav;rsm;omjzpf.? yef;qdk;wef;vrf;ab; ca&yif
awGatmufwGif udkboif;ESifh pmtkyfta&mif;xGuf.? wrl;wrwf ydkufqHav;rsm;&v#if udk=unfvbuf&nfqdkif ajy;=u&
onf? ,ckxd rsufpdxJurxGufEdkifao;? tpfudk}uD;rsm;udk vGrf;qGwfwordygonf? xdkumvrSmyif ZGef (6) tvkyform;
- 38 -
oydwfwdkufyGJ}uD;udk awG@jrifóuHóuduf jzwfoef;vdkuf&.? ausmif;om;todrSwqifh wdk;wuf+yD; tvkyform;todwckudk &&Sd

vdkuf.? tb,frSm aysmufysufEdkifygtHhenf;?
tvkyform;oydwf}uD;t+yD; 6-vavmuft=umwGif OD;oef@psmyeta&;tcif;}uD; ay:aygufvmygonf? OD;oef@.
tacgif;}uD; r*Fvm'kHavqdyfodk@ qdkufa&mufvmygonf? ausmif;om;rsm; xdkae@u v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfae=u.? usaemfwdk@.
A[dkXmecsKyf}uD;um; OD;cspfqdkifjzpf.? b,fudpPjzpfjzpf xdkae&mrSpwif v_yf&Sm;=uIjzpfonf? OD;oef@.acgif;}uD;udk usKduUpH
uGif;rS &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;0if;twGif;odk@a&mufatmif vltkyf}uD;jzifh pDwef;o,faqmif=u.? t"dywdvrf;r}uD;
twdkif; csDwufum bGJ@ESif;obifcef;r}uD;xJodk@ oGif;vdkuf=uonf? bGJ@,lrnfhpifjrifhwGif OD;oef@.ra[mf*eDacgif;}uD;udk
oyf,yfcef@nm;pGm xm;vdkuf=u.? OD;oef@udkóudqdk*k%fðy oò*õ[for_ðycJh=uolrsm;onf ,cktcg EdkifiHtESH@a&mufae=uonf?
OD;oef@udk urBmuodovdk 8-4 vkH;&Jabmfrsm;udk urBmuodae.? aumif;r_ðycJh=uonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh EdkifiH.aus;Zl;
opPmudk usaemfwdk@ wae@w&ufr# rarhoifh? EdkifiHjcm;a&mufae=uolrsm; a&=unfaomufv#if a&wGif;wl;cJholrsm;. aus;Zl;
opPmudk odwwf=uzdk@vdkygonf? Tum; awmfvSefa&;opPmjzpf.?
OD;oef@psmyeta&;tcif;}uD;udk tpfudkawmfrsm;jzpfonfh udkwifpdk;/ udkjrifh[ef/ udkwdwf/ udkaomif;at;/ udkvSaiGwdk@ESifh
vufwGJI yg0ifqifEGJcJh.? olwdk@rSm rEWav;aqmifa&S@wGif psmyeaumfrwDjzpfI tvkyfrsm;ae=u.? OD;oef@tkwf*l wnf
aqmuf&ef &cdkifoli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl tkwfo,f=u.? ac|;rsm;pdkc|Jae+yD; tkwfr_H@awGayusHaeonfhvufjzifh a&cGufudkifI
roifh? ausmif;olav;rsm;u yg;pyfxJta&muf a&cGH@wdkuf.? &Jabmf&Jbufpdwf"mwfudk azmfjy=uonf? &efukefwòrd@vkH;
wuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJ a&mufaeovm; xif&onf? vrf;av#mufvkd@ r&Edkifavmufatmif pnfum;onf? Tr#}uD;
rm;onfh vlxky&dowfudk rawG@óuHzl;?
TtawmtwGif; tdrfjyef=urnfholrsm;udk ynmoifaxmufyHha&;toif; (rdom;pk0dkif;) &HykHaiGrS aiGxkwfay;&onf? rdrd
udk,fwdkifvnf; tdrfjyefcJhonf? apmapmpD;pD; bmvdk@tdrfjyefcJhwmvJ-a=umufvdk@vm;-'grsKd;ra=umuf&bl;? usaemfhararonf
om;udk ,ckuJhodk@ w&Hwcgr# rwdkufwGef;cJhzl;? ODoef@[m wu,fhbk&m;'um}uD;yg wJh? tar. yxrqkH;aomwyfvSef@oH?
ararhaw;oHudk =um;a,mifaerdonf? tdrfa&muf+yD; aemufwae@ ausmif;0if;xJ0ifodrf;+yD; ausmif;om;awGudk zrf;qD;oGm;
a=umif;od&.?
ausmif;jyefwufawmh udkwifpdk;wdk@ygoGm;=u+yD? ausmif;aeraysmfawmh? ynmoifaxmufyHha&;toif;rS udkpdk;0if;/
udkpdk;at;wdk@ESifhom qHkjzpf=uonf? jyuQ'defxkwfI &HykHaiG&Sm=u&.? aomif;ESifhcsDI &HykHaiG&xm;.? r*~Zif;xkwf&ef
pdkif;jyif;=uonf? rdom;pk0dkif;r*~Zif;? &cdkifwefaqmifr*~Zif; &HykHaiGxJrS ,m,DxkwfokH;+yD; jyefqyf&efjzpfonf? &cdkifoli,fcsif;
rsm;ESifh 0kdif;0ef;v_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? &ufawG vawG odyfrsm;r=umvdkuf?
1975-ckESpf ZGef (6) &uf tvkyform;oydwf ESpfywfvnfawmhrnf? toif;&HykHaiGudk b¾ma&;rª;xH óudwiftyfxm;
vdkuf.? ajcpkHypf0ifawmhrnff? ordkif;ausmif;aqmifwGifpma0&ef zefacsmif;vdSrfh.? pwifv_yf&Sm;=u+yD? òrd@xJxGuf+yD; ±Hk;awG
wufum v#Kd@0Sufpma0=uonf? ZGef (6) ESpfywfvnfoydwf}uD; atmifjrifpGmay:xGufvmonf? òrd@xJpDwef;vSnfhvnfum
a=unmcsufawG yvlysHatmif xkwfa0=u.? &uf=umoGm;+yD? aemufqkH; a&$wd*kHbk&m;wGif pcef;cs=u&.? ZGefv 11-&uf
eHeuf 4-em&DY a&$wd*kH&ifjyifrS tif;pdefaxmifodk@ wef;ydk@onf?
2-vr# ppfa=uma&;0if+yD;aemuf wdkufrStaqmifodk@ydk@onf? awG@ygav+yD? “a[-rif;ygvmovm;” taqmiftay:
xyfrS udkwifpdk;.toH? olu usaemfvGwf+yD; wae&ma&mufoGm;apcsifonf? b0wuUodkvfwGif ausmif;om;ESifh tvkyf
orm; aygif;pnf;rd=uav+yD? axmifxJaepOf usaemfhtoJESvkH;udk r#m;okH;pif; typfcH&.? udkwifarmifOD;udk óud;ay;owfvdkuf
onfhae@? b0rSwfwrf;jzpfonf? aemufwpif;-rdbxufyifcspfonfhtzGm; qkH;onfhae@? aemufqkH;wpif;/ tpfudk}uD;
udkoef;a&$ (=o*kwfaoG;) tif;pdefaxmifwGif;rSmyif &efolowfvdk@aooGm;a=umif; odvdkuf&onfheHeufcif;? aqmif;wGif;?
rsuf&nfylawG pD;qif;ae.? tjyifursuf&nfESifh axmifxJursuf&nf odyfonf;qjcif; b,fwlyghrvJ?
armifvlysKd (rdom;pk0dkif;)
16-12-2005
jrwfEdk;zG,f&m &wemayrkd@...
&JxGËf
1974 'DZifbmv OD;oef@ta&;tcif;pjzpfawmh pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdvf 'kwd,ESpfpmoifcef;rsm;rSm usaemfwufaeqJjzpf
onf? ae@ausmif;om;rkd@ ql;avum;*dwfu trSwf (9) vif;av;um;}uD;rsm;ukd q,fhig;jym;ay;pD;u tif;vsm;uefapmif;ESifh
vrf;oG,fav;omjcm;onfh usaemfwkd@ausmif;a&SŒrSwfwkdifokd@ a&mufygonf? tJ'Dae@eHeufu rSwfrSwf&& trSwf (9) um;ay:
- 39 -
uqif;qif;csif; jynfvrf;ay:rSaeI pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdvf0ifvrf;twkdif; bGJ@ESif;obifa&S@ukd OD;wnfxm;aom t"dywdvrf;

wav#muf a'gh*spfum;rsm; pDwef;xm;onfukd rsufaphwqHk; awG@vkduf&onf? bmjzpfae=uonfukd pkHprf;aep&mrvkd?
ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; OD;oef@psmyeukd usKduUqHuGif;odk@ vdkufydk@=uzdk@ ausmif;om;xkpk±Hk;ae=ujcif;
jzpfonfudk odvdkuf&onf? pmoifcef;wGif;odk@ ajcOD;rvSnfhrdawmh? óuH&mum;wpD;ay:wufI usKduUqHuGif;odk@ vdkufcJhawmh
onf? v_yf&Sm;wufºuGaeaom ausmif;om;xk.tm;rmefudk =unfh&if;=unfh&if; ...wcgrSr&&Sdzl;aom tiftm;w&yf &ifwGif;
Y jzpfay:vmonf? ,if;tiftm;ESifhrdrd/ rdrdESifh,if;tiftm; cGJjcm;r&awmh? aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtxd rdrdonf ,if;tiftm;
. tpdwftydkif;w&yf jzpfaeawmhrnfqdkonfudk xdkpOfu pdk;pOf;r#r&dyfpm;rdcJh?
OD;oef@±kyftavmif;udk wuUodkvf0if;twGif;okd@ rqvtm%mykdifwkd@. vkdtifqENukd qef@usifI &[ef;oHCmESifh
ausmif;om;jynfol aygif;pkIo,fvmcJh=uonf?
tb,fa=umifhygenf;? ukvor*~ twGif;a&;rª;csKyfoufwrf; (2) }udrfwkdifwkdif xrf;aqmifcJh&onfh OD;oef@ukd ausmif;
om;jynfoltaygif;u jrefrmh*k%faqmif om;aumif;&wem[k rSwf,l=uonf? xkdufxkdufwefwef *k%fðyvkd=uonf/ EdkifiH
awmfpsmyetjzpf owfrSwfI crf;crf;em;em; oò*õvfvkd=uonf? Akdvfae0if;um; jynfol@tjrifukdem;rvnf/ jynfol@oabm
xm;ukdr&,l/ jynfolcspfonfhOD;oef@tay: 0efwkdrp>&d,xm;&Sdonf? yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw}uD;rm;pGmjzifh =uHawmok\ef&Sd
ol@ZeD; a':cifaroef;*lajc&if;wGif oò*õvfaponf? Ttcsufu taxGaxGrauseyfr_jzifh avmifòrdufaeaom ausmif;om;
jynfolwkd@tm; rD;avmif&mavyifhouJhokd@ jzpfapcJhonf? OD;oef@psmyerD;yGm;av;um; orkdif;0if rqvqef@usifa&;tkHºuGr_
vlxkta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd jzpfyGm;vmapawmhonf? xkdnu &efyHkaiG&SmazGa&;twGuf wm0ef,l&aom ausmif;om;tkyfpkESifh
twl usaemfa&mygoGm;onf? rSwfrSwf&& tif;,m;aqmiftaqmifxJtxd nDri,fwdk@cGifhðyI 0ifa&muftvªcH=u&onf?
ta&;óuHI oufvHkaumif;=uonfh nDtpfudkarmifESrwdk@. aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_udk jyefawG;=unfhawmh ,ae@wdkif =uufoD;arG;
n‡if;x&p+rJjzpfonf? &$ifðyH;wufºuGpGm vufaumuf/ vufpGyf/ qGJóud;utp c|wfvªaeaom nDri,frsm;a=umifh odrfarG@El;nHh
+yD; =unfvifoef@&Sif;onfhcHpm;r_rsm; jzpfay:vm&onf? wuUodkvf*dwf. wHcg;toD;oD;wGif ezl;pnf;teDav;awGpnf;um
tpfudkawmfrsm;ae&mcsay;onfh vHkðcHa&;wm0efudk csrf;at;vSonfh aqmif;nrsm;udk&ifqdkiftefwk&if; rnnf;rnL wm0ef,l
ae=uonfh txufwef;ausmif;rSnDi,frsm;. ±kyfyHkv$mu Tta&;tcif;udk pGef@cGmoGm;&ef wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfaeonfh twW
rm&fewfudk &ifqdkiftefwk&mwGif t}uD;rm;qHk;tiftm;rsm;jzpfvm&onf?
vª'gef;vdkuf=uonfh xrif;xkyfrsm; tpm;taomufrsm;um; pm;Irukef? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;raxmifhwae&mwGif pkyHkae
onf? pifjrifhay:&Sd OD;oef@±kyfuvmyfudk vma&muf*g&0ðyaeonfh vlxkum; ae@nrpJ? bGJ@ESif;obiftjyifbuf&Sd ausmif;
om;xk&JŒ &ifzGifhyGJu ausmif;om;ta&; awmif;qdka&;rSonf ppftkyfpkðzwfcsa&; aºuG;a=umfoHtxd nHvmonf? ±kyfuvmyf
udk ,cifwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftOD;a[mif;ae&mwGif jr‡KyfESHzdk@qHk;jzwfcsufu tajrmftjrif&Sd+yD; EdkifiHa&;
t"dy`g,f jynfh0vSonf? ppftkyfpktay: ausmif;om;ESifh&[ef;jynfolwdk@. t}uD;tus,fxdk;ESufcsufjzpfonf? aqmufvuf
p wuUodkvfpm=unfhwdkufrS tkwfcJrsm;udk rEWav;aqmifa&S@ ,cifor*~taqmuftOD;ae&modk@ vufqifhurf; o,faqmif
ae=uonfh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk jrif&onfhjrifuGif;u urBm@tvSyqHk;&_cif;rsm;teuf wcktygt0ifjzpfonf? =unfh
Ir0?
ausmif;om;a,mifaqmifI vma&mufaxmufvSrf;=uaom rqvtEG,frsm;uvnf; rao;vS? ausmif;0if;twGif;
azmfxkwf&onfESifh bGJ@ESif;obiftxufxyf tcef;i,fwckodk@ ac:xkwfIppfar;&onf? wcsKdŒrxdef;EdkifI &dkufrdESufrdonfh
tqifh&SdayrJh tvGeftu|Hrjzpf=u? a[majym+yD; jyefv$wfvdkufwmyJjzpfonf?
OD;oef@±kyftavmif;udk ajrjr‡Kyfonfhae@uawmh pdwftv_yf&Sm;&qHk;jzpfonf? jyef=um;a&;udpP&yfrsm;wGif wm0efusaeI
rEWav;aqmifay:rSm &Sdae&onf? rEWav;aqmifay:wDudkay:rS OD;oef@nDOD;cef@u y&dowf}uD;udkrdef@cGef;ajymawmh ol@tem;rSm
usaemf&yfaerdonf? ouf}uD;&G,ftdkwa,muf &d_uf}uD;wiifidkaºuG;aeonfhjrifuGif;u usaemfh&ifwGif;rSm ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGm
aygufzGm;aponf? Tar;cGef;rsm;udk ,ae@wdkif usaemfajz=um;ae&OD;rnfqdkwm xdkpOfu a&;a&;r#usaemfrawG;qEdkifcJh?
OD;oef@ta&;tcif;wGif &maygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;/ &[ef;jynfolrsm; tzrf;cHcJh&onf? 'DtvSnfhwGif usaemf
a&Smifwdrf;EdkifcJhayrJh aemufwvSnfhjzpfonfh (75) ZGef (6) ta&;awmfyHkwGifawmh usaemfra&Smifomawmh? usaemfvnf;
tzrf;cH&I tif;pdefaxmifa&mufcJh&onf?
(75) ZGef (6) ta&;tcif;onf (1974) ZGefv tvkyform;ta&;tcif; wESpfjynfhta&;awmfyHktxdrf;trSwftjzpf
ausmif;om;ESifhtvkyform; yl;wGJqENjyoydwfarSmufonfh xl;jcm;vSonfhta&;awmfyHkjzpfonf? ausmif;om;ta&;udk
rawmif;qdkawmh? ppftkyfpkzsufodrf;a&;aºuG;a=umfoHudk wdkuf±dkufwifonfh EdkifiHa&;tESpfom&jynfh0aom wdkufyGJjzpfonf?
ae0if;-pef;,kppftkyfpktm; azmfxkwfwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfh ajAmifpdefac:wdkufaomwdkufyGJjzpfonf? T&ufrwdkifcifuyif ausmif;
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om;xkESifhtm%mydkifwdk@ tm;prf;ae=u+yDjzpfonf? ynma&;wuUodkvfpmar;yGJrsm;u p ppfae+yD? ausmif;om;awGu

rqvudktvkyftaºuG;ðy&rnfh ynma&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;awmh? ausmif;om;wcsKd@ ajreDukef;naps;utjyef 0if'grD,m
tapmifh*dwfwJrS tapmifhppfom;wcsKdŒESifh &efjzpf=uonf? tJhonfxJrSm usaemfholi,fcsif; ynma&;wuUodkvfu aX;armif
=unf (awmifom) ESifhudkudk (rvd_if) wkd@ygonf? taqmifjyefvmI usefausmif;om;rsm;udkpkpnf;+yD; ,if;tapmifh*dwfwJudk
òzdypfvdkufonf? tm%mydkifwdk@u rwkH@jyefao;? w&m;cHtppf b,folvJqdkwm &SmaeqJjzpfonf?
yGJpwmuawmh ZGefv (6) &uf? usaemfwdk@pmar;yGJawGu odyfeD;ae+yD? tJonfhae@ ausmif;a&mufawmh b,fvdku
b,fvdk pvdkufonfrod/ ausmif;om;awGudk xGuf=uxGuf=u[k pmoifcef;jyifyudk twif;xGufap=uonf? q&m awGu
vnf;rwm;? tv#Kdtv#KdxGufoGm;=uonf? rnfonfhtiftm;awGu Ed_;aqmfvdkufonfrod? pmoifcef;awGrSm vlr&Sdawmh?
pmoifcef;awGrSm ydkpwmvdkufuyfae=uonfhvlpkxJ usaemfa&mygoGm;onf? aemufawmh usaemfwkd@vlpk ynma&;
wuUodkvfa&S@ jynfvrf;ay:rSm a&mufoGm;=uonf? pmar;yGJajzaeaom ausmif;om;awGudk pmar;yGJrajzzdk@pnf;&Hk;&if;
vrf;ay:ac:vm=uonf? aq;wuUodkvfzufuvlwpk aygufcsvmonf? usaemfwdk@aygif;rdoGm;+yD; jynfvrf;twdkif; trd
wuUodkvfqD csDwufvm=uonf? b,folawG b,fwkef;uwnf;u pDpOfxm;onfrod? cGyfa'gif;tvHawG wvlvlwufvm
=uonf? toHcsJŒpufawG um;ay:wif=u+yD? usaemfwdk@wOD;csif;um; r_avmufaomtiftm;r[kwf? odk@aomf usaemfwdk@
aygif;pkr_u rukefrcrf;Edkifaom tiftm;}uD;vSonfh pGrf;yum;pk}uD; jzpfoGm;av+yD? b,ft&mrS usaemfwdk@udk r[ef@wm;
Edkifawmh? ,if;tiftm;vd_if;vHk;}uD;onf jynfvrf;r}uD;twdkif; wa&GŒa&G@csDwufaeonf? &nfrSef;&mae&mum; 1974 ckESpfu
tzrf;cHxm;&onfh ausmif;om;/ nDtpfudkawmfrsm;&Sdae&m tif;pdefaxmif}uD;qDodk@jzpfonf? vrf;wav#mufvHk;wGif
aºuG;a=umfoHrsm; wdkifvm=uonf?
“tzrf;cHausmif;om; vGwfajrmufa&;-'kd@ta&;/ 'kd@ta&;?
tzrf;cHtvkyform; vGwfajrmufa&;-'dk@ta&;/ 'dk@ta&;?
ae0if;-pef;,kppftkyfpk tvdkr&Sd/ tvdkr&Sd?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ygap?
ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf?”
usaemfwdk@. aomif;*%ef;r#aomtiftm;pkudk rnfolr#r[ef@wm;&J=u? &efolrqvwdk@ tidkufrdoGm;yHk&onf? jyifqif
r_rJhyHk&onf? vrf;wav#muf jynfolwdk@tm;ay;r_a=umifh usaemfwdk@ ydkwufºuGvmonf? tif;pdefaxmifudk usaemfwdk@ 0dkif;
vdkuf=u+yD?
“tif;pdefaxmif}uD; b,fhES,f0dkif;r,f?
onfhES,f0dkif;r,f?”
“rD;'kwf rD;'kwf ±d_@ ±d_@?
ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf?”
usaemfwdk@um; toH0ifaeatmif atmf=uonf? twGif;xJu nDtpfudkrsm;. toHudk=um;&wdkif; vltkyf}uD;u
wcJeuf=obmay;=uonf?
ausmif;0if;xJudk usaemfwkd@jyefa&mufvm+yD; bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rudk odrf;vdkuf=uonf? udkrsKd;Edkif (jynf-±lyaA'
'kwd,ESpf) OuUÏtjzpf OD;aqmifaom bGJ@ESif;obifoydwfaumfrwDudk zGJ@vdkuf=uonf? usaemfu ,if;aumfrwD0ifwOD;
taejzifh jyef=um;a&;udk wm0ef,l&onf? tJonfae@u tif;pdefaxmif0dkif;+yD;tjyef t"dywdvrf;twdkif; usaemfwdk@ ausmif;
0if;xJ0ifvmpOfrSmyJ ausmif;ydwfvdkufa=umif; tpdk;&ua=unmonf? usaemfum; qHk;jzwf+yD;+yD? taru om;}uD;jzpfol
usaemfhudk bGJ@wck tifrwef&apcsifonf? +yD;cJhwJh tvkyform;ta&;tcif;wkef;uvnf; ae@ausmif;om;rdk@/ tvkyform;
ta&;tcif;tquftoG,f jywfawmufaeaomom;xHudk csufjcif; a=u;eef;pmwapmif a&;ydk@vmonf? om;}uD;-tar
aeraumif;/ csufjcif;jyefvmyg wJh?
tckawmh bmrS*±krpdkufEdkifawmh? bGJ@r&rnfhta&;/ tzrf;cH&awmhr,fhta&; awG;rylEdkifawmh? a=umifudkjcLqGJrd+yD?
bmjzpfvmawmhrnf/ bmawGvmawmhrnfudk rawG;Edkifawmh? udkrsKd;Edkifwdk@ESifh vufcsif;csdwfI vkyfEdkifoavmuf/ vkyfwwf
oavmuf vkyfcJh=uonf? txl;ojzifh bDyDtdkiftkyfpk/ ordkif;csnfr#iftkyfpkwdk@um; wufwufºuGºuG&SdvSonf? odk@aomf ...?
bmyJjzpfjzpf/ (73-74-75) oHk;ESpfwm wuUodkvfrSm aecJh&onfhb0onf usaemfhb0tm; wqpfcsKd;tvSnfhtajymif;
jzpfapcJhonf? bGJ@r&cJhayrJh ,if;bGJ@xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm wefzdk;}uD;rm;aom tawG@tóuHwdk@udk wuUodkvfu oif=um;
ay;vdkufonf? pD;yGm;a&;ynm rwwfayrJh EdkifiHa&;ynm txdkuftavsmuf &cJhonf? vlyifyef;ayrJh udk,fhudk,fudk,f ,Hk=unf
r_tjynfhjzifh &$ifvef;aecJhonf? "rRESifht"rRudk cGJjcm;odcJhonf? usaemfwdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0onf EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ
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rsm;ESifh jynfhv#rf;aeaom umvjzpfonf? jynfolwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk t+yD;wkdifajrjr‡Kyfoò*õvfvdkufonfh (1974)

tajccHOya'tm; twnfðyvdkufonfh umvjzpfonf? jynfolwdk@. taxGaxGrauseyfr_udk Tumv. jyif;xefaom
EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJrsm;u a&mifjyef[yfazmfjycJhonf? ppfu|eftjzpf EGHepfrcH [laompdwf"mwfjzifh tkwfeH&Hudk acgif;ESifhwdkuf+yD;
òzdcJhonfhumvjzpfonf? yJcl;±dk;rrS ppftkypf kqef@usifa&;wyfzGJ@rsm; qkwfcGmae&csdefjzpfonf? jynfolwdk@tzdk@ udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;
&efrSwyg; tjcm;r&Sd[laom pdwf"mwftjrif yGifhvif;vmonfhtcsdefjzpfonf? TvkdumvrsKd;wGif wuUokdvfokd@
a&muf&SdcJh&+yD; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifcGifh&&SdcJh&jcif;rSm usaemfhtwGuf wefzkd;rjzwfEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;wckjzpfonf? T
umvyHk&dyfrsm;tm; jrwfEdk;zG,f&m&wemrsm;tjzpf usaemfhESvHk;om;0,f xm0pOfwnf&Sdaernfjzpfonf?
&JxGËf
20/12/05
1975 ZGef ESpfywfvnfv_yf& Sm;r_

ausmfórif (pufr_)
v_yf& Sm;r_ tô uumv
OD;oef@ta&;tcif;jzpfvdk@ ausmif;&uf& Snfydwfxm;&muae 1975 arvavmufrSm ausmif;awGjyefzGifhvdkufygw,f?
oli,fcsif;awGjyefqHk=uvdk@ wzufu0rf;om&ayrJh ausmif;udkjyefra&mufvmEdkifwJholawGtwGuf pdwfraumif;jzpf& ygw,f?
tcsif;csif;pk+yD;awmhvnf; OD;oef@ta&;tcif;ta=umif; jyefajymif;pum;vufqHk ajymjzpf=uygw,f? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&
u t=urf;zufESdrfeif;wJhta=umif;awG ajymjzpf=u&if pdwfxJrSm emusnf;r_awG wzGm;zGm;jzpf=u&ygw,f?
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qkwf,kwfusqif;vmwmawGudkvnf; ajymjzpf=uygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;usqif;+yD; ukefaps;EH_;awGwufwJh'%fudk rdbjynfolawG
eJ@twl usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;awGvnf; cH=u&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&wufvmuwnf;u trsKd;rsK;d vufwnfhprf;cJhwJh ynma&;
pepfopf qdkwmawG& J@'%fudkawmh usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awGyJ cg;pnf;cHcJh=u&wm jzpfygw,f? avmavmq,frSmvnf;
pmoifaqmifeJ@ vlaeaqmifawG rvHkavmufr_/ ynmoif=um;a&; taxmuftulypPnf;awG rvHkavmufr_/ z,f& Dum;
rvHkavmufr_/ tpm;taomuf ydkydknHhvmr_eJ@ tqdk;qHk;uawmh bGJ@& +yD;&ifvnf; b0tmrcHcsufuif;rJhr_ pwmawGudk cHpm;
ae=u&wm jzpfygw,f?
'Drauseyfr_awG[m ausmif;om;awG=um;rSm wjznf;jznf;eJ@ jyef@ES@Haeygw,f? 'Drauseyfr_awGudkxif[yfwJh aygufuGJr_
av;awGvnf; ay:aygufvmaeygw,f? ordkif;ausmif;aqmif0if;rSm wnrD;ysufoGm;awmh ausmif;om;awG taqmif
atmufqif;vm+yD; ql=uatmf=uygw,f? ordkif;ausmif;aqmif0if;xJ armif;vmwJhum;awGudkvnf; rD;ydwfcdkif;ygw,f?
aemifrSmawmh rD;rysufvnf; rdef;qGpfcs+yD; qlwmawG vkyf=uygawmhw,f?
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ausmif;om;awG tHk»uaygufuGJawmhr,fqdkwmudk &dyfrdvmwJhppftpdk;&[m ^m%feD^m%feufawG xkwfygawmhw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefu EdkifiHawmfaumifpDjzpfwJh a'gufwmvS[efeJ@ ynma&;0ef}uD; (a'guw f mnDnDvm;/ a'gufwmcifarmif0if;vm;
rrSwfrd) wdk@OD;pD;wJh rqvxdyfoD;wpk[m ausmif;awGvSnfh+yD; ausmif;om;awGeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r,fqdk+yD; vkyfvmygw,f?
tJ'DvdkawG@qHkwJhtcgrSm ausmif;om;awG& J@ wifjycsufawG em;axmifr,f/ aemuf+yD; olwdk@u jyefvnf& Sif;vif; ajz=um;r,f
qdkwJhoabmaygh? wu,fu olwdk@arG;xm;wJh vrf;pOfvli,fawGeJ@ ô uwifvuf0g;± dkuf+yD; tay:,Ha=umudpPav;awG tenf;
tyg;wufajym/ olwdk@ujyefajz pojzifh vkyf=uzdk@jzpfygw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ ausmif;om;awG& J@ rauseyfcsufawGvnf; wpHkw&m
avsmhoGm;+yD; taxGaxGaygufuGJr_}uD;udk a&SmifEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ wGuf=u[efwlygw,f?
tJ'DvdkawG@qHkyGJvkyfzdk@ 1975 ZGefvqef;&ufw&ufrSm a'gufwmvS[efOD;pD;wJhtzGJ@[m &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfudk a&muf
vm=uygw,f? rmZ'gqD'ifum; 232 teufav;awGeJ@yg? olwdk@0ef}uD;awGtwGufyJ uef@owfwifoGif;+yD; pD;=uwm jzpfwJh
twGuf jynfolawGu 0ef}uD;um;vdk@yJ tac:rsm;=uygw,f? usaemfwdk@oli,fcsif;wpkuawmh vkyfyGJ}uD;yJ jzpfrSmyJqdk+yD;
pdwfr0ifpm;wmeJ@ ausmif;uJefwif;rSm oGm;xdkifae=uygw,f?
'gayrJh r=umcifrSmyJ ausmif;pnf;a0;cef;rbufu vufckyfvuf0g;wD; =obmay;oHawG wa0ga0gxGufvmwmudk
=um;&ygawmhw,f? 'gqdk& ifawmh wckckjzpfae+yDqdk+yD; usaemfwdk@vnf; pnf;a0;cef;rbufudk tjrefajy;wufoGm;=uygw,f?
pnf;a0;cef;xJrSm ausmif;om;awG jynfhv#Hae± Hkru/ tjyif0&efwmrSmyg rdk;wdk;rwfwwfeJ@ tHkzGJ@aewmudk awG@& ygw,f?
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pifjrifhay:rSm rqvxdyfoD;awGeJ@ ausmif;uygarmuQeJ@wuG q&mwcsKd@ xdkifae=u+yD;/ rdkufcGufa&S@rSm ausmif;om;

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ygw,f? rdrdwdk@cHpm;ae&wmawGudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajym=uw,f? tpm;taomufnHhwm/ um;rvHkavmufwm/ ukefaps;E_H;
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tvkyform;awGudk jyefv$wfay;zdk@vnf; ta&;qdkw,f?
wa,mufuawmh 1974 a&G;aumufyGJrSm rJvdrfwmudkzGifhcsw,f? ‘cifAsm;wdk@u rJ& mEH_;jynfheD;yg; &w,fomajymw,f?
cifAsm;wdk@udkaxmufcHwJhvl wa,mufrS usaemfrawG@zl;bl;? tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;cef;xJrSm &SdaewJholawGxJu axmufcHwJhvl
yg& if rwfwyf& yfjyyg’ vdk@ ausmif;om;wa,mufu ajymvdkufwJhtcgrSm ae&mr&vdk@ rwfwyf& yfem;axmifae=uwJh ausmif;
om;awGtm;vHk;vnf; tvkt,uf xdkifvdkuf=uygw,f? aZmac|;jyefae=uwJh rqvxdyfoD;}uD;rsm;crsmvnf; xdkif& mu
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u atmf=uygw,f?
ausmif;om;awGtaeeJ@ ausmif;om;awG&J@ tcGifhta&;awG umuG,fzdk@/ qHk;± H_;aewJhtcGifhta&;awGudk jyefvnfawmif;
qdkEdkifzdk@twGuf ausmif;om;xkudk trSefudk,fpm;ñywJh tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf t+rJwrf;&Sdaezdk@vdka=umif;/ t&ifausmif;om;
or*~awG &SdcJhayrJh tckr&Sdawmha=umif;/ jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;cGifhay;zdk@vdka=umif;/ ausmif;om;or*~qdkwJhtrnfudk ray;Edkifbl;
qdkv#ifvnf; tjcm;trnfjzifh zGJ@cGifhay;zdk@ ausmif;om;wa,mufu awmif;qdkygw,f? 'DtcgrSm atmufrSm&SdaewJh
ausmif;om;awGu ‘a[h/ ausmif;om;or*~[m ausmif;om;or*~yJjzpf& r,fuG/ wjcm; bmemrnfrS rvdkcsifbl;’ vdk@atmf
=uygw,f? tJ'Dausmif;om;uvnf; ‘uJ/ cifAsm;wdk@ =um;wJhtwdkif;yJ/ ausmif;om;or*~yJwJh’ vdk@qufajymvdkufygw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ 3-4 em&Davmuf =umoGm;wJhtcgrSmawmh rqvxdyfoD;awGu avajyxdk;+yD; yGJodrf;zdk@ }uHpnfygawmhw,f?
‘tck ausmif;om;awG wifjywJhtcsufawGudk oufqdkif& mawGeJ@!‡dEd_if;+yD; ajz&Sif;ay;yghr,f? ajymwmawGvnf; rsm;wJhtjyif
ta=umif;t&mawGu xyfae+yD? aemuf+yD; olwdk@taeeJ@ ae@vnfydkif; ordkif;ausmif;0if;twGif;rSm aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfzdk@ &Sdao;wJh
twGuf tcsdefr&awmhvdk@ 'DaqG;aEG;yGJudk& yfqdkif;zdk@...’ ajymvmygw,f? 'gayrJh ausmif;om;awGu ajymp&mawG
usefao;w,fqdk+yD; atmf=uygw,f? wcsKd@uvnf; xrif;pm;csdefa&muf+yDqdkawmh òuHwkef; taqmifxrif;[if;awG 0ifpm;
oGm;yg? 'grS usaemfwdk@ b,fvdkpm;ae&w,fqdkwm cifAsm;wdk@ vufawG@odoGm;&atmifyg vdk@ajymygw,f? rqv}uD;
awGuawmh rsufaphrsufESmawG ysufae=uygw,f?
aemufqHk;rSmawmh pufr_wuUodkvf ygarmuQcsKyf a'gufwmOD;atmif}uD;u ausmif;om;awGudk 0ifxdef;ygw,f? udk,fhvdk
vm;csufawGvnf; wifjy+yD;+yDrdk@ vl}uD;awGudk at;at;aq;aq; jyefcGifhay;zdk@ ajymvmygw,f? q&mhudk ausmif;om;awG
tm;vHk;u av;pm;cspfcif=uwJhtwGuf q&mhpum;udkem;axmif+yD; ausmif;om;awG eJeJ& SJoGm;ygw,f? q&muyJ
a&S@uaexGuf+yD; rqv}uD;awGu aemufuvdkuf=u&ygw,f? wcsKd@ausmif;om;awGu xdyfoD;}uD;awG& J@ um;abmeufay:
wufxdkif=uw,f? cifAsm;wdk@um;awG rpDzl; rxdzl;vdk@ygqdk+yD; um;awGudk 0dkif;v_yf& rf;=ueJ@ ± kef;&if;qefcwf jzpfaeygawmh
w,f? q&ma'gufwmatmif}uD; reJxdef;+yD; rqv}uD;awGudk um;ay:a&mufatmif wifay;vdkuf& ygw,f? olwdk@vnf;
um;ay:a&mufwmeJ@ 'a&maomyg; tjrefarmif;xGufoGm;=uygw,f?
usaemfwdk@vnf; ordkif;ausmif;0if;xJ qufvdkuf=ur,fqdk+yD; bwfpfum;xGufpD;=uygw,f? ordkif;ausmif;0if;
tm;upm;± HkxJa&mufawmh ausmif;om;wpku aqG;aEG;yGJtcrf;tem;twGuf jyifqifxm;wJh toHcsJ@puf/ rdkufcGuf pwmawG
udk odrf;xm;wm awG@& ygw,f? rqv}uD;awGawmh ay:rvmawmhyg? tJ'DrSm ausmif;om;awGu rdef@cGef;awGajym=uygw,f?
aemufqHk; naexrif;pm;+yD;cdsef vljyefpk=uzdk@ csdef;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@vnf; ô u@ukef;ausmif;aqmif& Sd& m jyefvmcJh=uygw,f?
wdkufyGJp+yD
naexrif;pm;+yD;wmeJ@ usaemfwdk@vnf; ordkif;0if;udk tjrefxGufcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfwdk@a&mufoGm;awmh
ausmif;om;awG r&Sd=uawmhygbl;? &efukefwuUodkvf bGJ@EiS f;obifcef;rudk csDwufoGm;=u+yD qdkwJhtwGuf tJ'Dudk
qufvdkuf=uygw,f? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rrSmawmh oydwfpcef; zGifhxm;+yDjzpfwmudk awG@& ygw,f? cGyfa'gif;tvH
csdwfqGJxm;w,f? pifjrifhay:rSm ausmif;om;awG 0ifvdkufxGufvdkufeJ@ tvkyfawG± _yfae=uygw,f? a=unmcsufawGvnf;
a0aeygw,f? wdkufyGJOD;pD;aumfrwD zGJ@+yD;a=umif;vnf; od& ygw,f? usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;vnf; pdwfawGv_yf& Sm;ae=uovdk
tm;&wuf»uvnf; jzpfae=uygw,f? tawmfav;rdk;csKyfawmhrS usaemfwdk@ taqmifudkjyefcJh=uw,f?
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aemuf& ufawGrSmawmh ór@xJAE<Kvyef;+cH csDwufwJhtcgcsDwuf/ wjcm;wuUodkvfausmif;awGbuf csDwufwJhtcgcsDwuf

vkyf=uygw,f? AE<Kvyef;+cHrSm ae0if;eJ@pef;,kwdk@& J@ ± kyftavmif;awGudk rD;± _d@=uw,f? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rudk tajcñy+yD;awmh
&ufwcsKd@avmuf v_yf& Sm;ae=uw,f? w&ufrSmawmh usaemfwdk@pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;buf csDwuf=uw,f?
ausmif;a&S@rSmce&yf+yD; w&m;a[m/ a»u;a=umfoHawG atmf+yD; vSnfhjyefoGm;ygw,f? ae@cif;xrif;pm;csdefjzpfaewJhtwGuf
ausmif;om;awG xGufrvdkufjzpf=uyg? bGJ@ESif;obifuae twlcsDwuf vdkufvmwJh pufr_ausmif;om;wcsKd@vnf; usefae&pf
cJhygw,f?
'gudk aemufae@xkwf owif;pmawGrSm &efukefwuUodkvfrS qlylvdkolausmif;om;wpku &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf ausmif;
om;awGudk vma&mufpnf;± Hk;w,f/ 'gudk pufr_ausmif;om;awGu vufrcHbJ jiif;vdkuf=uw,f qdk+yD;ygvmygw,f? 'gudk
usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awG tawmfrausreyfjzpf=uygw,f? 'geJ@ ausmif;om;wa,mufu a=umfjimoifykef;rSm tJ'Dowif;
udk jzwf+yD;uyfw,f? tJ'Djzwfydkif;eJ@twl 'DrrSefowif;udpP ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf naepk± Hk;=uzdk@ v_H@aqmfwJhpmudkyg uyfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm wckajymp&m&Sdwmu oydwfwdkufyGJpwJhtcsdefup+yD; 'Da=umfjimoifykef;awG[m ausmif;om;awG& J@ wdkufyGJ0ifpm
awG uyfwJhae&mjzpfaeyg+yD? oydwfpcef;uxkwfwJh a=unmcsufawGuyfw,f? ausmif;om;wOD;csif;&J@pmawG/ uAsmawG
uyf=uw,f? ausmif;om;xk& J@ 'Drdkua&pDeH& Huyfpmapmiftjzpf toGifajymif;ae+yDjzpfygw,f?
owif;pmwdkufudk csDwuf+yD
naeydkif;rSm ô u@ukef; ‘u’ aqmif (atbavmuf) ab; jrufcif;jyifrSm csdef;xm;wJhtwdkif; ausmif;om;ESpfq,f/
oHk;q,fcef@ pkrd=uygw,f? tJ'DrSm 'DrrSefowif;udpPudk b,fvdkajz&Sif;=urvJqdkwm aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? owif;pmwdkuf
awGqD csDwuf+yD; 'Dowif;rrSefa=umif; ajz&Sif;csufxkwfay;zdk@ ta&;qdk=ur,fvdk@ qHk;jzwf=uygw,f? a»u;a=umfoHawG pk+yD;
a&;=uw,f? ‘rrSefowif;tvdkr&Sd’ ‘owif;rSefazmfxkwfa&; wdk@ta&;’ ‘ta&;awmfyHk atmif& rnf’ pojzifh a&G;vdkuf=u
ygw,f? wdkufyGJpOf}uD;xJrSm ay:aygufvmwJh wdkufyGJi,fwcktwGuf OD;wnf+yD; a»u;a=umfoHawGudk a&G;wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'D
aemuf ‘u’ aqmifuae ‘i’ aqmiftxd taqmifa&S@vrf;wav#muf a»u;a=umfoHawGatmf+yD; csDwufoGm;=uygw,f?
taqmifay:0&HwmawGu xGuf=unfhaewJh ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; twlcsDwuf=uzdk@ atmfac:=u ygw,f?
taqmifay:uausmif;om;awGvnf; wajz;ajz;qif;vm=uygw,f? 'Daemuf usaemfwdk@ &efukef-tif;pdefvrf;r}uD;
buf xGufcJh=uw,f? vrf;ay:rSmjzwfvmwJh bwfpfum;awGudk wm;=uygw,f? um;ay:uc&D;onfawGudk tusKd;ta=umif;
&Sif;jy+yD; qif;ay;=uzdk@ arwWm&yfcHygw,f? um;q,fpD;avmuf &wJhtcg &efukefór@bufudk OD;wnf+yD; a»u;a=umfoHrsm;
atmfum armif;xGufcJh=uygw,f? &efukefór@xJudk r[mAE<Kvvrf;twdkif; 0ifcJh=uw,f? wae&mta&mufrSmawmh ppfom;
awGu vrf;udkydwfqdk@xm;wmudk awG@& ygw,f? owif;pmwdkuftxd oGm;cGifhray;Edkifa=umif;/ owif;pmwdkufrS wm0ef& Sdol
rsm;eJ@ 'Dae&mrSmyJ awG@aqG;aEG;=uygvdk@ qdkvmygw,f? ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawGa&G;+yD; oGm;aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? tJ'D
tcgrSm owif;pmwdkufrS wm0efcHqdkolawGu 'Dae@ygwJhowif;eJ@ywfouf+yD; &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u
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xnfhay;r,fvdk@ tmrcH=uygw,f? usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awGvnf; 'gudkvufcHoabmwl+yD; vSnfhjyefcJh=uw,f? tjyefvrf;
wav#mufrSm ta&;awmfyHkatmif+yDvdk@ a»u;a=umfcJh=uw,f?
aemuf &efukefbGJ@ESif;obifodk@ OD;wnfcJh=uygw,f? bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rxJodk@ a»u;a=umfoHawG atmf[pf+yD; 0ifoGm;=u
wJhtcg txJrSm&SdaewJh ausmif;om;awGuvnf; vufckyfwD;ô uqdk=uygw,f? ppftpdk;&u usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awGudk
enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ aoG;cGJayrJh cef;rxJ& SdcGyfa'gif;tvHudk=unfh+yD; 'Dor*~tvHawmfatmufrSm wdk@ausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; pkpnf;nD
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a=umpmrsufESmrSm waumfvHuGufao;av;eJ@yJ azmfjyay;wmyg? uwday;xm;ovdkawmh r[kwfygbl;?
tif;pdefaxmifudk0dkif;jcif;
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tJ'Dae@rSm &efukefwuUodkvfbufu csDwufvm=ur,fh ausmif;om;awGudk usaemfwdk@oli,fcsif;wpkuawmh ausmif;uaeyJ
apmifhaevdkufygw,f? eHeuf 10 em&Dywf0ef;usifavmufrSm tif;pdefvrf;rwav#muf csDwufvmwJh ausmif;om;awGudk pjrif
&ygw,f? rsufaphwqHk; ausmif;om;wef;}uD;[m rukefEdkifyg? usaemfwdk@vnf; ausmif;om;wef;}uD;xJ 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;
vdkufygw,f? a»u;a=umfoHawGudkvnf; tm;yg;w&atmf[pf=uygawmhw,f?
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2
‘tzrf;cHtvkyform; vGwfajrmufa&; (wdk@ta&;) ’
2
‘tzrf;cHausmif;om; vGwfajrmufa&; (wdk@ta&;) ’
2
‘ausmif;om;or*~ ay:aygufa&; (wdk@ta&;) ’
2 2
‘taruarG; axmifuau|;a[h ætif;pdefaxmif}uD; (xyfcsJ@) æa&=unftdkifvnf; (xyfcsJ@) ’
‘ae0if; æae0if; ætdk@ tdk@’
‘pef;,k æpef;,k ætdk@ tdk@’
2
‘ta&;awmfyHk (atmif& rnf) ’
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tjrifhrm;qHk;jzpf+yD; rdk;vHk;nHaeygawmhw,f? wae&mrSmawmh a»u;a=umfoHawGatmf[pfwmudk acwW& yf+yD; axmifxJu
toHudk em;pGifh=unfh=uygw,f? txJuvnf; jyef+yD;atmfwJhtoHudk oJhoJh=um;&ygw,f? tusOf;uscHae&wJh usaemfwdk@
nDtpfudk tvkyform;/ ausmif;om;awG& J@ toHygvm;vdk@awG;rd+yD; emusnf;cHjyif;pdwfawG wzGm;zGm;ay:vmygw,f? cHjyif;
pdwfawGeJ@ a»u;a=umfoHawGudk xyf+yD;atmf[pf=uygw,f?
a»u;a=umfoHawGatmfae&if;u usaemfh& J@pdwfawG[m twdwfumvodk@ jyef@vGifhoGm;ygw,f? e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ trsKd;
om;vGwfajrmufa&;umvrSm ausmif;om;or*~rS arG;xkwfay;vdkufwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;[m jynfolawGeJ@twl
&yfwnfvufwGJ+yD; &J& J& ifh& ifh wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uw,f r[kwfygvm;? ‘jrif;cGmwcsufayguf& if rD;[kef;[kef;awmufap&r,f’
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkA[def;&J@ e,fcsJ@tay: &J& ifhjywfom;pGm pdefac:òuH;0g;vdkufoH? or*~pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf
yif r[kwfygvm;? xdkpdwf"mwfum; ,ck usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awG udk,fxJodk@vnf; pD;qif;pdrfh0ifaecJh+yDjzpfonf? 'gwifru
,ck usaemfwdk@ a»u;a=umfae=uwmawGvnf; xdkpOfua»u;a=umfoHrsm; wywfvnfvmjcif;yif r[kwfygvm;?
tJ'DvdkawG;rdwJhtcgrSm usaemfhwudk,fvHk; =uufoD;arG;n‡if;rsm; xoGm;ygawmhw,f?
twdwfodk@ysH@vGifhoGm;wJh usaemfhpdwfawGudk jyefvnfpkpnf;vdkufw,f? 'Daemuf a»u;a=umfoHrsm;udk tm;rmefopfawGeJ@
a»u;a=umfvdkufygw,f? axmifudkwywfywf+yD;wJhtcg tif;pdefvrf;twdkif; jyefvSnfhvm=uygw,f? usaemfwdk@uawmh bGJ@ESif;
obiftxd jyefrvdkufawmhbJ ausmif;rSmyJ ae&pfcJhygw,f? ausmif;awGudk &uftuef@towfr&dS ydwfvdkuf+yDqdkwmudk
=um;odvdkuf& ygw,f? ausmif;om;xk& J@wdkufyJGudk ózcGJzdk@twGuf ppftpdk;&[m xHk;pHtwdkif; ausmif;awGudk ydwfvdkufwm jzpf
ygw,f?
ed*Hk;
tJ'Dae@rSmyJ oydwfpcef;udk a&$wd*HkapwDodk@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@vnf; aemufae@reufusrSyJ vdkufoGm;
awmhr,fqdk+yD; taqmifrSmyJ em;aevdku=f uygw,f? 'gayrJh reufvif;tm;}uD;rSm ppftpdk;&vHkxdef;awGu a&$wd*Hkbk& m;
ay:wuf+yD; ausmif;om;awGudk zrf;oGm;ygw,f?
ppftpdk;&[m ausmif;om;awGu w&m;wJhtcGifhta&;awG +idrf;csrf;pGme@J awmif;qdkqENjywmudk enf;vrf;wus
rajz&Sif;bJ t=urf;zufózcGJcJhjyefyg+yD? 'Dvdkt=urf;zufzdESdyfvdkuf& if +idrf0yfoGm;r,fvdk@ wvGJxifaeygw,f? ausmif;om;wdkufyGJ
awG& Sdaewm ausmif;om;or*~& Sdaevdk@yJqdk+yD; ordkif;0ifausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftODudk AHk;cGJzsufqD;cJhw,f? 'gayrJh
ausmif;om;wdkufyGJawG aysmufuG,foGm;ygovm;? ausmif;om;xk& Sdaeor# or*~pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf[m &SdaerSm
jzpfygw,f? rw&m;zdESdyfr_awG& Sdaeor#/ w&m;wJhtcGifhta&;awG qHk;± H_;aeor# cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwfu iHk@cHaerSmr[kwfyg? tcGifh
omwdkif; wHk@jyefwdkufyGJ0ifaerSm jzpfygw,f? 'gudk ordkif;u oufaojycJh+yDjzpfwJhtjyif quf+yD;awmhvnf; jyOD;rSmjzpfygw,f?
or*~pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf t"Gef@& Snfygap?
ausmfórif (pufr_)
wdrfðryfaysmufuG,faeaom
rSwfwkdifwck
(wkdufyGJ0iftvkyform;a[mif;wOD;)
- 45 -
usaemfwkdŒjrefrmEdkifiHaq;0g;puf±kHonf tif;pdefòrdŒe,ftaemuf}uKdŒukef;&Sd }uKdŒukef;blwmESifh uyfvsufwnf&Sdonf?

puf±Hk.ta&SŒbuf ukduf (500) ausmfavmufwGif &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHukd pwifaygufzGm; zefwD;vkdufaom &efukefpufr_
wuUokdvf (RIT) wnf&Sd+yD;/ puf±Hk.ajrmufbuf ukduf (200) avmufwGif tif;pdefrD;&xm;pufacgif;jyifpuf±kH wnf&Sdonf?
1974 ck/ ZGefv (6) &ufae@ oydwfrarSmufcif ZGef 1 &ufESifh ZGef 2 &ufaeŒY puf±HktoD;oD;rS0efxrf;rsm;onf puf±Hk
t&m&Sdrsm;. rr#waomtkyfcsKyfa&;/ 0efxrf;rsm;tay: zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_/ &mxl;ESifhtcGifhta&; ydwfqkdŒr_rsm;ESifhywfouf+yD;
rauseyfr_rsm; wtkHaEG;aEG;jzpfae}uonf? XmetoD;oD;&Sdukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdwfwqdwfajymqdknd‡E_dif;+yD; qENjyoydwf
arSmuf}u&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcs}uonf? usaemfwdkŒ jrefrmEdkifiHaq;0g;puf±Hkenf;wl tif;pdefrD;&xm;puf±kHvnf; oydwfarSmuf
awmif;qdk&ef jyifqifae}uonf? ZGefv (6) &ufaeŒwGif wòydifwnf;qENjy}u&ef puf±HkESpf±Hkonf wdwfqdwfpGmqufoG,f
xm;=uonf?
1974 ckESpf/ ZGefv (4) &ufaeŒwGif ‚if;puf±HkESpf±HkrS acgif;aqmiftvkyform;wcsKdŒukdzrf;qD;I axmifxJxnfhvkdufonf?
‚if;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf txuft&m&SdESifhtqifrajyolrsm;/ rqvygwDukdqefŒusifolrsm;/ qENjy&ef pnf;±kH;acgif;aqmif
onf[k txifcH&olrsm;jzpfonf?
rD;&xm;pufacgif;jyifpuf±HkrS tvkyform;rsm;onf qENjy&efowfrSwfxm;aom ZGef(6)&ufaeŒtpm; ZGef (5)
&ufaeŒnaerSp+yD; puf±HktjyifokdŒ rxGuf}uawmhbJ zrf;qD;xm;aom tvkyform;rsm;ukd jyefv$wfay;a&;ESifh ‚if;wkdŒESifh
oufqdkifaomawmif;qkdcsufrsm; awmif;qkd+yD; pwifIoydwfarSmuf}uonf?
usaemfwdk@bDyDtdkifpuf±HkwGifvnf; 1974 ZGefv (6) &ufaeŒwGif usaemfwdkŒaq;0g;puf±HkrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ykHrSef
tvkyfpcsdefxuf apmpD;pGma&mufvm}u+yD; nd‡E_dif;xm;onfhtwdkif; oydwfarSmuf&ef jyifqif}uonf? puf±HkrS O}o&SnfqGJ+yD;
tcsufay;vkdufonfESifh wòydifeuf XmetoD;oD;&Sd 0efxrf;tm;vkH;onf ‘oydwfoydwfarSmufarSmuf’ [laom aºuG;a}umf
oHrsm; aºuG;a}umf+yD; puf±HkyifrwHcg;aygufwGif pk±Hk;}u&efjzpfonf?
usaemfwkdŒoydwfarSmuf&ef tcsdefowfrSwfcsufrSm eHeuf 9;30 jzpfaoma}umifh oydwfarSmufcsdefukd wufºuGpGm apmifh
pm;&if; tvkyform;rsm;rSm rdrdwm0efukd ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifae}uonf?
9;30 rdepf puf±HkrSO}o&Snf qGJvkdufonfESifhwòydifeuf usaemfwkd@onf puf±HkyifrwHcg;}uD;ukd ajy;ydwf+yD; aomhcwfvkduf
ygonf? rnfolr# t0iftxGufrjyKvkyf&ef trdefŒxkw+f yD; yifrwHcg;aomhudkvnf; odrf;xm;vkdufygonf?
puf±Hkukdxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;aemuf usaemfwkdŒonf tpkvkduftzGJŒvkduf wm0efrsm;ukd cGJa0csrSwf}uonf? tqifhqifhwm0ef
cGJa0r_tzGJŒrsm;rSm (1) puf±HktwGif;tjyifvkHðcHa&;tzGJŒ/ (2) owif;ESifhjyef}um;a&;tzGJŒ/ (3) usef;rma&;ulnDr_tzGJŒ/ (4)
pnf;±kH;v_H@aqmfa&;tzGJŒ/ (5) &duQmo,f,lpkaqmif;a&;tzGJ@wkd@jzpfonf? usaemfwkdŒpuf±Hk. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;rSm-
1? zrf;qD;xm;aom rD;&xm;pufacgif;jyifpuf±HkrSvkyfom;rsm; jyefv$wfay;a&;
2? 0efxrf;vpmwkd;jr‡ifha&;
3? ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&;
4? aeŒpm;vkyfom;rsm; tjrJwrf;0efxrf;tjzpfcefŒa&;
5? tvkyform;rsm;tm; qefqDESifhrD;zkdacsmifokH;ypPnf;rsm; tcrJhay;a0a&;
6? tvkyform;rsm; zGJ@pnf;ykHt& tcGifhta&;&m tm;vkH;cefŒtyfa&;
7? oufomacsmifcsda&; csufcsif;ay;
8? tEW&m,fa}u; csufcsif;ay;
9? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;ygwD tvkdr&Sd/ ppftm%m&Sif usqkH;ygap ponfwdkŒjzpfonf?
Ñ(rD;&xm;pufacgif;jyifpuf±HkrS zrf;qD;xm;aom tvkyform;tm;vkH;ukd 7/6/74 aeŒnae 6 em&DwGif jyefv$wfay;vkduf
onf?)
7/6/74 aeŒeHeuf 11 em&D 45 rdepfavmufwGif puf±Hkrª;Akv d frª;}uD;odrf;armif 'kpuf±Hkrª;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;ESifh Xme
refae*smrsm;onf usaemfwdkŒtvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vma&mufawGŒqkH+yD; ‘tvkyform;w&yfvkH;. awmif;qkdcsuf
ESifhywfouf+yD; olwkd@taejzifh tvkyform;0ef}uD;ukd wifjyr,f/ cifAsm;wkdŒtvkyform;xktm;vkH; oydwfvSef+yD; tdrfjyef}u
yg? aemufaeŒawGrSmvnf; +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJŒ udk,fus&mXmetoD;oD;awGrSm tvkyfcGifjyef0if=uygvdk@/ arwWm&yfcHygw,fvdk@
ajymygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm usaemfwkdŒ tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;ux+yD; ‘'Dawmif;qkdcsufawG[m ukd,fpm;vS,f
acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ qkH;jzwfcsufjzpfw,f/ vG,fvG,feJŒ qkH;jzwfcsufukd tajzay;vkd@r&bl;/ tvkyform;xkw&yfvkH;ukd ar;jref;
+yD;awmhrS tajzay;EdkifrSm jzpfwJhtwGuf 8/6/74 aeŒeHeuf 9 em&DrSm tajzay;ygr,f’ vkdŒjyefajymvkdufonf?
- 46 -
xkd@aemuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tvkyform;xkw&yfvkH;tm; txuft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ukd jyef

ajymjyonf? usaemfwkd@twGuf ta&;t}uD;qkH;awmif;qkdcsufwckrSm oydwfvSef+yD;aemuf tvkyform;rsm;ukd rzrf;qD;ygbl;
[laom tmrcHuwdpum;yifjzpfonf? xkdha}umifh tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhwuG tvkyform;xkw&yfvkH;.
qENt& ‚if;wkdŒukd cH0efuwdvufrSwfxkd;ckdif;&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfvkduf}uonf?
8/6/74 aeŒeHeuf (6) em&DwdwdwGif puf±Hkrª;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; 'kwd,t}udrfawGŒqkH}uaomtcg
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u oydwfvSef+yD;ygu tvkyform;awGukd rzrf;qD;ygbl;qkdwmukd tmrcHvufrw S fa&;xkd;ay;&ef awmif;qkd
onf?
puf±Hkrª;rsm;u usaemfwkdŒawmif;qkdcsufawGtm;vkH; &atmifaqmif&Gufay;rnf/ usaemfwkdŒukdvnf; rzrf;qD;zkdŒ tmrcHyg
w,f/ uwdvnf;ay;ygw,fqkd+yD; tvkyform;rsm;.a&SŒrSmyif tmrcHuwdvufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vufokdŒ
ay;tyfcJhonf?
9/6/74 nae (4) em&DwdwdtcsdefwGif usaemfwkd@ tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tvkyform;xktm;vkH; oabm
qENt& oydwfvSefvkduf}uygonf? 9/6/74aeŒ wGif tvkyform;tm;vkH;onf at;csrf;pGmjzifh tvkyfcGifokdŒ jyefqif;}u
ygonf?
‚if;wkdŒonf olwkdŒuwdtwkdif; zrf;qD;jcif;rjyKaomfvnf; usaemfwdkŒ.awmif;qkdcsufawGukd tvkyform;xktm;vHk;u
ay;vdrfhEdk; ay;vdrfhEdk;eJŒ apmifhar#mfvm&m &ufrSv/ vrSESpfodkŒom ajymif;vJvmcJhaomfvnf; bmwckrS&vmjcif;/ ay;vmjcif;
r&Sdacs? vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;onfudk odvmaomtcg XmetoD;oD;rSm&Sd=uaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tvkyform;xktm;vHk;
wdkŒonf rausreyfESifh rcHr&yfEdkifjzpf+yD; ESpfywfvnfaeŒjzpfaom 6/6/75 aeŒeHeuf 9 em&D 30 rdepfwGif oydwfarSmufqENjy
}uygawmhonf?
usaemfwkd@aq;0g;puf±Hktjyif tif;pdefrD;&xm;pufacgif;jyifpuf±Hk/ orkdif;ESifhcsnfr#iftxnfpuf±Hk/ *kHeDpuf±Hk/ qifrvkduf
oabmFusif;/ ukef;vrf;o,f,lykdŒaqmifa&;vkyfief;ESifh tjcm;puf±Hki,f ajrmufjrm;pGmonfvnf; oydwfarSmuf}u+yD; awmif;
qkdcsufrsm; awmif;qdk}uonf?
usaemfwkdŒ aq;0g;puf±HktwGif;rS qENjyawmif;qkdcsufrsm; awmif;qkdaepOf */6/75 nae 4;30 wGif vufeuftjynfh
tpkHjzifh jrefrmpum;em;rvnfaom wkdif;&if;om;ppfom; (70) cefŒu puf±Hkukd0kdif;xm;+yD; ppfom;tcsKdŒonf yifrwHcg;
aygufukd ausmfwuf0ifa&mufvm}uum usaemfwkdŒtvkyform;tm;vkH;ukd aoewfESifhcsdef+yD; 0kdif;xm;vkdufygonf? xkd@
aemuf Akdvfrª;wa,mufa&mufvm+yD; ‘cifAsm;wkdŒtm;vkH; puf±HktjyifukdxGuf+yD; ukd,fhtdrfukd,f at;at;aq;aq; jyef}uyg?
puf±Hkukd usaemfwkdŒodrf;vkduf+yD? usaemfwkdŒtrdefŒay;wmukd rvkdufem&if ypf&ygvdrfhr,f? cifAsm;wkdŒukd rdepf 30 tcsdef
ay;r,f? puf±HkxJrSm wa,mufrSrypfcsifbl;’ vkdŒajym+yD; rsufaxmifheD}uD;eJŒ }unfhaeygonf?
ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf rausreyfjzifh tH}udwf+yD; vufoD;ukduspfuspfygatmifqkyf&if; a'goawGukd
rsKdodyfum puf±HktwGif;rS toD;oD;xGufcGmay;&awmhonf?
‚if; 8/6/75 aeŒnrSmyif usaemfwdkŒjrefrmEdkifiHaq;0g;puf±HkrS Xmeukd,fpm;vS,facgif;aqmif trsKd;orD;okH;a,muf tyg
t0ifvl (33) a,mufukd nwGif;csif;vdkufvHzrf;qD;+yD; emrnfqkd;jzifhausmf}um;aom tif;pdeftusOf;axmifokdŒ ykdŒvkduf
ygonf?
12/7/75 aeŒwGif ppfckH±Hk;zGifh+yD; 10 ESpf/ 13 ESpf/ 16 ESpf toD;oD;jypf'%fcsrSwfvkdufygonf? tjcm;puf±HktoD;oD;rS
acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; usaemfwkdŒESifhtwl tif;pdet f usOf;axmif óud;wkdufokdŒ ykdŒaqmifvkdufygawmhonf?
wdkufyJG0iftvkyform;a[mif;wOD;
bDyDtdkif (1974-75)
(jrefrmEdkifiHtvkyform;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@rSaus;Zl;ðyonf?)
74-75 ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rsm;udk jyefvnfowd&jcif;

a'gufwmodef;vGif
apmvSaiG rJaqmufuae usaemhfudkzkef;qufygw,f? OD;oef@ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnfrSm pmapmifwckxkwfcsifw,fwJh?

usaemfhudk a&;zdk@ ajymygw,f? usaemfu csif;rdkifrSmae+yD; ausmif;q&m/ q&mrawGeJ@ jrefrmjynfu tvkyfvmvkyf
=uolawGudk oifwef;ay;aeygw,f? apmvSaiGudk usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;b0 ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;umvrSm &if;ESD;cJh
ygw,f? oli,fcsif;awGtzrf;cH&+yD; usaemf0&rf;ajy;jzpfawmh apmvSaiGu ol@Zmwdòrd@uav;udkydk@+yD; usaemfudk apmifha&Smuf
- 47 -
ygw,f? tESpf (20) ausmft=umrSm apmvSaiG&J@toHudk yxrqHk;jyef=um;&awmh ausmif;om;b0ujzpf&yfawGeJ@ ajy;v$m;

ykef;atmif;&if; rme,fyavmpcef;udk vmcJh&wJhc&D;pOfawGudk jyefvnfowd&rdygw,f?
usaemfu pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;jzpfygw,f? orkdif;0if;xJu ausmif;aqmifawGrSm ae&ygw,f? usaemf
wuUodkvf'kwd,ESpf (1974) ZGefvrSm *kefeDpuf±kHeJ@ csnfpufutvkyform;awG qENjyygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ausmif;aqmifeJ@
eD;awmh oGm;=unfhygw,f? “qef&&Sda&;/ vpmwdk;jr‡ifha&;/ vkyif ef;cGifom,ma&;” pwmawGudk awmif;qdk=uygw,f? qENjywJh
vltkyf}uD;udk ppfwyfuypfcwfwm udk,fwdkifawG@jrif&ygw,f? 'DZifbmvusawmh OD;oef@ta&;tcif;jzpfygw,f? OD;oef@
psmyeudk usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awG oGm;=uygw,f? psmyeudk usKduUqHuGif;uae wuUodkvf0if;xJ o,f,lvmawmh
usaemfvnf; vdkufygvmcJhygw,f? aemufwae@rSm usaemfwdk@ yJcl;òrd@uausmif;om;awG tdrfjyef=uawmh usaemfvnf;
yJcl;udkjyefcJhygw,f? óuHawG@cJh&wJhjzpf&yfawG &ifrSmpGJusefcJhygw,f? tvkyform;awG ypfowfcH&wm/ ausmif;om;awG tzrf;cH
=u&wm rarhEdkifp&mjzpfcJhygw,f?
1975 rSm ausmif;jyefzGifhawmh wuUodkvfudk jyefvmcJhygw,f? ZGefvrSm ynma&;0ef}uD;eJ@ tpdk;&wm0ef&SdolawG[m
pufr_wuUodkvfudkvm+yD; ausmif;om;awGudk a[majymygw,f? olwdk@&J@a[majymcsufrSm “wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; usqif;&wm
tvkyform;awG tvkyfrvkyfbJ qlqlylylvkyfvdk@jzpfw,f? v,form;awG pyg;tjynfht0 ra&mif;vdk@jzpfw,f” vdk@ajymyg
w,f? usaemf[m v,form;om;wOD;jzpfygw,f? usaemfrdbeJ@aqGrsKd;awG &GmrSm b,fvdkcufcJ=uw,fqdkwm usaemf
odw,f? rESpfu tvkyform;awG usaemfhrsufapha&S@rSm owfjzwfc&H w,f? usaemfhpdwfawG Edk;=um;vm+yD; jyefajymcJhygw,f?
“tvkyform;awG xrif;r0vdk@ qefawmif;wm cifAsm;wdk@u usnfqHawGyJay;cJhw,f? v,form;awG 0rf;pmygrusefatmif
tpdk;&udkoGif;&wm usaemfodw,f? rw&m;wm cifAsm;wdk@yJjzpfw,f?” 'Dpum;[m usaemfhudk ausmif;xGufzdk@jzpfvmygw,f?
1976 ckESpfrwfvrSm ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;&mjynfhyGJudk ausmif;om;awGOD;aqmif+yD; usif;yygw,f? a&$wd*Hkbk&m; awmifbuf
rkcfteD;u ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;&J@ *lAdrmefa&S@rSm usif;y=uygw,f? usaemfu y&dowftjzpf yg0ifwufa&mufcJhygw,f? rd_if;&m
jynfhyGJt+yD;rSm wuUodkvfawG ydwfvdkuf+yD; tpdk;&u “ausmif;om;qdk;rsm;” udk wuUodkvfrS xkwfy,fvdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif;
a=unmygw,f? yJcl;òrd@e,faumifpDu usaemfhudkac:+yD; ausmif;xkwfwJhpm ay;ygw,f? usaemftaru “ighom;rdkufw,f” vdk@
ajymygw,f? usaemfrdkufwm r[kwfyg? ausmif;om;wa,muf[m pmoifcef;jyifyrSm jzpfysufaewJh t&mudpPawGeJ@
qufpyfaeygw,f? ywf0ef;usifom,m&if pmoifcef;vnf; om,mygw,f? ywf0ef;usifudk om,matmifvkyfzdk@ usaemfwdk@
vnf; wm0ef&Sdygw,f?
ausmif;xkwfcH&+yD;wJhtcg EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ usaemfydk+yD; eD;uyfvmygw,f? (1977) ckESpf Zlvdkifv 7 &ufae@rSm
usaemfwdk@oli,fcsif;awG “ZlvdkifqJAif;” txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;udk ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;&SdwJhae&mrSm vkyfzdk@
pdkif;jyif;cJh=uygw,f? 62 ckESpfu ausmif;om;or*~ ausmif;om;a[mif;}uD;awGu ausmif;aqmifawGrSm jzef@a0ygw,f?
ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh (7777) tcrf;tem;rjzpfcJhyg? Zlvdkif (7) &ufreufrSm rkd;t}uD;tus,f&Gmaewm/ 0dZ…mody`H
wuUodkvfu ausmif;om;awGudk q&mawGu twef;r&Sdbl;vdk@ ajymvdkufwJhtwGuf òrd@xJuausmif;om;awG ausmif;
rvmwm/ taqmifaeausmif;om;tcsKd@ ta&;tcif;jzpfw,fxif+yD; tdrfjyefoGm;=uwmawGa=umifh usaemfwdk@tcrf;tem;
rusif;yjzpfcJhwmyg? (1978) rSmawmh óudwifv_H@aqmfjcif;rðybJ Zlvdkif (3) &ufae@ pufr_wuUodkvfrSm ta&;tcif;udk
pwifygw,f? &nf&G,fcsufu ausmif;om;ta&;tcif; t&Sdef&vm&if Zlvdkif (7) &ufae@rSm txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;
usif;yrSmjzpfygw,f? rar#mfvifhbJ ta&;tcif;udkpwifcJhwJh ausmif;om;wpk zrf;qD;cH&ygw,f? usaemfwdrf;a&SmifcJh+yD;
0&rf;ajy;jzpfcJhygw,f?
apmvSaiGwdk@nDtpfudkawGu usaemfhudk anmifwkef;òrd@rSm&SdwJh olwdk@&J@rdbtdrfudk ydk@xm;ygw,f? anmifwkef;eJ@
yef;waemf=um; {&m0wDjrpfurf;ab;u &Gmomat;&Gmuav;u wGJzufausmif;rSm ausmif;q&mvdkawmh usaemf
ausmif;q&moGm;vkyfygw,f? usaemfh&J@ausmif;q&mb0[m &Gmom;at;&GmrSm pwifcJhygw,f? ausmif;q&mb0rSm aysmfay
rJh usaemfh&J@&nf&G,fcsufu pmoifzdk@vmcJhwmr[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;t& acwWwdrf;a&Smifaejcif;om jzpfygw,f? apmvSaiG&J@ pDpOf
ay;csuft& 'kwd,ESpf pmoifESpfrSm rme,fyavmpcef;udk xGufcGmcJh&ygw,f? usKdufxD;¶dk;bk&m;awmifajcuae
aomif;&if;jrpfurf;a&mufwJhtxd (12) &ufwdwd awmifawG/ awmawGjzwf+yD; ajcvsifav#mufcJh&ygw,f? rme,f
yavmpcef;a&mufawmh AdkvfcsKyfjr/ apmoef;atmif/ zl;paumv,fawm/ AdkvfcsKyfjrarmif/ apmwmt,f/ apmpHvif;/
OD;pdk;atmifwdk@eJ@ awG@qHkpum;ajymcGifh&ygw,f? oEl;xl;pmapmifrSmvnf; jrefrmjynfynma&;pepfeJ@ ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;
aqmif;yg;awG a&;cJhygw,f? usaemfh&nf&G,fcsufu vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrSm yg0ifzdk@r[kwfbJ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;wnfwJh
twGuf jynfwGif;udkjyefcJhygw,f? ausmif;q&mvkyf&if; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_/ ausmif;om;v_y&f Sm;r_awGrSmyg0ifzkd@ tcGifhtcgapmifhae
cJhygw,f?
- 48 -
1980 rSm tpdk;&u taxGaxGvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifha=unmawmh usaemf &efukefjyefvmcJhygw,f? &efukefrSm usL&Sifjy

&if; pmay;pm,lwuUodkvf wufa&mufcJhygw,f? 1982 rSm rar#mfvifhbJ usaemftzrf;cH&ygw,f? oli,fcsif;awG vGwf+idrf;
csrf;omcGifheJ@vGwf=u+yD;rS usaemfu axmifxJjyef0if&ygw,f? ESpfESpft=um axmifuvGwf+yD; pmay;pm,lwuUodkvf pajz
ygw,f? r[mody`HpwufwJhESpf 1988 rSm ta&;tcif;awGjzpfawmh usaemfyg0ifcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmif+yD;
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf xlaxmifawmh usaemf yJcl;wdkif;pnf;¶Hk;a&;vkyfief;rSm yg0ifcJhygw,f? 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ
t+yD;rSm xyfrHzrf;qD;cH&ygw,f? axmifujyefvGwfvm+yD; 1993 rSmusaemf jrefrmjynfu xGufcGmvmcJhygw,f?
usaemfhtawG;rsm;udk jyefvnftqHk;owf&&if “ausmif;om;qdk;” wa,muf[m ausmif;q&mjzpfvmcJhygw,f? tck
tcg ausmif;q&mrsm;udk vrf;!¸efwJhq&m jzpfaeyg+yD? usaemfwdk@wawG[m ynmrvdkvm;vdk@ pmroifcsifvdk@ qlylcJh=uwm
r[kwfyg? usaemfwdk@ywf0ef;usif +idrf;csrf;om,mzdk@/ w&m;r#wzdk@ yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh=ujcif;om jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'
xGef;um;vmzdk@ wpdwfwydkif; yg0ifcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? acwftqufquf ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;awGrSm yg0ifcJh=uwJh
ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk*k%fðy&if; usaemfhtawG;udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygw,f?
a'gufwmodef;vGif ('DZifbm 2005)
&J&ifh=u,f wifarmifOD;
±kyfyHkv$m tydkif;tprsm;
aumif;ndK
wdkufyGJawGu ol&Jaumif;udk arG;zGm;ay;w,f/ ol&Jaumif;qdkwm ordkif;acwfawG&J@ rSwfausmuf/ a&$tppfqdkwm
i&JrD;udkra=umufbl;?
ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ausmif;om;qdkwm ordkif;pOfwavsmufrSm wdkufyGJawGeJ@om tpDt&Djynfhv#rf;aecJhw,f? ausmif;
om;pdwf"gwf/ ausmif;om;ordkif;qdkwm Armjynf&J@ rw&m;r_qef@usifawmfvSefwJhvrf;a=umif;rSm xif&Sm;cJhw,f? usaemfwdk@
vufxJu wdkufyGJ0ifcGyfa'gif;tvHu tpOftvmt& vufqifhurf;o,fvmcJhwJhtvHjzpfygw,f?
ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ausmif;om;wdk@&J@ wdkufyGJpOfawGxJu (1974) rSmjzpfyGm;cJhwJh OD;oef@ta&;tcif;[m urBmhtv,f
rSm ArmjynfrsufESmri,fa&;twGufqifEGJcJhwJh ausmif;om;wdkufyGJyg? OD;oef@qdkwmu usaemfwdk@ jrefrmt,ltqt& ajym&
&if p}u0aw;rif;aygh? acwfay:EdkifiHa&;toHk;tE_ef;t&ajym&if ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyfjzpfw,f? OD;oef@[m
wurBmvHk;uav;pm;&wJh urBmacgif;aqmif}uD;vnf;jzpfw,f? jzpfyGm;vkqJqJ urBmppfyGJ}uD;udk z,f&Sm;EdkifcJhwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;
orm;}uD;vJjzpfw,f? OD;oef@uG,fvGefawmh ol&J@ &kyfuvmyfudk ArmjynfrSm ðryfESHay;zdk@ qEN&SdcJhw,f? ol@&J@ &kyfuvmyfudk
av,mOfeJ@trdEdkifiHqD o,fvmwJhtcsdfefrSm 'Dpsmyeav,mOfjzwfoef;&mvrf;wav#muf EdkifiHawGu tajrmufypfazguf
*k%fðy=u&w,f?
'gayrJh OD;oef@&J@&kyfuvmyf Armjynfudka&mufvmawmh rqvtpdk;&u 'DvdkwurBmvHk;u av;pm;&wJh/ wefzdk;xm;wJh
acgif;aqmif}uD;udk omrefolvdkigvdkvlawGvdkoabmxm;+yD; t}uHyufpufpGm }uHawmocFsKid f;rSm ¹r_yfESHzdk@ pDpOfcJhw,f? 'g[m
rqvtpdk;&&J@acgif;aqmif}uD; OD;ae0if;&J@ oabmxm;ao;odrfr_jzpfw,f? 'g[m Armjynf vlxkw&yfvHk;udk apmfum;&m
vnf;a&mufcJhwJhtwGuf tpOftvmt& rw&m;r_udk acgif;iHk@rcHwwfwJh/ &dk;om;+yD;wufºuGwJh ausmif;om;awGu qef@usif
uef@uGufcJh=uw,f? OD;oef@&J@&kyfuvmyfudk ukvor*~axGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;&mxl;eJ@ xdkufwefpGm ¹r_yfESHoò*õvfzdk@ ausmif;om;
awGu óud;pm;=uw,f? 'DrSmwif tpdk;&eJ@ ausmif;om;awG[m xdyfwdkufawG@cJh=uw,f? tpdk;&u vufeufrJhausmif;om;
awGudk vlrqefpGm &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJh=uw,f?
'Dvdkt=urf;zufowfjzwfr_udk wzufowfcHcJh&wJh ausmif;om;awG[m vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;udk
a&mufcJh=uwm[m tifrwefrS obm0uswJh jzpfpOfwckygbJ?
tckqdk&if (26) ESpf&SdcJhyg+yD? usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awG&J@ &ifxJrSmawmh rae@wae@uvdkyJ cHpm;ae&qJygbJ? OD;oef@
ta&;awmfyHkuae+yD; xGufay:vmcJhwJh ol&Jaumif;wOD;udkvnf; trSwfw& &SdaeqJygbJ? 'Dol&Jaumif;uawmh udkwifarmif
OD; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh oleJ@ywfoufwJh tcsuftvufawG[m &Sm;yg;cJhygw,f? usaemfu ausmif;om;pdwf"mwfudkudkifpGJ+yD;
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufyGJ0ifaewJh ausmif;om;wyfrawmf0ifwa,muftaeeJ@ OD;wifarmifOD;ta=umif;udk yDyDjyifjyifod
csifaecJhwm=umyg+yD? 'gayrJh tajctaeuray;bl;? usaemfuvnf; ordkif;okawoDwa,muf r[kwfawmh pepfwus
okawoe rvkyfEkdifbl;? usaemfu ausmif;om;wyfrawmfu &Guf=urf;a&usKd &Jabmfwa,mufr#om?
- 49 -
wcgw&HrSm trSwfrxif tjzpftysufawG[m trSwfxifxif ta=umif;t&mawGudk xkqpfwwfw,f? ta=umif;

t&m cdkifcdkifrmrm odyfr&SdvSbJ usaemf[m ygvDref'Drdkua&pD&J@ twGif;a&;rª;jzpfol OD;cspfaqGeJ@ odu|rf;cJh&w,f? olu
usaemfhudk wpHkwckacgif;pOf owfrSwfr_r&SdbJ ta=umif;t&maygif;rsm;pGm ajymjyw,f? 'Dvdkajym=u qdk=u&if; udkwifarmif
OD;ta=umif;udk a&mufoGm;=uygw,f?
udkwifarmifOD;&J@ &kyfyHkv$mudk tefu,fOD;cspfaqGu olrSwfrdoavmufa&;cs,fjywmuæ
udkwifarmifOD;u t&yftarmif;aumif;+yD; vlacsmwa,mufjzpfw,f/ oyfoyf&yf&yfaewwf+yD; t+rJwrf; qHyifwdkwdkyJ
xm;wwfw,f? pum;enf;w,f?ajym&ifvnf; wefzdk;&SdwJhpum;udkom ajymavh&Sdw,f? wckckudkvkyf&if pdkufvdkufrwfwyf
vkyfavh&Sdw,f? tm;oGefcGefpdkufvkyfwwfw,f? t+rJwrf;vef;qef;wufºuG aewwf+yD; ,Hk=unfcsufjyif;xefw,f?
udkwifarmifOD;/ &pfcswfwifarmifOD;/ udkjrifha&$qdk+yD; trnfokH;rsdK;&Sdw,fvdk@ OD;cspfaqGu ajymjyygw,f? udkwifarmifOD;eJ@
pwifodºuGrf;&yHkukd od&ygap qdkawmh tefu,fOD;cspfaqGuæ
- cifAsm;wdk@vnf; odwJhtwdkif; (1974) rSm OD;oef@psmyeeJ@ywfouf+yD; tpdk;&u ausmif;om;awGudk &uf&ufpufpuf òzdcGif;
ESdrfESif;w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm usaemfwdk@u awmxJa&mufaewm 4-5 ESpfavmuf&Sd+yD?
- òrd@jywdkufyGJta=umif;awmh usaemfrodwmrsm;w,f? tJ'DrSm ausmif;om;awGu awmcdkvm=uw,f? awmcdkw,f
qdkawmhvnf; 'Dausmif;om;awG[m oef&moef&m vuf0J vuf,mawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGqDudk oGm;=uw,f?
b,folb,folawGqdkwmudkawmh tJ'dtcsdefu usaemfvnf;rodbl;? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh udkwifarmifOD;u
jynfajy;awGeJ@aygif;oGm;+yD; udkjrifhpdk;uawmh AuyawGqD a&mufoGm;+yDvdk@ a=unm=uwmawGudkawmh =um;ae&w,f?
tJ'Dvdk ausmif;om;awG wzGJzJGa&mufvmaewJhtcsdefrSm usaemfu aemufwef;&Hk;rSm wyfem;+yD; &Hk;vkyfief;awGudk ulnDaewJh
tcsdef/ tJ'DrSm usaemfwdk@qDu 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;u t&ifu wyfrawmf&J@ +Adwdo#oHcsyfum,EW,m;wyfrSm wyf=uyf}uD;/ olu
usaemfhudkac:w,f/ pmwapmifay;w,f? (PDP) pmu usaemfwdk@&J@ twGif;a&;rª;csKyfyg/ (vyw) ppfOD;pD;csKyfvnf;jzpfwJh
AdkvfcsKyfoGif&J@pm/ pmxJrSma&;xm;wmu tckv$wfvdkufwJholudk ar;jref;pHkprf;jcif;rvkyfygeJ@/ olta=umif; odp&mrvdkbl;?
ol@udk tajccHppfynm ppfuGyfuJr_ynmeJ@ vufeufu|rf;usifr_awGudk oif=um;ay;vdkufyg qdk+yD;ygw,f? oifwef;q&mawG
tjzpfeJ@ usaemf&,f/ q&maygºuG,f/ q&m0if;=unf&,fudk wm0efay;w,f? azgufcGJa&;oifwef;udkawmh tJ'Dtcsdefu
(PDP) &J@azmufcGJa&;wm0efcHjzpfwJh 'k-Adkvfrª;}uD;wifxGef;u oifwef;ay;w,fvdk@ od&w,f? tJ'Dvlu cifAsm;ar;wJh
udkwifarmifOD;ygyJ?
oifwef;u (One Man Army) jzpfayrJh wyfzGJ@}uD;wzGJ@udk oifwef;ay;ovdkrsdK; tawmfjyif;jyif;xefxefay;wm 'Dvdk
jyif;xefyifyef;wJhoifwef;udk udkwifarmifOD;[m rnnf;rnLbJ óud;pm;cJhw,f? 'D (One Man Army) oifwef;[m (15)
&ufavmufyJ=umcJhw,f? (One Man Army) oifwef;awG+yD;vdk@ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG[m olwdk@csif;qHkwJhtcg
vGwfvyfwJhausmif;om;tzJG@tpnf;wck xlaxmif=uzdk@ aqG;aEG;=uw,f? ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; vufeufudkifausmif;
om;or*~qdk+yD; zGJ@pnf;=uw,f? 'Dppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; vufeufudkifausmif;om;or*~udk usaemfwdk@&J@ (PDP) ygwDu
axmufyHhw,f? t}uHay;w,f/ ulnDw,f/ vGwfvyfwJhtzGJ@tpnf;wcktaeeJ@ todtrSwfðycJhw,f/ usaemfwdk@ygwDvdkyJ
(KNU) uvnf; todtrSwfðycJhw,f? (PDP) eJ@ (KNU) aqG;aEG;wdkifyif+yD; wyfr[m (6) e,fajrxJrSm&SdwJh zvl;{&d,m
xJrSmwae&m/ tJ'Dzvl;&J@ wzufurf;rSm wae&m/ tJ'D (2) ae&mrSm 'Dvufeufudkifausmif;om;or*~&J@&kH;awG zGifhcGifhay;cJh
w,f? 'gwifr[kwfao;bl;? &HyHkaiG&&Sda&;twGuf zvl;aps;wef;rSm qdkifwqdkifwnfay;w,f? rwnfaiGtjzpf (PDP) u
aiGoHk;aomif; xkwfay;cJhw,f? tJ'Dqdkifudk ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfwJh udkarmifqef;u wm0efcHtjzpf wm0ef
,l&w,f?
'Dppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; vufeufudkifausmif;om;or*~udkzGJ@awmh usaemfwdk@ygwDrSm t&if&Sdae=uwJh tpOftvm
ausmif;om;awGuvnf; 'Dor*~xJudk ul;ajymif;oGm;=uw,f? 'gudk ygwDuvnf; cGifhðyw,f? or*~zGJ@pnf;=uawmh OuUÏu
tmZmenfol&Jaumif;}uD;jzpfwJh udkwifarmifOD;ygbJ? 'k-OuUÏu rk'Hkausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfwJh udkoef@Zif/ twGif;a&;rª;
u udk&Jjrifhpdk;/ 'D udk&Jjrifhpdk;qdkwmu AuyawGeJ@ yl;aygif;oGm;w,fvdk@ tpdk;&u a=unmxm;wJh udk&Jjrifhpdk;ygyJ? trSefu
udkjrifhpdk;[m AuyawGeJ@yl;aygif;oGm;wm r[kwfygbl;/ usaemfwdk@ (PDP) udka&mufvmwmyg? ,ckxufwdkif ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sd
ae+yD; awmfvSefa&;wm0efawGudk ol@enf;ol@[efeJ@ qufvufxrf;aqmifaeqJyg/ wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª;tjzpfeJ@ udkpdefjrifh/
oluawmh (1970) wuUodkvfa&$&wktxdrf;trSwfqENjyyGJrSm armfvòrdifwuUodkvfuae &moufyefausmif;xkwfcHxm;&wJh
oljzpfw,f?
'Dvdkor*~zGJ@+yD;awmh tydkif; (2) ydkif; cGJvdkufw,f? udkwifarmifOD;eJ@ wcsdK@acgif;aqmifawGu òrd@jyvkyfief;awGudk vkyf=u
w,f? usefwJhacgif;aqmifawGu awmwGif;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk vkyf=uw,f?
- 50 -
òrd@jyvkyfief;awGtjzpfeJ@ udkwifarmifOD;tygt0if usaemfwdk@ygwDu (One Man Army) oifwef;ay;xm;wJh ausmif;

om;awG[m òrd@jyuausmif;om;awG/ olwdk@udkaxmufcHolawGeJ@ qufoG,f+yD; òrd@jywdkufyGJawG qifEGJzdk@óud;pm;=uw,f? tpdk;&
&J@ tcsuftcsmuswJh ae&mawGudk rdkif;cGJzsufqD;zdk@ vkyfaqmif=u&w,f?
'Dòrd@jyvkyfief;awGvkyfudkif=uwJh tkyfpkxJrSm usaemfhtaeeJ@ rSwfrSwf&&&SdaewJh ausmif;om;ESpfa,muf&Sdw,f/
wa,mufuawmh rqvtpdk;&u óud;rdef@ay;uGyfrsufwmcHcJh&wJh/ usaemfukd,fwdkif oifwef;ay;vdkuf&wJh udkwifarmifOD;/
aemufwa,mufuawmh ætif; æESpfawG=umawmh emrnfawGarhukef+yD/ q&mwyfrawmfrif;&JxGef;&J@om;vdk@ ajymw,f?
oluawmh òrd@jyvkyfief;awGvkyf&if;eJ@ usHK'dk;acsmif;rSm a&epfw,f/ a&epfawmh tpdk;&ppfwyfu vltkyfeJ@u,fzdk@ óud;pm;w,f/
awmfvSefa&;orm;rSef; od[efrwlygbl;?
'gayrJh 'Dausmif;om;u rif;wdk@&J@ aoG;ayaewJhvufudk igrudkifbl; vdk@ajym+yD; taocHw,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@&J@ (PDP)
v#dK@0Suf&JabmfawGeJ@ ukefonfawGujyefajym=uw,f? tifrwefav;pm;p&maumif;wJh ausmif;om;awGyg?
'DvdkyJ awmwGif;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wdkufyJGawGrSmvnf; usqHk;cJh&wJh ausmif;om;awG&SdcJhw,f? 'Dppftm%m&Sif
qef@usifa&; vufeufudkifausmif;om;or*~u usaemfwdk@ygwD&J@ taumif;qHk;uGefref'dkwyfjzpfwJh aygufusKdif;wyfzGJ@eJ@ wGJ+yD;
v_yf&Sm;w,f? 'DaygufusKdif;uGefref'dkwyfzGJ@&J@wyfrª;u ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; vufeufudkifausmif;om;or*~zGJ@awmh
usaemfwdk@ygwDuae ul;ajymif;oGm;+yD; 'Dor*~&J@ wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª;wm0efudk,laewJh udkpdefjrifhygyJ?
awmwGif;wdkufyGJawGrSmvnf; ausmif;om;awG[m &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|HwdkufyGJ 0ifcJh=uygw,f? ,m,Dòrd@odrf;wdkufyGJawG az:EdkifcJh
w,f? &efukef-rEWav;&xm;vrf;rSm wdkufyGJawG azmfEdkifcJhw,f? 'DwdkufyGJawGxJrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfwJh
udkatmifEdkif (0ef}uD;OD;ausmf+idrf;&J@wl) [m usqHk;cJh&w,f? udkatmifEdkifqdkwm òrd@jyvkyfief;awGvkyf&if; udkwifarmifOD;udk
rqvuzrf;rdoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm 'Dvufeufudkifausmif;om;or*~&J@ OuUÏwm0efudk qufvuf,lcJhwJhol jzpfw,f/ udkatmif
EdkifusqHk;awmh or*~&J@OuUÏwm0efudk udk&J@jrifhpdk;u qufvufwm0ef,l&w,f/ udk&Jjrifhpdk;uawmh ,ckwdkif touf&Sifv#uf
&Sdaeygw,f?
'gawGu udkwifarmifOD; ta=umif;ajym&if qufpyfvmwJhudpPawG/ 'DrSmajymzdk@&Sdwmu tckusaemfwdk@ajymaewJh udkwif
armifOD;qdkwmudk usaemfol@udk oifwef;ay;wJh umvrSma&m/ oifwef;+yD;oGm;wJh umvwcktxd udkwifarmifOD;rSef; rodcJh
bl;? usaemfwdk@&J@tm;opfpmapmifu ol&Jaumif;yGJawGudk owif;xkwfjyefawmhrS od&wm/ owif;xkwfjyefwJhtcsdefrSm
ol[m ArmjynfwGif;vkyfief;awGudk rvkyfzdk@ (PDP) &J@vl}uD;awGu aqG;aEG;w,f/ aemufxyfroGm;Edkifatmif owif;xkwf
jyefcsufawG vkyfvdkufwJhoabmvnf; ygr,fxifygw,f?
'gayrJh olwdk@u t&rf;pdwftm;xufoefaew,f? òrd@jyvkyfief;awGudk udk,fwdkifudk,fus vHk;0vkyfvdk@r&awmhrS awm
wGif;wdkufyGJawG 0ifcsifwJhqEN&Sdw,f/ aemufwacgufxyfoGm;r,fqdk+yD; xGufoGm;w,f/ bmrSawmhrjzpfao;bl;/ 'DrSmtwifh&J
+yD; av;}udrfajrmufjzpfwJh (1976) r_dif;&mjynfhrSm rqvtpdk;&u ol@udkzrf;oGm;cJhw,f? udkwifarmifOD;eJ@ywfouf+yD;
rSwfrSwf&&jzpfapwJh jzpf&yf&Sdovm; qdk&ifawmh txufrSm usaemfajymcJhovdk tm;opfpmapmifu ol&J@ (2) }udrfajrmuf
vkyfief;atmifjrifawmh owif;xkwfjyefr_awGvkyfw,f? aemuf+yD; usaemfwdk@ygwDeJ@ olwdk@or*~aygif;+yD; &JoD[pcef;rSm
udkwifarmifOD;udk *k%fðyyGJwckvkyfay;w,f/ 'DawmhrS usaemfwdk@[m jyefawG@&wm/ 'D*k%fðyyGJrSm usaemfwkd@u ol@&J@v_yf&Sm;r_
tawG@tóuHawGeJ@ ol&J@ awmfvSefa&;tay: oabmxm;udk ar;jref;=uw,f?
'DyGJrSm udkwifarmifOD; ajymoGm;wmudk rSwfrdoavmufajym&&if t"dutcsufuawmh (3) csufyJAs? bmvJqdkawmh
awmfvSefa&;qdkwm qif;&Jyifyef;r,f/ awmfvSefa&;orm;uawmh 'Dqif;&Jyifyef;r_'%fudk cHEdkif&nf&Sd&r,f qdkwm&,f/ vl
w&mavmufbJ&Sdaeygap 'grSr[kwf 'Dxufenf;csifenf;ygap awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;qdkwm rw&m;r_awG&Sdaeor#uawmh
&SdaerSmyJ? b,fawmhrS ysufpD;oGm;rSmr[kwfbl;? tcsdeftcgt& wdrfðryfaumif; wdrfðryfEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh &SdaerSmyJ/ jyefay:
vm&rSmyJ qdkwJhoabm&,f aemufqHk;tcsuftaeeJ@ ausmif;om;awG vufeufudkifw,f/ t=urf;zuf=uw,f qdkwmvnf;
aoG;ºuGae=uvdk@r[kwfbl;? ppftm%m&Siaf wGu ausmif;om;tygt0if vufeufrJhvlxkudk &ufpufpGm "m;rdk;tkyfcsKyfae
w,f/ usaemfwdk@[m tqifhwckrSm òrd@jywdkufyGJawGtjzpfeJ@ oydwfwdkufyGJawGudk qifE$JcJh=u+yD; vuf&Sdtaetxm;rSm ausmif;
om;awG&J@ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tqifhwckqDudk jr‡ifhwifzdk@vdkvmw,f? 'gha=umifh vufeufudkif&wmjzpfw,f/ òrd@jyvkyfief;
awGudk tm;&atmifvkyf+yD;&if awmwGif;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;r,f/ yDjyifwJh
ausmif;om;wyfrawmfw&yf ay:vmatmifóud;pm;r,f? (PDP) uvnf; 0dkif;0ef;ulnD=uzdk@ qdk+yD;ajymoGm;w,f?
'gayrJh ausmif;om;wyfrawmfudk olzGJ@pnf;cGifh romcJhbl;? oludk,fwdkif OD;aqmifwnfaxmifxm;wJh ppftm%m&Sifqef@
usifa&; vufeufudkifausmif;om;or*~[mvnf; (1978) ckESpfrSm usaemfwdk@ (PDP) eJ@twl tm;enf; ysufjy,foGm;cJh&
w,f/ oludk,fwdkifuawmh rqv&J@óud;pifrSm ol&Jaumif;yDopGm wdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsdK;twGuf toufpGef@oGm;cJhw,f?
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rSwfrSwf&&ayghAsm/ usaemfwdk@ygwD&,f (KNU) &,f olwdk@or*~&,f aygif;+yD;/ zvl;wdk@ 0rf;cgwdk@rSm 7th July tcrf;
tem;awG usif;ycJh=uw,f? olwdk@or*~uyJ OD;aqmifusif;ycJh=uwmyg? tcgtm;av#mfpGm ðyvkyfwwfwJh usaemfwdk@ygwD&J@
EdkifiHa&;tcrf;tem;awGudkvnf; olwdk@or*~u oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;w&yftaeeJ@ o0%fv$mydk@wmwdk@ bmwdk@
vkyf=uygw,f? w}udrfrSm ætif; ætm;opfpmapmif (6) ESpfjynfhtcrf;tem;rSm olwdk@or*~uay;ydk@wJh o0%fv$mudk
tcrf;tem;rª;vkyfwJh AdkvfatmifrsdK;u zwfcdkif;vdk@ usaemfudk,fwdkif zwfay;cJh&bl;ygw,f?
tif; olwdk@or*~&J@tvHu tck cifAsm;wdk@&J@tvHvdkyJ cGyfa'gif;tvHyJAs/ rSwfrdoavmuf 'Dor*~rSm OD;aqmifyg0if=uwJh
ausmif;om;awGu udkwifarmifOD;/ udkpdefjrifh/ udkatmifEdkif/ udk&Jjrifhpdk;/ udkarmifqef;/ udkatmifjrifh/ a'gufuvyf ac: udkodrfOD;
aemuf cifAsm;wdk@ (ABSDF) &J@OuUÏa[mif;jzpfwJh xGef;atmifausmfvnf; 'Dor*~tzGJ@0ifa[mif;jzpfcJhw,f?
usaemfwdk@ (PDP) uxkwfa0wJh tm;opfpmapmifrSm olwdk@eJ@ygwfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawG &Sdw,f? wcsdK@vl
awGqDrSmawmh usefEdkifygao;w,f?
'gawGuawmh ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD&J@ twGif;a&;rª;jzpfol OD;cspfaqG ajymjywJh udkwifarmifOD;eJ@ ol&J@ywf0ef;usiftae
txm;awGygyJ/ 'D&kyfyHkv$mum;csyfxJu xGufay:vmwJh tawG;awGuawmh (1974) OD;oef@ta&;awmfyHku arG;zGm;ay;vdkuf
wJh ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; vufeufudkifausmif;om;or*~&J@ OuUÏawG[m vufeufudkifwdkufyGJyJjzpfjzpf òrd@jywkdufyGJawG
udkyJjzpfjzpf xdxda&mufa&mufeJ@ toufay;wkdufyGJ0ifcJhw,fqdkwmudk odcJh&w,f? udkwifarmifOD;[m usaemfwdk@&J@ xm0&
acgif;aqmifjzpfaer,fholygyJ/ rnfodk@yifjzpfap atmifyGJonf wdkuf&Jolwdk@. vufxJwGif&Sdonf [k em;vnf&awmhrSmygbJ?
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(TrSwfwrf;twGuf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD. twGif;a&;rª;

jzpfol OD;cspfaqGtm; aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf? )
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*gr%d
1974 'DZifbm 10 &uf[m OD;oef@psmyeudkta=umif;ðy+yD; ausmif;om;rsm;/ oHCmrsm;eJ@jynfolrsm; rqvppftpdk;&udk
tHwkzDqefaecJhwJh aemufqHk;&ufjzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&[m vGefcJhwJh 3-4 &ufuwnf;u axmuf=uHh&mbmawmxJrSm
ppfwyfawG/ wifhum;awG toifhjyifxm;cJhw,f? &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJrSm AuyeJ@autif,ltrmcHawG vufeuf
awGeJ@a&mufaew,fqdk+yD; ol@wyfawGudk ppf0g'r_dif;oGif;xm;w,f? (,) &uf (e) em&Dudkawmh 'DZifbm (11) &ufreuf (3)
em&DowfrSwfxm;w,f? (10) &ufae@noef;acgifrSm ppfwyfawGeJ@ykvdyfawGu wuUodkvfausmif;0if;wckvHk;udk 0dkif;ydwfxm;
vdkufw,f?
owfrSwfcsdefa&mufwJhtcg ausmif;om;awGuydwfqdk@xm;wJh t"dywdvrf;r*dwfwHcg;udk u&def;um;eJ@qGJzGifhypf+yD;
ykvdyfawG a&S@qHk;u0ifvmw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m noef;acgif,H ppfwyfawGae&mp,luwnf;u or*~taqmuftOD
ae&mrSm&SdwJh OD;oef@*lAdrmefudk 0dkif;ywfum&H ae&m,lxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? ykvdyfawG0ifvmwJhtcgrSmawmh tm;vHk;[m
wa,mufudkwa,muf vufcsif;csdwf+yD; +idrf;csrf;pGmeJ@ aºuG;a=umfoHawGatmf=uygw,f? txyfxyf0dkif;xm;wJh ausmif;om;
awGudk&Sif;zdk@ ykvdyfawGu rsuf&nf,dkAkH;awGpypfygw,f? aemufwae@ ppftpdk;&rD'D,mrSm rsuf&nf,dkAHk;wvHk;ypf+yD; &Sif;vif;cJh
w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? wu,fawmh ausmif;om;wa,mufudk rsuf&nf,dkAHk;wvHk;E_H; ypfwmyg? rEWav;aqmifa&S@rSmypfwJh rsuf
&nf,dkAHk;a=umifh tif;0aqmifrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;awGawmif toufr&SLEdkifatmif jzpf&w,fqdkawmh rsuf&nf,dkAHk; b,fESpf
vHk;ypfw,fqdkwm pOf;pm;om=unfhygawmh? 'Davmuf rsuf&nf,Adk Hk;awGypfaeayrJh ausmif;om;awG[m OD;oef@*ludk vufcsif;
csdwf0dkif;xm;wm tysufrcHygbl;? vufcsif;csdwf&ufeJ@yJ aºuG;a=umfoHawGatmf/ ‘urBmra=u’ oDcsif;qdk=uygw,f? rsuf&nf
,dkAHk;aiG@awGa=umifh rl;arhvJusoGm;olawGudka&m rvJusolawGudkyg ykvdyfawGu eHywf'kwfawGeJ@ 0if¶dkuf=uw,f? wae&m
rSmawmh 0ifvmwJh&JawG ppfom;awGudk ausmufcJawGeJ@xk=uvdk@ &JawG ppfom;awG jyefqkwfoGm;=uw,f? 'DvkdrsKd;
wufvmvdkuf cJeJ@xkvdk@jyefqkwfoGm;vkduf oHk;cgavmufjzpf+yD;rS (xkp&mcJvnf;ukefoGm;awmhrS) OD;oef@*ludk rqvvlawG
vHk;vHk;pD;rdoGm;w,f? OD;oef@¶kyfuvmyfjr‡Kyfxm;&mtkwf*ludk bl'dkZmeJ@wGef;zsufxdk;aumf+yD; tacgif;udk r˜,loGm;ygawmh
w,f? arharsmvJusoGm;olawGudkawmh ykvdyfawGppfom;awGu ¶dkufESufxkaxmif;+yD; qGJxkwfoGm;=uw,f? tomw=unf
awmh b,folrSrvdkuf? 'Dvdka&S@wdk;aemufiifjzpfaepOfrSm ppfwyfu *sDo&D;*sDzdk;awGeJ@vnf; ròydao;wJhvltkyfawGbuf ypfao;
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w,f? wcsufcsif;a&m twGJvdkufyg ypfoHawG jywfawmif;jywfawmif; =um;ae&w,f? or*~&ifjyif[m 'kwd,t}udrf

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(30) avmuftxd xnfhxm;&wJhtajc qdkufoGm;w,f?
'gayrJh 'g[m OD;oef@ta&;awmfyHk&J@ aemufqHk; ed*Hk; r[kwfao;ygbl;? ta&;awmfyHk&J@ t"dutiftm;awG/ t"duacgif;
aqmifawG ygoGm;wm trSefygyJ? 'gayrJh ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;tiftm;awG[m ukefcrf;oGm;wwfwmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;/
vG,fvG,feJ@ OD;usKd;roGm;wwfygbl;? zdESdyfr_&Sdoa&G@ awmfvSefykefuefr_&SdaerSm ajr}uD;vufcwfrvGJwJh ed,mrjzpfygw,f?
OD;oef@ta&;awmfyHkumv &efukefwuUodkvfoydwfpcef;rSm ausmif;om;awG[m (24) em&D&SdaeayrJh 'D (24) em&DpvHk;
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wae&moGm;=ueJ@ rdk;vif;wJhtcg oydwfpcef;jyefvmwmrsKd;&Sdovdk nusrSoydwfpcef;vm+yD; ae@bufrSmudpPtrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ tjyif
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tJ'geJ@ pka0;rdwJh ausmif;olausmif;om;awGeJ@ jynfolvlxk[m vSnf;wef;uae &efukeòf rd@xJudk csDwuf=uygw,f?
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xifxm;wmu wuUodkvf0if;xJuausmif;om;awGudk tukefydwfzrf;vdkuf&if yGJodrf;+yDvdk@xifcJhw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fawmh
tckrS yGJupwmyg? 1962 ckESpfup+yD; atmif;xm;cJhwJh vlxka'go tckrSaygufuGJwmjzpfw,f? OD;oef@ta&;awmfyHkrwdkifcif
vGefcJhwJh (6) vu aemifawmftvkyform;}uD;awGudk ppftpdk;&u &uf&ufpufpuf vlowfyGJcif;cJhwmudk emusnf;xm;wJh
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txu tvuausmif;om;av;awG[m vHkòcHa&;wm0ef,l&mrSm av;*GawGygyg=u+yD; vufvnf;ajzmifhwJhtwGuf
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rwdk@cJhygbl;? ppftpdk;&ydkifypPnf;awG taqmuftOD;awGudkom aoaocsmcsmypfrSwfxm;+yD; au|;wmjzpfygw,f? (11) &ufae@
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awG@ae&ygw,f? reufup=um;&wJh aoewfoH[m naeapmif;usrS wdwfygw,f? (11) &ufae@rmS yJ rqvu ppftkyfcsKyfa&;
a=unmvdkufw,f?
'gayrJh tJ'g aemufqHk;r[kwfao;ygbl;? (12) &ufae@rSm ausmif;om;awGeJ@vlxkawG[m ql;avbk&m;em;rSm xyfpk=u
jyefw,f? aemufwcsD xyfcs=uw,f? 'Dwcgawmh &efukefòrd@xJrSm ppfom;awG pdaeatmifcsxm;+yD;jzpfvdk@ (11) &ufae@
- 53 -
avmuf =um=umwdkufyGJ0ifvdk@r&bJ ypfcwfowfjzwfcH&+yD; +idrfoGm;&w,f? 'DtHkºuGr_ESpf&uftwGif; ppftpdk;&&J@xkwfjyefcsuf

t& (31) a,mufaow,fvdk@qkdw,f? 'Dawmh wu,fhta&twGufodcsif&if tenf;qHk; (10) eJ@ajr‡muf b,fvdkrSrrSm;Edkif
ygbl;?
'DwdkufyGJudk rif;rJhp¶dkuf 'grSr[kwf t=urf;zuf0g'vdk@ ajymcsifvnf;ajymyg? &ygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m vHk;0udk
+idrf;csrf;pGmeJ@ qENjyawmif;qdkcJhwmudk ppftm%m&SifawGup+yD; t=urf;zufòzdcGJwmjzpfw,f? t"duacgif;aqmifawG tm;vHk;
vdkvdk axmifxJa&mufoGm;wJhtcg usefwJhausmif;om;awGudk xdef;EdkifwJholr&Sdawmhvdk@ tckvdkaygufuGJyGifhxGufoGm;wm
wu,fawmh bmrSrqef;ygbl;? ausmif;om;qdkwmuvnf; b,facwfrSmrS oDaygrif;pdwf"mwf/ uif;0efrif;}uD;pdwf"mwfrsKd;
r&SdcJhygbl;?
tJ'Dawmh 'DZifbm (12) &ufae@uyJ OD;oef@ta&;awmfyHk&J@ aemufqHk;jzpfoGm;+yDvm;? tJovdkajymr,fqdk ajymvdk@&Edkif
ayrJh ausmif;om;awG&J@aemufqHk;awmh vHk;0r[kwfygbl;? wu,fawmh ausmif;om;awG&J@aemufqHk;qdkwm &Sdudkr&Sdygbl;?
bmvdk@vJqdkawmh aemufxyf (6) vt=umjzpfwJh 1975 ZGefvrSm ausmif;om;awG[m ppftm%m&SifawGukd xyfrHtHwk
cJhjyefygw,f? 'gudk ppftpdk;&uòzdcGJ+yD; ausmif;om;awGudk &meJ@csD axmifcscJhjyefw,f? 'gayrJh ausmif;om;awG[m aemufxyf
(9) vt=umjzpfwJh 1976 rwfvrSm rd_if;&mjynfhta&;awmfyHkudk qifE$JwdkufyGJ0ifjyefygw,f? &mcsDtzrf;cH&jyefw,f? axmifxJ
a&mufwJhausmif;om;awGuvnf; tvHrvSJbJ wdkufyGJawGw+cdrf;+cdrf; qufwdkuf=uwmygyJ?
1977 ckrSm (7) av;vHk;vkyfzdk@óud;yrf;csuf/ 1978 rSm tHkºuGzdk@óud;yrf;csufawGuawmh pzdk@=uHwkef;rSmyJ tòzdcHvdkuf&w,f?
'gawGtm;vHk;[m EdkifiHwumvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@wdk@/ EdkifiHwum=uufajceDwdk@/ vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unhfa&;tzGJ@wdk@u
jrefrmjynfudk pm&if;xJxnfhrxm;wJhtcsdefrSm vkyfcJh=uwmyg? tJ'Daemuf 1980 rSm rqvppftpdk;&u (2§80) eJ@vGwf+idrf;
csrf;omcGifhay;awmh ausmif;om;awG&J@ pGef@v$wfwdkufyGJ0ifr_awGudk EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGu opPmazmufvdkuf=uyg
w,f? 'geJ@yJ 1988 txd a&pkefarsmoGm;wmjzpfw,f? 1974 ckESpf tvkyform;ta&;awmfyHkeJ@ OD;oef@ta&;awmfyHk vlowfyGJ
awGjzpf+yD; aemuf (13) ESpft=umrSmrS Armjynfudk urBmu “awG@&Sd” oGm;=uygawmhw,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf rsKd;qufawG[m wquf+yD;wquf udk,fvkyfEdkifoavmuf tajctaeay;oavmuf twwfEdkifqHk;
wm0efausatmif vkyfoGm;=uwmcsnf;ygyJ? tajctaeay;oavmufxufawmh b,folrSausmfvGef+yD; vkyfvdk@r&cJh=uygbl;?
b,facwfyJa&mufa&muf ausmif;om;awGuawmh rw&m;wmudk b,fawmhrS acgif;iHk@+idrfcHaerSmr[kwfygbl;?
(Taqmif;yg;a&;jzpf&ef v_H@aqmfr_jzpfcJhaom q&mrjra=u;rHktm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?)

*gr%d
- 54 -
1974 ckESpf
OD;oefY psmye ta&;awmfyHk
ordkif;rSwfwrf;
trSmpm
tckrMumcifrSm OD;oefY ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnf vnf;a&mufvm
awmhrSmyg/ rysdKvnf; OD;oefYta&;tcif;udk rrSDcJhygbl;..... pkaqmif;xm;wJh
rSwfwrf;awG&,f... OD;oefY ta&;tcif;rSm udk,fwdkifyg0ifcJhvdkY zrf;cH&NyD;
axmif 7 ESpf uscJhwJh OD;av;&JU jyefajymcsufawGudk em;&nf0 aewm&,f
pkaygif;NyD; ordkif;rSwfwrf; oufouf a&;ay;ygr,f/ rysdK &JU udk,fydkif
tmabmf bmwpfckrS rygygbl;qdkwm BudKwif ajymjyxm;yg&ap/ zwfvdkY
aumif;atmif pum;ajy oabmrsdK; ta&;tom;yJ ajymif;wm&SdrSmyg/
rSwfwrf;udkawmh rl&if;twdkif; a&;ay;rSmyg/ tu,fí taMumif;t&m
wpfpHkwpfck rSm;,Gif;cJhyg&if rysdK nHhzsif;rI aMumifh rSwfwrf; jyKpkrI rSm;wm
vdkYyJ 0efcHyg&ap/
" ysKdysKdar
1974 ckESpf OD;oefYpsmye ta&;awmfyHk
tcsdefum; 1974 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 25 &uf

ae&mum; tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;a,mufNrdKY/
ukvor*¾ taxGaxGtwGifa&;rª;csKyf OD;oefY tqkwfuifqmjzifh
uG,fvGefoGm;cJhNyD/ OD;oefY rnfolenf;..... OD;oefY onf ukvor*¾wGif
wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf wwd, urÇmppfrD; tpryGm;a&; twGufpGrf;pGrf;wrH
aqmif&GufcJhonfhtwGuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;Adokum[k trnfwyf&avmufatmif
wurÇmvHk;rS todtrSwfjyKcHxm;&oljzpfonf/ þrQxl;cRefxufjrufonfh
OD;oefYonf rnfonfhEdkifiHom;enf;[líyif ar;jref;,lcH&ol wpfOD;
jzpfonf/ urÇmhajryHkay:wGif jrefrmjynfae&mtm; nGefjyí þEdkifiHrS
jzpfaMumif; nGefjy&if; jrefrmudk urÇmrS pwifowdjyKrd apcJholjzpfonf/
OD;oefYonf urÇmhukvor*¾wGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;wm0eftm;
ESpfBudrfqufwdkuf xrf;aqmifcJhavonf/
OD;oefY uG,fvGefoGm;csdefwGif jrefrmwpfrsdK;om;vHk; (vlenf;pk
rSvGJí) rsdK;cspfpdwftjynfhjzifh ,lusHK;r& ESajrmwo 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ jzpfcJh
Mu&onf/ ukvor*¾wGif wm0efudkausyGefpGm xrf;aqmif&if; EdkifiHh*kPf
udkaqmifcJhaom OD;oefYtm; olY\aemufqHk;c&D;wGif xdkufxdkufwefwef
*kPfjyK&ef? EdkifiHawmfpsmyewpfcktjzpf usif;yEdkif&ef jrefrmEdkifiHom;
tm;vHk; arQmfvifhwBuD;jzifh oufrJhOD;oefYtm; apmifharQmfcJhMuygonf/
urÇmhukvor*¾tzGJYBuD;rSvnf; OD;oefY\psmyetm; ukvor*¾
wGif urÇmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh BuD;us,f
crf;em;pGm *g&0jyKEIwfqufNyD; usif;yay;cJhonf/ rdcifjrefrmjynfwGifom
oN*dKFvdkaom OD;oefYrdom;pk\qE´t& OD;oefY\&kyfuvyftm; jrefrmEdkifiH
odkYjyefydkYay;&ef ukvor*¾rS pDpOfay;cJhonf/
1
1974 ckESpf 'DZifbm (1) &ufaeY - OD;oefY\ &kyfuvyf? touf

rJhaeaomfvnf; rsdK;cspfpdwfrrJhaom OD;oefYESifh OD;oefY\rdom;pkaMumifh
jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf jy,k*fwpfckjzpfap&ef jrefrmEdkifiHodkY jyefvnf
a&muf&SdvmcJhavonf/
OD;ae0if;\ rqvtpdk;&rS OD;oefYpsmyetwGuf usdKuúqHuGif;
uGufvyfwpfae&mawGif r@yfi,f wpfck aqmufvkyfapNyD; MuufajceD
vli,frsm;udkom tapmifhcsxm;um psmyetcrf;tem; usif;yaponf/
xdkYaemuf 'DZifbm (5) &ufaeY aeYvnf (1) em&D tcsdefwGif BuHawm
okomefodkY ydkYaqmif oN*ØKrnf[k jynfolvlxktm; aMujimcJhonf/ OD;Ek
tpdk;&vufxJrS tmPmudk "m;jywdkufodrf;,lcJhaom OD;ae0if;tm; &Iwfcs
uefYuGufcJhzl;aom OD;oefY? odyfawmfcJhaom urÇmausmfcJhaom OD;oefYtm;
yk*¾dK[fa&; rauseyfcsuf 0efwdkrpä&d, pdwfrsm;jzifh.. EdkifiHh*kPfaqmif Nidrf;
csrf;a&;AdokumBuD; OD;oefY\ &kyftavmif; oN*ØKrnfh ae&mudk MuHawm
okomef0if;twGif;&Sd... OD;ae0if;\ oGm;avol cspfZeD;a[mif;BuD;
a':cifaroef;\ tkwf*lajc&if; ajrae&mü jzpfap&rnf[k OD;ae0if;u
,kwfrmpGm owfrSwfay;vdkufonf/
EdkifiHawmfpsmye wpfcktjzpf crf;em;pGm *kPfjyKoN*ØK&vdrfhrnf[k
arQmfvifhwBuD; apmifhpm;aecJhaom jynfolvlxkvnf; OD;ae0if;\ odu©mrJh
vspfvsL½Iaomvkyf&yf? OD;oefY\ *kPfodu©mudkrSraxmuf atmufwef;
uspGm vkyf&ufavaom vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf jynfolrsm; ausmifom;rsm;\
0rf;enf;aMuuGJrI rcHr&yfEdkifa'gorsm;onf 1962 ckESpf (7) ZlvdkifNyD;
uwnf;u NidrfoufrIrsm; aysmufuG,fvdkY 13 ESpfMumrS xyfrHí aygufuGJrI
toGifodkY ulajymif;cJh& avawmhonf/
OD;oefY\ psmyeowif;udk Mum;Mum;csif; wuúodkvfaygif;pHkrS
ausmif;om;u psmyeaumfrwDwpf&yf zGJYpnf;vdkufNyD; psmyeusif;y&ef?
OD;oefYtm; aemufqHk; *g&0jyK&ef pDpOfMuonf/ yxr tpDtpOft&
2
ausmif;om;rsm;u usdKuúqHuGif;odkY um;rsm;jzifh oGm;a&mufpk&Hk;MuzdkY

jzpfonf/ tpDtpOftwdkif; bwfpfum;rsm; vdkufiSm;&m oufqdkif&mrS
wm;jrpfxm;wJhtwGuf bwfpfum;iSm; r&aomaMumifh wuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm; &efukefwuúodkvf wGifpk&yfxm;NyD; usdKuúqHuGif;odkY
ajcvsif csDwufMu&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/ pufrIwuúodkvfrS ausmif;
om;rsm;u &&mum;rsm;jzifh BudKYukef;rS &efukefwuúodkvf odkY oGm;a&muf
pka0;Muygonf/ wuúodkvfaygif;pHkrS ausmifom;rsm;u aemufrSa&muf
vmaom pufrIwuúodkvfausmifom;rsm;udk vufckyfvuf0g;wD;NyD; BudKqdk
MuonfrSm tifrwefrSMuufoD;xp&m aumif;vSaom jrifuGif;wpfck
jzpfygonf/
ausmifom;rsm; 3 a,muf wpfwef;pDwef;NyD; &efukefwuúodkvfrS
usdKuúqHuGif;udk pwifxGufcGmMuygonf/ pufrIwuúodkvfrS um;wpfpD;?
&efukefwuúodkvfrS um;wpfpD;pDay:wGif toHcsJYpufrsm;wifNyD; ]]uRefawmf
wdkYausmif;om;xkonf Nidrf;csrf;a&; AdokumBuD; OD;oefY\ aemufqHk;
c&D;odkY vdkufygydkYaqmif&efESifh *g&0jyK&ef csDwufvmaMumif; aMunm
ygonf}} [k aMunm&if;vdkufygvmMuonf/ vrf;wpfavQmuf jynfolrsm;
uvnf; tm;ay;Mu&if; aomufa&rsm; pm;p&mrsm; a0iSMuonf/
OD;oefY\ ½kyftavmif;xm;&m udsKuúqHuGif;odkY a&mufavNyD/ usdKuú
qHuGif; wpfckvHk; OD;oefYudk aemufqHk;vma&muf *g&0jyKolrsm;ESifh jynfhvQH
aeonf/ OD;oefY ½kyftavmif;xm;&m r@yftwGif;rSmawmh OD;oefY\
rdom;pkrsm;? aqGrsdKrsm; ESifh oufqdkif&myk*d¾Kvfrsm;u ae&m,lxm;onf/
ausmif;om;rsm; usdKuúqHuGif;twGif;odkY pDwef;0ifa&mufvmonfESifh
a&muf&SdaeMuaom jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;\ BudKqdktm;ay;aom vufckyf
oHrsm;rSm b0*fwdkifnHoGm;onf [k ajymvQifvGefrnf rxifyg/ ausmif;
om;rsm;tm;vHk; OD;oefY½kyftavmif;xm;&m r@yf\ta&SUbuf uGif;jyif
wGif ae&m,lvdkufMuawmhonf/
3
rGef;vGJcsdef\ aeylylatmufrSm rw&m;rIudk rauseyfMuaom

ausmif;om;rsm;&JU &ifylyl cHpm;csufrsm;u rD;uJhodkY [kef;ueJxawmuf
awmhonf/ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIBuD; pygNyD/ aygufuGJukefNyD... toHcsJU
pufrsm;u patmfMuNyD... ]]Nidrf;csrf;a&;zcifBuD; OD;oefYtwGuf *lAdrmef
&&Sda&; ....... 'dkYta&; ........ 'dkYta&;}}/ aMuG;aMumfoHawG pvdkufonfESifh
ausmif;om;rsm; pwifvIyf&Sm;vmMuonf/
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ta&;ay:pnf;a0;vdkufMu&onf/
]]NyD;pvG,fwnfaqmufxm;aomr@yf}}? ]]jrif;NydKifuGif;a[mif;}}? ESifh
]]MuHawmokomef}} wdkYrSm OD;oefY\ *kPfodu©mESifh vm;vm;rQ rtyfpyf
t½kyfqdk; tusnf;wefvS aomaMumifh OD;oefY\ ½kyftavmif;tm;
*kPfodu©m&Sd&Sd xdkufwefpGmoN*ØK&ef ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u
qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/
tajctaeawG ½kwfw&uf ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/ OD;oefY\ ½kyf
tavmif;tm; ausmif;om;xku wuúodkvfe,fajrodkY jyefvnfo,f
aqmifNyD; xdkufoifhaom psmyetcrf;tem;jzifh oN*ØKNyD; *lAdrmefBuD;
wnfaqmufrnfjzpfaMumif; ? odkYjzpfygí roufqdkifolrsm; r@yftwGif;rS
z,f&Sm;ay;&efyg wpfqufwnf; aMunmoHxGufay:vmygonf/ csufcsif;
qdkovdk r@yftwGif;&Sd OD;oefY\ rdom;pkrsm;? oufqdkif&mvlBuD;rsm;?
aqGrsdK;rsm;ESifh MuufajceDvli,frsm; r@yftwGif;rS xGufNyD;? ausmif;om;
rsm;u r@yftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufae&m,lvdkufMuonf/
tJ'Daemuf ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u OD;oefY\ ½kyft
avmif;udk wuúodkvfe,fajrodkY jyefvnfo,faqmifNyD; tcrf;tem;jzifh
oN*ØKí *lAdrmefwnfaqmufrnf jzpfonfhtwGuf OD;oefY\ rdom;pktm;
cGifhawmif;ygonf/ OD;oefY\tudk OD;cefYtm; toHcsJYpuf&Sd&mudk zdwfac:
vdkufonf/ toHcsJYpuf&Sd&m a'gh*spfum;\ a&SYzufpufzHk;tm; pifjrifh
ozG,f toHk;jyKvdkufMuonff/
4
OD;cefY pifjrifhay: a&mufvmygNyD/ jynfolvlxk wpf&yfvHk;&JU

tm½Hkrsm;u pifhjrifhxufqDudk ydkYxm;Muonf/ OD;cefYu ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; pdwfvdkufrefygrvkyf&ef? tpdk;&ESifhqefYusifNyD; rvkyf&ef? enf;pepf
rSefuefpGmvkyfaqmifMu&ef ajymMum;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vlxk
wpf&yfvHk;u OD;oefY\½kyftavmif;udk tjrefqHk; wuúodkvfe,fajrqDodkY
jyefvnfo,faqmifzdkY jyifqifMuawmhonf/
(aemufydkif;rSm t&rf;pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ygw,f.. uRefr
a&;&if;eJY udk,fwdkif yg0if&ovdk cHpm;vm&ygw,f ... pma&;ol)
ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tjzpf udkwifarmifOD; (aemifwGif
BudK;ay;cH&ol)? udkwifpdk;? q&mr ro*Ðjrifh (pD;yGm;a&; wuúodkvf) wdkYu
OD;aqmifa[majymMuNyD;... ausmif;om;rsm;u r@yftwGif;rS OD;oefY &kyf
uvyfudk ycHk;ajymif;xrf; o,f,lNyD; ra[mf*eDa&mif acgif;BuD;tm;..
vGrf;olYyef;aqmifrsm; wifaqmifxm;onfh um;acgifrdk;ay:odkY wifvdkuf
Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; ESifh oHCmawmfrsm; NcH&Hvsuf axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmaom vlxkBuD;rS OD;oefY\ &kyfuvyftm; ausmif;om;rsm; csDwuf
vmcJh&m vrf;aMumif;twdkif; wuúodkvfe,fajrodkY aMuG;aMumfoHrsm;
aMuG;aMumfum jyefvnfo,faqmifcJhMuonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf0if; t"dywdvrf;r twdkif; qufvuf
o,faqmifvmNyD; bGJYESif;obifcef;r taqmuftOD; a&SYwGif ,m,Dpifjrifh
jyKvkyfí OD;oefY\ &kyftavmif;udk ae&mcsxm;vdkufMuonf/ wuúodkvf
0if;wpfckvHk; ausmifom;rsm;? oHCmawmfrsm; ESifh jynfhvQHaeNyD;? tquf
rjywf aMuG;aMumfoHrsm; ESifh [def;[def;nHvsuf &Sdonf/
1974 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (6) &ufaeYwGif udkaomif;at;?
udkapmvSaiG? udkarmifwdwf? udkjrifh[ef wdkYOD;aqmifNyD; wuo0if; or*¾
ae&ma[mif;udk pwif&Sif;vif;Muonf/ jruf½dkif;rsm;ESifh zkef;qdk;awmudk
5
rD;½dIYNyD; *lAdrmefae&mtwGuf pwifjyifqifMuonf/ rEÅav;aqmif tvkyf

trIaqmiftzGJYudk zGJYvdkufMuonf/ txufwef; ausmif;om;av;rsm;yg
yg0ifvmMuonf/ rEÅav;aqmif tv,fxyfudk jyefMum;a&;½Hk;tjzpf
owfrSwfvdkufMuonf/ OD;oefYpsmyewGuf ½kyftavmif;udk umuG,fa&;?
vHkNcHKa&;? qufoG,fa&;? pm;a&;aomufa&; ESifh owif;axmufvSrf;
jyefMum;a&;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvfrS udkpdk;nGefY? rEÅav;aqmif
tD;pDrsm; ESifh txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;u wm0eftoD;oD; cGJa0
,lMuonf/
1974 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf bGJYESif;
obif taqmuftOD;a&SU ,m,Dpifjrifhay:rS OD;oefY\ ½kyftavmif;udk
ausmif;om; jynfol &[ef; &Sifvlrsm;u *g&0jyKMuonf/ xdkYaemuf
ausmif;om;rsm; ESifh oHCmawmfrsm; NcH&Hvsuf ODoefY\ ½kyftavmif;udk
bGJYESif;obifcef;r twGif;odkY o,faqmifvmNyD; bGJYESif;obif cef;r&Sd
pifjrifhxufwGif wifxm;vdkufMuonf/ ta&;ay: psmyeusif;ya&; aumfr
wDudkvnf; zGJYpnf;vdkufMuonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf0if; wpfckvHk; ausmif;
om; vlxkrsm;jzifh jynfhvQHaeonf/ bGJYESif;obifcef;ra&SY jrufcif;
jyifwGif; ausmif;om;rsm;\ &ifzGifhoH a[majymrIrsm; pwifjyKvkyfMuonf/
ausmifom;rsm; wpfOD;csif;wufa&muf &ifzGifhMuonf/ aMuG;aMumfoHrsm;
vufckyfoHrsm; wajzmif;jzmif;ESifh vlxk\ axmufcHtm;ay;rI uvnf;
aomaomnHaeonf/ bGJESif;obifcef;rBuD; wpfckvHk;vnf; ausmif;om;
rsm; ODoefYtm; vma&muf*g&0jyKMuaom te,fe,f t&yf&yfrS jynfol
rsm; ESifh jynfhvQHaeonf/
bGJYESif;obifcef;r pifjrifhxufrS psmye aumfrwD\ aMunmcsuf
wpf&yf xGufay:vmonf/ ]]OD;oefY psmyetm; EdkifiHawmfpsmye tjzpf
usif;yjyKvkyfay;&ef rqv tpdk;&xHodkY awmif;qdkcsufudk EdkifiHawmf
aumifpDodkY wdkuf½dkufay;ydkYvdkufonf/ ,aeYnae (4) em&Dwdwdtxd
6
jyefMum;csuf wpfpHkwpf&m r&&Sdygu ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfolvlxk\

tultnDESifh rdrdwdkYbmom psmyetcrf;tem; jyKvkyfí Nidrf;csrf;a&;
tkwf*lAdrmef wnfaqmufrnf jzpfaMumif;}} aMunmvdkufonf/ bGJYESif;
obifcef;r wpfckvHk; vufckyfoHrsm; zHk;vTrf;oGm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
ausmif;olrsm; ESifh jynfolrsm; tvSnfhus pifjrifhay:wGif wufa&muf
a[majymMuonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; ESifh jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; nae (4) em&Dudk
&ifwxdwfxdwfESifh apmifharQmfaeMuonf/ nae (4) em&Domausmfxdk;
oGm;aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmfaumifpDrS jyefMum;csuf vHk;0r&&SdcJhonfh twGuf
ausmif;om;? jynfol ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;\ oabmwlnDrIudk &,lNyD;
wuo0if;twGif; ,cifzsufqD;cHcJh&aom or*¾ taqmuftOD;a[mif;
ae&mwGif OD;oefY twGuf tkwf*lwnfaqmufrnf jzpfaMumif;? Nidrf;csrf;
a&; *lAdrmefudkvnf; wnfaqmufrnfjzpfaMumif; twnfjyKqHk;jzwfNyD;
aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefvdkufMuonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;? t&yfom;rsm; ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;yg rusef
or*¾a[mif;ae&mudk 0dkif;0dkif;vkyftm;ay; &Sif;vif;Muonf/ &efukefpufrI
wuúodkvf NrdKYjyESifhAdokumXmerS ausmif;om;rsm;u yHkpHa&;qGJNyD; OD;oefY\
*lAdrmefwnfaqmufa&;udk wm0ef,lMuonf/ wuúodkvfaygif;pHk? ausmif;
aygif;pHkrS ausmif;om;rsm; ESifh jynfolrsm;? oHCmawmfrsm;yg *lAdrmef
wnfaqmufa&;wGif yg0ifvkyftm; ay;Muonf/
xdkaeYn (7) em&DwGif OD;oefY\ rdom;pkrsm;jzpfMuaom OD;cefY?
OD;aomif;? qpéDcefY? a':at;at;oefY ESifh OD;wifjrifhOD;(OD;oefY om;ruf)
wdkY rEÅav;aqmifodkY a&mufvmMuNyD; psmyeaumfrwDrsm;ESifh ta&;ay:
tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfMuonf/ rdom;pkrsm;u at;at;csrf;csrf;ESifh psmyeudk
NyD;qHk;apNyD;aemuf OD;oefY\qE´t& txdrf;trSwftjzpf pmMunfhwdkuf
wpfck jzpfapcsifonf[k wifjyMuonf/ OD;oefY\nD OD;aomif;u &efukef
7
wdkif;aumifpDu ay;ydkYaom pmudkwifjyonf/ ]]OD;oefY\ psmye tkwf*l

wnfaqmufa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;*lAdrmeftwGuf uefawmfrifyef;NcHwGifae&m
ay;rnfjzpfaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; ta&;,lzrf;qD;rnf r[kwf
aMumif;}} yg&Sdaom ay;ydkYpmjzpfonf/ OD;aomif;rS OD;oefY\ &kyftavmif;
tm; 'DZifbm (8)&uf aeYvnf (12) em&DwGif tjrefqHk; oN*ØKcsifaMumif;
ajymMum;onf/ OD;wifjrifhOD;uvnf; ¤if;udk,fwdkif yHkpHa&;qGJxm;aom
OD;oefY\ tkwf*lAdrmefudk uefawmfrifyef;NcHwGif wnfaqmufNyD; oN*ØK&ef
pDpOfcsifaMumif; wifjyonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\oabmxm;rSm vGwfvyfí
ordkif;tpOftvmBuD;rm;aom wuúodkvf0if;twGif;rSmyif jrSKyfESHoN*ØKcsif
Muonf/
OD;oefYpsmye ta&;ESifhywfoufNyD; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
ESifh oHCmawmfrsm; tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;MuNyD; trsm;qE´jzifh oabm
wlnDcsuf&,lNyD; qHk;jzwfcsufcsrnf jzpfaMumif; tpnf;ta0;rS oabm
wlnDcsuf &,lcJhonf/ OD;oefY\ ½kyfuvyfudkvnf; 'DZifbm (8) &uf
aeYvnf (12) em&DwGif oN*FKdMu&ef oabmwlnDMuonf/ trsm;qE´jzifh
rJcGJqHk;jzwf&rnfh psmye usif;ya&; tpDtpOf 2 &yfrSm atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfonf/
(1) OD;oefY\ ½kyfuvmyfudk bGJYESif;obifcef;rrS ausmif;om;
or*¾ae&m? ausmif;om;rsm; aqmufvkyfxm;aom OD;oefY\
tkwf*lay:wGifwifí OD;oefYrdom;pkrsm;? jynfolvlxk?
ausmif;om;? oHCmawmfrsm; aemufqHk;*g0&jyKNyD; uefawmf
rifyef;NcHodkY o,faqmif&ef?
(2) OD;oefY\ ½kyfuvmyfudk ausmif;om;ESifhjynfolwdkY\ acR;ESifh
wnfaqmufaeonfh OD;oefYtkwf*lwGifoN*ØKNyD; OD;oefY *lAdrmef
udk ausmif;om;rsm; toufESifhaoG;paw;cJhonfh ausmif;om;
or*¾ ae&mwGifwnfaqmuf&ef? wdkY jzpfonf/
8
tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufol (11)OD; rJcGJqHk;jzwfvdkufMuaomtcg

(7) rJ (4) rJ ESifh yxr tcsufudk axmufcHolrsm;u tEdkif&oGm;cJhonf/
(7) rJrSm OD;oefYrdom;pkrS (2)rJ? oHCmhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS (2)rJ ESifh
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS (3)rJ wdkYjzpfNyD;? usef(4)rJrSm pufrI
wuúodkvfausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS (3)rJ ESifh aq;wuúodkvf
ausmif;om; udk,fom; udk,fpm;vS,frS (1)rJ wdkYjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
OD;oefY\ ½kyftavmif;udk uefawmfrifyef;NcHwGif oN*ØK&rnf jzpfonf/
jrefrmhtoH a&'D,dkrSvnf; 'DZifbm (8) &uf aeYvnf (12)em&DwGif
psmyetcrf;tem; usif;yrnf[k aMujimonf/
rEÅav;aqmifrS tD;pDtpnf;a0;wGif rJcGJqHk;jzwfNyD;onfESifh
ausmif;om;rsm; tkyfpkuGJoGm;Muonf/ pufrIwuúodkvf ausmifom;
udk,fpm;vS,f (3)OD;rS psmyeaumfrwD\ tpnf;ta0;tm; uefYuGuf
onfhtaejzifh qufvufyg0ifjcif;r&SdawmhyJ OD;oefYtkwf*lwnfae&m
wuo0if;wGif;&Sd or*¾ taqmuftOD;ae&ma[mif;udk pufrIwuúodkvf\
pk&yftjzpf owfrSwfvdkufMuonf/
tkwf*lwnfaqmufa&;wGif BuD;MuyfuGyfuGJaeaom pufrI
wuúodkvfausmif;qif; udkvwfu n(10)em&DcefYwGif rEÅav;aqmifodkY
a&mufcsvmNyD; tkwfoefY\ tkwf*lrSm ausmif;om;jynfol &[ef;&Sif
vlrsm;\ aeYrtdyfn rtdyfBudK;yrf;rIjzifh NyD;pD;oGm;NyD jzpfaMumif;? olwdkY\
qE´rSm OD;oefY\½kyftavmif;udk ¤if;wdkY yifyifyef;yef; aqmufvkyf
xm;aom wuo0if;twGif;&Sd tkwf*lwGifom jrSKyfESHapvdkaMumif; ajym
Mum;onf/ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u tkwf*lvHkNcHKa&;udk apmifhMuyf
ay;aeMuonf/
tkwf*lwnfaqmufa&;twGuf 'DZifbm(6)&ufaeY wuo0if;udk
&Sif;vif;NyD;aomtcg tkwf*laqmuf&ef ae&mudka&G;NyD; MuHawm
okomefteD; emewfawm&yfuGufrS yef;&Hq&mtm; ausmif;om;rsm;u
9
ac:vmcJhMuonf/ a&mufvmonfESifh csufcsif;ajrwl;Muonf/ wpf

a,mufwpfvuf tvkt,uf 0dkif;0ef;vkyftm;ay;Muonf/ udkvwfwdkY
vlpku tmZmenfukef;odkY oGm;NyD; AdkvfcsKyfwdkY tkwf*ltwdkif;twm rsm;udk
,lvmNyD; xkdtwdkif;twmrsm; twdkif; OD;oefY\ tkwf*ludk ESpf&ufESifh tNyD;
aqmufvkyf&ef pDpOfMuonf/ vdktyfaom tkwf? oJ? ausmufrsm;udk
aqmufvkyfp wuúodkvfpmMunfhwdkufrS ,l&efqHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/ jynf
olrsm; ausmif;om;rsm; oHCmawmfrsm; vufqifhurf;í tkwfrsm;udk pwif
o,f,lMuonf/ vkyftm;ay;olrsm;twGuf vma&mufvª'gef;Muaom
xrif;xkyf bdvyf&nfESifh aomufa& tjcm;pm;p&mrsm;rSmvnf; tvQH
ty,fjzpfonf/
rEÅav;aqmifa&SUwGifvnf; udkxGef;ausmfNidrf; ESifh udkbdkbdk
ausmfNidrf; (OD;ausmfNidrf;\ om;rsm;) wdkY OD;aqmifNyD; vkyftm;ay;rsm;ESifh
psmye tcrf;tem;odkY vma&mufMuolrsm;twGuf ,m,Daq;ay;cef;av;
zGifhNyD; vHkNcHKa&;wm0efyg ,lxm;Muonf/ udktif'½l;? udkOmPfay:
(pma&;q&mrif;vl)? udk&JjrifhESifh udkwifarmifOD;wdkYu owif;ESifh jyefMum;
a&; wm0ef,lxm;Muonf/ owif;rsm;udk vufESifha&;NyD; pmwrf;rsm;
vkyfum uyfay;Muonf/ umwGef;rsm;? oa&mfpmrsm; ESifh vHIYaqmfpm
rsm;udkvnf; wxdkifwnf;a&;qGJum uyfxm;Muao;onf/ tkwf*l
aemufzufwGif aemufcHxm;aom (yef;csD) udkrsdK;jrifh wdkY\vuf&m
OD;oefY\yHkwl yef;csDum;BuD;vnf; (2)&uftwGif; tacsmowfNyD;pD;
awmhrnfjzpfonf/ bGJYESif;obifcef;r&Sd OD;oefY\ ½kyftavmif;udkvnf;
toufESifh&if;NyD; umuG,frnfh taocHausmif;om; (12)OD;rS cGyfa'gif;
acgif;pD;eDrsm;pD;í aeYnrjywf apmifhMuyfaeMuonf/
'DZifbm (8)&ufaeY reufapmapmwGif tkwf*lBuD;NyD;pD;oGm;onf/
ausmif;om; &Sifvl jynfolrsm;acR;jzifh aeYn aqmufvkyfcJhaom *lAdrmef
MuD;NyD;pD;oGm;cJhNyD/ 'DZifbm (7) &ufnu tpnf;ta0;rJcGJqHk;jzwf
10
Muonfhowif;u wpfppysHYESHYvmcJhonf/ tpDtpOft& OD;oefY\ &kyfu

vyfudk uefawmrifyef;NcHodkY ydkYaqmif&awmhrnf/ trsm;jynfol ausmif;
om;rsm; qEáy:xGufvmonf/ rauseyfMuyg/ OD;oefY\ ½kyftavmif;udk
uefawmfrifodkY rydkYcsifMuyg/ odkYaomf rnfodkYrS rwwfEdkifygacs/
psmyeaumfrwDrS tpDptOft& OD;oefY\ &kyftavmif;udk eHeuf
(9)em&DcGJwGif bGJYESif;obifrS pwifo,f,lrnf[k aMunmvdkufonf/
tpDtpOfrSm - a&SYqHk;rS ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;? aemufwGif
yef;acGrsm;? aemufwGif OD;oefY\ &kyfuvyf ESifh psmyeaumfrwD OuúX
udkMunf0if; (pwkw¬ocsFm) u uefawmhyGJudk acgif;ay:rS½GufNyD; vdkufyg
&efwdkY jzpfonf/
xdktcsdefwGif &efukefpufrI wuúodkvfrS ausmif;om; ausmif;ol
rsm;u wuo0if; wpfckvHk;wGif ae&m,lvdkufMuonf/ ausmifom;
trsm;pk ESifh jynfolwdkYrSm OD;oefY\ ½kyftavmif;udk uefawmfrifyef;NcHodkY
ydkYaqmif&ef oabmrwlMuojzifh OD;oefY\ &kyftavmif;udk tkwf*lay:wGif
aemufqHk; *g&0jyKNyD;onfESifh ¤if;wdkY acR;ESifh&if;NyD; aqmufvkyfxm;aom
tkwf*lwGifyif oN*ØK&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/ *lydwf&ef tkwf? bdvyfajr
ESifh yef;&Hq&mrsm;udk toifhjyifxm;Muavonf/
1974 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (8)&uf aeYvnf 12 em&D - t"dywd
vrf;rwavQmufESifh bGJYESif;obif taqmuftOD;0ef;usif wpfckvHk;
OD;oefYudk aemufqHk;vma&muf *g&0jyKolrsm;ESifh jynfhESufoGm;onf/
wuo0if; wpfckvHk;udkvnf; pufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u vufwGJ
NyD; ae&mtjynfh,lxm;Muonf/ OD;oefY\&kyfuvyfudk bGJYESif;obif
cef;rrS xkwfvmNyD; ajrmufrsm;pGmaom vltkyfMum;rS wuo0if;&Sd
or*¾ae&ma[mif; *lAdrmefqDodkY cufcJpGmo,faqmif vmaeMuonf/
OD;oefY\ tkwf*laemufwGif OD;oefYyHkwl yef;csDum;BuD;rSm cefYnm;vSonf/
11
tkwf*la&SUwGif pdkufxlxm;aom omoemhtvHawmf? ukvor*¾tvHESifh

cGyfa'gif;tvHwdkYrSm avrSmw0ifh0ifhESifh rmefwufvsuf&SdMuonf/
OD;oefY\&kyfuvyfudk t"dywdvrf;rwavQmuf wa½GYa½GY
o,faqmifvmonfrSm tm&fpDcef;r ausmfvmNyD/ a&SYqHk;rS uefawmh
yGJ&Gufvmonfh OuúX udkMunf0if;\ rsufESmrSm rsuf&nfrsm; vnfvsuf
yDwdtNynfhESifh auseyfaeonf/ xdktcsdefwGif rEÅav;aqmifrS udkapmvSaiG
u tavmif;a&mufvmawmh rnfqdkí atmufxyfodkY ajy;qif;oGmonf/
udkarmifarmifwdwfu taqmifay:udk tajy;wufcJhNyD; tv,fxyf qif0if
cef;rab;wGif pyDumeSpfvHk;ESifh qufxm;onfh rdkufu½dkzkef;udk aumuf
udkifvdkufonf/
rEÅav;aqmifa&SY t"dywdvrf;rwavQmufudk arQmfMunfhvdkufawmh
vlawGudk udk,fvHk;awG rjrif&awmh? jyGwfodyfusyfcJaeaom rJrJacgif;
rsm;udkom wa½GYa½GYjrifae&onf/ ywf0ef;usifwpfckvHk;vnf; qlnHyGuf
avmxaeonf/ a&SYqHk;rSudkMunf0if;rSm vJrusoGm;atmifxdef;&if; vltkyf
Mum; renf;udkwdk;&if; a½GYae&onf/ rEÅav;aqmifa&SU jrifuGif;udk
MuufaoaoMunfh&if; idkifae&mrS udkarmifarmifwdwf owd0ifvmNyD;
rdkufu½dkzkef;udk wif;wif;qkyfudkif&if; ]]jynfolvlxkBuD; eJY ausmif;om;
&[ef;awmfrsm; cifAsm;}} [k toHukefatmfvdkufonf/ 3Budrf 3cg wdwd
atmfvdkufrS ywf0ef;usifvltkyfMuD;qDrS qlnHoHrsm; &SJueJ NidrfusoGm;NyD;
rEÅav;aqmif tv,fxyf toHvm&mqDodkY tMunfhrsm; OD;wnf
vdkufMuonf/
udkarmifarmifwdwf tm;wufoGm;NyD; qufajymonf/ ]]uRefawmf
wdkYu OD;oefYudk 'Dae&mrSmjr§KyfNyD;*kPfjyKzdkY pnf;a0;qHk;jzwfcJhMuayr,fh
um,uH&SifawGjzpfwJh OD;cefY (OD;oefYtpfudk)? qpf'eDcefY(OD;oefYwl)?
a':at;at;oefYwdkYeJY rJcGJqHk;jzwfwJhtcg tEkdif&wJh rJta&twGuftwdkif;
uefawmfrifyef;jcHudk ydkY&rSmjzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh 'DOD;oefYtavmif;[m
12
usaemfwdkYtm;vHk;eJYvnf; oufqdkifygw,f? 'Dtavmif;BuD; tjyifra&muf

cif qHk;jzwfcsuf ay;Edkifygao;w,f” “at;...... at;........ [kwfw,f?
[kwfw,f” [k vltkyfBuD;u vufckyfwD;Mu? atmfajymMuygonf/ “'Dawmh
'Dtavmif;BuD;udk 'DrSmwifjr§KyfwmurS oifhawmfygOD;r,f?” udkarmifarmif
wdwf xyfajymvdkufonf/ “[kwfw,fa[h” toHawGu xGufay:vm
ygonf/
“'DrSmjr§KyfrJholeJY/ [dkrSmjr§KyfrJholawGudk usaemf toHeJYqHk;jzwf

NyD;awmh rJcGJMunfhygr,f? 'gu cifAsm;wdkYqE´t&yg? uJ ... 'Dawmh wuo
vGifjyifrSm jr§Kyfr,fqdkwJholrsm;u vufckyfwD;Muyg?” udkarmifwdwf
qufajymonf/
vufckyfoHrsm; [D;xGufvmygonf? oHk;av;rdepfMumrS vufckyf
oHrsm;pJoGm;onf? xdkYaemuf uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSm jr§KyfzdkY qdkwJholrsm;
vufckyfwD;ay;MuygOD;qdkawmh.... vufckyfoHrsm;u [dkwuGuf?
onfwuGufom xGufay:vmcJhonf/
“[kwfuJh? Mum;wJhtwdkif;ygyJ? 'DrSmyJ jr§KyfrSmjzpfygw,fcifAsm;?”

[kajym&if; aMunmcsufudk tqHk;owfvdkufonf/ udkarmifarmifwdwf
taqmifay:rS ajy;qif;vmonf/ tavmif;pif&Sd&mudk wdk;a0SYvm&if;
tavmif;pifa&SUa&mufawmh oHCmawmfrsm; vlxkrsm;ESifh wdk;raygufEdkif
jzpfae&onf/ oHCmawmfrsm;u jzwfausmfcGifh ray;aomtcg
rEÅav;aqmifrS ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f jzpfaMumif;ajymjyaomtcg?
oHCmawmfrsm;u ]]'umav; 'Dwdkif;oGm;&ifawmh a&mufrSm
r[kwfawmhbl;.. usKyfwdkYycHk;ay:uom ausmfoGm;awmh}} [k ajym&if;
ajymajymqdkqdk 0dkif;xrf;xifay;vdkufMuaomaMumifh ? oHCmawmfrsm;
ycHk;ay:rS 0yfwGm;&if; [dka½GU'Da&GUESifh tavmif;pifa&SU a&mufcJh&onf/
13
OD;oefYtavmif;BuD; wuo0if;wGif;odkY a&mufvmNyD/ ausmif;

om; jynfol oHCmawmfrsm; wpfa,mufwpfvuf wnfaqmufxm;aom
tkwf*la&SU toifhjyifxm;aom pm;yGJay:wGif OD;oefY\ &kyfuvyf
udkwifvdkufMuonf/ OD;oefY\ rdom;pkrsm;? oHCmawmfrsm;/
jynfyEdkifiHtoD;oD;rS oHwrefrsm;? jynfolrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;
EdkifiHh*kPfaqmif OD;oefYudk aemufqHk; EIwfquf *g&0jyKMuonf/
tpDtpOft& - OD;oefY\½kyfuvyfudk uefawmfrifyef;NcHodkY ydkYaqmifygrnf
[k aMunmvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf ... ]]OD;oefY&kyfuvyfudk or*¾0if;
twGif;rS b,frSrxkwf&bl;}} [k vlxkBuD;\ aMuG;aMumfoHBuD;u
rdk;vHk;[def;rQ nHoGm;onf/ rEÅav;aqmif toHcsJYpufrS OD;cefYuaeí
vlxkBuD;udk arwåm&yfcHpum;ajymMum;onf/ ODoefY\½kyftavmif;udk
ausmif;om;jynfolrsm; aqmufvkyfxm;aom tkwf*lwGifyif jr§KyfESH&ef
awmif;qdk aMuG;aMumfoHrsm; tquftjywf us,favmifonfxuf
us,favmifvmonf/ vltkyfBuD;rS ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\
qHk;jzwfcsufudk toifhtaetxm;ESifh apmifhaeMuonf/ wpHkw&m
qHk;jzwfcsufray;Edkifygu ausmif;om;rsm;u tkwf*lwGif;odkY r&ru
xnfhoGif;oN*ØKMurnfh taetxm;txd jzpfvmonf/
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14
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15
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16
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17
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" abmhusef
U Thant died of lung cancer

in New York on November 25,
1974. By this time Burma was
ruled by a military junta which
refused him any honours. The then
Burmese President Ne Win was
envious of U Thant's international
stature and the respect that was
accorded him by the Burmese
populace. Ne Win also resented U
Thant's close links with the
democratic government of U Nu
which Ne Win had overthrown in a
coup d'etat on March 2, 1962. Ne Win ordered that U Thant
be buried without any official involvement or ceremony.
From the United Nations headquarters in New York, U
Thant's body was flown back to Rangoon but no guard of
honour or high ranking officials were on hand at the airport
when the coffin arrived.
On the day of U Thant's funeral on December 5, 1974,
tens of thousands of people lined the streets of Rangoon to
pay their last respects to their distinguished countryman
whose coffin was displayed at Rangoon's Kyaikasan race
course for a few hours before the scheduled burial.
The coffin of U Thant was then snatched by a group of
students just before it was scheduled to leave for burial in an
ordinary Rangoon cemetery. The student demonstrators
buried U Thant on the former grounds of the Rangoon
University Students Union (RUSU), which Ne Win had
dynamited and destroyed on July 8, 1962.
18
During the period of December 5 through December

11, 1974, the student demonstrators also built a temporary
mausoleum for U Thant on the grounds of the RUSU and
gave anti-government speeches. In the early morning hours
of December 11, 1974, government troops stormed the
campus, killed some of the students guarding the make-shift
mausoleum, removed U Thant's coffin, and reburied it at the
foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda, where it has continued to lie.
Upon hearing of the storming of the Rangoon
University campus and the forcible removal of U Thant's
coffin, many people rioted in the streets of Rangoon. Martial
law was declared in Rangoon and the surrounding
metropolitan areas. What has come to be known as the U
Thant crisis — the student-led protests over the shabby
treatment by the Ne Win government of U Thant — was
crushed by the Burmese government.
In 1978, U Thant's memoirs View from the UN was
posthumously published, initially by the American publishing
house Doubleday.
Belmont Island, in New York City waters across from
United Nations headquarters, has been unofficially renamed
U Thant Island and dedicated to the late Secretary-General's
legacy.
______________________________________
19
igeJ@rwligh&efol
Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma
Mary P.Callahan
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orkdif;ynm&Sifa'gufwmatmifcif .
avvd_if;xJupmtkyfpif toHv$ifhaqmif;yg;udk
Voice of Burma pmapmif
http://www.faxtoon.com/vob.htm
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Curriculum Vitae
Mary P. Callahan
Jackson School of International Studies
University of Washington
Box 353650
Seattle, WA 98195
Tel: 206-616-6206
email: mpc@u.washington.edu
EMPLOYMENT
October 1999 – present
Assistant Professor, Jackson School of International Studies,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
September 2002-December 2002
Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA.
September 1995 – October 1999
Assistant Professor, Department of National Security Affairs, and
Regional Director, Asia, Center for Civil-Military Relations, Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
EDUCATION
1996 Ph.D., Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fields of
concentration: Comparative Politics, Southeast Asia Studies,
Civil-Military Relations.
1991 M.A., Political Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fields of
concentration: Comparative Politics, Southeast Asia Studies.
1989 M.Soc.Sci., Asian Politics, University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Australia. Field of Concentration: International Relations.
1984 M.Sc., Political Philosophy, London School of Economics and
Political Science, London, England. Fields of Concentration:
Democratic and Liberal Philosophy.
1983 B.A., with highest honors, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA. Fields of Concentration: American Politics,
Political Theory.
ige@Jrwlig&h efol
Making Enemies by Mary P.Callahan
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tydik ;f (2)
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ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (3)
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ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (4)
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jrefrmjynfudk ukv d edk ED idk if o
H pftjzpf wnfaxmifz@dk t*Fvyd u f pdwrf ul;ygb;l / 'ga=umifh uke;f abmif
rif;quf Zmwford ;f oGm;wJt h cgrmS jrefrmjynfudk tdE, dN ukv d ekd t D pk;d &&J@ vufatmufcjH ynfe,f
wcktjzpf owfrw S yf gw,f? tdE, dN u t*Fvyd [ f m tdE, dN ukv d ekd t D yk pf ;dk vmwm ESpaf ygi;f w&m
ausm+f yrD @dk jrefrmjynfudk tkycf sKy&f wm jy\emr[kwyf gb;l / ppfwyfe@J tkycf sKyaf &;t&m&Sad wG&&dS if
+y;D aewJu h pd yP g/ t"duOD;wnfcsuu f t*Fvyd ef @J tjcm;ukr% ` aD wG jrefrmjynfrmS pD;yGm;a&;vkyEf idk f
atmif tdENd,tpdk;&u pDpOfay;zkd@jzpfygw,f? ukdvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;a=umifh Oa&myukr`%DawG
tusKd;cHpm;&+yD; jrefrmjynfom;awG 'kuQa&muf&ygw,f? ukdvdkeDtpkd;&tzdk@uawmh wkdif;jynf
wjynfv;Hk +ird 0f yf+y;D ydjym;ae+y;D uk, d vf ckd siw f muk&d zk@d uom ta&;t}u;D qk;H ygy?J
jrefrmwjynfvkH;ukd odrf;ydkufvkdufwJh 1885 ckup+yD; 1942 rSm *syefa&mufvmwJh
txd ESpaf ygi;f 60 eD;yg;usio hf ;Hk cJw h hJ t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyaf &;pepf[m ppftyk cf sKyaf &;pepfyjJ zpfw,fv@kd
orkid ;f q&m um;vfxa&mhuD u qkyd gw,f? t*Fvyd pf pfwyf odr;f yku d wf mukd qef@usiw f hJ jynfo@l
awmfvSefa&;a=umifh ukdvdkeDacwfrSm ppfwyfu t&yfvufxuf tm%mydk&Sdwmjzpfygw,f?
t*Fvdyf tdENd,ppfwyf txufjrefrmjynfukd odrf;ykdufpOfu Armbk&ifhwyfrawmf[m xdxd
a&mufa&muf ckcw H u dk cf u dk Ef idk w f mr[kww f t hJ wGuf tvG,w f ulord ;f yku d Ef idk yf gw,f?
'gayr,fh odr;f yku d +f y;D r=umrD jynfo@l awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_udk &ifqidk &f wJt h wGuf
tdENd,ppfom; waomif;ajcmufaxmif xyf+yD;ppfulykd@&ygw,f? jynfol@ykefuefr_wckvkH;ukd
acgi;f aqmifr,fo h rl &Sad yr,fh rif;avmif;qko d al wG OD;aqmifwhJ v_y&f mS ;r_udk ae&mtESt H jym;rSm
awG@Ekid yf gw,f? Armrdom;pkwikd ;f rSm olyek b f ufawmfom;&Sad eygw,f? a'oukd ru|r;f usiw f hJ
t*Fvyd t f Ed ,dN ppfwyftzk@d uawmh rjrif&wJh &efou l &dk ifqidk af e&ovkjd zpfaewJt h wGuf aus;¶Gm
awGudk rD;¶_@d zsuq f ;D wJeh nf;eJ@ ykeu f efru _ dk ESrd ef if;ygw,f? 'Dvv dk yk af v ykeu f ek rf j_ yif;xefvmavrk@d
aemufqkH;rSm ajrvSefrD;¶_d@wJhenf;ukdpGef@v$wfvkduf&ygw,f? ppfwyfu tvkH;t&if;eJ@ ig;ESpf
avmuf tjyif;txefppfqifawmhrS ykeu f efxºur_ t&Sed t f [kef avsmo h mG ;ygw,f?
ppfom;tawmfrsm;rsm; tdE, dN ukd jyefy@dk vdu k af yr,fh jrefrmjynfrmS qlyv l m&if ESrd ef if;
zk@d twGuf ppfom;aomif;ausmx f m;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ukv d edk aD cwfjrefrmjynfrmS ppfwyfxm;&wJh
rlv&nf¶, G cf suu f wkid ;f jynfuu dk muG,zf @dk r[kwyf gb;l / ukv d edk tD pd;k & tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd tEœ&m,f
ay;r,fh jrefrmjynfom;awGudk acsre_ ;f zk@d twGuf ppfwyfudk ae&mcsxm;wm jzpfygw,f? ukv d ekd D
tpd;k &twGuf wkid ;f oljynfom;ukd twif;t"rRcidk ;f wmrsK;d vnf; ppfwyfuvkyyf gw,f? um;vrf;
&xm;vrf;azmufvyk &f mrSm ¶Gmol ¶Gmom;ukd twif;tusyaf csmqGw J "hJ avh[m ukv d edk aD cwfu
pcJw h myg? 'ga=umifEh idk if o H m;awG trde@f emcH+y;D +ird 0f yfyjd ym;aeatmif ppfwyfu vkyaf qmif&wJh
tjyif ukv d edk eD ,ferd w d uf dk umuG,zf @dk vnf; wm0ef,&l ygw,f?
jynfol@ae@pOfb0ukd csKyfukdifEkdifzkd@twGuf 19 &mpkaESmif;ykdif;rSm ykvdyfwyfzGJ@ukd
wnfaxmifygw,f/ ¶k;d &mtpOftvm xde;f uGyrf y_ supf ;D oGm;wJh jrefrmjynfrmS r_cif;rsm;jym;vm
ygw,f? r_cif;wkd;yGm;wJhE_ef;u vlOD;a&wkd;yGm;wJhE_ef;xuf rsm;aeygw,f? ykvdyftzGJ@rSm jrefrm
jynfom;ukd tok;H ðywmrk@d ynmrwwfwwwf vpmravmufwavmufe@J trlxrf;&wJh ykvyd f
awG vmbfpm;wmukd trsK;d om;0g'ED idk if aH &;orm;awGu a0zefwu dk cf udk =f uygw,f? 'ga=umifh
1923 tajccHOya'jyXmef;wJt h cgrmS ykvyd t
f zG@J oef@&Si;f a&;vky+f y;D t*wdvu kd pf m;olawGudk tvkyf
ðzwfypfygw,f? use&f adS ewJh ykvyd af wGudk vpmwk;d ay;+y;D t&nftcsi;f &Sw d hJ oef@&Si;f wJh ykvyd t f zG@J
jzpfvmatmifóu;yrf;ayr,fh ratmifjrifygb;l / r_cif;awGrsm;vmvk@d rEkid rf eif;jzpfvmwJt h wGuf
ðzwfypfvu dk wf hJ ykvyd t f &m&Sad wGudk jyefcef@&wJt h jzpf a&mufomG ;ygw,f?
ykvyd rf Ekid wf thJ vkyu f dk ppfwyfu0ifvyk w f hJ tusi[ hf m ukv d ekd aD cwfupcJw h myg/ ukv d edk D
acwfrSm ykvdyfwyfzGJ@ ppfykvdyfwyfzGJ@eJ@ ppfwyfqkd+yD; ESdrfeif;a&;wyfzGJ@ 3 zGJ@&Sdygw,f? omref
ykvyd w f yfz@JG rSm a'ocHjrefrmjynfom;awG yg0ifvm+y;D vufeufuikd w f yhJ v k yd &f o
dS vdk vufeuf
rukdifwJhykvdyfawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? ppfykvdyftzGJ@rSmawmh vufeufudkif tdENd,trsKd;om;eJ@
t*Fvyd t f &m&So d myg0ifygw,f? ykvyd rf Ekid w f t hJ vkyu f dk ppfyv k yd uf vkyw f hJ ta&;ay:ESrd ef if;a&;
wyfz@JG yJjzpfygw,f?
1920 avmufup+y;D tvkyo f rm;ra=ueyfr_ trsK;d om;a&;tkºH ur_ pwJh ta&;
tcif;awGudk ppfykvdyfeJ@ ppfwyfu yl;aygif;+yD; ESdrfeif;ygw,f/ 'DtxJrSm 1930-1932
txd j zpf y G m ; wJ h q&mpH v ,f o rm;ol y k e f [ m txif & S m ;qk H ; jzpf y gw,f / "g;uk d i f w J h
v,form;olykefukd ESdrfeif;zkd@ twGuf tdENd,uppfulykd@ay;&+yD; tdENd,vufeufukdifppfom;
waomif;ausmfokH;ygw,f? tpkd;& ukd remcHolrSefor#ukd jypfr_usL;vGefol okd@r[kwf
EkdifiHawmf&J@&efoltjzpf owfrSwfygw,f? t&yfom;ukd &efoltjzpfjrifwJh ukdvdkeDtpdk;&[m
&mZ0wfr_eJ@ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd ESdrfeif;&mrSm ykvdyf ppfykvdyfeJ@ ppfwyfukdomokH;wmrkd@
ukv d ekd aD cwfrmS vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG ta&;ygvmwm jzpfygw,f?
tcGix hf ;l cHt*Fvyd &f @J tusK;d pD;yGm;eJ@ tm%mykid q f idk rf u_ dk xdyg;vmw,fv@kd ,lq&if
vufeufr&Sw d hJ jynfojl ynfom;rsm;ukd &efoo l zG,f ppfwyfu ESrd ef if;zk@d tqifoifyh gy/J 'gayr,fh
qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;aumif;wJh jynfrrSmom ukv d ekd t
D pk;d &}u;D pk;d Ekid yf gw,f? tpd;k &}u;D pk;d wJh
ae&mwkid ;f rSm tpk;d &[m rn‡mrwmtiftm;ok;H +y;D tm%mjyavh&ydS gw,f? 'ga=umifh tpk;d &u
ppfwyfo;Hk +y;D vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd tEkid u
f siw
hf "hJ avh[m ukv
d ekd aD cwfu pcJw
h mjzpfa=umif; ar&D
u,fv[ef ok;H oyfxm;ygw,f?
a&S@tywftykdif; 5 rSm ukdvdkeDacwf ppfwyfzGJ@pnf;ykHta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (5)
tdE, dN rSmESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm tkycf sKyrf if;vky+f y;D rS jrefrmjynfukd wku d cf u dk of rd ;f ydu
k w f hJ t*Fvyd f udv k ekd D
tpdk;&[m tdENd,ppfom;ukd t"dutm;udk;ygw,f? jrefrmjynfudk tdENd,vufatmufcH
jynfe,fwcktjzpfowfrw S v f u kd w f t hJ cgrmS vnf; wkid ;f jynf+ird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;twGuf tdE, dN ppfwyfe@J
tdE, dN ppfom;udyk o J ;Hk ygw,f? 'gayr,fh yxrurBmppfaemufyikd ;f tdE, dN jynfrmS Ekid if aH &;ðyjyifr_
vkyv f mawmh jrefrmjynfuo dk ;D jcm;tkycf sKyEf ikd af tmif yxrqk;H aomtajccHOya'ukd 1923 rSm
jyXmef;ygw,f? 'DOya't& wae@=u&if jrefrmjynfrmS uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;usio hf ;Hk vmrSmrd@k
wkdif;&if;om;udk ppfr_xrf;cdkif;zkd@pOf;pm;vm&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efuokH;oyfxm;wmudk
igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 5 rSm wifjyygr,f?
tdE, dN pfppfom;udo k ;Hk +y;D tdE, dN ud}k u;D pd;k wJt h *Fvyd [ f m jrefrmjynfrmS vnf; jrefrm
jynfom;udo k ;Hk +y;D tkycf sKyzf @kd óu;pm;cJyh gao;w,f? yxr t*Fvyd -f jrefrmppfyrGJ mS wku d cf ikd ;f zk@d twGuf
&cdik w f idk ;f &if;om;awGupkd pfxo J iG ;f zd@k tdE, dN ukv d edk t
D pd;k u 1824 rSm pDpOfcb hJ ;l ygw,f? weoFm&D
a'oudu k muG,zf @kd twGuf 1833 rSm rGew f idk ;f &if;om;awGukd ppfx0J ifcidk ;f ayr,fh rSe;f csurf udu k f
vkd@ aemufydkif;rSm rGefwyfzJG@udkzsufodrf;vdkuf&ygw,f? 1852 rSm 'kwd, t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppf
jzpfygG ;awmh a'ocHawGupkd pfwyfxo J iG ;f zk@d óu;pm;jyefygw,f? Armtenf;tusO;f yg0ifwhJ yJc;l
ajcjrefwyfukd zG@J pnf;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ppf+y;D oGm;vd@k Armbk&ife@J ppfjzpfz@kd tcGit hf vrf; enf;oGm;
wJt h cgrmS yJc;l ajcjrefwyfe@J &cdik w f yfukd vufeufrukid w f t
hJ &yfom;ykvyd t f jzpf toGif ajymif;
vkud yf gw,f?
tJ'aD emufyikd ;f c&pf,mefbmom0ifjzpfomG ;wJh u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;awGukd ppfwyfxJ
oGi;f zd@k óu;pm;ygw,f? yxrurBmppfjzpfcsed rf mS a'owdik ;f &if;om;ppfrx _ rf; 300 avmuf &Sd
wJt h euf 200 ausmu f u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;jzpfygw,f? tJ't D csed u f jrefrmjynfvOl ;D a&[m
12 oef;jzpfwmrd@k ppfrx _ rf;wJah 'ocHwidk ;f &if;om; tvGeef nf;yg;aewm xif&mS ;ygw,f? tdE, dN
ppfom;udo k ;Hk r,ft h pm; a'ocHjrefrmjynfom;uko d ;Hk zd@k t*Fvyd tf &m&Su d wifjywJt h cgrmS udv k ekd D
tpd;k &[m a'ocHawGukd ppfxo J iG ;f zd@k pDpOfygw,f? 'gayr,fh a'ocHwidk ;f &if;om;ukd oifwef;ay;
avhusifhay;&wm[m tdENd,ppfom;udk cdkif;wmxuf ydk+yD;p&dwftukeftusrsm;wJhtwGuf
t*Fvyd pf um;wwf+y;D usio fh m;&aewJh tdE, dN ppfom;udyk J qufo;Hk ygw,f?
yxrurBmppf+y;D qk;H vd@k tdE, dN jynfud k uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;ay;zd@k pDpOfwt hJ cgrmS jrefrm
jynfukd tdE, dN vufatmufcjH ynfe,ftjzpf qufxm;vd@k rjzpfawmhayr,fh ud, k yf idk tf yk cf sKyaf &;
ay;zk@d tqifrh rDao;bl;vk@d t*Fvyd u f ,lqygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1923 ck *seef 0g&v D 1 &ufae@rSm
'dik t
f mcD tajccHOya'udk jyXmef;+y;D jrefrmjynfukd bk&ifct H yk cf sKyw f uhJ v kd ekd t
D jzpf owfrw S yf gw,f?
a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJhukd,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkyg0ifwJh Oya'ðyaumifpDeJ@ bk&ifcH yl;wJG
tkycf sKyyf gw,f?
tJ't D csed u
f p+y;D tdE, dN jynfupd eP @J jrefrmjynfupd [ P m uGu J jGJ ym;jym;jzpfvmw,fv@kd
qdEk idk yf gw,f? tdE, dN vufatmufucJx G w k v f u dk w
f jhJ refrmjynfrmS tdE, dN ppfom; qufo;Hk wJu h pd P
[m pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmygw,f? tdE, dN ppfom;udk tdE, dN jynfumuG,af &;twGuo f m ok;H oifw h hJ
twGuf Edik if jH cm;a&muftEd , dN ppfom;awGujkd yefac:zd@k tdE, dN trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufu awmif;qkd
aecsed jf zpfygw,f? ArmtrsK;d om;0g'aD wGuawmh t*Fvyd pf pfwyfxJ ArmawG0ifciG rhf ðywJu h pd u P kd
a0zef¶w _ cf saeygw,f? vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H Arm[m ppfwyfxrJ mS awmh tenf;qk;H jzpfaeygw,f?
'kw, d urBmppfjzpfcge;D csed af &mufawmhrS Armppfwyfz@GJ pnf;zk@d udv k ekd t D pd;k &u pOf;pm;vmwmyg?
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdef&aewJhumvrSm ArmawGudk ppfwyfxJoGif;vkduf&if
ykeu f efvrd rhf ,fv@kd pk;d &dr+f y;D ppfwyfxt J 0ifrcHwmvd@k udv k edk tD &m&Sad [mif; J.S. Furnivall
u ajymbl;w,f? tdENd,tawG@tñuHudk oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;pdwf"gwf&SdwJh vlwef;pm;udk
ppfwyft0ifrcHbdk@ t*FvdyfuqkH;jzwfxm;wmygyJ? 1920 ausmif;om;oydwfudk wjynfvkH;
axmufcv H @kd trsK;d om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ay:ayguv f m&wmud=k unf+h y;D ArmvlrsK;d udk ppfwyfxJ t0if
rcHwmbJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
1931 vlO;D a&pm&if;rSmazmfjywJh jrefrmjynfom;ppfom;OD ;a&rSm u&if/ ucsief @J
csi;f ppfom;u 83 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzpfygw,f? vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H jzpfwAhJ rm[m ppfom;OD;a& tenf;qk;H
jzpfaeygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm trsKd;om;0g'D 'kwd,rsKd;qufay:xGufvm+yD; 'kd@Armtpnf;t¶kH;ukd
A[kðd y+y;D Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;aeyg+y?D t*Fvyd v f ufatmufuvGwaf jrmufatmif b,fenf;eJ@ vkyf
rvJqdkwmudk ta&;w}uD;pOf;pm;vmwJhtcsdeftcgygyJ? EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;rSm
vufeufrudik b f J 0g;c|eof mukid w f u hJ , dk yf idk w
f yfawG 'DacwfrmS txift&Sm;ay:ayguv f mygw,f?
vli,fawG ud , k v f uf}uc›H ikd af &;eJ@ tajccHppfynm em;vnfa&;twGuf OD;armif}u;D u
1930 rSm ‘&Jwyf’ udzk @JG pnf;ygw,f? aemufawmhO;D armif}u;D [m yxrqk;H aom umuG,af &;
0ef}u;D jzpfvmygw,f? 'k@d Armtpnf;t¶k;H u vuf¶ek ;f wyfuzkd @GJ pnf;+y;D wuUov dk af usmif;om;
rsm;or*~u oHr%dwyfuzdk @JG ygw,f? OD;apmrSm *VKew f yf&o dS vdk a'guw f mbarmfrmS "g;rwyf&ydS g
w,f? 'DwyfawGrmS yg0ifwJ v h il ,fO;D a&[m rsm;vSwmr[kwaf yrJh tcg}u;D &uf}u;D rSm ppfa&;jy
csDwuf=uwma=umifh vlodrsm;wJhwyfawGyJ jzpfygw,f? tEœ&m,fay;Ekdifw,fvdk@ t*Fvdyfu
r,lqvk@d cGiðhf yxm;wmyg? vufeufrudik &f ayrJh &Jwyfe@J vuf¶ek ;f wyf[m ppfynmtajccHawGukd
avhvmqnf;yl;+yD; jrefrmbmomeJ@a&;om;xkwfa0wJhtxd av;eufpGmv_yf&Sm;wm awG@&yg
w,f?
1935 a&mufrS Armudk ppfwyfxJ0ifcGifhðyvdkufayr,fh t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm
ppfrx
_ rf;csiof l odyrf &Syd gb;l ? 1937 {+yv
D 1 &ufae@rSm +Aw d o d #bm;rm;ppfwyfukd ppfom;
6000/ t&m&Sd 500 eJ@wnfaxmifwJhtcgrSm ArmOD;a&uenf;+yD; t&if tdENd,ppfwyfrSm
tr_xrf;cJo
h ul trsm;pkjzpfaeygw,f? *syefwyfe@J twl bDtk id af t (Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmf)
a&mufvmawmhrS Armvli,fawG tvkH;t&if;eJ@ ppfxJ0if=uygw,f?
a&›Stygwf tykdif; 6 rSm *syefacwfudkwifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (6)
txufjrefrmjynfukd t*Fvyd f odr;f ydu k +f y;D uke;f abmifrif;qufu eef;csvu kd w

f t
hJ cgrmS jrefrm
jynfom;awGuykeu f efxºu+y;D t*Fvyd pf pfwyfukd vufw@Hk jyef=uygw,f? a'ocHoyl ek u f dk &ifqidk f
ae&wJh udv k ekd pD pfwyf[m olyek ef @J jynfol rcGjJ cm;Edik w f ma=umifh jynfov l x l u k kd &efovl kd oabm
xm;+y;D qufqv H mygawmhw,f? jynfov l x l u k ykeu f efxºuvku d f udv k ekd pD pfwyfu ESrd ef if;vdu k f
jynfou l +ird of mG ;vdu k f jzpfaewm[m udv k ekd aD cwf&@J tpd;k &eJ@jynfov l x l k qufqaH &;ykpH yH gy?J
'gayr,fh *syefppfwyfu jrefrmjynfuo kd rd ;f ydu
k w f t hJ cgrmS awmh *syef&@J &efo[ l m t*Fvyd f udv k edk D
ppfwyfyg? jrefrmjynfom;awGr[kwfygbl;? t*Fvdyftifyg,mudk®zcGif;aewJh *syefppfwyf[m
jrefrmjynfom;awG&@J yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G rf u _ &kd &Szd @kd vdt k yfwthJ wGuf &efov l o kd abmxm;vk@d rjzpf
ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh ukv d edk aD cwfrmS r&Sb
d ;l wJh Armhwyfrawmfuw dk nfaxmif&mrSm *syefu ulnw D m
jzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efokH;oyfxm;yHkudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tykdif; (6) rSm wifjyygr,f?
1941 'DZifbmvrSmpwJh *syef&@J ppfqifa&;udk t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd pD pfwyf[m 2 vausmf
omckcHEkdif+yD; 1942 rwfv 7 &ufae@rSm &efukefuxGufajy;ygw,f? udkvdkeDppfwyfeJ@twl
xGuaf jy;=uwJh tdE, dN jynfom;ok;H ode;f cGJ ppfajy;'kuo Q nfjzpfomG ;ygw,f? 6 vtwGi;f jrefrm
wjynfv;Hk *syef@vufatmufusa&mufomG ;ygw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ &Jabmf
ok;H usyd wf nfaxmifwhJ bDtikd af t Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfrmS ArmtrsK;d om;OD;a& tenf;
qk;H waomif;/ trsm;qk;H 5 aomif;txd&EdS ikd w f ,fv@dk cef@rSe;f ygw,f? 'DtxJrmS tjcm; wkid ;f &if;
om;awG rygygbl;?
bDtikd af twyfom;awG rsm;vmavav *syefwyftwGuf pd;k &drpf &mjzpfavavrk@d
1942 rwfvrSm bDtikd af tudk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;+y;D *|ev f rSmzsuo f rd ;f vku d yf gw,f? *syefppf0wfpeHk @J
*syefvufeufuikd af qmifwhJ bD'aD tArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmfqw kd hJ ArmtrsK;d om;wyfrawmf
udk *syef@vufatmufrSm zJG@pnf;vdkufr,fqkd&if ArmtrsKd;om;0g'Dudk xdef;odrf;&vG,ful+yD;
vGwv f yfa&;ay;zk@d vnf; qdik ;f xm;Ekid f vdrrhf ,fv@kd *syefppfwyfu,lqygw,f? Armppfom;awGukd
ArmppfAv kd u f wm0ef,x l ed ;f odr;f Edik zf @dk vnf; &nf¶, G yf gw,f? uifaywkid pf pfyv k yd v
f nf; ta&;yg
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atmifqef;eJ@ bDtikd af tacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m vGwv f yfa&;&zk@d udpu P kd t"durxm;Ekid af wmhbJ
rdrdwdk@zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ArmtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf raysmufrysuf qufvuf&SifoefEdkifzkd@udkom
OD;pm;ay;vm&ygw,f? bDtidk af tudk 7 vom;t¶G,rf mS zsuo f rd ;f +y;D ykrH eS pf pfwyftjzpf toGif
ajymif;vd u k w f mjzpfygw,f?
bDtikd af tbufawmfom; ocifawG[m 1942 ckEpS f yxr 6 vydik ;f rSmom &yf¶mG
tkycf sKyaf &;udk wm0ef,yl gw,f? *syefppfwyfuawmh tkycf sKyaf &;rSm udv k edk 0D efxrf;a[mif;u
wm0ef,w l mudyk J vdv k m;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh udv k ekd 0D efxrf;a[mif;}u;D pd;k wJh &yf¶mG tkycf sKyaf &;pepf
‘a'guw f mbarmf OD;aqmifwhJ trsK;d om;vl}u;D tpd;k &’ eJ@ awmfveS af &;pdw"f gwf jyif;wJh vli,f
awG yg0ifwhJ ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf ponfjzifh tzJ@G tpnf; 3 ckudk *syefppfwyfu zefw;D
vdkufygw,f? 'DtzJ G@tpnf; 3 ckpvkH; EkdifiHa&;t&aygif; pnf;oGm;r,fqdk&if Armhwyfrawmf
[m *syefawmfveS af &;udk OD;aqmifrmS r[kwb f ;l vk@d ar&Du,fv[efujrifygw,f? awmfveS af &;
udk OD;raqmifwhJ Armhwyfrawmf[m ppf+y;D acwfEidk if aH &;avmuukv d nf; OD;aqmifEidk zf , G f r&Sd
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wyfrawmfz@GJ pnf;&wJh t"du&nf¶, G cf suu f Armwyfz@GJ udk *syefppfwyfuvdt k yfovkd xde;f csKyf
cs,fvS,fEkdifzkd@ygyJ? 'gayrJh bD'Datwyf[m *syef&nf¶G,fovdkjzpfrvmbJ jynfcspfvli,fawG
pka0;&mae&m jzpfvmygw,f? yxrqk;H aomArmhwyfrawmfukd *syefwnfaxmifvu dk wf m[m
trsKd;om;pdwf"gwfeJ@ vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"gwft&Sdeft[kefudk jyif;xefapwJhtwGuf *syef[m
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tiftm; ESpfaxmifu ig;axmiftxd&SdwJh bD'DatwyfudkzJG@pnf;zdk@ *syefppfwyfu
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taotcsmpdppfa¶G;cs,f+yD; uspfuspfvpfvpfzGJ@pnf;xm;wJhbD'Datwyf ay:aygufvmwm
a=umifh ArmppfonfawGxrJ mS tzG@J pdwef @J &Jabmfpw d f ude;f atmif;vmwmvk@d qkyd gw,f? *syef
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oif=um;wmyJjzpfygw,f? em;rvnfv@dk t¶du k cf &H wJo
h ifwef;om;u rsm;ygw,f? 'Dvt dk ¶du
k cf H
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k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgi;f aqmifwhJ bD'aD tppf¶;Hk udk &efuek rf mS zGiyhf gw,f? zGiphf rSm *syeftr_xrf;u
ok;H ykw
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[m *syefawmfvSefa&;jyifqifwJh A[kdqufoG,fa&;¶kH; jzpfvmygw,f? ajratmufv_yf&Sm;ol
awmfveS af &;orm;awG tvG,w f ulomG ;vmEdik zf @kd bD'aD tppf¶;Hk uyJ ppf0wfpx Hk wk af y;ygw,f?
Advk of ifwef;ausmif;vdyk J ppf¶;Hk rSmvnf; Ekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;uppfAv kd af wG &Sad eygw,f?
'DppfAv kd af wG[m awmfveS af &;umvrSm t"dutcef;u¾u yg0ifvm=uygw,f? a&›S tygwf
tydkif; (7) rSm *syefawmfvSefa&;&J@ wyfrawmftcef;u¾ukd wifjyygr,f?
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tydik ;f (7)
*syefawmfvSefa&;umvrSm toGifrwlwJhtzGJ@tpnf;awG ,m,Dr[mrdwfvkyf+yD; *syefukd

awmfveS zf @kd om t"du tm¶kpH u dk cf =hJ uygw,f? oabmxm;uGv J o
JG al wG[m *syefawmfveS af &;
umvrSmom ,m,DvufwEJG idk =f uwmyg? t*Fvyd u f vnf; *syefqef@usiaf &;twGuf wkid ;f &if;
om;vlrsK;d pkukd pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f &mrSm Armrke;f wD;a&; aoG;xd;k ay;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh *syefppf¶;H_
vdk@ ppf+yD;qkH;wJhtcgrSm t*Fvdyf/ ArmeJ@ wkdif;&if;om;awGt=um; oabmxm;uGJvJGvm¶kHom
rubJ ArmtzJG@tpnf;awGxJrSmvnf; *kd%f;*%tusKd;pD;yGg;uGJjym;r_ ykdrdkjyif;xefvmwmrkd@
tajctaeqk;d 0g;vmykH ar&D u,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f (&) rSm wifjyvku d f
ygw,f?
oabmxm;csif;rwlwJh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aemiftcgrSm qdk&S,fvpfygwDjzpfvmwJh
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gw[ D m tpuwnf;u tap;uyfwmr[kwaf yr,fh *syefawmfveS af &;
twGuf zJ@G vku d w f J h AFO zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J rSm ESpzf @GJ pvk;H yg0ifvm&ygw,f? *syefe@J aygi;f
wmudk ppfrjzpfru D wnf;uqef@usicf w hJ hJ uGejf rLepfawG[m *syefppfwyfa&mufvmcsed u f p+y;D
*syefqef@usiaf &;vkyyf gw,f? uGejf rLepfu t*Fvyd ef @J vufw+GJ y;D *syefqef@usiaf &;vkycf siaf yr,fh
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyu Hk awmh t*Fvyd ef @J vufwzJG @kd pdwrf ul;bJ*syefacwftpd;k &tzJ@G rSmae&m,l+y;D
v_y&f mS ;ygw,f? *syefacwftzJ@G tpnf;tm;vk;H vdv k rkd mS uGejf rLepfygwu D 0ifa&muf+y;D zufqpf
qef@usiaf &;twGuf pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;ygw,f? tpd;k &&mxl;&,lwhJ uGejf rLepfygw0D ifawGuvnf;
ol@enf;ol@[efe@J zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_ukd tultnDay; ygw,f? ocifp;kd /
ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifb[de;f / ocifoed ;f azwk@d [m xif&mS ;wJu h eG jf rLepf0g'aD wGjzpfygw,f?
OD;baqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwu D awmh ajratmuf
awmfvSefa&;twGuf jynfolvlxkxJ0if+yD; pnf;¶kH;wmrsKd;rvkyfygbl;? vkHðcHa&;twGuf ygwD
acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m tpd;k &tzJ@G rSm yg0if vkyu f ikd yf gw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm zufqpfqef@usiaf &;
vkyv f wdk phJ pfAvkd tf csK› ed @J vnf; teD;uyfqufo, G x f m;ygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuaf &m
t*Fvyd q f ef@usiaf &;twGuyf g ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfut dk ok;H ðyzd@k jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwu D
&nf¶G,fxm;ykH&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ta&;awmfykHygwDeJ@ trsKd;om;wyfrawmfu
uk, d pf m;vS,af wG 1944 =o*kwv f rSmawG@qkaH qG;aEG;+y;D AFO zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzJ@G udk
wnfaxmifygw,f? OuUX Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ twGi;f a&;r–; ocifoef;xGe;f / Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif
u ocifp;kd jzpfygw,f? ppf+y;D acwfrmS uGejf rLepfygweD @J jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwD ®yifqidk =f u&mrSm
wyfrawmfuppfAv kd af wGuvnf; rdrw d @kd axmufcw H EhJ idk if aH &;ygwu D okd m opPm&S=d uygw,f?
BIA Armhvw G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf}u;D pk;d pOfu zdEydS cf &H wJv h el nf;pkawGxrJ mS u&if[m
'kuQ ta&mufq;Hk ygy?J ajrmif;jrrSmwif BIA vufcsuef @J aoqk;H wJh u&iftrsK;d om; 2000 eD;yg;
&Syd gw,f? u&if¶mG awGuAkd ;Hk }uJ wku d cf udk f zd@k Adv k af e0if;ud, k w f idk f *syefavwyfukd wku d w f eG ;f bl;
a=umif; ol@q&mjzpfol wmum[&Sd [&S¶D ;dk uk, d w f idk f 1974 u usaemfu h akd jymjybl;ygw,f?
Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ ocifoef;xGe;f wk@d &J@óu;yrf;r_a=umifh u&if-ArmqufqaH &; jyefaumif;
oGm;wJt h wGuf apm=um'k;d acgi;f aqmifwhJ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;u&ifwyf&if;udk 1944 rSm zG@J pnf;
Edik yf gw,f? ta&›yS idk ;f a'ou u&if/ u&ifeaD jymufusm; waomif;ausmu f kd t*Fvyd u f vufeuf
ay;ygw,f?
t*Fvyd &f @J &efol *syefe@J vufwcGJ w hJ hJ Armhwyfrawmf[m *syefuw kd u
dk x
f wk zf @kd jyifqif
aewJh t*Fvyd ef @J yl;aygi;f zd@k óu;pm;wJt h cgrmS jy\em&Sv d mygw,f? *syef@rdwaf qG Armhwyfrawmf
udk opPmazmufv@dk owfrw S cf w
hJ hJ t*Fvyd u f v kd edk t D pd;k &[m opPmazmufe@J vufw&GJ rSmudk rod;k
roef@ jzpfaeyk&H ygw,f? jrefrmjynfujkdyefvnford ;f yku d zf @kd jyifqifwt hJ cgrmS *syef-Armqef@usiaf &;
udk a&›w S ef;wif+y;D wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkukd t*Fvyd u f pnf;¶k;H ygw,f? *syefe@J Arm vufwaJG ecsed rf mS
qkwfcGgcJh&wJh t*Fvdyfppfwyf[m e,fpyfa'oae wkdif;&if;om;awGudk ajymufusm;zGJ@+yD; *syef
qef@usiaf &;vkyyf gw,f? &ckid /f csi;f eJ@ ucsiaf 'orSm awmfveS af &;ajymufusm;wyfawGukd zJ@G pnf;
Edik cf yhJ gw,f? Armrke;f wD;a&;udq k aG y;+y;D *syefuakd &m Armudyk gwu dk zf @kd pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f wmygy?J
'Dtcsuaf =umifh aemiftcg ArmeJ@vlrsK;d pkawGt=um; txifrmS ;tjrifrmS ;jzpfvmwmvd@k ar&D
u,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f?
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wyfrawmfwdk@vufwJG+yD; *syefudkawmfvSefzdk@jyifqifae+yDqdkwmudk od&wJhtcsdefrSm Arm
opPmazmufe@J vufrwGzJ @kd tdE, dN a&mufuv kd ekd tD &m&Sad wGu t*Fvyd b f &k ifcu H dk owday;ygao;
w,f? 'gayrJh tdE, dN a&muf ocifoed ;f az (ac: ) OD;ode;f azjrif/h ocifwifa¶$e@J &ckid t f rsK;d om;
OD;!dx k eG ;f wd@k &J@aqmif¶u G rf a_ =umifh t*Fvyd -f tar&duefr[mrdww f yf[m ArmhawmfveS af &;tzJ@G
eJ@ vufwzGJ @dk qk ;H jzwfvu kd yf gw,f?
ArmppfwyfeJ@*syefppfwyfudk &efolvdkoabmxm;+yD;zGJ@pnf;cJhwJh wkdif;&if;om;
ajymufusm;wyfawG tzd@k uawmh *syefppf0wfp0Hk wf+y;D *syefaoewfuikd af qmifwhJ &efoal [mif;
ArmeJ@ vufw+GJ y;D *syefppfwyfuw kd udk cf u
dk zf @kd jyifqif&wm pdwrf oufomp&mygb?J bk&H efol *syef
udk wku d cf u dk w f w hJ yfz@GJ awG[m ud, k ehf nf;uk, d [ hf efe@J pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;+y;D wku d cf u
dk af ewmrd@k &nf¶, G f
csuf toD;oD;&Sdae=uygw,f? wkdif;&if;om;r[mrdwfajymufusm;udkOD;aqmifol t*FvdyfeJ@
tar&dueft&m&St d csK› d u ppf+y;D &if ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &; (ok@d r[kw)f vGwv f yfa&;&Edik rf ,fv@dk
wkid ;f &if;om;awGukd +y;D pvG,u f wday;wmrsK;d vnf; &Syd gw,f? 'ga=umifh ppf+y;D acwf Armhvw G v f yf
a&;óu;yrf;r_rSmrygvdkwJh u&if/ ucsif wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@awG[m olwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_udk t*Fvdyf-
tar&duef tultnDay;vdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhcJhwmjzpf[efwlw,fvkd@ u,fv[efu
ok;H oyfygw,f?
toGirf wlwt hJ yk pf ak wG bk&H efo*l syefudk pkaygi;f wku d cf u kd vf @kd *syefvufeufcsvu dk &f
ayr,fh rwnft h wlaewJt h ajctae &Sad eqJygy?J ppfEikd v f @dk jyefa&mufvmwJh ukv d edk t
D &mxrf;eJ@
t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd af wG&@J rSww f rf;rSm ArmawmfveS af &;tkypf u k kd opPmazmufv@dk a&;xm;wm awG@&
ygw,f? Arm awmfveS af &;tkypf u k vnf; t*Fvyd u f kd ,m,Dr[mrdwt f jzpfom owfrw S yf gw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;rSmyg0ifcw hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;om;ajymufusm;awGuvnf; tawG;uk, d pf eD @J v_y&f mS ;
=uygw,f? a&›Stygwf tydkif; (8) rSm ppf+yD; acwfwyfrawmfzJG@pnf;ykHta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
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tydik ;f (8)
r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pk/ ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfe@J zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J pwJh toGirf wlwhJ
tzG@J tpnf;awGy;l aygi;f +y;D *syefuw kd u dk x
f w k v f @kd jrefrmjynfujkd yefvnford ;f yku d wf hJ 1945 ckEpS f
yxr 6 vydkif;[m ppf+yD;acwfjrefrmjynfudkzefwD;vdkufwJh tcsdefumvjzpfygw,f? bkH&efol
*syefppfwyfr&Sad wmhwt hJ cgrmS &nf¶, G cf surf wlwhJ *syefqef@usiaf &;tiftm;pktcsi;f csi;f yÉdyuQ
jzpfvm&ykHudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; (8) rSm ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfxm;ygw,f?
&efuek u f okd rd ;f yku
d +f y;D csed t f xd jrefrmjynftyk cf sKyaf &;udk b,ftzG@J tpnf;u csKyu f idk f
ovJqdkwm ajymzdk@ rvG,fygbl;wJh? *syefqef@usifa&;tiftm;pkxJyg0ifcJh=uwJh tzGJ@tpnf;
toD;oD;rSm ppf+y;D acwfjrefrmjynfe@J ywfouf+y;D t,ltqtrsK;d rsK;d &S=d uwJt h wGuf tawG;uk, d pf D
eJ@ wkid ;f jynftem*wfukd pdwu f ;l ,Of=uygw,f? bk&H efou l v kd ufww GJ ukd cf u
dk zf @kd rqk;H jzwfruD wnf;
u &Scd w hJ hJ uGv J w GJ t hJ ,ltq tawG;tac:awGvnf; jyefvnfxu G af y:vmygw,f? ppf+y;D acwf
jrefrmjynfudk }uD;pdk;zdk@®yifqkdifwJh tiftm;pkokH;pk&Sdygw,f? yxrtiftm;pku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;
armifb h ufwef acgi;f aqmifwhJ r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pkjzpf+y;D / 'kw, d u bk&ifcaH ':refprpf OD;aqmif
wJh ‘uufpb f ’D ac: jrefrmjynftyk cf sKyaf &;tzJ@G jzpfygw,f? wwd,tiftm;pku ArmEdik if aH &;tzG@J
awGjzpf+y;D zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J / ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmf/tjcm; trsK;d om;tzG@J tpnf;awG
yg0ifygw,f?
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef OD;aqmifwhJ r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pktwGuu f awmh
jrefrmjynfuo kd rd ;f ydu
k w f m[m ppfqifa&;&J@ yxrtqifo h mjzpfygw,f? r[mrdww f yf}u;D [m
jrefrmjynfudkodrf;+yD;wmeJ@ ta&›Sawmiftm&SrSmusef&Sdaeao;wJh *syefwyfawGud kwdkufckdufzdk@
qufvufppfcs&D ygw,f? r[mrdww f yf}u;D odr;f ydu k cf w hJ ahJ e&mud0k ifa&mufvmwJh tiftm;pkawG
uawmh zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzJ@G awGe@J ‘uufpb f ’D tkycf sKyaf &;tzJ@G ygy?J Armvufeufuikd f
tzJ@G awGu vGwv f yfa&;vdck si+f y;D ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G uawmh ukv d ekd pD epfukd jyefvnf toufoiG ;f
vkyd gw,f?
jrefrmjynfrmS *syef}u;D pd;k aewke;f 1943 rSm ‘uufpb f ’D tkycf sKyaf &;tzG@J udk tdE, dN rSm
zJ@G pnf;ygw,f? &nf¶, G cf suu f ppf+y;D &if jrefrmjynfujkd yefvnftyk cf sKyzf @kd ygy?J *syefe@J yl;aygi;f wJh
Armhwyfrawmfukd opPmazmufwyfv@dk udv k ekd tD &mxrf;awGyg0ifwhJ ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G u trnf
ay;xm;ygw,f? ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfe@J vufww GJ u kd cf u dk zf @kd r[mrdww f yfuqk;H jzwfwmukd
uufpb f tD zG@J u raxmufcyH gb;l ? 'ga=umifrh @kd zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzG@J eJ@ ‘uufpb f ’D
tkyfcsKyfa&;wdk@ yÉdyuQjzpf=u+yD; ypf=ucwf=uwJhtxd tajctaeqdk;0g;vmygw,f? uufpfbD
t&mxrf;eJ@ vufeufuikd Af rm[m wOD;eJ@wOD; &efov l o kd abmxm;vmw,fv@kd qdEk idk yf gw,f?
'DvdktajctaerSm ukdvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk jyefvnfusifhokH;vkd@ rjzpfEkdifawmhygbl;?
Edik if aH &; Ed;k =um;wufºuwJjh ynfov l xl v k ufxJ aoewfa&mufaewmrd@k tiftm;ok;H ukv d ekd pD epf
usio hf ;Hk vk@d r&awmhygb;l ? 'Dtajctaea=umifh ykpH w H rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;ay;&awmhr,fqw kd mudk
tm;vk;H oabmayguaf e=uyk&H ygw,f? uJ - 'Dvq dk &dk if vGwv f yfwjhJ refrmjynfukd b,fot l yk cf sKyf
rvJ qdkwJhjy\em ay:vmygw,f? armifhbufwef&J@r[mrdwfwyf}uD;eJ@vufwGJ+yD; *syefukd
wku d cf u kd cf w hJ hJ Armvufeufuikd t f zJ@G udk tm%mvJa$ y;rSmvm;/ 'grrS [kwv f nf; 1942 uwnf;
u opPm&Sd&Sd tdENd,txdvdkufvmcJhwJh ukdvdkeDt&mxrf;ArmawGvufxJ tm%mtyfrvm;
qdkwJh jy\emygyJwJh? 'DudpPudk vef'efut*Fvdyftpdk;&uvnf; jywfjywfom;om; rqkH;jzwf
Ekid yf gb;l ?
zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzG@J eJ@vufwzJG @kd Akv d cf sKy}f u;D armifb h ufwefukd cGiðhf ywke;f u
vnf; vef'efut*Fvdyftpdk;&[m pdwfryghwyg jzpfcJhygao;w,f? *syefeJ@aygif;+yD; t*Fvdyfudk
wku d cf w hJ AhJ rmudk t*Fvyd t f pd;k & rarhao;ygb;l ? zufqpfqef@usiaf &;Armtiftm;pkukd t*Fvyd f
tpdk;&ur,kH=unfao;wmudk AkdvfcsKyfyD;tm;pf Pearce acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G u
tcGiahf umif;,l+y;D Armvufeufuikd af jymufusm;eJ@ armifb h ufwef&@J r[mrdww f yft=um;
em;vnfry_ sujf ym;atmif aqmif¶u G yf gawmhw,f? wu,fawmh ppf+y;D acwfjrefrmjynfrmS udv k ekd D
tkycf sKyaf &;,Eœ&m; r&Sad wmhwt hJ wGuf jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmwJh t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd t D &m&Sad wG[m
bmvky&f rSe;f rod prf;w0g;0g;jzpfaecsed rf mS opPmazmufArmudk vufpm;acscsiw f hJ t*Fvyd t f csK› d
u tcGiahf umif;,lwmygy?J
r[mrdww f yf}u;D csw D ufwu dk cf d u
k o
f mG ;wJ h ppfa=umif;aemufuvku d yf gwhJ zufqpf
qef@usiaf &;Armwyfz@GJ [m olw@kd odr;f ydu k &f mae&ma'orSmtkycf sKyaf &;wnfaqmufygw,f?
1942 rSm *syefppfa=umif;aemufuvkduf+yD; bDtdkifattkyfcsKyfa&;wnfaxmifwJhykHpHrsKd;ygyJ?
aemufawmh uufpfbD tkyfcsKyfa&;tzJG@a&mufvm+yD; t&ifa&mufaewJhArmtzJG@udk ta&;,l
tjypfay;zk@d eJ@ armif;xkwzf @kd óu;pm;ygawmhw,f? &efuek u f rkd odr;f &ao;cif 1945 arv 1
&ufae@rSm *syefaiGpuULudk w&m;r0ifa=umif; uufpfbDtzJG@u a=unmwm[m tawmf
&ufpufwJhvkyf&yfygyJ? *syefykdufqHeJ@pyg;a&mif;xm;wJhv,form;eJ@ vufvkyfvufpm;
qif;&Jom;[m txdemqk;H jzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynfom;tzk@d uawmh pmempdwu f if;rJw h ahJ e&mrSm
t*Fvyd ef @J *syef[m twlwyl gy?J
1945 arv 3 &ufae@rSm r[mrdww f yf}u;D &efuek u f okd rd ;f yku
d v f u kd w f t hJ cg zufqpf
qef@usiaf &;ArmtzG@J awGe@J vufwðJG zwfcsed af &muf+yv D @kd ‘uufpb f ’D tkycf sKyaf &;tzG@J u qk;H jzwfyg
w,f? wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ ppfwiG ;f umvwav#mufv;Hk opPm&Spd mG t*Fvyd ef @J vufwcGJ w hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd;pkawG&@J tusKd;pD;yG g;udk jr‡ ifhwifzdk@ tcsdefa&mufvm+yDvkd@ ‘uufpfb’D tzJ@G u ,lq
ygw,f?
&efukefodrf;+yD; wywft=umrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ppfw&m;cHtjzpfzrf;qD;+yD;
¶k;H wif ppfaq;zd@k eJ@ ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfuzkd suo f rd ;f zd@k uufpb
f tD yk cf sKyaf &;acgi;f aqmif
Akv
d cf sKyyf ;D tm;pfu awmif;qdyk gw,f? r[mrdwpf pfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef[m 'Dta=umif;
odwmeJ@ yD;tm;pfae&mudk AdkvfcsKyf Hubert Rance eJ@ tpm;xdk;vkdufygw,f? 'gayr,fh
yD;tm;pf&@J uufpb f tD zG @J [m 6 vavmuf t*Fvyd -f jrefrm &efr;D yGg;atmif wk@d rD;¶_@d rD; vkyEf ikd cf w
hJ hJ
twGuf t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyaf &;eJ@ ArmtrsK;d om;a&;tzJ@G tpnf;awGt=um; ,k=H unfr&_ adS tmifvyk zf @kd
cufco J mG ;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwrf mS ppf+y;D acwf wyfrawmfopfwnfaqmufyu Hk kd wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (8)
ppf+yD;acwf yËdyuQt¶_yftaxG;=um;u wyfrawmfopfay:aygufvmykHta=umif; ar&D

u,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmukd wifjyygr,f/ ppf+yD;&if jrefrmjynfrSm b,fvdkppfwyfrsKd;
wnfaxmifr,fqw kd u hJ pd rP mS a':refprpfacgi;f aqmifwhJ tdE, dN a&mufuv dk ekd t
D pd;k &eJ@ Akv d cf sKyf
atmifqef;wk@d tzG@J [m tjrifrwl=uygb;l / a':refprpfw@dk tzG@J [m ukv d ekd aD cwfuykpH t H wkid ;f
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkukd tajccHwJhppfwyfukd zGJ@pnf;vkdygw,f?
csi;f -ucsiaf jymufusm;tultnDe@J e,fpyfa'oukd jyefvnford ;f yku d Ef idk w
f mrk@d 'D
a'orSm t*Fvdyf t&m&Sd }uD;=uyfwJ h vlrsKd;pkwyfukdwnfaxmif+yD; jrefrmjynfrSmawmh u&if
tdE, dN eJ@ t*Fvyd jf refrmujym;yg0ifwhJ vlrsK;d pkw H yfudk a':refprpfw@dk tzG@J u wnfaxmifvykd gw,f?
ppfrjzpfru D &Scd w
hJ hJ ukv d ekd pD pfwyfudk toufjyefoiG ;f zk@d &nf¶, G w f mygy/J 'gayr,fh vufawG@tajc
tae[m a':refprpf&@J pDru H ed ;f eJ@ wjcm;pDjzpfaeygw,f/ r[mrdwf wyfaygi;f pk csw D ufwu dk cf u dk f
oGm;wJph pfa=umif;rSm use&f adS eao;wJh *syeftºuif;tuseu f dk tjywf&iS ;f +y;D uufpb f D tkycf sKyaf &;
ukd ulnzD @dk wm0ef,o l [ l m t*Fvyd w f yfz@JG eJ@ Armwyfz@JG awGjzpfaeygw,f?
'Dvykd ;l wGw J m0efxrf;aqmif&mrSm t*Fvyd ef @J Armwyfz@JG aphpyfnEd‡ id_ ;f +y;D vkyu f idk &f wm
&So
d vdk t*Fvyd b f ufutEkid u f si+hf y;D ArmqDuvufeufudk odr;f oGm;wmrsK;d vnf;&Syd gw,f? 'Dupd P
rsK;d [m ppfaoemywdcsKyf armif b h ufwefudk pdwt f aESmifth ,Sujf zpfapygw,f/ *syefuw dk u dk &f m
rSm Armvufeuf udik t f zG@J u ulnED idk w f ,fv@kd armifb h ufwefu ,k=H unfxm;ovkd wae@us&if
Armwyfz@JG ukd zsuo f rd ;f zk@d ArmuyJ oabmwlvrd rfh ,fv@kd vnf; ar#mv f ifx h m;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
a':refprpf&@J uufpb f t D yk cf sKyaf &;tzG @J uawmh Armwyfz@JG ®yuGyJ supf ;D oGm;wmukd jrifvykd gw,f?
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkd@tzkd@uawmh BNA ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf qufvuf
&Sio f efa&;[m yxrOD;pm;ay;jzpfygw,f? ArmtrsK;d om;wyfrawmf[m *syefuadk wmfveS w f t hJ cg
rSm jynfo@l v$wv f yfa&;wyfrawmfjzpfvmygw,f/ 'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+y;D 1999 xkwf wyfrawmf
orkid ;f 'kw, d wGrJ mS azmfjyxm;wmuawmh jrefrmjynfujdk yefvnford ;f yku d cf sed f 1945 ZGev f aESmif;
ykid ;f rSm a':refprpf&@J t}uaH y;csut f & PBF ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmfv@kd w&m;0iftrnfajymif;
a=umif;od&ygw,f?
jrefrmhtem*wfEidk if aH &;eJ@ppfa&;udprP mS uufpb f t D yk cf sKyaf &;eJ@ Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
wk@d tzG@J [m jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf;jzpfaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftajctaea=umifh ESpb f ufpvk;H
rdrd &nf¶, G cf suu f dk taumiftxnfrazmfEidk af o;wJt h wGuf tay;t,lvyk &f mu ay:xGuv f m
wJh tpDtpOft& ppf+y;D acwfwyfrawmfopfudk zG@J pnf;zk @d pDpOfwmjzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efu
ok;H oyfygw,f? uufpb f t D yk cf sKyaf &;uwzuf PBF ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmfuwzuf tacstwif
ajymaewke;f ppfaoemywdcsKyaf rmifb h ufwefu Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyfq+dk y;D ppfwyfEpS w f yf
yg0ifwJh t+rJwrf; wyfrawmfopfukd zGJ@pnf;zkd@wifjywmygyJ?
'Drk eD ,
D -H uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyaf &;r&ao;rDumvrSm 'Dwyfrawmfopfudk t*Fvyd f ppfrif;
}uD; vufatmufrSmxm;&r,fvdk@qkdygw,f? ArmppffAkdvfppfom;omyg0ifwJh Armwyfukd Arm
vlrsK;d jzpfol 'kw, d ppfrif;}u;D utkycf sKy+f y;D wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkwyfuadk wmh wkid ;f &if;om;jzpfol
'kw, d ppfrif;}u;D u tkycf sKyzf @dk jzpfygw,f? vlrsK;d uk t d ajccH+y;D cGjJ cm;xm;wJph pfwyf 2 wyfyg0ifwhJ
wyfrawmfopfwnfaxmifr,fh tpDtpOfudk uufpb f tD yk cf sKyaf &;tzG@J -+Aw d o d #ppfwyf- PBF
rsK;d cspAf rmwyfrawmfe@J zqyvtzG@J wk@d u vufcH =uygw,f?
Armhwyf&if; 4 &if/ ucsi-f csi;f eJ@u&ifu wyf&if; 2 &if;pD toD;oD;wnfaxmif=uzk@d
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wk@d bufuoabmwlygw,f? “wyf&if;rsm;ukd vlrsK;d tvku d f oD;jcm;zG@J pnf;
&ef- qkv d o kd nfrmS Armuk d Armwyf&if;ok@d u&ifrsm;ukd u&ifwyf&if;ok@d oGwo f iG ;f IzG@J pnf;&ef”
ponfjzifh 1945 ckEpS f *sLvdik v f 10 &ufae@pGyJ g Ak v d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wifjywJh pmwrf;udk 1995
xkwf wyfrawmforkdif; wwd,wGJ pmrsufESm 41 rSmvnf; azmfjyxm;wmukd awG@&ygw,f?
'Dvdk toGirf wl- tpOftvmrwl-OD;wnfcsurf wlwhJ vlrsK;d tajccHwhJ ppfwyf 2
wyfudk ppf+y;D acwfwyfrawmfopfxJ xnfzh @dk pDpOfwm[m rjzpfjzpfatmif pyf[yf+y;D Ekid if aH &;t&
tajz&SmwJh a&wkdtpDtpOfomjzpf+yD; orm;¶kd;usykHrSefppfwyfzGJ@pnf;ykHrsKd;r[kwfygbl;wJh/
¶kww f &uf ayguu f EJG idk wf hJ tajctaeukd a&Smifwo hJ abmeJ@ a&wku d =dk unf +h y;D ppfwyf 2 wyfudk
aygi;f pyfz@dk pDpOfwmygw/hJ a&wkEd idk if aH &;tpDtpOft& zG@J pnf;xm;wJw h yfrawmf[m ppf+y;D acwf
rSm Ek id if aH &;®yifqidk rf _ tjyif;xefq;Hk ae&mjzpfvmw,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfygw,f? vlrsK;d
tajccHwhJ ppfwyfz@JG pnf;yk[ H m a&&Snrf mS wyfrawmfuadk &m wkid ;f jynfuadk &m 'kuaQ y;vmwm
awG@&ygw,f?
Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyfudk yl;aygi;f zk@d &nf¶, G xf m;ayr,fh 1945 =o*kwrf mS bk&H efol
*syef vufeufcswt hJ cgrmS PBF ArmrsK;d cspw f yfrawmftwGuf pk ;d &drpf &mjzpfvmygw,f/ PBF
ukd zsufodrf;awmhr,fqdkwJh aumvm[vowif;jyef@ESH@vmygw,f/ 'ga=umifh =o*kwfv 12
&ufae@ &efukef®r›rSm usif;ywJh wyfr–;rsm;tpnf;ta0;rSm PBF wyfom;ukd wyfzGJ@vkduf
wyfrawmfopfrmS yg0ifciG ðhf yzk@d eJ@ PBFukd wyfrawmf&@J ausm¶k;d tjzpf oabmxm;+y;D wkid ;f &if;
om;awGuydk g0ifciG ðhf yzk@d yxrqk;H t}urd f PBF uawmif;qkv d mygw,f? 'Dupd u P dk aeol&ed f nDvmcH
rSm twnfðyygw,f? zqyvtzG@J eJ@ PBF ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmf[m wae@wjcm; tiftm;wk;d yGm;
aeygw,f/ t*Fvyd u f vdk ekd rD mS trsK;d om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_udk ESrd ef if;wJt
h cg tdE, dN ppfom;ukd tok;H
rðyzk@d tdE,dN trsK;d om;0g'aD wGu awmif;qkad ecsed v f nfjzpfygw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfukd zsufodrf;vkdufr,ffqkd&if ay:aygufvmr,hf
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ukd ESrd ef if;Ekid w f hJ ppftiftm; t*Fvyd rf mS &Sad wmhrmS r[kwyf gb;l / 'Dvdk
tcsed rf mS Akvd cf sKyaf tmifqef;wk@d tzG@J ukd oD&v d uFmEkid if H uef'®D ru › v
dk mzk@d ppfaoemywdcsKyf
armifb h ufwefu zdwaf c:vku d yf gw,f/ a&S@tywf uef'pD mcsKyu f arG;xkwv f u
dk w f hJ wyfrawmfopf
ta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (10)
oD&v d uFmEkid if H uef'®D rr› mS 1945 pufwifbmv 6 &uf- 7 &ufrmS usi;f ywJn h v D mcHu ppf+y;D
acwf wyfrawmfopf aygufzGm;vmygw,f? t+rJwrf;wyfrawmfopfeJ@twlay:aygufvmwJh
Edik if aH &;eJ@vlrsK;d a&;jy\emudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 10 rSm ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfxm;wmudk
wifjyygr,f? ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef OD;aqmifwhJ r[mrdwt f &m&Sad wG&,f/ jrefrmjynf
wyfru t*Fvyd w f yfr;– awG&,f/ Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ PBF ppfAv kd af wG&,f/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;
tzG@J u uk, d pf m;vS,af wG&,f awG@qkaH qG;aEG;+y;D oabmwlcsu&f ,lwJ h nDvmcHjzpfygw,f?
&nf¶, G cf suuf t&ifu rltm;jzifo h abmwlcw hJ t
hJ wkid ;f Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyf
qkw d hJ ppfwyf 2 wyfyg0ifwhJ wyfrawmfopfukd wnfaqmufz@kd ygy?J PBF rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf
om;awGcsn;f yg0ifwhJ wyf&if;u 3 &if;/ PBF tzG@J 0ifr[kww f hJ ArmawGomyg0ifEikd w f J h wyf&if;
1 &if;/ u&if/ ucsief @J csi;f u wyf&if; 2 &if;pD pkpak ygi;f wyf&if; 10 &if;&Sw d hJ wyfrawmfopfukd
zG@J pnf;zd@k uef'n D v D mcHuqk;H jzwfygw,f? tiftm;waomif;ESpaf xmif&w dS hJ t+rw J rf;wyfrawmf
opfukd wnfaxmifwmygy?J 'DtxJrmS ig;axmifausm[ f m PBF rsK;d cspw f yfrawmfu vmrSm
jzpfygw,f?
&JabmfokH;usdyf0ifjzpfwJh AkdvfausmfaZm OD;aqmifwJh wyf&if; 3/ Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh
wyf&if; 4/ AkdvfaZ,s OD;aqmifwJh wyf&if; 5 pwJh wyf&if;awGwnfaxmifa&;udk OD;pm;ay;zdk@
vnf ; qkH;jzwfygw,f? t+rJwrf;wyf rawmfOD;pD; ppfrif;}uD;tjzpf t*Fvdyfppfwyfu AdkvfcsKyf
L.C.Thomas u aqmif¶u G yf gw,f? tajymif;ta¶$@rSm PBF rsK;d cspw f yfom;awG repfem&
atmif Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k u awmif;qkad yr,fh r&wmawG&ydS gw,f? PBF wyfom;udk wyfz@JG
vku d f vufczH @kd wifjyayr,fh wOD;csi;f vufczH @kd om t*Fvyd u f qk;H jzwfygw,f? t*Fvyd pf um;rwwf
&if &mxl;wufzdk@rvG,fwmrdk@ t*FvdyfpmwwfwJh wkdif;&if;om;ppfAkdvfuom &mxl;wufzdk@
tcGifhtvrf; rsm;ygw,fwJh?
wyfrawmfopfrmS av#mufxm;wJh PBF rsKd;cspfppfAkdvfxJu okH;ykHwykHavmufom
0ifciG &hf ygw,f? rsK;d csp&f aJ bmftrsm;pk[m L.C.Thomas &J@wyfrawmfopfrmS ae&mr&=u
ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m AkdvfcsKyf Thomas vufatmufrSm 'kwd,ppfrif;}uD;tjzpf
tr_xrf;zdk@ jiif;y,fvkduf+yD; 1945 atmufwkdbmrSm ppfwyfuxGufvkdufygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
Thomas &J@wyfrawmfopfur kd 0ifcsiof el @J 0ifciG rhf &ol PBF rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfom;awGudk
pkaygi;f wJh jynfo@l &JabmftzG @J udk Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;uwnfaxmif+y;D vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf rJG mS
jynfo@l tiftm;tjzpf tok;H ðyygw,f?
uef'n D v D mcHuzG@J pnf;vdu k w f hJ t+rw
J rf;wyfrawmfopfrmS Armppfwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;
om;ppfwyfqdkwJh ppfwyf 2 wyf&Sdae+yD; &nf¶G,fcsufcsif;rwl=uygbl;? Armppfwyfu rsKd;cspf
&Jabmfa[mif;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&udk tcsdefra¶G; awmfvSef
ykeu f efr,ft h aetxm;rSm&Syd gw,f? tm%m&t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udu k muG,rf ,fo h [
l m wkid ;f &if;
om;ppfwyfyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppf+yD;acwfwyfrawmfrSm wOD;eJ@wOD; wbufeJ@ wbuf
r,ko H uFmjzpfwm[m rqef;ygb;l ? Ekid if aH &;cH,cl suf jyif;xefwphJ pfAv kd af wGvnf; ArmwyfxrJ mS
&Syd gw,f?
ppf+yD;acwf[m EkdifiHa&;Edk;=um;wufºuqkH;umvjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkEkdifygw,f? *syef
zufqpfuakd wmfveS w f u kd cf udk cf w
hJ hJ zqyvtzG@J csKy[ f m vGwv f yfa&;twGuf t*Fvyd u f kd yl;owf
aewJt h csed v f nf; jzpfygw,f? zqyv tzG@J xJu uJv G w GJ o hJ abmxm;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;yÉdyuQawG[m
taygif;toif;a&mif;&if;awG&Sd&m Armwyf&if;okH;&if;txd *,uf¶kdufvmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;uawmh EkdifiHa&;*kd%f;*%tuGJt+yJrSmrygbJ zqyvtzGJ@&J@acgif;aqmiftjzpf
trsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;r_ux kd ed ;f ausmif;Ekid zf @kd óu;yrf;aeyk&H ygw,f? uef'pD mcsKyt f & wyfrawmfopf
zJG@pnf;+yD; wESpft=um 1946 pufwifbmvrSm bk&ifcH Hubert Rance tpdk;&tzGJ@rSm
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef; umuG,af &;wm0efcH jzpfvmygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ t&Sed t f [kef
jyif;xefvmwmudk pd;k &dro f al wGvnf;&Syd gw,f?
oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG aexkid &f vdrrhf ,fqw kd ahJ r#mv f ifch suef @J r[mrdwef @J vufw+GJ y;D *syef
ukd wdu k cf u
dk cf w
hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkxrJ mS Arm}u;D pd;k rSmudk pd;k &dro f al wG&ydS gw,f? *syef vufeuf
cs+y;D r=umrD 1945 =o*kwv f rSm u&ifacgi;f aqmifapmbOD;}u;D eJ@ Sydney vleu D Karenistan
vd@k trnfwiG rf ,fh u&ifEidk if u H w kd nfaxmifvakd =umif; a':refprpf&@J ud, k pf m;vS,f T.L.Hughes
udk ajymbl;ygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm u&ifu, dk yf idk tf yk cf sKyaf &;e,fajr&zd@k awmif;qd=k uygw,f?
ArmeJ@ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pku rdrw d @kd ar#mv f ifw h thJ wkid ;f jzpfajrmufvmzd@k óu;pm;ae
wke;f rSm Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyfukd b,fvódk u;udik rf vJqw dk jhJ y\emudk t*Fvyd &f ifqidk &f
ygw,f? e,fjcm;ppfwyfukd t*Fvyd f t&m&Sd ok@d r[kwf t*Fvyd u f okd pPm&Sw d hJ wkid ;f &if;om;t&m&Su d
}u;D =uyfz@dk pDpOfEidk af yr,fh Armwyf&if;&Sw d hJ jynfrppfwyfukd b,fvókd u;ukid rf vJqw kd jhJ y\emudk
t*Fvyd &f ifqikd &f wmygy?J 'Djy\emudak jz&Si;f &mrSm u&ifppfwyfut kd ok;H csz@kd qk;H jzwfvu dk yf Hk &yg
w,fw?hJ xdyw f ef;&mxl;udk u&ifppfAv kd af wGuakd y;vku d &f if wyfrawmf[m t*Fvyd q f ef@usiw f hJ
ArmppfAv kd vf ufatmufra&mufEidk b f ;l vd@k ppfrif;}u;D L.C.Thomas u ar#mv f ifch yhJ &Hk ygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Dwu G u f ed ;f rSm;,Gi;f a=umif; 1949 u&ifawmfveS af &;u oufaojyaeygw,fw?hJ
t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd t
D pd;k &jyefvnftyk cf sKyw f hJ 1945 atmufwb dk mvrS vGwv f yfa&;&wJh
1948 *sefe0g&DvtxdjzpfwJh 2 ESpfausmfumvukd vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJjyif;xefwJhumvvdk@
Armbufujrifayr,fh t*Fvdyftzdk@uawmh tkyfcsKyfvkd@r&wJh qlylt=urf;zufwJhumvygyJ?
t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyaf &; rxdra&mufjzpfaewke;f wjynfv;Hk rSm vufeufawGjyef@aewmrd@k t=urf;zuf
r_eJ@ wkdufckdufvk,ufr_vnf; 'DacwfrSm trsm;qkH;ygyJ? bkH&efol zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefzdk@
&nfreS ;f csucf si;f rwloal wG ,m,Dvufw+GJ y;D vufeufuikd w f u dk yf GJ 0ifc=hJ uygw,f? 'gayrJh ppf+y;D vd@k
Ekid if aH &;t& ESv;Hk &nfwu dk yf qJG ifE&$J r,ft h csed af &mufvmawmhvnf; vufeufuikd t f =urf;zuf
wJh ppf"avh ukd razsmufEikd =f uygb;l ? 'ga=umifh olw@dk tzd@k Ekid if aH &;atmifyq JG wkd m[m t,ltq
csi;f rwloal wGaphpyfnEd‡ id_ ;f +y;D tay;t,lvyk w f m/ yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G w f mr[kwaf wmhbJ &efou l kd
&Sm+y;D tðywfwu kd wf m (od@k ) vufeufcscikd ;f wmyJjzpfaea=umif; ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfxm;wm
udk wifjyvku d yf gw,f?
a&›t S ygwrf mS u&ifppfAv kd af cgi;f aqmifww hJ yfrawmfta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (11)
oD&vd uFmEkid if H uef'®D rr› mS 1945 pufwifbmvtapmykid ;f uusi;f ywJn h vD mcHrmS ppf+y;D acwf
wyfrawmfopfuzdk @JG pnf;cJah =umif; t&iftygwu f usaemfwifjycJyh gw,f? wyfrawmfopfxrJ mS
yg0ifwhJ PBF wjzpfvJ Armwyfe@J wk id ;f &if;om;wyf[m wyfrawmfu}dk u;D pd;k zk@d ®yifqidk óf u;yrf;=uykH
ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 11 rSm wifjyygr,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf mS wyfrawmfxyd w
f ef;&mxl;tm;vk;H udk u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ PBF
wyfz@JG 0ifr[kww f hJ ppfAvkd af wGu &,lxm;ygw,f? ppfO;D pD;csKyu f Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f / avwyf
OD;pD;u apm&S;D ¶_;d / ppfqifa&;r–;u t*FvefEikd if H Sandhurst Adv k o f ifwef;ausmif;qif; Akv d rf ;–
apm=um'k;d / ppfaxmufcsKyu f apm'efeD pwJh u&iftrsK;d om;awGjzpf=uygw,f? axmufy@dk a&;eJ@
tcsujf yqufo, G af &;wyfz@GJ awGrmS vnf; u&ift&m&Sed @J u&ifppfom;u vlrsm;pkygy?J u&ifwyf
&if; 3 &if;/ ucsiw f yf&if; 2 &if;eJ@ csi;f wyf&if; 2 &if;u ppfAv kd pf pfom;awGukd t*Fvyd u f
pkaqmif;cJw h myg? vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf mS u&ift&m&Sed @J t*Fvyd pf pfrif&iS t f zG@J [m =oZmt&Sq d ;Hk
jzpfaeygw,f? 1949 *sefe0g&Dv 14 &ufae@rSmusif;ywJh wyfr–;nDvmcHudkwufa&mufwJh
xdyw f ef;t&m&Sd 33 OD;xJrmS PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvfu 4 OD;om&Sd+yD; usefwyfr–;awG[m
wkdif;&if;om;t&m&Sdjzpfygw,f?
&JtzG@J rSmvnf; ppfrjzpfru D wnf;utr_xrf;cJw h hJ t*Fvyd -f Arm ujym;/ t*Fvyd -f
ukvm;ujym;/ a*:&cg;wyfom;eJ@ u&iftrsKd;om;awGuyJ }uD;pdk;ygw,f? ppfwGif;umv
wav#mufvkH; *syefudk wkdufcdk ufcJhwJh u&ifajymufusm;awG[m ppf+yD;oGm;ayr,fh vufeuf
udik af qmifxm;qJ jzpfygw,f? u&ift h usK;d pD;yGg;udu k muG,zf @kd vkw d ,fv@dk u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u
,lqwmrd@k 1947 azazmf0g&rD mS KNU ac: u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H udk wnfaxmifygw,f?
aemufawmh KNU vufatmufcH KNDO u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;tzG@J qdw k hJ u&ifjynfo@l
ppfudk zGJ@pnf;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&zkd@ zqyvtzJG@csKyfuóu;yrf;aecsdefrSm zqyv&J@ opPmcH
r[kwfwJh vufeufudkiftzGJ@awG trsm;tjym;&Sdaeygw,f? wyfrawmfopfukdOD;aqmifaewJh
u&ifeJ@t*Fvdyft&m&SdawGudk PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvftodkif;t0kdif;u r,kHouFmjzpfaeyg
w,f? wyfrawmfrmS u&ifppfAv kd }f u;D pd;k aewmudk ArmppfAv dk uf rauseyfygb;l ? Ekid if jH cm; tul
tnD &,l+y;D u&ifu zqyvud ðk zwfcsvrd rhf ,fqw kd hJ aumvm[vudk Armowif;pmawGu
r=umc%azmfjy=uygw,f? Armacgif;aqmifwJhwyfrawmfay:aygufa&;udk uef'DnDvmcHu
&nfreS ;f cJah yr,fh vufawG@rSmawmh u&if }u;D pd;k Ekid af tmif t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f zefw;D aew,fv@kd
ArmppfAv dk af wGu ,lqygw,f?
Armwyf&if;awG rSm Armppf Akv d &f adS yr,fh t*Fvyd t f &m&S v d ufatmufrmS tr_xrf;
&wmyg? 'ga=umifh wyfrawmfopfrSm PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvfr}uD;pdk;Ekdifatmif t*Fvdyf
ppfrpf&Sifu wrifvkyfaew,fvkd @Armbufu,lqygw,f? jzpfEdkif&if ArmppfAdkvftm;vkH;udk
wyfrawmfu xkwyf pfz@dk awmif t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f vkyEf ikd af =umif; Akv d rf ;– csKyaf [mif;armifarmif
u 1992 arv 9 &ufae@u ajymjywmudkvnf; ar&Du,fv[efu azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
wyfrawmfxJu ArmppfAdkvfxJrSmvnf; uGefjrLepfppfAkdvfeJ@ uGefjrLepfr[kwfwJhppfAkdvfqkd+yD;
tkyfpk 2 pk&Sdygw,f? wu,fawmh wyfrawmft&m&Sd 25 &mcdkifE_ef;uom zqyvtzGJ@udk
axmufcw H mjzpfw,fv@kd 1948 azazmf0g&D 9 &ufae@xkwf t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS t f pD&ifcpH mrSm
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ
wyfrawmfopfrmS ArmppfAv dk t f a&;rygwmudk Armacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u oabmayguf
ygw,f? t*Fvyd ef @J awmufav#mufvufwcGJ w hJ hJ u&ifppfAv dk af wG wyfrawmfopfrmS }u;D pd;k aewm
udk tEœ&m,fv@kd Armbufu,lqygw,f? u&ife@J t*Fvyd af cgi;f aqmifwhJ wyfrawmfopfxu J dk
r0ifcsio f el @J 0ifciG rhf &olawGupkd ak ygi;f +y;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u jynfo@l &JabmftzG@J udk wnf
axmifvu kd yf gw,f? jynfo@l &J@abmf[m zqyvvufatmufcjH zpfayr,fh Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;&J@
udk,fykdifppfwyftjzpf v_yf&Sm;w,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&csdef
rSm jynfo@l &Jabmf wode;f avmuf&v dS m+y;D tpd;k &ukq d ef@usiw f hJ &JabmfjzLeJ@ axmufcw H hJ &Jabmf0g
qk+d y;D ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;ygw,f?
'DtawmtwGi;f umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Akv d v f ufsmeJ@ u&ifppfO;D pD;Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f
wk@d &J@ vufatmufcrH [kww f hJ uk, d yf idk t f &Hwyfz@GJ udw k nfaxmifz@kd tm%m&qd&k , S v f pfygwu D
pDpOfygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfygwaD cgi;f aqmif OD;ausm+f ird ;f tdrrf mS Armacgi;f aqmiftcsK› d r=umc%
qkaH wG@=u+y;D u&ife@J t*Fvyd }f u;D pd;k wJw h yfrawmfukd toGiaf jymif;zd@k aqG;aEG;a=umif; aemiftcgrmS
Advk cf sKyaf rmifarmiftjzpfxif&mS ;vmwJh Akv d }f u;D armifarmif&@J 1947 ae@pOfrw S w f rf; Diary
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ uGejf rLepfppfAv kd uf tEœ&m,fay;Ekid w f mudak qG;aEG;=uayr,fh u&ifppfAv kd ef @J
t*Fvdyftvdkawmf&d Adkvfvufsmukdz,f&Sm;Ekdifa&;ukdom t"duaqG;aEG;a=umif; Adkvf}uD;
armifarmif&@J ae@pOfrw S w f rf;rSmazmfjyxm;wmudk ud;k um;xm;ygw,f?
1947 =o*kwfv 1 &ufae@rSm OD;ausmf+idrf; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm
qdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@ zqyvopPmcH ukd,fyk dift&Hwyf&if;wnfaxmifzkd@ tcGifhtvrf; ay:ayguf
vmygw,f? uGejf rLepfr[kww f hJ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J wyfrawmfopfx0J ifciG rhf &olawGukd pnf;¶k;H
odrf;oGif;+yD; txl;t&H&JwyfzGJ@wnfaxmifzdk@jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/
Adv
k cf ifarmifuav;/ Akv d af e0if;eJ@ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k 1947 =o*kwv f rSmawG@qk+H y;D UMP ppf&w J yfz@JG
wnfaxmifz@kd aqG;aEG;ygw,f?
UMP ppf&w J yf&if;wnfaxmif+y;D ygwu D u kd sm;uefwu hJ pd uP kd Adv
k vf ufsmu rvdv k m;
bl;vk@d qk&d , S v f pfawGbufu ,lqygw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ tusiyhf suAf rmawGukd &JtzG@J u
xkwyf pfz@kd OD;ausm+f ird ;f u Akv d v f usmf ud! k e¸ =f um;+y;D 1948 arvrSm tdE, dN udk aq;ukxu G o f mG ;
ygw,f? ,m,DjynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D vkyw f hJ Akv d vf usmf [m OD;ausm+f ird ;f &J@!¸e=f um;csuu f kd qef@usi+f y;D
&JtzG J@u u&ifeJ@ tusifhysufArmawGudk UMP ppf&x J oJ iG ;f vdu k af =umif; 1984 pufwifbm
28 &ufu OD;ausm+f ird ;f aemufa=umif;jyefajymqkw d mudk Adv k cf sKyaf rmifarmifu rSww f rf;wif
xm;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwt f ydik ;f 12 rSm wyfrawmfxu J u&if-Armwif;rmr_ ayguu f rJG ,fh tajc
taea&muf&v dS myku H dk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (12)
ppf+y;D acwf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wJ h wyfrawmfxrJ mS Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyft=um; wif;rmr_&dS

aewm[m omrefwyfwGif;jy\emjzpfwJhtwGuf wbufeJ@wbuf aphpyfn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;+yD;
tay;t,lvyk v f u kd &f if ajyvnfomG ;Ekid yf gw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh jynfwiG ;f ppfumvrSm jy\emjzpfvm
wma=umifh wyfrawmfxu J u&if-Armwif;rmr_[m ayguu f wJG t
hJ ajctaetxd a&muf&o dS mG ;
a=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; (12) rSm wifjyygr,f?
t*Fvyd v f ufatmufcH ppf+y;D acwfwyfrawmf[m vGwv f yfa&;r&rDuwnf;u olyek f
ESdrfeif;a&;rSm yg0ifcJhygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuwnf;u uGefjrLepfawG
olykefxcJhvdk@ygyJ? ppf+yD;acwftpdk;&vrf;pOfuvnf; udkvdkeDacwfutwdkif; ppftiftm;okH;+yD;
olyek u f t kd jywf&iS ;f zd@k jzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&awmhvnf; 'Dvrf;pOfuykd J qufo;Hk ygw,f? 'gay
r,fh jynfwGif;ppfjzpfwJhtwGuf wyfrawmfxJu u&if-Armjy\em[m ydkrdkjyif;xefvm&yg
w,f? 1946 eJ@ 1949 t=um;jzpfyGg;wJh uGefjrLepfwdkufzsufa&;ppfyJGawGrSm t*FvdyfppfAdkvf&J@
t}uHay;csuft& wyfrawmfu&ifacgif;aqmifydkif;[m aus;¶GmawGudk ajrvSefrD;¶_d@pepfeJ@
wkdufckduf+yD; uGefjrLepfvdk@rouFmwJh¶Gmol¶Gmom;udk ypfowfavh&Sda=umif; wyf&if; 3 t&m&Sd
a[mif; Akdvfr–;}uD;cspf®rifu ajymygw,fwJ h?
uGefjrLepfESdrfeif;a&;ppfyJGrSm towfcH&oltrsm;pk[m omref¶Gmol¶Gmom;eJ@
oHCmawmfawGomjzpf+yD; uGefjrLepfr[kwfbl;vdk@ t+idrf;pm;Adkvfr–;}uD;cspf®rifu ajymygw,f?
'Dvkd ajrvSerf ;D ¶_@d pepfusio hf ;Hk aewm[m awmifov l ,form;udk zqyvtpd;k &uzdEydS af =umif;
ocifp;kd ajymaewmudk rSeu f efa=umif; twnfðyovdjk zpfaeygw,f? zqyvtpd;k &udu k muG,w f hJ
taeeJ@ uGejf rLepfoyl ek u f kd u&ifwyf&if;awGu wdu k cf udk af eayr,fh zqyvtzJ@G xJu qk&d , S v f pf
eJ@ qk&d ,S v f pfppfAv kd af wGuawmh u&ifppfwyfukd oHo,&Sad e=uygw,f?
uGejf rLepfoyl ek u f kd b,fvEkd rdS ef if;+y;D u&ifppfAv kd af wG wyfrawmfurkd v$r;f rk;d atmif
b,fvv dk yk rf vJqw kd uhJ pd u P kd 1948 *|ev f avmufup+y;D ArmppfAv kd af wG tav;teuf pOf;pm;
vm=uygw,f? 'DtkyfpkxJrSm Adkvfr–;csKyfae0if;/ Akdvfr–;}uD;aZ,s/ 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;&JxGÉf/ 'kAdkvfr–;
}u;D wifarmif/ Adv k rf ;– csp®f rif/ Akv d rf ;– xGe;f pdeef @J Akv
d rf ;– wifO;D wd@k yg0if=u+y;D uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , S v f pfe@J
Armwyfukd aygi;f pnf;Ekid v f rd rhf ,fv@dk ar#mv f ifch =hJ uygw,f? olw@kd &J@urf;vSr;f csuu f kd uGejf rLepfu
y,fcsvu kd af wmhrS wyfrawmfukd u&ife@J t*Fvyd v f ufatmufuqJx G w
k zf @kd udp[
P m yxrOD;pm;
ay; jzpfvmw,f?
Akv
d vf ufsmudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D &mxl;uz,f&mS ;zd@k t"duxm;ygw,f? Adv k v f ufsm
udkxkwfypfzkd@ Adkvfae0if;eJ@ AkdvfaZ,su 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk em;csygw,f? Adkvfvufsmae&mudk
vlpm;xk;d &if olw@dk ESpOf ;D xJu wOD;OD;yJjzpf&r,fv@kd vnf; oabmaygux f m;=uygw,f? 'Dupd u P kd
Akv d af e0if;eJ@ Adv k af Z,sw@kd u OD;Ekuw kd ifjy+y;D wJah emuf Adv k af Z,s[m OD;Ektrd u f kd aemufwacguf
jyefomG ;+y;D ol@udo k m umuG,af &;0ef}u;D cef@zd@k awmif;qdyk gw,f? 'Dta=umif;Adv k af e0if;odwt hJ cg
AdkvfaZ,sudk opPmazmuftjzpf owfrSwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif; ArmppfAdkvfawGxJrSm
tuJt G +yjJ zpf+y;D Armwyf&if;w0ufavmuf olyek x f wJt h xdjzpfuek af =umif; OD;Ek/ Akv d rf ;– }u;D csp®f rif
eJ@ Adv k cf sKyaf rmifarmifw@kd &J@ajymjycsuef @J rSww f rf;awGukd ud;k um;+y;D ar&Du,fv[efu azmfjyxm;
ygw,f?
1948 rwfvrSm AuyuGejf rLepfygwo D yl ek x f +y;D *sLvkid ef @J =o*kwv f awGrmS uGejf rLepf
ppfAv kd af wGacgi;f aqmifwhJ Armwyf&if; 2 &if; awmcko d mG ;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfppfAv kd af wG awmckd
oGm;wJah emufyikd ;f wyfrawmfu&ifacgi;f aqmifyd ik ;f eJ@ ArmppfAv kd af wGt=um;qufqaH &; yd+k y;D
wif;rmvmygw,f? ArmppfAv kd pf pfom;awG awmcko d mG ;wma=umifh wyfrawmfrmS ArmppfAv kd f
OD;a& tawmfenf;oGm;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfErdS ef if;a&;ppfyrGJ mS u&ifAv kd cf sKyaf pm=um'd;k emrnf&wJh
tcsed jf zpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfErdS ef if;a&;udt k m¶kpH udk af e&wJh 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekukd u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f
u pnf;¶k;H aewJt h csed t f cgjzpfv@dk wyfrawmfukd u&ifppfAv kd af wGu csKyu f idk af wmhr,fh tajctae
ygy?J
'ga=umifh wyfrawmftwGi;f tjyifu qk&d , S v f pftyk pf [ k m ygwo D pPmcHwyf zJ@G pnf;a&;
ukd OD;pm;ay;vmygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif OD;ausm+f ird ;f &J@ jynfxaJ &;XmeatmufrmS zG@J pnf;
xm;wJh t&H&JwyfzJG@awGpkaygif;um ppf0efxrf;wyfzGJ@pnf;+yD; Adkvfatmif}uD;udk OD;aqmifckdif;yg
w,f? uGejf rLepfe@J u&ifuq kd ef@usi+f y;D qd&k , S vf pfygwu D o kd mopPm&Sw d hJ ppf0efxrf;wyfyJ jzpfyg
w,f? 'Dvkd ygwcD g;yku d f aqmifwyfz@GJ pnf;wmudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Adv k v f ufsmu t}u;D tus,f
a0zef¶w _ cf svu dk +f y;D aemufq;Hk &mxl;uEkwx f u G w f Jt h xd uef@uGuq f ENjyoGm;ygw,f?
“zqyvtpd;k &u wyfrawmfe@J &JtzG@J udrk ,k=H unfv@dk ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG wmvm;/ ppf
0efxrf;wyfz@JG rSmyg0ifaeolawG[m &mZ0wfom;vlq;dk "g;jyeJ@ Ekid if aH &;ta&miftaoG; trsK;d rsK;d
&So d al wGrd @k wae@=u&if qd&k , S v f pftyk pf ek @J qd&k , S v f pfqef@usiaf &;tkypf t k =um; t}u;D tus,f
ppfjzpfvdrfhr,f” vkd@ Adkvfvufsm tpD&ifcHpma&;xm;wmudk &efukef&Sdt*FvdyfoH¶kH;u vef'ef
Edik if jH cm;a&;Xmeudk ay;yd@k wJh 1948 pufwifbm 5 &uf ae@pJyG g oHóu;pmrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ
ppf0efxrf;wyfz@GJ ukd c¶kid f 18 c¶kid rf mS zG@J pnf;+y;D Ad v k af e0if;&J@ wyf&if; 4 u ppfAv kd f
ppfom; 76 a,muf/ wyf&if; 5 u ppfAkdvfppfom; 97 a,mufudk oifwef;q&mawGtjzpf
ppf0efxrf;wyfrmS ,m,Dtr_xrf;apygw,f? autJe'f t D dk u&ifumuG,af &;wyfz@JG eJ@ wyfrawmf
u&ifwyf&if;udk zqyv tpd;k &u r,ko H uFmjzpfvmavav Adv k af tmif}u;D &J@ ppf0efxrf;wyfukd
wk;d csaJ› vavrd@k 1949 a&mufawmh ppf0efxrf;wyf&if; 26 &if; pkpak ygi;f tiftm; waomif;
ok;H axmif &Sad eyg+y?D xde;f vd@k r&wJw h yfz@GJ awGvnf;&Sw d ma=umifh ppf0efxrf; 1200 avmuf awmcdk
oGm;wJah emufyikd ;f 1951 rSm c¶dik f 9 c¶kid u
f ppf0efxrf;wyf&if;awGukd zsuo f rd ;f vku
d &f ygw,f?
wyfrawmf u&ifacgif ;aqmifyikd ;f eJ@ ArmppfAv kd af wG qufqaH &; tqifrajyjzpfae
wkef; uGefjrLepfygwD olykefxwJhtcgrSm wkdif;&if;om;wyf&if;awGudkokH;+yD; ESdrfeif;ygw,f? 'Dvdk
tajctaerSm uGejf rLepfppfAv kd Of ;D aqmifwhJ Armwyf&if; 2 awmcdjk yefwt hJ wGuf u&if-Arm
qufqaH &;tajctae[m aumif;rGerf vmawmhbJ yd+k y;D awmhomqd;k 0g;vma=umif; ar&Du,f
v[ef u ok;H oyfxm;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwf tydik ;f 13 rSm u&ifoyl ek x
f &wJt h a=umif;&if;awGukd
wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (13)
tm%m&zqyvtpd;k &udk axmufcw H hJ u&iftyk pf k eJ@ Armtkypf w k bufe@J wbuf r,ko H uFm
jzpfvm&mu vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQjzpfygG ;&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efok ;H oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol
tydik ;f 13 rSm wifjyygr,f? ocifoef;xGe;f &J@ AuyuGejf rLepfawG olyek x f prSm u&ife@J ucsif
wyf&if;awGu zqyvtpdk;&udk umuG,faewmrdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm u&ifjynfe,fudk
wnfaxmifEkdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ u&ifacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,kH=unfcJhykH&ygw,fwJh? aemufydkif;rSm
uGejf rLepf/ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J awmcdw k hJ wyfrawmfwyf&if;awG pkaygi;f ykeu f efawmhvnf; u&if/
ucsiw f yfawGuyJ zqyvtpd;k &bufu wku d af y;&ygw,f? 'gayrJh zqyvtpd;k &eJ@ Arm ppfAv kd f
awG aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f +y;D 1948 arvrSm vuf0n J ! D w G af &;vkyzf @kd uGejf rL epfuudk rf;vSr;f wJt h cgrmS
u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m zqyvukd r,ko H uFmjzpfvmygw,f? uGejf rLepfukd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf
ay;+y;D tm%mcJaG 0,l=uzd@k pOf;pm;wJt h pDtpOfjzpfwma=umifh t&iftwkid ;f pcef;oGm;vd@k rjzpf
awmhb;l vd@k u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ,lqvmyk&H w,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efuqdyk gw,f?
1948 rwfvrSm AuyuGejf rLepf awmcdak wmh uGejf rLepfe@J &if;ES;D wJh Armwyf&if;awG
udk wdkufcdkif;&if; jy\emay:Edkifwma=umifh KNDO u&ifjynfol@ppfudkwkdufckdif;zdk@ wyfrawmf
OD;pD;csKyu
f qk;H jzwfa=umif; Akv d cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f &J@ 1980 xkwf uk, d af wG@rSww f rf;rSm azmfjyxm;
ygw,f? 'gayrJh wcsK› ad e&mawGrmS ppf0efxrf;eJ@ UMP ppf&u J vnf; uGejf rLepfuw kd udk af e wmrd@k
KNDO u&if j ynf o l @ ppf e J @ xd a wG @ vmwmrsKd ; vnf ; &S d y gw,f ? 'D = um;xJ “+id r f ; csrf ; a&;
ajymufusm;” u&iftzJ@G u tpd;k &aiGwu kd uf kd 0ifazmufwmrsK;d vnf; &Syd gw,f? tpd;k &bufu
wkud af y;wJt h yk pf ak wGt=um; yÉdyuQjzpfvmwmygy?J 1948 =o*kwv f 14 &ufae@rSm UMP u&if
ppf&u J wHaG w;udo k rd ;f vku
d af wmhrS u&ifol ykeu f kd yDyjD yifjyif jrif&ygw,f? aemufEpS yf wfavmuf
=umawmh oxkHeJ@ usKdufQrDu u&ifppf&JawG awmcdk=u+yD;/ =o*kwfv 30 &ufae@rSm KNDO
u&ifjynfo@l ppftzJ@G u oxkeH @J armfv®rifuo kd rd ;f vduk yf gawmhw,f?
'D v d k t ajctaejzpf v mwmrd k @ zqyvvuf a tmuf c H txl ; t&H & J w yf z G J @ uk d
Adkvfatmif}uD;uacgif;aqmif+yD; ppf0efxrf;wyftjzpf wdk;cs›JzJG@pnf;zdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku 1948
pufwifbm 9 &ufae@u trde@f xkwjf yefvu kd w
f m jzpfygw,f? u&ifppfAv kd af wG}u;D pd;k wJh ppf¶;Hk rSm
Adv
k af tmif}u;D udk ae&may;+y;D ppf0efxrf;wyf zG@J cdik ;f wm[m u&ifph pftiftm;udk wk@H jyefz@kd jyifqif
wmjzpfw,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfygw,f? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQav;awGjzpfwmudk
csucf si;f ajz&Si;f Edik af tmif ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG wnfaxmifwm[m Adv k }f u;D armifarmif&@J tpDtpOf
jzpf[efwlygw,f? ppf0efxrf;wyfzJG@pnf;wm[m a&&SnfpDrHudef;jzpfw,fqdk&ifawmh tpdk;&
vufatmufcH vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;xJrmS Armhppftiftm;}u;D xGm;vmatmif pDpOfwmyJv@dk
ajymEdik yf gw,fw?hJ
'ga=umifh 1948 pufwifbmva&mufawmh OD;Ektpd;k &vufatmufrmS &nf¶, G cf suf
csif;rwlwJh vufeufukdiftiftm;pk}uD;ESpfpk txift&Sm;ay:xGufvmygw,f? 'Dtkyfpk 2 pku
awmh t*Fvdyftvdkawmf&d vuf,mtiftm;pkeJ@ PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAdkvf}uD;pdk;wJh vuf0J
tiftm;pkv@dk qdyk gw,f? wyfrawmfu u&ifppfAv dk /f KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfwyfz@JG eJ@ OD;wifxÉG f
OD;aqmifwJh jynfaxmifpkt&HwyfzJG@[m vuf,mtiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&J@ wyf&if;
4/ awmrcdw k AhJ rmppfAv kd pf pfom;/ ppf0efxrf;wyf/ aus;¶GmumuG,af &;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;orm; cg;yku d f
aqmifwyfawG[m vuf0Jtiftm;pkrSm yg0ifygw,f?
vufeufuidk t f iftm;pk 2 pk tm;®yifaecsed rf mS yk}H u;D csw J› mrsm;vGe;f wJt h wGuf *sy;kd u
vdyf jzpfomG ;wmu rsm;ygw,fw?hJ wbufe@J wbuf r,ko H uFmjzpfaecsed rf mS tquftoG,f
cufcw J mrd@k yk}H u;D csw J› o hJ wif;awG acwfpm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd tquftoG,jf ywfaewmrd@k e,frmS
b,fvjdk zpfysuaf ew,fqw kd mudk zqyvtpd;k &a&m KNU u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H yg odEikd f
zd@k rvG,yf gb;l ? 'Dvt kd cgrmS &efuek ef @J rEœav;u Armowif;pmawGu rD;avmif&m avyif=h u
ygw,f? "g;jywku d rf /_ Ekid if aH &;t=urf;zufr_ pwmav;awGukd Ekid if aH &;vky}f urH }_ u;D ozG,f yk}H u;D cs+J› y;D
owif;a&;=uwJhtwGuf óu=um;óu=um; woD;wjcm;jzpfyGg;wJh t=urf;zufr_av;awG[m
Ekid if aH wmfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D ozG,f ay:xGuv f mygawmhw,f?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ wkd;yGg;vmavav vuf,mtiftm;pkeJ@ vuf0Jtiftm;pk
t=um; r,kHouFmjzpfr_awG rsm;vmavavjzpfygw,f? 'D=um;xJ u&ifudkulnD+yD; zqyv
tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd &nf¶, G af =umif; a&;xm;wJph meJ@twl t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd af [mif; Alexander
Campbell &efue k rf mS tzrf;cH&wJt h cgrmS u&ife@J t*Fvyd u f zqyvtpd;k &udðk zwfcsb@kd &nf¶, G f
w,fqw kd hJ ArmppfAv kd ef @J qd&k , S vf pfawG&@J ,k=H unfcsu[ f mvnf; ydrk ckd ikd rf mvmygw,f? t*FvefrmS
Campbell uka d xmufco H l vufwqkypf mom&Sad yr,fh t*Fvyd v f yk }f urH }_ u;D ozG,f yk}H u;D cs+J› y;D
Armowif;pmu rD;avmif&mavyifyh gw,f?
'Dtcsed rf mS wHaG w;/ oxkeH @J armfv®rifuo dk rd ;f ydu
k x
f m;wJh u&ifoyl ek ef @J OD;Ektpd;k &
+ird ;f csr;f a&;vkyEf ikd af tmif ppfO;D pD; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f =um;0ifaqmif¶u G af y;wmudk ArmppfAv kd f
awGu rauseyf=uygb;l ? aemufawmh 1948 Ed0k ifbm 13 &ufae@rSm weoFm&De@J {&m0wDwikd ;f
yg0ifwJh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u&ifjynfe,f wnfaxmifcGifhay;zdk@ awmif;qkdvmwJhtwGuf
jynfaxmifpu k zkd suq f ;D zd@k }upH nfwmjzpfa=umif; Armowif;pmawGu a&;=uygawmhw,f? ppf
0efxrf;wyf[m tEœ&m,fay;Edik af =umif; u&ifacgi;f aqmifawG oabmayguv f mygw,f?
Campbell tzrf;cH&+y;D aemufwae@ pufwifbm 19 &ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpk t&H
wyf&J@acgif;aqmif u&ifeJ@&if;ESD;ol OD;wifxGÉf towfcH&ygw,f? vufonfray:ayr,fh
qd&k , S vf pfygwv D ufcsujf zpfa=umif; &Jrif;}u;D OD;atmifcsed u f odwt hJ wGuf OD;atmifcsed f tvkyf
ðzwfcHvkduf&ygw,f? OD;wifxGÉfudkowfypfzdk@ Akdvfatmif}uD;upDpOfwmjzpfa=umif; u&if
ppfAdkvfawGu t*Fvdyft&m&Sdudkajymjywmudkvnf; 1949 *sefe0g&D 8 &uf &efukef-vef'ef
oHóu;pmrSm azmfjy xm;ygw,f? 1948 'DZifbm 24 &ufae@rSm +rw d cf ¶dik yf avm®r› c&pf,mef
bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;xJudk ppf0efxrf;u vufypfAkH;ypfoGif;vkd@ u&if 80 aoqkH;&ygw,f? ppf
0efxrf;eJ@ qd&k , S v f pf&@J u&ifqef@usiaf &;udk KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu vufw@Hk jyefyg awmh
w,f? 1948 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f rSm ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG w&mausm&f adS =umif; ppftpd;k &xkwf wyfrawmf
ordkif; pwkwˆwJGrSm a&;xm; ayr,fh yavm®r›vlowfyGJudkawmh razmfjyygbl;?
a&›Stygwf tydkif; 14 rSm jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGg;ykHukd wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (14)
&efoal wG0idk ;f aevd@k &efuek tf pd;k &vk@d emrnf&aewJh zqyvtpd;k &qufvuf&iS o f efEidk yf uHk kd ige@J
rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 14 rSm ar&Du,fv[efu &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmfu&ift&m&Sad wG[m
1948 ESpfukefydkif;txd ysOf;rem;c¶dkifrSm uGefjrLepfolykefudkwdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&
toufqufEikd zf @kd twGuf u&ifwyf&if;awGu uGejf rLepfupkd pfqifaewke;f zqyvvufatmufcH
Armjynfo@l ppfu jrpf0u|e;f ay:u u&if¶mG awGukd wk u d cf u
dk =f uygw,f? 'Dvt kd ajctaea=umifh
wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if;/ KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfe@J u&ifEidk if aH &;tkypf ak wG aygi;f pnf;rd+y;D
zqyvtpd;k &udk awmfveS zf @kd pDpOfvm&wmjzpfygw,fw?hJ
jrpf0u|e;f ay:u u&if-ArmyÉdyuQawG[m &efuek q f ifajczk;H txdysEH› @HS vmvd@k 1949
*seef 0g&rD mS tif;pdet f pd;k &vufeufwu dk u
f kd KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu0ifp;D +y;D &efuek u f kd 0kid ;f
xm;Ekid w
f t hJ ajctaexd jzpfvmyg w,f? ppf0efxrf;/ wuUov kd af usmif;om;eJ@ vlayvlawawGukd
tpd;k &u vufeufay;+y;D u&ifuw kd u kd cf ikd ;f &wJt h csed t f cgygy?J tif;pde/f =unfjh rifwidk /f prf;acsmif;eJ@
tvku H u&if&yfuu G af wGukd Armjynfo@l ppfuypfcwfvmwJt h wGuf KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu
®rj› yifu u&ifwyfawGukd ppfual wmif;+y;D tif;pdew f 0ku d rf mS ae&m,lxm;ygw,f? u&if&yfuu G f
em;rSmaexdik w f AhJ rmawG[m tpd;k &tultnDr&vd@k awG@&mvufeufe@J ckcu H muG,af e&ygw,f?
tif;pdet f ajctae qd;k 0g;vmwma=umifh tm¶kaH jymif;oGm;atmifvyk zf @k d KNU acgi;f aqmif
apmbOD;}uD;u awmifiltajcpkdufwJh wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if; 1 u wyfr–;Akdvfr–;}uD;
apmrif;armifukd tultnDawmif;wJt h wGuf 1949 *seef 0g&v D 27 &ufae@rSm u&ifwyf&if;
1 u awmifiludk odrf;vdkufygawmhw,f? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufae@rSm tif;pdefukd u&ifodrf;+yD;
&efuek ef @J 4 rdik u f mG txd csw D ufEidk cf yhJ gw,f? ppfom;/ &J/ ppf0efxrf;/ jynfo@l ppf/ ausmif;om;eJ@
vlayvlawawGpak ygi;f +y;D ckcEH idk w f t hJ wGuu f &ifx h ;dk ppf &yfwef@oGm;ygw,f? ig;vavmuf=umwJh
tif;pdew f u dk yf rGJ mS tustqk;H rsm;+y;D 1949 arva&mufrS tpd;k &u tif;pdeu f dk jyeford ;f Ekid yf g
w,f? ar®r/› jynf/ rdwv ˆD m/ rEœav; pwJ h ®r}› u;D awGvnf; olyek v f ufatmufusa&mufcyhJ gw,f?
zqyvtpdk;&[m KNDO u&ifjynfol@ppfukd w&m;r0ifa=umif;a=unm+yD;
u&ifppfAdkvfawGudk &mxl;uz,f&Sm;um wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;prpf'Gef;ae&mudk
Adv
k af e0if;eJ@ tpm;xk;d vku d yf gw,f? awmifiu l jkd yeford ;f zd@k ucsiw f yf&if; 1 &J@ wyf&if;r–; aemfqikd ;f
udk Akv d af e0if;trde@f ay;wJt h cgrmS aemfqikd ;f u olyek ef @J yl;aygi;f vdu k yf gw,f? 1949 azazmf0g&v D rSm
wyfrawmf[m tpdwpf w d tf r$mr$m uGaJ eyg+y?D uGejf rLepf/ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J u&ifoyl ek &f @J xk;d ppfudk
zqyv tpd;k &[m jzpfovdv k pl +k y;D ckcw H u dk cf u kd af e&ygw,f? 2 em&Davmufppfoifwef;ay;+y;D
wku d cf idk ;f wmjzpfw,fv@dk ppf0efxrf;acgi;f aqmif Adv k af tmif}u;D u 1992 arv 8 &ufae@u
ajymygw,fw?hJ
u&ifawmfveS af &;p+y;D r=umrD tr_xrf; oydwaf rSmufwt hJ wGuf zqyvtpd;k & ®yuGJ
awmhrvdk jzpfomG ;ygw,f? u&ifuw kd u dk zf @kd twGuf uGejf rLepfukd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;+y;D pnf;¶k;H
odr;f oGi;f zd@k Adv k af e0if;wifjywmudk qd&k , S v f pfygwu D vufrcHwma=umifh qd&k , S vf pf0ef}u;D awG
udk xkwyf pfz@kd Adv k af e0if;u 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekukd wdu k w f eG ;f wJt h wGuf 1949 {+yv D rSm qk&d , S vf pf
0ef}u;D 5 OD; Ekwx f u G of mG ;ygw,f? qk&d , S v f pf&@J tdraf pmifah cG;}u;D rvkycf siaf wmhb;l vd@k Adv k af e0if;
u ajAmifajym+y;D ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@ taygi;f ygueG jf rLepftcsK› u d kd tpd;k &tzG@J xJoiG ;f zd@k Akv
d af e0if;u
OD;EkudkwkdufwGef;a=umif; OD;ausmf+idrf;jyefajymjywmudk 1984 pufwifbmv 26 ae@pJGyg
Advk af rmifarmif&@J awG@qkaH r;jref;cef;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
'gayrJh uGejf rLepfe@J vufwzJG @kd udpu P kd 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eku vufrcHygb;l ? qk&d , S v f pfawG
e,fqif;+y;D olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;twGuf pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;zd@k omOD;Eku!¸e=f um;ygw,f? a0zefwhJ &efuek f
pme,fZif;awGukd t=urf;zufwu dk cf u dk v f @kd qd&k , S v f pfygwD emrnfysuaf ecsed v f nf; jzpfygw,f?
qd&k , S vf pfacgi;f aqmifawG[m *syef@acwfrmS vlxt k zG@J tpnf;wnfaxmifz@kd róu;pm;bJ ppf+y;D
acwf vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0ifEkdifzdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; ykef;atmif;aecJhwma=umifh OD;ausmf+idrf;/
OD;baqG/ ocifwif pwJh qd&k , S v
f pfacgi;f aqmifawGrmS ocifp;kd eJ@ tjcm; uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif
awGvkd ausmaxmufaemufcH vlxt k zJ@G tpnf; r&S=d uygb;l ? vGwv f yfa&;&awmhvnf; tpd;k &
&mxl;udk qd&k , S vf pfuyJ&,lwma=umifh vlxek @J reD;pyfwhJ t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd tD &m&Sad wGvkd jzpfae
ygw,fw?hJ
'Dvdk vlxktiftm;r&SdwJh qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m olykefESdrfeif;a&;twGuf t&ifu
odu|r;f cJw
h hJ a'ocHvufeufuikd t f zG@J awGukd jyefqufo, G +f y;D ppf0efxrf;wyfrmS vlrsm;vmatmif
pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f &ygw,f? &Jabmfa[mif;/ t&nftcsi;f rrDv@kd wyfrawmfxrJ 0if&ol/ tvkyrf &Sd
wJh v,form;/ tvkyo f rm;eJ@ vlq;kd "g;jyawG aomif;ajymif;axGvmyg0ifaewJh ppf0efxrf;wyf
[m tykyftodk;-rdv†mtkd;}uD;eJ@wlw,fvdk@ Adkvfatmif}uD;u 1992 arv 8 &ufae@u ar&D
u,fv[efudk ajymjyygw,f? Adkvfatmif}uD;&J@ ppf0efxrf;rdv†mtkd;}uD;udk vufeufypPnf;
axmufyo hH [ l m qk&d ,
S vf pfygwjD zpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfuw kd ukd af ewJh v,fa0;ocif=unf&edS ef @J
rdwv Dˆ mq&mxDw@dk vdk e,facgi;f aqmifawGukd vufeufypPn;f axmufyzhH @kd Adv k af e0if;wk@d tzG@J u
pDpOf&ygw,f? a'ovkHðcHa&;twGuf a'ocHjynfol@ppfeJ@ tpdk;&yl;aygif;+yD; olykefudkwkduf&wm
jzpfa=umif; 1993 azazmf0g&D 10 &ufae@rSm ocif=unf&edS u f ar&Du,fv[efuakd jymjyygw,f?
ykefukefr_t&SdefaooGm;awmhrS qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m vlxktzJG@tpnf;udk pwif
wnfaxmifygw,f? qk&d , S v f pfygwu D adk xmufc&H if pD;yGg;a&;tcGix hf ;l av;awG cHpm;=u&ygw,f?
1956 rSm Adv k af tmif}u;D &J@ ppf0efxrf;rdvm† tk;d }u;D [m jyLapmxD;qdw k hJ trnfopfe@J qd&k , S v
f pf
ygw&D @J cg;ykud af qmifwyfjzpfvmygw,f? olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;rSmyg0ifun l cD w hJ hJ e,facgi;f aqmifawG
xJrmS zqyvv$waf wmftrwfjzpfvmolawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? olyek t f iftm;usqif;vmavav
qkd&S,fvpftzGJ@tpnf;awG tm;aumif;vmavqkdovdk jzpfvmygw,f? a&›Stygwf tydkif; 15
rSmawmh wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_e@J t&yfom;-ppfom;qufqaH &;jy\emudk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (15)
vufeufuikd yf ek u f efr_ t&Sed af ovmwJt h cg wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_txift&Sm;ay:xGuv f movkd

t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyidk ;f qufqaH &;rSmvnf; wif;rmr_ay:ayguv f ma=umif; ar&D
u,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 15 rSm wifjyvkdufygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&; &csed u f p+y;D &efuek pf pf¶;Hk eJ@ e,fuwyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;jy\em
&Scd yhJ gw,f? ppf¶;Hk ud}k u;D pd;k wJh u&ife@J t*Fvyd v f ufyg;ap Armt&m&Sad wG[m a&›w S ef;udk tul
tnDray;bl;vdk@ wyfr–;awGu,lqovdk ppf¶kH;uvnf; wyfr–;awG[m ppf¶kH;trdef@udk remcH
bl;vdk@ ,lqygw,f? wyfr–;awG bmvkyfaew,fqdkwmudk &efukefppf¶kH;urodbl;vdk@ +Adwdo#
ppfrpf&iS &f @J 1948 *|ev f tpD&ifcpH mrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f? wyfr;– awG[m a'ocHajymufusm;
t&yfom;eJ@vufw+GJ y;D tqifajyovkv d yk =f uwmrsm;ygw,f? a'ocHajymufusm;&J@vkyyf idk cf iG ehf @J
wyfrawmf&J@vkyfydkifcGifhudk cJGjcm;owfrSwf+yD; em;vnfr_eJ@yl;wGJvkyfudkif=uwmjzpfvkd@ ppf¶kH;&J@
twnfðycsuf r,lygb;l ?
1949 u&ifawmfveS af &;jzpfygG ;vk@d u&ifO;D pD;t&m&Su d zkd ,f&mS ;vku
d w f t hJ cgrmS ppf¶;Hk
[m Armt&m&SdvufxJ a&mufvmygw,f? 'DtcgrSm wyfr–;awG udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efeJ@ olykef
ESrd ef if;a&;vkyw f mudk ppf¶;Hk ucGiðhf yygw,f? jzpfovdv k pl +k y;D ppfwu dk w f mudk ppf¶;Hk u apmif=h unfzh @kd
rvG,yf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh ud, k ehf nf;uk, d [ hf efe@J vGwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd af ewm[m wyfrawmfz@JG pnf;ykeH @J
r[mAsL[mudk tm;enf;apw,fv@dk ppf¶;Hk ujrifygw,f? ppf¶;Hk u qufpyf n‡Ed id_ ;f ay;wmrsK;d r&S&d if
avhusiahf &;/ pnf;urf;xde;f odr;f a&;/ ppfom;pk aqmif;a&;/ ppfqifa&; pwmawGukd pepfwus
rvkyEf idk yf gb;l ?
uk, d ehf nf;ud,k f[ h efe@J wku d cf u dk af ewJph pfAvkd af wG[m ppfqif&me,fajrrSmawG@&wJh
armfawmfum;eJ@ tjcm;tzk;d wefypPn;f awGukd ykid &f iS rf v hJ o kd abmxm;+y;D odr;f ,l=ua=umif;/ wcsK› d
uvnf; bde;f arSmifcedk @J aygi;f +y;D pD; yGg;&Sm=ua=umif;/ wcsK› u d vnf; pD;yGg;a&;vky&f mrSm ppfum;udk
okH;a=umif; Akdvfr–;bokdufa&;wJh “pnf;urf;ta&;}uD;yk H” pmwrf;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,fwJh?
olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;udOk ;D pm;ay;+y;D tv#it f jrefppfom;pkaqmif;wma=umifh tusiyhf suf *sy;kd olc;kd awG
wyfrawmfxaJ &mufvma=umif; 1950 *sLvdik f 18 &ufae@pJyG g ppf¶;Hk txl;trde@f rSm azmfjyxm;yg
w,f? 'gayrJh a'ocHjynfo@l ppfe@J wyfrawmf vufww JG u dk cf u
dk w f ma=umifh 1950 aESmif;ydik ;f rSm
ykeu f efrt _ &Sed af ovmwJt h wGuf 1951 ESpv f ,frmS taxGaxGa¶G;aumufyu GJ si;f yEkid w
f t
hJ xd
e,fajrtrsm;tjym; tpdk;&vufatmuf jyefa&mufoGm;ygw,f?
vufeufuikd yf ek u f efr_ tm;enf;vm+y;D t&S ed af ooGm;&wm[m tpd;k &ppfwyf awmf
vGef;vdk@ tm;aumif;vkd@r[kwfbJ olykefbufu nHhzsif;vGef;vdk@om jzpfzG,f&Sdw,fvkd@ ar&D
u,fv[efu okH;oyfxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmfrSm ppfom;OD;a&wkd;yGg;vmayr,fh wkduf&nf
cdu
k &f nf wk;d wufvmwmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'ga=umifh ppfqifrp_ rG ;f &nf rwk;d wufwu hJ pd eP @J ywfouf+y;D
wyfrawmft&m&Sdydkif;rSm tjrifESpfrsKd;&Sdvmw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? &efukefppfOD;pD;¶kH;eJ@ wyfr–;awG
t=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJwmudk t"duta=umif;&if;tjzpf ,lqwm[m yxrtjrifjzpfyg
w,f? t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppftm%mykid w f @dk t=um;wm0ef0wW&m;rjywfom;wmudk ta=umif;
&if;vd@k ,lqwm[m 'kw, d tjrifygy?J
1948 u 1951 rwfvtxdjzpfwJh okH;ESpfausmfumvrSm wyf&if;8 &if;u 26
&if;txd ppftiftm; ok;H qausmw f ;dk yGg;vmwma=umifh ppfwyftok;H p&dwv f nf; t}u;D tus,f
wk;d yGg;vmygw,f? 1951 ppfwyftok;H p&dw[ f m tpd;k &tok;H p&dw&f @J 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzpfaeyg+y?D
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ pnf;urf;ysufwJhjy\emudk wyfrawmf&ifqdkifae&ygw,f? 'Dvdktajctae
a=umifh zqyveJ@ qd&k , S v f pfygwaD cgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ppfwyfuókd u;udik zf @dk óu;pm;vmygw,fw?hJ
&efuek pf pf¶;Hk uvnf; wyfr;– awGuckd sKyu f ikd Ef ikd af tmifóu;yrf;vmygw,f?
ppfra_ &;&meJ@ywfouf+y;D t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f t=um;rSm wif;rmr_
&Sv d mw,fv@kd ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'k-Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u 1950 *seef 0g&D 20 &ufae@ ppf¶;Hk rSm
usi;f ywJh wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHrmS pwifajymqdyk gw,f? ppfAv kd &f mxl;wd;k jri‡ w
hf u hJ pd rP mS 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek
0if¶y_ v f @dk jy\emay:&yk u H kd Adv k af rmifarmif/ Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@ Adv k cf if!w kd @kd uajymjyygw,fw?hJ
u&ifoyl ek x f +y;D r=umrD OD;Eku ucsipf pfAv kd w f OD;udk Akv d rf ;– csKyf &mxl;wk;d jri‡ ahf y;vdu k wf u hJ pd rP mS
0g&ifAh rmt&m&St d odik ;f t0dik ;f u rausreyfjzpf=uwmygy?J ppfra_ &;&mrSm t&yfom; Ekid if aH &;
orm; 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufwu hJ pd u P kd Akv
d rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zmuvnf; rausreyfjzpfygw,fw?hJ wESpf
twGi;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;&r,fqw kd thJ pDtpOf[m ppfwyfurkd wkid yf ifbv J yk w f hJ t&yfom;tpd;k &&J@
pDru H ed ;f omjzpfv@dk ratmifjrifEidk af =umif; Adv k rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zm a0zefwmudk 1950 wyfr;– nDvmcH
rSwfwrf;rSm azmfjyygw,f?
wyfr;– eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGt=um; wif;rmr_&w dS mudv k nf; 1950 wyfr;– nDvmcHrmS
aqG;aEG;ygw,f? u&ifppfAv kd af wGukd ppf¶;Hk uz,f&mS ;vku d af yr,fh wyfr;– awG[m ppf¶;Hk udk a0zef
aewkef;ygyJ? wyf&if; 10 &if;udk ulnDaxmufyHhzdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;wJhppf¶kH;u wyf&if;
26 &if;udk axmufual e&wmrk@d rEdik rf eif;jzpf+y;D tqifrajywmawG&adS ea=umif; Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;
u &Si;f jyygw,fw?hJ wyfr;– eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&St d =um; wif;rmr_/ t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmif
ydik ;f t=um; wif;rmr_ pwmawG &Sad ewma=umif w h yfrawmfðyjyifa&;vkyzf @kd 1952 wyfr;– nDvmcH
rSm aqG;aEG;=uayr,fh wyfr;– awG[m ppf¶;Hk ud&k efvyk af ewke;f rd@k wyfr;– eJ@OD;pD;t&m&S[ d m toGif
rwlwJ v h w l ef;pm;ESp&f yfjzpfvmw,fv@kd qkyd gw,f? 'gayrJh wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_[m t&yfom;-
ppfom;wif;rmr_avmuf vlodrrsm;ygbl;?
1950 aESmif;ydkif;rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;tjzpf Adkvfae0if;E_wfxGufoGm;wmrdk@
ynmwwfqdk&S,fvpf wOD;jzpfol OD;0if; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmygw,f? ppfaoemywd&J@
vkyyf idk cf iG u hf kd csKyu
f ikd u
f ef@owfz@kd OD;0if;u óu;yrf;ygw,f? wyfrawmf&J @ppftiftm;udk wefjyefEikd f
zdk@twGuf &JwyfzGJ@tiftm;wdk;cs›Jzdk@eJ@ ppfaumfrwDzGJ@+yD; Akdvfae0if;udkukdifwG,fzdk@ OD;0if;u
óu;pm;a=umif; od&Sd&ygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;0if;ae&mudkqufcHwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;OD;AaqG[m
OD;0if;vdk wufºuwmr[kwfvd k@ ppfacgif;aqmifydkif;[m vkyfykdifcGifhydk&Sdvmayr,fh t&yfom;
tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f t=um;u wif;rmr_uawmh &Sad eqJyv J @dk ar&Du,fv[efu qkd
ygw,f?
a&›tS ygwf tydik ;f 16 rSm autrfww D ¶kwjf zLwyf usL;ausm0f ifa&mufv@dk &efoo l pf
ay:vmyku H kd wifjyygr,f?
tydik ;f (16)
uGejf rLepfe@J wdik ;f &if;om;awmfveS af &; tenf;i,ft&Sed af ovmvk@d zqyvtpd;k & touf¶LS
acsmifp ðycsed rf mS KMT w¶kwjf zL usL;ausm0f ifa&mufre_ @J ñuaH wG@&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ykeu f efru _ kd
&ifqikd wf ek ;f u tpd;k &wyf[m a'ocHvufeufuikd t f yk pf ek @J em;vnfr, _ +l y;D yl;wGaJ qmif¶u G Ef idk cf hJ
ayr,fh tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh KMT w¶kwfjzLwyfudk &ifqdkifwJhtcgrSmawmh 'Denf;udkokH;vdk@ r&
awmhygb;l ? wyfrawmf&@J &efoo l pfay:ayguv f mykH “ar&Du,fv[ef” ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J
rwligh&efol tydkif; 16 rSm wifjyygr,f? wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;udkaqG;aEG;wJh 1952 wyfr–;rsm;
nDvmcHusi;f ycsed rf mS KMTw¶kwjf zLwyfom; waomif;ausmf jrefrmjynfxaJ &mufaeyg+y?D
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG usL;ausmv f mwmeJ@ 'k-Adv k rf ;– }u;D armifarmif ppf¶;Hk udk jyef
a&mufvmwm[m wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;rSm t"duuswJhtcsuf 2 csufjzpfw,fvdk@ ar&D
u,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? u&ifoyl ek u f 2 ESpcf zJG rf;qD;xm;wJh Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m pdwrf ygh
wyge@J wyfxjJ yefvmoljzpfygw,fw?hJ u&ifoyl ek &f @J tusO;f om; Adv k rf ;– armifarmifukd c&pf,mef
uufovpfbkef;}uD;wyg;u orRmusrf;pmtkyfawG r=umc%vmay;ygw,f? tvif;a&mif
ppfqifa&;a=umifh 1951 =o*kwv f 21 &ufae@rSm vGwaf jrmufvmawmh Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m
uufovpfbmom0if jzpfaeyg+yD? uufovpfbkef;}uD;vkyfzdk@ pdwful;ayr,fh tcsdef,l+yD;
wjznf;jznf;vkyzf @kd bk&m;ausmif;ut}uaH y;xm;wke;f wyfxjJ yef0ifz@kd a&mif;&if;rdwaf qGawGu
qGJaqmifwma=umifh Adkvfr–;armifarmif[m pdwfryghwygeJ@ ppf¶kH;udk jyefa&mufvmwm jzpfyg
w,fw?hJ
uk,d ehf nf;uk,
d [
hf efe@J jzpfovdk jynfwiG ;f ppfuw dk udk cf u
dk cf whJ w hJ yfrawmfukd A[dck sKyu f idk f
r_e@J tkycf sKyw f hJ acwfrD t+rw J rf;wyfrawmftjzpf toGiaf jymif;&mrSm Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m
t"duusw,fvdk@ tJ'DacwfudkrDvdkuf wJh ppfAkdvftrsm;pku ajymygw,fwJh? wyfrawmf
tm;aumif;vmatmif ðyjyifajymif;vJ&if; Adv k af rmifarmife@J Adv k af tmif}u;D wd@k wyfxrJ mS =oZm&Sd
vmwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawGom a&mufrvmbl;qd&k ifawmh OD;pD;t&m&S&d @J
tpDtpOfukd wyfr;– awGu tvG,w f ulvufcrH ,fr[kwb f ;l vd@k ar&Du,fv[efu jrifygw,f?
w¶kwjf ynfwiG ;f ppfrmS ppf¶;H_ wJh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyf&if;tcsK› d rdom;pkawGe@J twl 1950 rSm
&Sr;f jynfxJ usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmygw,f? 1951 a&mufawmh KMT wyfawGukd tar&duef
av,mOf/ vufeufeJ@ &duQm axmufyHhaeyg+yD? 1952 rSm KMT tiftm; waomif; ESpaf xmif
avmuf &Sad e+y;D 1953 a&mufawmh &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f u rdik ;f qyf[m av,mOfqif;Edik w f hJ
KMT pcef; jzpfaeyg+yD?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;vDrDacgif;aqmifwJh KMT wyfawG[m tar&duef CIA tultnDeJ@
,leefe,fudkjyefodrf;Edkifzdk@ óu;pm;ygw,f? 1951 rSm ESpf}udrf xdk;ppfqifayr,fh t}uD;tus,f
wyfvefvmwJt h wGuf jrefrmjynfrmS a& &Snpf cef;csz@kd pDpOfygawmhw,f? bde;f vkyif ef;eJ@ &HyaHk iG&mS
+y;D e,fpyfuo kd rd ;f oGi;f wma=umifh usKid ;f wk/H ud;k uef@eJ@ xdik ;f e,fpyfa'o[m KMT vufatmufcH
jzpfvmygw,f? e,fpyfa'orSm vrf;azmuf wHwm;aqmuf+y;D tpd;k &ozG,}f u;D pd;k wJt h jyif Arm
tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd vnf; KMT w¶kwjf zLu a'ocHawGukd ajrm‡ ufay;ygao;w,f? KNDO u&if
jynfo@l ppfe@J vnf; KMT w¶kwjf zLu r[mrdwzf @JG ygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;Ektpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifawG
t}uD;tus,f pd k;&drfaewmu KMT w¶kwfjzLr[kwfbJ uGefjrLepf w¶kwfeDjzpfygw,f? KMT
tºuif;tuseu f kd acsre_ ;f zd@k &nf¶, G +f y;D w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfwyfawG tvk;H t&if;eJ@0ifa&mufvm+y;D
wjynfv;Hk udo k rd ;f oGm;rSmudk awG;a=umufaewmygy?J ud&k ;D ,m;u|e;f pG,rf mS vnf; w¶kwu f eG jf rL
epfe@J tar&duef ppfjzpfae+yrD @kd jrefrm-w¶kwef ,fpyfrmS tar&duefu 'kw, d ppfrsuEf mS zGihf
rSmudkvnf; pdk;&drf=uygw,f?
a&mifpo Hk yl ek ef @J KMT w¶kwfjzLwyfawG pcef;cs&m &Srf;jynfudk 1950 ESpfv,frSm
rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; a=unmwJt h wGuf wyfrawmft&m&S[ d m a'oEœ&tkycf sKyaf &;udyk g
wm0ef,lvm&ygw,f? jynfrrSm olykefESdrfeif;a&;vkyfwkef;u a'ocH Armjynfol@ppfeJ@ yl;wJG
vkyu f ikd cf w
hJ hJ wyfrawmft&m&Sad wG[m &Sr;f jynfrmS awmh a'ocHe@J vufwzGJ @kd aeaeomom &Sr;f
pum;awmif ajymwwfwmr[kwyf gb;l ? a'ocHukd pmemaxmufxm;jcif;r&Sw d t hJ wGuf &Sr;f jynf
rSm rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; 2 ESpu f sio hf ;Hk pOf umv wyfrawmf[m tawmfav; emrnfysuf
oGm;ygw,f? jynfrrSm uGefjrLepf/ KNDO/ u&ifjynfo@l ppfe@J tjcm;a&mifpo Hk yl ek uf kd wdu k cf ukd f
aeqJjzpfwhJ wyfrawmf[m &Sr;f jynfrmS vnf; rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; usio hf ;Hk aewJt h wGuf
rEdik rf eif;jzpfawmhr,ft h ajctaeudk &ifqidk af e&ygw,f? ppftiftm;aumif;wJh KMT ykrH eS w f yf
udk wku d &f wm[m jynfwiG ;f olyek u f kd wku d &f wmxuf yd+k y;D cufcyJ gw,f?
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG jrefrmjynfuxGuc f gG z@kd ('grrS [kwv f nf;) vufeufcsz@kd OD;Ek
tpd;k &u&mZoHay;wmudk vk;H 0*¶krpdu k w f ma=umifh wyfrawmfe@J KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG r=um
c% wdu k yf jGJ zpfygw,f? wyfrawmfu t}u;D tus,pf pfjyifqif+y;D w¶kwef *g;udk owfypfr,f
qdkwJh &nf¶G,fcsufeJ@ 1953 azazmf0g&DvrSm e*g;Edkifppfqifa&;udk qifEJ$ygw,f? 'gayr,fh
vufeuftiftm;aumif;wJh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfu e*g;Edik pf pfqifa&;udk wygwt f wGi;f acsre_ ;f
ypfvu dk v f @kd e*g;¶_;H ppfqifa&;jzpfomG ;a=umif; yg0ifwu kd cf udk cf o hJ al wGuakd r;jref;+y;D ar&Du,fv[ef
u a&;xm;ygw,f?
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG jrefrmjynfuxGuc f gG a&;twGuf jrefrm/ tar&duef/ xkid ;f eJ@
xdik 0f rfyg0ifwhJ av;Edik if aH qG;aEG;yGJ 1953 arv 22 &ufae@ befaumufrmS usi;f yEdik v f @kd 1953
ESpfukefykdif;rSm KMT wyfom; 2000 pwifxGufcGg+yD;/ aemufydkif;rSm 7000 xGufcGga=umif;
wyfrawmfordik ;f pwkww ˆ rGJ mS azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 1954 a&mufawmh KMT w¶kwjf zL tiftm;
[m wyfr 3 ckavmufjzpfaewJt h wGuf ppfqifa&;awGvyk af wmhrS 1955 rSm rdik ;f qyfe@J xkid ;f -
jrefrme,fpyfu KMT pcef;awGukd odr;f yku
d Ef ikd w
f t
hJ wGuf KMT wyfom;trsm;tjym; jrefrmjynf
u xGufcGg=uwmyg? 'Dppfqifa&;awGudk Akdvfr–;csKyfausmfaZmacgif;aqmifa=umif; vlwdkif;vdk
vdk od=uayr,fh wyfrawmfordik ;f pwkww ˆ rGJ mS awmh Advk rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zmtrnfudk xdrcf sed x
f m;
wm awG@&ygw,f? a&›tS ygwf tydik ;f 17 rSm &efoo l pfa=umifjh zpfay:vmwJh wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;
ta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (17)
jynfwiG ;f ppfu&kd ifqidk af e&wJw h yfrawmf[m KMT w¶kwjf zLusL;ausmrf u _ &kd ifqidk &f wJt h cgrmS
acwfrDppfqifa&;vkyf+yD; wkdif;jynfudkumuG,fEkdifwJhwyfrawmftjzpf toGifajymif;Ekdifatmif
óu;yrf;vmyku H kd ar&Du,fv[efa&;om;xm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 17 rSmwifjyygr,f?
&efoo l pfawG@wJt h cgrmS wcgrrS &Sb d ;l ao;wJh ppfoabmw&m; military doctrine vnf;
&Sv d mygw,f? KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawGukd wpcsi;f wenfeh nfw h udk af evd@k atmifjrifrmS r[kwf
a=umif; odomxif&mS ; vmwJt h cgrmS Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;[m ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &; OD;pD;XmezG@J pnf;+y;D
Advk rf ;– atmif}u;D udk OD;aqmifapw,fv@dk qdyk gw,f? edp"P 0l tkycf sKyaf &;udpu P dk vkyaf qmifae&
wJhppf¶kH;[m a&&Snf r[mAsL[mcsrSwfwmrsKd;rvkyfEkdifvdk@ pdwfysuf&a=umif;/ jynfy&efudk
umuG,Ef idk zf @kd ta&;}u;D a=umif; 1951 =o*kwv f 28 ae@pJyG g ppfprD cH ef@cJaG &;OD;pD;XmerSww f rf;rSm
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ
Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;u!¸e=f um;w,fv@kd =o*kwv f rSwwf rf;rSmazmfjyayr,fh tJ't D csed rf mS
Adkvfae0if; cGifh,lxm;ygw,fwJh? Akdvfae0if;[m rdef;rudpPeJ@ Asmrsm;ae&wJhtcsdefygyJ? 'DudpPeJ@
ywfouf+y;D tjrifEpS rf sK;d &Sad eygw,f? ppf¶;Hk ut*Fvyd t f &m&Sad wGukd Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;u v$wx f m;
vGef;wJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpftrmcHtkyfpku ppfpDrHcef@cGJa&;OD;pD;XmeudkzGJ@pnf;wmvdk@ Adkvf
armifarmifuajymygw,fw?hJ Akv d af tmif}u;D uawmh Adv k af e0if;&J@tm%mudk csKycf s,u f ef@owfz@kd
&nf¶, G +f y;D ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &;OD;pD;Xmeudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D OD;0if;u wnfaxmifwmvd@k ajym
ygw,fw?hJ
1951 =o*kwfv 21 &ufae@rSm u&ifolykefvufatmufvvGwfajrmufvmwJh
Adv
k af rmifarmif[m vukeyf idk ;f rSm ppf¶;Hk udjk yefomG ;awmh ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &;OD;pD;XmezJ@G pnf;xm;wm
av;&ufom&Sdao;wmrdk@ prf;w0g;0g; pmzwfaewJhtqifhyJ &Sdygao;w,f? wyfrawmfrSm r&Sd
ao;wJh ppfoabmw&m; military doctrine udk yxrqkH;xkwfazmf+yD; vkyfief;p&r,fvdk@
Adv
k af rmifarmifu t}uðH yygw,fw?hJ &eforl owfrw S Ef idk bf J ppfwyfw;kd csaJ› &;/ jyefvnfz@JG pnf;a&;
eJ@ wyfjzef@a&;qkid &f mr[mAsL[mudk csrw S Ef idk rf mS r[kwb f ;l vd@k qdyk gw,f? &efo[ l m w¶kwf
uGefjrLepf jzpfw,fvdk@ Akdvfarmifarmifu wifjy+yD; w¶kwfusL;ausmfwmudk e,fpyfrSm okH;v
ckcEH ikd af tmif tiftm;&Sw d w
hJ yfrawmfuw kd nfaqmufz@dk t}uaH y;ygw,f? ok;H vtwGi;f rSm ukv
or*~ tultnD&Ekdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhwmygyJ?
'Dvt kd iftm;&Sw d w
hJ yfrawmfukd wnfaqmufEikd zf kd @twGuf tpd;k &tok;H p&dwf 40
&mckid Ef e_ ;f udk ppfwyfu&,lz@kd vdak =umif; Adv k af tmif}u;D u ajymygw,fw?hJ uGejf rLepfw¶kwjf ynfrmS
pD;yGg;a&;txdik u f sz@kd q,fEpS af vmufvyk &f rSmrd@k Armtpd;k &[m q,fEpS t f wGi;f wkid ;f jynfp;D yGg;
a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&r,fvdk@ qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,kH=unfa=umif; Adkvf
armifarmif u ajymygw,fwJh? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekuawmh w¶kwfuGefjrLepftygt0ifvlwdkif;eJ@
csp=f unf&if;ES;D atmifvyk Ef idk w f ,fv@kd ,k=H unf+y;D ppfwyfw;kd cszJ› @kd twGuf aiGuek rf cHcsib f ;l vd@k qdk
ygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfawG[m OD;Ek&@J csp=f unfa&;vrf;pOfukd vufcEH ikd af yr,fh ppftiftm; aumif;
zd@k ta&;}u;D w,fv@kd ,lqygw,f?
wyfrawmfwkd;cs›JzJG@pnf;a&;tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm Akdvfae0if;/
Advk af rmifarmife@J Adv k af tmif}u;D wd@k [m olw@kd vdv k m;wJph pfAv kd af wGuakd e&may;+y;D olw@kd r,kH
ouFmjzpfwJht&m&SdawGudk ppf¶kH;uz,f&Sm;EkdifcJhygw,f? Oyrm t*Fvdyf-jrefrmujym; Adkvfr–;
}u;D vSatmife@J t*Fvyd pf pfwyfuvmwJh Adv k rf ;– Audv k kd t&m&Sad wGukd ppf¶;Hk uz,f&S m;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
a&wyfe@J avwyfrmS vnf; PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAv dk af wGuakd e&may;zd@k t}ut H zefvyk yf gw,f?
xdyw f ef;a&wyft&m&St d rsm;pk[m t*Fvyd af &wyf rSmtr_xrf;bl;wJh t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ujym;awG
jzpfygw,f? avwyfrmS vnf;t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ujym;&Sad yr,fh a&wyfavmufawmh rrsm;ygb;l ?
'Dujym;t&m&Sad wGud k t*Fvyd t f vdak wmf&v d @dk =unf;wyfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u,lq+y;D
r,ko H uFmjzpfae=uygw,f? a&wyf[m =unf;wyfe@J yl;wJpG pfqifro S m tok;H 0ifwhJ wyfz@JG jzpfwmrd@k
t*Fvyd t f vdak wmf&v d @kd rouFmolux kd w
k yf pfz@kd Adv k af e0if;uqk;H jzwfa=umif; t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f
a&wyft&m&Sd&J@ 1950 rwfv 24 &ufae@pJGygtpD&ifcHpmrSm azmfjyygw,f? a&wyfAkdvfr–;
cifaz=unfe@J Akv d rf ;– cifarmifbu kd dk }uzH efta=umif;jy xkwyf pf+y;D Adv k af e0if;vdvk m;wJh Akvd rf ;–
oef;azudk a&wyft}u;D tuJtjzpf cef@tyfygw,f? t*Fvyd af cwfrmS a&wyfx0J if+y;D t*Fvyd f
eJ@twl tdE, dN udv k u dk o f mG ;ol a&wyft&m&St d m;vk;H tvkyðf ywfuek af =umif; 1952 pufwifbm
28 &ufxkwf ae&Sif;owif;pm t,f'DwmhtmabmfrSm a&;xm;ygw,fwJh?
avwyfrmS awmh a&wyfrmS vkd }uzH efxw k yf pfwmrsK;d rvkyaf yr,fh taotaysmuf
&Sdwmrdk@ t*Fvdyfacwfu av,mOfr–;awG Zmwfodrf;ukefygw,f? avwyf t}uD;tuJ u&if
Adkvfr–;&SD;¶_d; [m 1949 *sefe0g&DrSm u&ifawmfvSefa&;puwnf;u ykef;atmif;aewJhtwGuf
ol@ae&mudk vlpm;xk;d zd@k vG,u f o
l mG ;ygw,f? ol@ae&mqufco H l avwyft&m&Sd Selwyn Khin
[m usKid ;f wkrH mS av,mOfysuu f saoqk;H vdk a&S;vufa[mif;awG ed*;Hk csKyu f ek yf gw,f?
wyfrawmfw;dk cszJ› @JG pnf;vk@d ppfom;rsm;vmayr,fh t&m&Sd rvkaH vmufwjhJ y\em
&Sad ewmrk@d &S+d y;D om;t&m&Su d akd wmif oifwef;ray;Edik yf gb;l ? 1952 rSm OTS Akdvfoifwef;
rwufao;&wJh t&m&Sd 600 ausm&f ydS gw,f? wyfrawmfukd ajymufusm;ppfomrubJ Ekid if jH cm;
ppfwyfudkckcHEdkifzdk@jyifqif&mrSm avhusifha&;[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? jynfwGif;rSm Akdvfoifwef;
wufwOhJ ;D a&udk wk;d jri‡ Ehf ikd af yr,fh Ekid if jH cm;udk ppfynmoifvw $ &f mrSm t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS ef @J jy\em
ay:&ygw,f? wyfrawmfuar#mfrSef;ovdk oifwef;wufcGifhr&ygbl;? 1953 rSm t&m&Sd 43 OD;
eJ@ wyfom; 68 OD;udk tar&duefuakd pv$wzf @dk pDpOfayr,fh wOD;om oGm;cGi&hf ygw,f? 'DppfAv dk f
uawmh Fort Leavenworth ppfOD;pD;wuUokdvfrSm ynmoifcGifh&wJh Adkvfr–;aomif;xkdufyJ
jzpfygw,f?
t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS [ f m u&ifoyl ek b f ufuyif;+y;D wyfrawmfvufeufypPn;f 0,f,rl u _ kd
[ef@wm;w,fv@kd Armt&m&Sad wGbufu a0zefpyG pf aGJ ewm ok;H ESpaf vmuf&ydS g+y?D Ekid if jH cm; ppf
oifwef;wufzdk@udpPrSm ppfOD;pD;¶kH;u vdkcsifovdk t*Fvdyfppfrpf&SifupDpOfray;EdkifwJhtcg
qufqaH &;wif;rmvmwJt h wGuf 1954 ESpq f ef;rSm t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u
f kd ¶kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k &f ygw,f?
'DumvrSmyJ DSI pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;udk Adv k af tmif}u;D uOD;aqmif+y;D aiG&mS vmwJt h wGuf pD;yGg;a&;/
Ekid if aH &;eJ@ vlra_ &;e,fy,frmS yg ppfAv kd af wG =oZmt&Sed t f 0g }u;D rm;vmygawmhw,f? a&›t S ygwf
tydik ;f 18 rSm Ekid if jH cm;ykpH u H akd vhvm+y;D wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;vkyyf u Hk dk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (18)
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;r=umrD ®yuJGysufpD;cgeD;jzpfoGm;wJh Armhwyfrawmfudk 1951 up+yD; jyefvnf

wnfaqmufz@kd óu;yrf;wmrd@k &SpEf pS t f wGi;f wyfrawmf[m bufaygi;f pkH wk;d wufajymif;vJvm
a=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 18 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f?
avhusifha&;/ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;/ axmufvSrf;a&;/ wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;/ olykefESdrfeif;a&;/
txl;wyfzGJ@/ tif*sifeD,mwyfzGJ@/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; pwmawG 'DumvrSmay:aygufvma=umif;
wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wdu k u
f &ufprGJ ygwhJ “wyfrawmftyk cf sKyaf &;ordik ;f twGJ (2)” rSm azmfjy
xm;w,fw?hJ
Edik if jH cm;ppfwyfuakd vhvm+y;D Edik if jH cm;vufeufypPn;f eJ@ Armhwyfrawmfukd wd;k cszJ› @GJ pnf;
wmjzpfygw,f? 1951 rwd ik rf u D awmh t*Fvyd u f o
kd m tm;ud;k ygw,f? wyfrawmf&@J t}uaH y;
tzJG@jzpfwJh t*Fvdyfppfrpf&SifuyJ EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;udpPudk pDpOfygw,f? 'gayrJh KMT
w¶kwjf zL usL;ausm0f ifa&mufwmudk ukvor*~u ta&;r,lwt hJ wGuf 1952 up+y;D t*Fvyd f
udk tm;rud;k awmhbJ tjcm;Ekid if aH wGukd wyfrawmfavhvma&;tzJ@G apv$wyf gw,f? "eo[m,
EkdifiHawGudkavhvm¶kHwifruawmhbJ jyifopf/ tpPa&;/ Yugoslavia/ taemuf*smr%DeJ@
uGejf rLepfw¶kwjf ynfuydk g wyfrawmfavhvma&;rpf&iS af wG apv$wyf gw,f? aemufawmh t*Fvef
u Sandhurst/ tar&duefu West Point/ tdENd,u Dehra Dun eJ@ Yugoslavia udk
twk,+l y;D ppfwuUov dk ef @J wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku d uf kd wnfaqmufwmjzpfygw,fw?hJ
1951 u 1958 txdjzpfwhJ &SpEf pS u f mvrSm wyfrawmfavhvma&;tzG@J awG 15
}urd x f ufrenf; Ekid if jH cm;udo k mG ;a&mufc=hJ uygw,f? Edik if jH cm;avhvma&;c&D;uxGuaf y:vmwJh
tusK;d oufa&mufr_ 2 ckukd ar&Du,fv[efu azmjyf ygw,f? yxru wkid ;f jynfe@J wyfrawmfukd
ukd,fpm;ðy+yD; EdkifiHjcm;eJ@qufqH&wJhppfAdkvfawG[m rdrdwdk@&J@ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_udk ydkrdk
em;vnfvmwmjzpfygw,f? Oyrm 1952 tdENd,/ ygupPwef avhvma&;c&D;tpD&ifcHpmrSm
Armhwyfrawmf&@J t&nftaoG;udk E_id ;f ,SOo f ;Hk oyfxm;ygw,f? tdE, dN ppfwyf[m vGwv f yfa&;
&+y;D wmawmif t*Fvyd yf pHk cH scw hJ t
hJ wkid ;f ckid ;f wmvkyw f hJ ppfrx _ rf;wyfjzpfae+y;D ppfaoG;ppfrmef
uif;rJah =umif;a0zefxm;ygw,f? tdE, dN eJ@ t*Fvyd pf pfwyf&@J ykaH oppfrx _ rf;pdw"f gwu f kd pGe@f ypf
EdkifwJh ygupPweft&m&Sdi,fawGudkawmh Armppfrpf&SiftzGJ@u csD;usL;xm;ygw,f?
'kw, d tcsuu f awmh Armhwyfrawmfe@J oifah wmfr,fu h pd aP wGukd Ekid if jH cm;u wifoiG ;f
Ekid w f myJjzpfygw,f? tJ'aD cwfu Yugoslavia Ekid if u H kd oabmus=uygw,f? 1955 avhvma&;
tpD&ifcpH mrSm Yugoslavia Edik if eH @J jrefrmjynf toGiw f yl u
Hk kd ok;H oyfxm;ygw,f? ppfvufeuf
ypPn;f xkwv f yk w f hJ Ekid if jH cm;ukr% ` aD wGuvnf; wyfrawmfavhvma&;c&D;twGuf p&dwcf yH gw,f?
Edik if jH cm;t,ltqeJ@ Ekid if jH cm;ypPn;f udo k ;Hk +y;D Armhwyfrawmfukd csx J› iG wf mygy?J tar&duef OD;aqmif
wJh t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDtyk pf ek @J qkAd , D ufO;D aqmifwhJ uGejf rLepftyk pf k qufqaH &;wif;rm+y;D
ppfat;wku d yf GJ jyif;xefaewJt h wGuf ppfwyfuOkd ;D pm;ay;+y;D pnf;¶k;H aewJt h csed t
f cgygy?J wwd,
urBmppfjzpf&if uGejf rLepfukd 0kid ;f wdu k yf grh vm;qdw k m ra&&m raocsmwJu h mvrd@k Ekid if }H u;D awG
[m EkdifiHi,fav;awGudk pnf;¶kH;a&;qif;aewJhtcsdeftcgjzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynfudk pnf;¶kH;
odr;f oGi;f &mrSm tar&duef[m t&yfom;0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eke@J E_id ;f pm&if Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;udk yd+k y;D rsuEf mS
omay;wm awG@&ygw,fw?hJ
Edik if jH cm;u&wJh t,ltqawGukd wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHrmS aqG;aEG;=uwmrd@k wyfrawmf
nDvmcH[m ppfwyfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;omrubJ Ekid if aH wmftpd;k & ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udyk g aqG;aEG;
&mae&m jzpfvmygw,f? ppfa&;/ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ tkycf sKyaf &; pwJh wkid ;f jynfa&;&m tjzmjzmudk
aqG;aEG;wJh wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHukd wESprf mS ok;H -av;&ufom usi;f yygw,f? nDvmcHusi;f ywke;f
0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eke@J tjcm;0ef}u;D awGu rde@f cGe;f ajym+y;D pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;wmrsK;d awG&cdS ahJ yr,fh 1955
up+y;D t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ wyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;ykpH H ajymif;vJvmygw,fw?hJ 0ef}u;D udk
ppfAv kd u
f a0zefwu kd cf u dk wf mrsK;d awG &Sv d mygw,f? wkid ;f jynfupd u P kd t&yfom;tpd;k &u aumif;
aumif;rvkyf&if ppfwyfu 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&r,fvdk@ 'kppfOD;pD;csKyfAkdvfatmif}uD;u 0ef}uD;
OD;ausmf+idrf;udk a0zefwmrsKd;eJ@ ppfwyftokH;p&dwfenf;wmudk Adkvfae0if;u a0zefwmrsKd;awG
&Svd mygw,f?
&JtzG@J eJ@ Edik if aH &;orm;cg;ydu k af qmifwyfawGuv kd nf; wyfrawmfu a0zef¶w _ cf svm
ygw,f? tpPa&;eJ@ Yugoslavia udk twk,l+yD; &yf¶GmumuG,fa&;taysmfxrf;wyf zJG@pnf;zkd@
ppfwyfupDpOfwt hJ wGuf jyLapmxD;wyf ay:ayguv f m&ygw,f? olyek &f efuw kd eG ;f vSezf @kd ppfwyfrmS
tiftm;r&Sw d ek ;f uawmh zqyvtzJ@G u ppf0efxrf;wyfukd zJ@G pnf;cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyf
tm;aumif;vmwJhtcgrSmawmh ppf0efxrf;udk jyLapmxD;tjzpf jyefvnfzJG@pnf;vdkufwmygyJ ?
'DumvrSm wyfrawmfpw d "f gwpf pfqifa&;Xme =oZmt&Sed t f 0g }u;D rm;vmygw,f? uGejf rLepf
vlxGufawGudktokH;ðy+yD; wyfrawmfu,kH=unfwJh EkdifiHa&;0g'udk azmfxkwfwJhtcsdeftcgygyJ?
aemufyidk ;f ppftm%modr;f +y;D rqvygww D nfaxmifawmh pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;Xme&J@ a&;om;
csufawG ta&;ygvmygw,f?
ppfwyf=oZmtm%m }uD;xGm;vmwmudk 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdif b0ifrus jzpf&
ygw,f? t&yfom;tpdk;&eJ@ ppfAdkvfawGt=um; qufqHa&;tqifrajyjzpfvm&wm[m
ta=umif;&if;ESpcf rk mS tajccHw,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? 1954 up+y;D zqyv
tzJG@xJrSm tuJGt+yJjzpfvmwm[m yxrta=umif;&if; jzpfygw,fwJh? tm%m& t&yfom;
EdkifiHa&;tzJG@ tm;enf;vmcsdefrSm wyfrawmfu pnf;vkH;odyfonf;+yD; tm;aumif;vmwmu
'kw, d ta=umif; jzpfygw,fw?hJ wenf;qk&d &ifawmh tm%m&Ekid if aH &;orm;tcsi;f csi;f roifh
rwifjh zpf+y;D tkypf zk @GJ wdu k cf u kd af evd@k Ekid if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf; tm;enf;vmcsed rf mS ppfAv kd af wG[m
EdkifiHjcm;t,ltqeJ@ vufeufypPnf;udk&,l+yD; wyfrawmfudk ydkrdktm;aumif;vmatmif
wnfaqmufEidk w f mrd@k wyfrawmfe@J zqyvtzJ@G csKy[ f m pif®yiftzJ@G tpnf;oabmrsK;d jzpfvm
w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f/ a&›Stygwf tydkif; 19 rSm 1958 ppftm%modrf;yJG jzpfyGg;&wJh ta=umif;
&if;awGukd wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (19)
ppfwyfutm%modr;f +y;D Akv

d cf sKyaf e0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k & 1958 rSmay:ayguyf Hk
ukd ar&Du,fv[efa&;wJ h ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 19 rSm wifjyvku
d yf gw,f? t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@
ppfAvkd af wGt=um; qufqaH &;wif;rmwm[m ppftm%modr;f &wJh t"duta=umif; jzpfyg
w,f? 1958 {+yv D rSm tm%mzqyvtzG@J ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;+y;D OD;Ek/ ocifwifacgi;f aqmifwhJ
oef@&Si;f zqyvu Ekwiftpd;k &jzpfomG ;+y;D OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ aqG+ird ;f tkypf u k
twdu k t f cH wnf+rzJ qyvjzpfomG ;ygw,f?
zqyvESpjf crf;uJw G uhJ pd [P m ppfwyfxt J xd *,uf¶u dk o f mG ;ygw,f? 'gayrJh aqG+ird ;f
tkypf ak xmufco H v l @kd rouFmwJph pfAv dk t f m;vk;H udk OD;Ekuðzwfypfv@dk rjzpfEidk yf gb;l ? ppfAv dk f trsm;
pku aqG+ird ;f tkypf u k o kd maxmufct H m;ay;a=umif; xif&mS ;vmwJt h cg Ekwift&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@
ppfAv dk af wGt=um; qufqaH &;tajctae qk;d 0g;vmygw,f? wyfrawmf[m jynfo@l &efoel yH gwf
1 jzpfaea=umif; Ekwiftyk pf u k twdtvif;ajymqdv k mwmudk wyfr;– awGu rauseyf=uygb;l ?
wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ Ekwiftpd;k &[m uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f udk tpd;k &tzG@J xJoiG ;f +y;D uGejf rLepf
wyfom;udak wmh wyfrawmfxo J iG ;f vdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ aumvm[v xGuaf y:vmygw,f? vGw+f ird ;f
csr;f omcGi&hf xm;wJh olyek Of ;D a& av;aomif;ausmaf e+y;D Ekwiftyk pf u k kd axmufcrH ,fh tae
txm;rSm &Sad eygw,f? uGejf rLepfukd wyfxo J iG ;f r,fo h wif;/ jyLapmxD;jynfo@l ppftzG@J udk w0uf
av#myh pfz@dk 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek trde@f xkwx f m;wJu h pd eP @J wyfr;– awGvufatmufu UMP ppf&w J yf
awGudk jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Akdvfrif;acgifu &efukefud kac:,lwJhudpP pwmawG[m wyfrª;awGudk
tm;enf;atmifvyk +f y;D Ekwift&yfom;tpd;k &udk ppftiftm;aumif;atmifvyk o f vdk jzpfaew,f?
Ekwiftpd;k &&J@tðytrlukd wyfr;– awGupd;k &dryf yl efvmw,fv@kd 1958 tm%modr;f yJG
rSm yg0ifcJhwJh t&m&SdawGuajymygw,fwJh? ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rª;Adkvfatmifa¶$/ Adkvf=unf0if;/
Adv k cf sp®f rif yg0ifwhJ v#K› 0d uS tf pnf;ta0;awG vkyw f t hJ wGuf 'DppfAv kd af wGukd ar&Du,fv[efu
awG@qkaH r;jref;zd@k óu;pm;ayr,fh tawG@rcHygb;l wJ?h bmawGaqG;aEG;w,fqw kd m twdtus rod&
ayr,fh Ekwiftpd;k &qef@usiaf &;eJ@ ppftm%modr;f zd@k aqG;aEG;zG,&f w dS ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? ordik ;f
q&mrawGjzpfwJ h a'guw f ma':jrif =h unfe@J a'guw f maemftif*svif;wk@d ðypkwhJ jrefrmhEikd if aH &;
'kw, d wJG pmrsuEf mS 109 rSmawmh Adv k af tmifa¶$/ Adv k =f unf0if;eJ@ Akv d cf sp®f rifw@kd u *syefu
jyefvmwJh Akv d af tmif}u;D udk tm%modr;f zd@k wku d w f eG ;f a=umif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
'Dt&m&Sad wG[m Adv k af rmifarmifuv kd nf; rauseyfcsuaf wGajymjy+y;D tm%modr;f
zd@k t}uðH ywmudk Akv d af rmifarmifu bmrSrajymbJ +ird af evd@k oabmwlw,fv@dk yJ wyfr;– awGbuf
u ,lqzG,&f ydS gw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh Akv d af rmifarmifuawmh wyfr;– awG&@J v_y&f mS ;r_ukd r[ef@wm;zk@d
Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;u trde@f ay;xm;w,fv@kd 1992 arv 6 &ufae@u ar&Du,fv[efukd ajymjy
ygw,f? 'Dupd rP mS Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@Adv k cf if!w dk @dk u wrsK;d ajymygw,f?
OD;Eku ppfwyftok;H p&d wfjzwf awmufwmeJ@ Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomvkyzf @kd
óu;pm;wmudk uufovpfbmom0if Akv d af rmifarmifu rauseyfv@kd OD;Ektpd;k &udk ðzwfcscsif
wmvd@k Adv k af tmif}u;D eJ@Adv k cf if!w kd @dk u 1992 arv 14 &ufae@u ar&Du,fv[efukd ajymjy
ygw,f? wyfr;ª awG&@J t}ut H pnfukd OD;Eka&m Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;yg &dyrf yd &Hk ygw,f? opfawmapmifh
wyfzJG@ UMP ppf&JeJ@ opPmcHjyLapmxD;awGudk Ekwiftpdk;&u &efukefudkac:xm;ygw,f?
1958 pufwifbm yxrywfrmS Adv k af tmif}u;D / Akv d af rmifarmife@J Akv d w f ifazwd@k udk
OD;Eku ac:,lawG@qk+H y;D olw@kd ok;H OD;eJ@ Adv k af e0if;udk 0ef}u;D cef@+y;D tm%mcGaJ 0um jy\emajz&Si;f zd@k
t}uðH yygw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh 0ef}u;D jzpfvmolukd vmbfx;dk cH&olv@kd wyfr;– awGu,lqawmhrmS rd@k
OD;Ek&J@ urf;vSrf;csufudk AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;u tawmfpdwfqdk;oGm;ygw,fwJh?
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkeJ@awG@qkHyJG[m ppfOD;pD;XmeeJ@ wyfr–;awG&J@qufqHa&;udka&m/
t&yfom;-ppfom;qufqaH &;udyk g ajymif;vJomG ;apw,fv@dk Adv k af tmif}u;D eJ@ Akv d af rmifarmif
wd@k u ,lqw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? OD;pD;t&m&Sed @J wyfr;– awG&@J qufqaH &;tajctaeudk rodv@kd om
OD;Eku tckvdkurf;vSrf;vkdufwm jzpfykH&ygw,fwJh? AkdvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@ b,favmuf&if;ESD;&if;ESD;
wyfxrJ mS b,favmuf=oZm&S&d dS wyfr;– awG róuufwJ t h vkyu f kd OD ;pD;t&m&Sd Akvd af tmif}u;D eJ@
Advk af rmifarmifw@dk u rvkyEf idk af =umif; jyovdu k w f mygy?J wyfr;– awG&@J vkt d ifqENukd tav;xm;
&wmrd@k OD;Ekay;wJh 0ef}u;D &mxl;wd@k &efuek t f ajcpku d f OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGu vufrcH&w J mvd@k ar&D
u,fv[efu qkyd gw,f? aemufwcsuu f awmh &efuek Of ;D pD;t&m&Sad tmufrmS ppfom; tenf;
i,fom &Sd+yD; wyfr–;awGatmufrSm ppfom;trsm;tjym;&SdaewJ htcsufygyJ?
tJ'ga=umifh 0ef}u;D &mxl;vufc+H y;D t&yfom;Ekwiftpd;k &eJ@ tm%mcGaJ 0r,ft h pm;
wyfr–;awG&J@vkdtifqENtwdkif; ppftm%modrf;zdk@ pDpOf&ygawmhw,f? 'gayr,hf wyfr–;awG
tm%modr;f wmrsK;d rjzpfapbJ ppfO;D pD;Xmeutm%modr;f wmrsK;d jzpfatmif Adv k af rmifarmif
wdk@u zefwD;ygw,f? ppfOD;pD;vufatmufcHwyf&if;awGudk &efuefrSmae&m,lcdkif;+yD; tm%m
odrf;zdk@jyifqifygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyf&wJh&nf¶Gufcsufu wyfr–;awGOD;aqmif+yD;tm%modrf;rSmudk
[ef@wm;zd@k eJ@ Ekwiftyk pf v k ufatmufcH vufeufuikd t f zJ@G awG&@J &efukd umuG,zf @kd jzpfygw,fw?hJ
1958 pufwifbm 23 &ufae@rSm Akv d af rmifarmife@J Akv d af tmif}u;D OD;Ekuo kd mG ;awG@+y;D
wyfr;– awGtm%modr;f zd@k }upH nfaewmudk xde;f ae&a=umif; =um=umxde;f Edik rf mS r[kwaf =umif;
&Si;f jyygw,f? aemufwae@rSm Adv k af rmifarmif/ Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@ OD;Ek&@J uk, d af &;twGi;f 0ef OD;tke;f
wd@k aqG;aEG;+y;D Edik if aH &;orm;rygwt hJ pd;k &ukzd @GJ +y;D Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;udk 0ef}u;D csKycf ef@zd@k oabmwl
=uygw,f? aemufawmh pufwifbm 26 &ufae@rSm OD;Eku Akdvfarmifarmif/ Akdvfatmif}uD;eJ@
Akv
d w f ifazudak c:,l+y;D Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &udk tm%mvJa$ y;zd@k oabm
wlvdkufa=umif;ar&Du,fv[efu a&;om;xm;ygw,f? a&›Stywf tydkif; 20 rSm Akdvfae0if;
acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &ta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (20)
yxrt}urd t f m%modr;f +y;D 1958 rSmzG@J pnf;wJh tdraf pmift h pk;d &ta=umif; ige@J rwl ig&h efol
tykdif; 20 rSm 'Duae@wifjyygr,f?
w&m;r#wwJ ah ¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;zk@d qk+d y;D 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekvufxt J m%mukd Akv d cf sKyf
ae0if;vufxv J aJ$ jymif;ay;vku d w f m[m t&yfom;ppfom; ppfom;qufqaH &;eJ@OD;pD;t&m&Sd
wyfr–;qufqHa&;ukd ajyvnfoGm;apygw,fwJh/ wyfr–;awGtm%modrf;wmr[kwfyJ AkdvfcsKyf
ae0if;eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&Sd Akv d af rmifarmif Akv d af tmif}u;D Akv d w f ifazwk@d u tm%modr;f wmjzpfayr,fh
Ekwif tkyfpk tm%mvufvGwfjzpfoGm;wmukd wyfr–;awGu a=ueyf=uygw,f? OD;pD;t&m&SdeJ@
wyfr–;t=um; wif;rmr_avsmhoGm;&wJh ta=umif;&if;okH;ck&Sdygw,fwJh?
yxtta=umif;u ppfAv dk t f wGuf &mxl;trsm;tjym;zefw;D vku d w f mrk@d wyfr;– awG
&efuek af &mufvmwJt h wGuf t&ifvdk ®yifqidk w f mrsK;d enf;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'kw, d ta=umif;
uawmh DSI ppfwyfp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wk ;d cs@J vku d v
f @dk ppfAv dk af wG0ifaiGaumif;vmwJt h wGuf
rauseyfre_ nf;yg;oGm;wmygy/J olyek t f rsm;tjym; vufeufcswt hJ wGuf ppfqifa&;ukd t&ifvdk
OD;pm;ray;yJ &efukefu &mxl;ukdom tm¶kHpkdufvmwm[m OD;pD;t&m&SdeJ@wyfr–;t=um;
wif;rmr_ avsmo h mG ;&wJh wwd,tcsuv f @kd qkyd gw,f? 0g&ifw h yfr;– tawmfrsm;rsm; &efuek af &muf
vmvk@d t&ifvpdk pfqifa&;ukd OD;pm;ray;awmhyJ wyfcw JG yfpw d t f qifah vmufrmS om ppfqifa&;
vkyyf gawmhw,f?
1958 atmufwv dk m 28 &ufae@rSm OD;Eku Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;ukd w&m;0iftm%m
tyfESif;+yD;wmeJ@ ppfAkdvfawG tpdk;&XmetoD;oD;ukd 0ifa&muf=uygw,f? t&yfom;ukdom
0ef}u;D cef@ayr,fh ppfAv dk w f &meD;yg; tkycf sKyaf &;bufrmS ae&m,l=uygw,f? 'DtxJu ok;H ykw H ykH
[m e,fuvmwJph pfAv dk af wGyg/ DSI pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;ukd t}u;D tus,w f ;dk cs@J wmrk@d b%fvyk f
ief;/ oabFmvkid ;f / ig;vkyif ef;/ arG;jrLa&;/ aqmufvyk af &;/ o,f,yl @dk aqmifa&;eJ@ Ekid if jH cm; ukeo f , G f
a&;ukd vkyu f idk af e+yrD @dk tiftm;taumif;qk;H pD;yGm; a&;vkyif ef;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y/D ppfAv dk af wG TAXI
axmif+y;D aiGy&dk mS Ekid zf @dk twGuf DSI u rmZ'go;Hk bD;um;awGwifoiG ;f ay;vd@k ppfAv dk [ f m tcGix hf ;l
cHjzpfvmygw,f?
Akv
d af e0if;tdraf pmift h pk;d &vufxufrmS txif&mS ;qk;H tzG@J tpnf;[m vtu ac:
vkðH caH &;eJ@tkycf sKyrf a_ umifpjD zpfygw,f/ vtuukd wyfr;– awGuyJ OD;aqmifygw,f/ jyLapmxD;/
opfawmapmifeh @J UMP tcsK@d ukd vufeuford ;f ol[m vtuygy/J trsK;d om;rSwyf w Hk ifXmeeJ@
vtu vufw+JG y;D vlwidk ;f ukd rSwyf w Hk ifz@dk óu;pm;ygw,f? &nf¶, G cf suu f jynfov l x l &k @J v_y&f mS ;r_
ukd xde;f csKyEf idk zf @dk jzpfygw,f/ rSwyf w Hk ifppfaq;wJeh nf;eJ@ vlxu k adk pmif=h unhzf @dk pDpOfwmygy?J
tdraf pmiht f pd;k &vufxufrmS &mZ0wfrc_ if; odoo d momusqif;oGm;ygw,f? 1960
azaz:0g&v D a¶G;aumufyrJG mS e,fqENe,fajr 95 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rSm rJqENay;Ekid w f mukd =unf&h if
w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d a&;ukd taumiftxnfazmfEidk w f modomygw,f? &efuek ®f rx › rJ mS wJx;dk aexkid f
ol ESpfodef;ausmfukd OuUvmyeJ@ omauw®r›opfukd a¶$@ajymif;vkdufwm tdraf pmift h pkd;&yg/
tdraf pmift h pk;d &&J@ aqmif¶u G cf suaf wGudk jynfa&;¶Gmr_qw dk t hJ rnfe@J pmtkyx f w k af 0ygw,f? uk, d f
vkyfwm ukd,f*k%f,l+yD; ukd,fhig;csOfudk,fcsOfwJh tpkd;&&J@ pmtkyf[m tar&duef txufwef;
ausmif;om;awG xkwaf 0aeusjzpfwhJ ESpv f nfpmapmife@J tawmfww l ,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu
qkyd gw,f?
Akdvfae0if;tdrf apmifhtpkd;&vufxufrSm vGwfvyfr_qkH;¶_H;&ykHukd +Adwdo#oH¶kH;
tpD&ifcpH mrS m azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tpd;k &ukd tenf;tusOf ;a0zefrw d meJ@ }u;D av;wJt h jypf'%f
usc&H wJt h csed yf gy?J twku d t f cHvyk o f ul dk ukud ;dk u|e;f yk@d ygw,f? t*Fvyd u f v dk edk t D pk;d &&J@19 &mpk
ykEH ydS of rl w S yf w Hk ifOya'ukd jyifqifw;dk cs@J +y;D pme,fZif;ukd zdEydS w f mtdraf pmift h pd;k &yg/ uGejf rLepf
tvdak wmf&v d @dk pGypf +JG y;D axmifcsypfwhJ t,f'w D m owif;axmufe@J xkwaf 0olawG renf;ygb;l /
tpkd;&a0zefol av;&mausmfukd yk'fr 5 eJ@zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f?
ppfwyfuaxmufcHtm;ay;wJh aqG+idrf;tkyfpktEkdif&zkd@ tvm;tvmenf;ayr,fh
1960 rSm a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;vku d wf m[m ppfwyfemrnfysuv f mvd@k ygyw J /hJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &
uawmh 'Dru dk a&pDuadk v;pm;vk@d a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yvku d w f mvd@k ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyf
emrnfysuv f m+y;D OD;pD;t&m&Sed @J wyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;tqifrajyjzpfvmvk@d ppfwyfu
aemufqkwf+yD; a¶G;aumufyGJusif;yum t&yfom;tpkd;&ukd tm%mv$Jay;vkdufwmvkd@ ar&D
u,fv[efuqkyd gw,f?
a¶G;aumufyGJusif;y+yD; ppfpcef;jyefzkd@ Akdvfae0if;eJ@ppfOD;pD;¶kH;upDpOfwmukd &efukef
a&mufaewJh wyfr;– awGu rauseyfv@kd qufqaH &;wif;rmvmwmygw/hJ a¶G;aumufyrJG mS Ekwif
tkypf k Ekid rf ,fq&dk if b,fvv dk yk =f urvJqw dk mukd wyfr;– wcsK@d v#K@d @0Suaf qG;aEG;&mrSm Akv d af tmifa¶$
Akv
d v f aS rmf Akv d xf eG ;f pdef Akv d =f unf0if; Akv d =f unf[efe@J Akv d cf sp®f rifw@dk vnf;yg0ifw,fv@dk 1993
azaz:0g&D 21 &ufae@rSm Akv d rf ;– }u;D vSarmfu ar&Du,fv[efudk ajymjyygw,f/ bmukad qG;aEG;
w,fqw kd m tao;pdwo f &d zk@d cufayr,fh ppfwef;vsm;ukd rjyefcsiw f hJ 'Dwyfr;– awG[m wckcv k yk zf @dk
aqG;aEG;wmxif&mS ;w,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&yfom;
tpk;d &wufvm+y;D r=umrD Akv d rf ;– csKyaf tmifa¶$e@J wyf&if;r–;wcsK@d [m Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;ukzd ,f&mS ;+y;D
OD;Ektpkd;&ukd ðzwfcszkd@ }uHpnfw,fvdk@,lq&a=umif; 1961 azaz:0g&Dvxkwf +Adwdo#oHr–;
tpD&ifcHpm rSmazmfjywmukdvnf; ukd;um;xm;ygw,f?
1960 azaz:0g&v D rSm usi;f ywJh a¶G;aumufyrJG mS aqG+ird ;f tkypf Ek idk af tmif ppfAv dk t f csK@d
rJc;dk cJ=h uayr,fh OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ oef@&Si;f zqyvwjzpfvJ jynfaxmifpyk gwu D tjywftowf
tEkdif&+yD; 'Drkdua&pDt&yfom;tpkd;&ukd jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;EkdifcJhygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSm ppftpdk;&
oufq;dk &Snv f rd rhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah ewke;f Akv
d af e0if;u a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f y+y;D tm%mv$aJ y;wJh
twGuf wurBmvk;H u cs;D usL;*k%ðf y=uygw,f? tajccHOya'eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDudk av;pm;oltjzpf
Akv
d af e0if;ukd zDvpfyidk Ef idk if u
H rufaq;aq;qkcs;D jri‡ ahf yr,fh Akv d af e0if;u vufrcHygb;l / a':vm
waomif;wefqkukdvufcHvkduf&if taemufwkdif;vrf;pOfvkdufwJhtwGuf *k%fðycH&wmukd
tajymcH&rSmpk;d &drv f @kd rufaq;aq;qkudk Akv d af e0if;vufrcH&wJ mjzpfa=umif; 1960 =o*kwv f
8 &ufae@xkwf +Aw d od #Eidk if jH cm;a&;Xme tpD&ifcpH mrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
a&S@tywf tykdif; 21 rSm OD;Ektpdk;&vufxufrSm Akdvfae0if;u A[kdcsKyfukdifr_
tm;aumif;atmifvyk +f y;D 1962 rSm ppftm%modr;f wJt h a=umif;wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (21)
OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&yfom;tpd;k & 1960 rSm tm%m&aewke;f wyfwiG ;f tm%m®yifru _ kd ed*;Hk csKyf
ap+y;D A[kcd sKyu f idk rf _ cdik rf matmifvyk Ef ikd wf t hJ wGuf 1962 rSm ppftm%modr;f Ekid af =umif; ar&D
u,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tykid ;f 21 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? OD;Ek&@J jynfaxmifpk
ygw[ D m tm%m&+y;D r=umrD ociftyk pf ek @J OD;Akv d t f yk pf q k +kd y;D ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;ygw,f? Adv k af e0if;
tdraf pmift h pd;k &wnfaxmifcw hJ mudk OD;Ektpd;k &u zsuo f rd ;f vdu k af yr,fh rdryd gwu D kd cdik rf matmif
rvkyfEkdifwmrdk@ ppftm%modrf;zdk@ zdwfac:ovkdjzpfoGm;w,fvdk@ ,lqolawG rsm;ygw,fwJh?
'gayr,fh 'Dval wG[m wyfwiG ;f tm%m®yifyu GJ kd owdrxm;rd=ubl;vd@k ar&Du,fv[efu jrif
ygw,f?
awmifydkif;wkdif;r–; Akdvfr–;csKyfatmifa¶$eJ@ wyf&if;r–; 8 OD;udk 1961 azazmf0g&Dv
rSm xkwfypfwmeJ@ ppfavhusifha&;!¸ef=um;a&;r–; Akdvfr–;csKyfarmifarmif tðzwfcH&wm[m
wjcm;pDjzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efu &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;opf arG;xkwEf idk zf @kd
twGuf &efuek &f dS tar&duefo¶H ;Hk u CIA t&m&St d ultnDe@J Akv d af rmifarmifu okawoeXme
udk wnfaxmifygw,f? 'DXme&J@vkyaf qmifcsuu f kd Adv
k af rmifarmifu v#K› 0d u S x f m;vd@k Adv k af e0if;
pdwu f u G of mG ;wmqdw k hJ owif;pmq&m *g;'D;,ef;OD;pde0f if;&J@tjrifuv kd nf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
Akv
d af rmifarmif tðzwfc&H wJh t"duta=umif;&if;wckuawmh axmufvrS ;f a&;!¸erf ;– E_wcf rf;
arG;Akv d vf iG u
f Akv d af rmifarmifukd remvdw k &dk nS jf zpfvm+y;D acsmufweG ;f wJu h pd yP gywJ ?hJ axmufvrS ;f
a&;!¸erf ;– Akv d v f iG [ f m okawoeXmeudpeP @J ywfouf+y;D rauseyfwt hJ wGuf Adv k af rmifarmifukd
CIA =oZmcHtjzpf Akv d af e0if;ujrifvmatmif em;oGi;f Edik cf w hJ ,fv@kd Adv k af tmif}u;D u ajymygw,fw?hJ
uufovpfbmom0if Akv d af rmifarmif&@J jyif;xefwhJ uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; vrf;pOf
[mvnf; ol@Zmwford ;f cef;udk zefw;D zG,&f w dS ,fv@kd qkyd gw,f? 1961 rSm OD;Eke@J Adv k af e0if;[m
w¶kwf-jrefrm aqGrsKd;aygufazmf cspf=unfa&;Zmwfum; ¶kduful;ae+yDrdk@ tar&duefvufeuf
udik af qmifwhJ KMT w¶kwjf zLtºuif;tuseu f w kd u kd cf u dk &f mrSm wyfrawmfwyf&if; 9 eJ@ w¶kwf
jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfwdk@ yl;wGJppfqifa&;vkyfcJha=umif;/ yg0ifol ArmppfAdkvfawGua&m
+Aw d o d #ppforH ;– tpD&ifcpH muyg oufaocHaeygw,fw?hJ 'Dvt kd ajctaerSm ppfwyfrmS 'kw, d
(od@k ) wwd,tm%m&So d t l jzpf ,lqcHae&wJ h Ak v d af rmifarmifukd CIA =oZmcH (ok@d ) r[mrdwf
tjzpf owif;v$iw hf m[m txdqk ;H ygy?J E_wcf rf;arG;Adv k v f iG f tuGuq f if+y;D ab;wD;ay;wJt h wkid ;f
Advk af rmifarmifursm; CIA tultnDe@J tm%modr;f avrvm;vd@k Adv k af e0if; pd;k &drx f wd v f ef@
vmwma=umifh Akdvfarmifarmifudkðzwfypfvdkufwmvnf; jzpfEkdifw,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu
ok;H oyfygw,f?
Akv
d af rmifarmife@J wyfr;– ig;OD;udk ppforH ;– tjzpf Ekid if jH cm;yk@d vdu k +f y;D Adv
k af tmifa¶$ukd
awmh oHtrwftjzpf Australia ukd yd@k vdu k yf gw,f? usew f yfr;– av;OD;udk t+ird ;f pm;ay;ygw,f?
'Dt&m&Sad wG[m 1960 a¶G;aumufyrGJ mS aqG+ird ;f tkypf b k ufu axmufct H m;ay;wm xif&mS ;
wJt h wGuf wyfu xkwyf pfwmjzpfa=umif; w&m;0ifa=unmayr,fh ppfqifa&;vkyaf ewJh wyf&if;
r–;ESpfOD;udkyg ðzwfypfwmudk=unfh&if Adkvfae0if;rauseyfwm[m a¶G;aumufyJGudpPomr[kwf
a=umif; cef@rSe;f Edik w f ,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;ukda&m OD;Ektpdk;&udkyg ðzwfypfzdk@}uHpnfvkd@ wyfr–;awGtðzwfcH&wmvdk@
tJ'Dwkef;u ,lqcJh=uygw,f? 1960 a¶G;aumufyGJusif;ycsdefrSmvkyfwJh wyfr–;awG&J@ v#›Kd0Suf
tpnf;ta0;udk Akdvfae0if;od&wJhtcgrSm tvGefpdwfqkd;oGm;w,fvkd@ AkdvfvSarmfu ajymjyyg
w,fw?hJ 'gayr,hf v#K› 0d u S t f pnf;ta0;rSm aqG;aEG;wJu h pd uP kd Adv
k af e0if;pdwq f ;dk wmr[kwb f J
OD;pD;t&m&Srd ygbJ wyfr;– awGcsn;f tpnf;ta0;vkyw f mudk Adv k af e0if;rauseyfwmjzpfa=umif;
aemifrS oabmayguw f ,fv@kd Adv k vf aS rmfu ajymygw,fw?hJ OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGjzpfwhJ Akv d af tmif}u;D
eJ@ Akdvfarmifarmifudk0kdif;y,f&if Adkvfae0if;udk0kdif;y,fwmeJ@ twlwljzpfa=umif; em;vnfvm
w,fv@kd Adv k v f aS rmfu ajymygw,fw?hJ
OD;pD;t&m&SAd v kd af rmifarmife@J wyfr;– tcsK› u d ðkd zwfypfwm[m ppfO;D pD;XmeeJ@ wyfr;–
awGt=um;u jy\emud k ajz&Si;f vdu k wf mygy?J awmifyikd ;f wkid ;f eJ@ ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f udzk suo f rd ;f +y;D
wkid ;f ig;wkid ;f eJ@ txl;wyf&if;av;&if; zG@J pnf;vku d w f t hJ wGuf ppfO;D pD;¶k;H &J@ A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf t_ iftm;
ydk aumif;oGm;ygw,f? t&ifvdk wkid ;f }u;D ESpw f idk ;f eJ@ wkid ;f r–;ESpOf ;D omxm;r,fq&kd if wkid ;f r–;taeeJ@
tm%modrf;zdk@vG,fulwmrdk@ wdkif;r–;awGrsm;vmatmif Adkvfae0if;uzefwD;vkdufwmygyJ?
,k=H unfpw d cf s&wJw h idk ;f r–;awGukd &efuek ef @J eD;wJ w h ikd ;f rSmxm;+y;D odyrf ,k&H wJw h ikd ;f r–;awGuakd wmh
&efukefeJ@a0;&mrSm wm0efay;xm;zkd@ Adkvfae0if;u pDpOfwmjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifrh @dk 1962 rS m ppftm%modr;f wJt h cg wyfrawmf[m A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf u
_ kd
emcHwhJ ppfAsL¶ku d a&pD,Eœ&m;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y?D 1958 tm%modr;f yGu J kd OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGu pDpOfchJ
wm jzpfayr,fh 1962 tm%modr;f yGrJ mS awmh ppfwyfwckv;Hk wnDw!Gww f nf;yg0ifwm awG@&
ygw,f? Akv d af e0if;u ol@trde@f udk tm;vk;H emcHatmifvyk x f m;Ekid w f ma=umif h 62 tm%modr;f yGJ
atmifjrifwmvd@k avhvmolawGuok;H oyf=uayr,fh Akv d af e0if;&J@pGr;f &nfwckwnf;eJ@awmh vkyf
Ekid rf ,fr[kwyf gb;l wJ ?h Akv d af rmifarmifO;D aqmifwhJ ppfprD cH ef@cJrG X_ meu vGecf w hJ hJ q,fEpS t
f wGi;f
ppfwyfðyjyifa&;awGvyk +f y;D A[kcd sKyu f idk rf u
_ ekd mcHwhJ ppfAsL¶du k a&pD,Eœ&m;}u;D ukd wnfaqmuf
Ekid cf v
hJ @dk om 1962 rSm tvG,w f ulppftm%modr;f Ekid w f mvk@d ar&Du,fv[efu ,lqygw,f?
jynfaxmifpk}uD;®yuJGrSmpdk;&drfvdk@ tm%modrf;&wmqdkwJhqifajcukdvnf; ar&D
u,fv[efu vufrcHygbl;? ppfwyftzJG@tpnf;[m t&yfom;tpdk;&tzJG@tpnf;/ ygwDtzGJ@
tpnf; pwmawGxuf trsm;}u;D tiftm;awmifw h if;+y;D pnf;vk;H nD!w G af ewmrd@k t&yfom;
tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;udk ppfwyftzG@J tpnf;eJ@tpm;xk;d +y;D jy\emudk ppfa&;t&ajz&Si;f zd@k óu;pm;
wm jzpfygw,fw?hJ Edik if aH &;tm%mudk tckid t f rmqkyu f ikd Ef ikd zf @dk ppfwyfuóu;pm;&mrSm wkid ;f ol
jynfom;[m taES mift h ,Suf t[ef@twm;vkjd zpfvm&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk
wifjyvku d yf gw,f? a&› t S ywf tydik ;f 22 rSm rqveJ@ e0wacwf ppfwyfta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (22)
1988 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfyu Hk dk ppfwyfu®zcGi;f +y;D ppftm%m&Sipf epfwnfaxmifyeHk @J ywfouf+y;D

ar&Du,fv[ef ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 22 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? vGwv f yf
pGmajymqdak &;om;cGiahf y;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDpepfe@J jynfo@l qENukd ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u t,kt H =unf
r&Sad =umif; yxrt}urd t f m%modr;f pOf 1958 atmufwb dk m 17 &ufae@xkwaf 0wJh wyfrawmf
pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;XmetpD&ifcpH meJ@ pufwifbm 30 &ufae@xkwf “acwfa&;” pmapmifrmS
azmfjyxm;xmawG@&ygw,fw?hJ jynfov l x l [k m Edik if aH &;pdw0f ifpm;wmr[kwv f @kd olyek 0f g'jzef@
wmudk em;a,mifoGm;wwfw,fvdk@ wyfrawmfpmapmifu qdkygw,f? b0 &yfwnfa&;eJ@
ud,k u f sK;d pD;yGg;udo
k m t"duxm;wJh edru hf swphJ w
d o f bm0&Sw d hJ jynfov
l x
l [k m olrsm;óu;qJ&G m
udk ygomG ;wwfw,fv@kd wyfrawmfpmapmifu ok;H oyfygw,fw?hJ
tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; pnf;urf;&Sd+yD; wm0efodzdk@ jynfolvlxkudk ppfwyfuqkH;raewm
'Duae@txdygyJ? wkdif;oljynfom;ukd t,kHt=unfr&SdwJhppfwyf[m wkdif;oljynfom;u
a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJhtpdk;&ukdvnf; ,kH=unfrSmr[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifh OD;Ektpdk;&
tm%mjyef&wJh 2 ESpu f mvrSm ppfwyfpnf;vk;H nD!w G af tmifvyk +f y;D 1962 rSm 'Dru kd a&pD
pepfudk zsufqD;vkdufwmygyJ? EdkifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;udkzsufodrf;+yD; jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk
a=unmygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;óu;yrf;pOfuacwfpm;cJw h hJ vuf00J g'udk jyefvnfqef;opfvu kd wf m
ygyw J ?hJ w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfu[ kd ef@wm;wJ eh nf;AsL[mtaeeJ@ qd&k , S v f pfvrf;pOfcsrw S wf mvd@k vnf;
ppfacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,lqygw,fwJh? ppfwyfeJ@ rqvygwDvufwGJ+yD; 26 ESpfwdkif tkyfcsKyf
rif;vkyyf gw,f? wkid ;f oljynfom;udk Edik if aH &;pdwrf 0ifpm;bl;vd@k ppfwyfu,lqwmrd@k qd&k , S v f pf
EdkifiHom;aumif; ay:xGufa&;twGuf rqvacwfrSm EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;oifwef;awG
trsm;qkH;ay;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,hf wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd &f &dS m e,fpyfa'orSmawmh ppfwyfuom }u;D pd;k
ygw,f? wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd u f kd vlxek @J tquftoG,jf ywfapzd@k twGuf jzwfav;jzwf
vrf;pOf pwifusio hf ;Hk wJt h csed t f cgygy?J rqvygw[ D m pnf;¶k;H a&;udpu P o dk m OD;pm;ay;aewmrd@k
olykefESdrfeif;a&;udk *¶krpdkufbl;vdk@ ppfAkdvfa[mif;awGu ajymygw,fwJh? rqvtpdk;&uom
tm;oGecf eG pf u kd vf yk rf ,fq&kd if jynfwiG ;f ppfe*d ;Hk csKy+f y;D pnf;vk;H nD!w G af ewm=um+yv D @kd ppfAv kd f
a[mif;tcsK› u d jyefajymwmudv k nf; ud;k um;xm;ygw,f?
1988 'D r k d u a&pD t a&;awmf y k H u d k ES d r f e if ; vd k u f w J h t cgrS m rqv tpd k ; &
aysmufu, G o f mG ;+y;D ppfwyf[m wckwnf;aom tm%mydik t f zG@J tpnf; jzpfvmygw,f? 1990
rSm a¶G;aumufyJGusif;yay;vkdufayr,fh ppfwyfaxmufcHwJh rqvwjzpfvJ wpnygwD
ud, k pf m;vS,f 10 ae&mom&S+d y;D a':pkacgi;f aqmifwhJ NLD ygwD tjywftowftEdik &f wma=umifh
a¶G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ppfwyfutodtrSwfrðybJ a¶G;aumufyJGEkdifwJh NLD ygwDudkacsr_ef;zdk@
óu;yrf;ygawmhw,f?
jynfov l x l &k @J qef@usirf u _ &kd ifqikd af e&wJph pfwyf[m ppftiftm;wd;k cs+J› y;D wk@H jyefyg
w,f? tiftm;aumif;wJh KMT w¶kwfjzLwyf}uD; jrefrmjynfxJ 0ifa&muftajcpkdufwkef;u
ppftiftm;wkd;cs›JykHeJ@ cyfqifqifyJvdk@qdkygw,f? wjynfvkH; +idrf0yfydjym;ae+yD; ae&mwumrSm
ppftpd;k &csKyu f idk Ef idk af tmif ppftiftm;wk;d csw J› mygy?J 1988 rSm tiftm; wode;f &Spaf omif;
ausm&f w dS hJ ppfwyf[m 1996 rSm ok;H ode;f ckEpS af omif;&S+d y;D a&wyfe@J avwyfuydk gw;kd csv J› mygw,f?
ppfwyfukd xda&mufpmG csKyu f idk +f y;D trde@f ay;Edik zf @kd twGupf pfO;D pD;XmecsKyf =oZmtm%m}u;D rm;
vmatmif vkyyf gw,f?
ppftpd;k &udo k pPm&S ad &;/ trde@f emcHa&;/ ppfrx _ rf;oufomacsmifcsad &; pwmawGukd
OD;pm;ay;taumiftxnfazmfwma=umifh ppfrx _ rf;[m tcGix hf ;l cHvw l ef;pm; jzpfvmygw,f?
ppfrx _ rf;rdom;pktwGuf oD;oef@aq;¶k/H oD;oef@ausmif;eJ@ oD;oef@ukeyf pPn;f &Sv d mw,f? ppf
tpd;k &vkycf iG ahf y;vk@d &Sio f ef}u;D xGm;vmwJh yk*v ~ u d pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;awGuvnf; ppfacgi;f aqmif
aqGrsK;d todik ;f t0kid ;f udk ykrH eS q f ufa=u;ay;+y;D axmufyahH e&ygw,f?
ppfwyfEikd if aH &;rSm axmufvrS ;f a&;t&m&Sd }u;D pk;d w,fv@kd ,lq=uayr,fh wu,f
tm%m&So d al wGuawmh ppfwidk ;f 12 wdik ;f u wdik ;f r–;awGygyw J ?hJ wdik ;f twGi;f u udpt P m;vk;H udk
qk;H jzwfyikd cf iG &hf wdS whJ idk ;f r–;[m tm%mt&Sq d ;Hk yk*Kd~ vyf gy?J tm%m&Sad vav OpPm"ewk;d yGg;avav
jzpfaeygw,f? 1950 jynfv h eG Ef pS af wGrmS ppftiftm;wk;d cszJ› @GJ pnf;wke;f uawmh Ekid if jH cm; tultnD
udk tm;udk;cJh&ygw,f? e0w/etzacwf ppftiftm;wk;d cs&J› mrSmawmh bufaygi;f pku H &HyaHk iG
&Smygw,f?
tpd;k &tok;H p&dww f 0ufavmufukd ppfp&dwt f jzpfo;Hk pJw
G t hJ jyif rl;,pfaq;vkyif ef;
u&wJh qufa=u;udv k nf; ok;H pJyG gw,f? w¶kwt f pd;k &u twk;d oufoufomomeJ@ acs;xm;wJh
aiGudkvnf; ppftpdk;&uokH;ygw,f? 'gawGtjyif ppfwyfydkif pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;awGu&wJh 0ifaiG
vnf; &Sdygw,f? jrefrmhpD;yGg;a&;OD;ykdifvdrdwufeJ@ jrefrmhpD;yGg;a&;aumfykda&;&Sif;[m ppfwyfykdif
vuf0g;}u;D tkyf pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;awGyg? tjrwftpGe;f aumif;aumif;&wJv h yk if ef;awGukd vuf0g;
}uD;tkyfxm;wJh tcGifhxl;cH pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;awGjzpfygw,f? ppfwyfydkifpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;awG[m
tpD&ifcpH mxkwjf yef+y;D &Si;f jyp&mrvkw d hJ tzG @J tpnf;jzpfwma=umifh 'Dvyk if ef;u&wJah iGukd ppf
acgif;aqmifykdif;u xifovkdokH;pGJEkdifygw,f? ppfAdkvftwGuf pD;yGg;a&;zlvkHayr,fh EkdifiHa&;rSm
rvkðH cyH gb;l ?
NLD tzG@J csKyu f kd wkid ;f &if;om;awGaxmufcaH ewmud=k unf+h y;D vufeufuikd t f yk pf ak wGe@J
NLD tzJG@csKyfom r[mrdwfvkyfvdkufr,fqdk&if ppftpdk;&[m jynfrrSma&m jynfe,frSmyg
ppfqif&r,fjh y\emudk &ifqidk &f zG,&f w dS ,fv@kd ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u wGuyf gw,f? 'Dwu G u f ed ;f
a=umifh ppftpd;k &[m wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f yk pf ak wGe@J typftcwf&yfp+J y;D e,fpyfa'o
zG@H ®z;a&; vkyu f idk vf mwmjzpfygw,fw?hJ ppfwyf&@J vky&f yftaxGaxGukd pmtkypf mwrf; a&;om;ðypk
cdik ;f +y;D tr$e;f wif¶w Hk iftm;r&ao;bJ jywdu k jf ycef;trsK;d rsK;d aqmufvyk +f y;D jyoygw,f? 1954
rSm pdw"f gwpf pfaq;a&;Xmeut}uðH ycJw h hJ ppforkid ;f jywku d u f kd tESpf 40 t=um 1994 rSm
zGiv hf pS uf si;f yEkid cf J yh gw,f? jrefrmjynfrmS ppfwyf[m t"dutusq;Hk jzpfa=umif;0g'jzef@wJh jywdu k f
ygy?J
ppfr_a&;&mtjyif puULpuf/ rqvmpuf/ ig;arG;jrLa&;/ rD;&xm;vrf;/ apwDykxdk;/
avqdy/f a*guu f iG ;f / td;k tdraf qmufvyk af &; pwmawGyg oAŠ&eHaygi;f ppfordik ;f jywdu k rf mS jyo
xm;wmrdk@ ppfwyfajymor# wjynfvkH; ,kH&awmhrvd k jzpfaeygw,f?
a&›t S ywf tydik ;f 23 ed*;Hk ykid ;f rSmawmh ppftpd;k &eJ@ twdu k tf cHtzJ@G tpnf;awG&ifqidk f
ae&wJh t"dujy\emud k wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (23) ed*;Hk
'Dwygwf ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 23 ed*;Hk ykid ;f rSm ppfwyfe@J Edik if aH &;ygwD &ifqidk af e&wJjh y\emawG
ta=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk wifjyvdkufygw,f? wjynfvkH;ukdv$rf;rdk;Edkifzkd@
ppfwyfu óu;yrf;&mrSm &nfreS ;f wJt h wkid ;f jzpfvmwm&So d vdk rjzpfwmvnf;&Syd gw,f? ppftpd;k &
&J@ jy\em 4 &yfukd azmfjyxm;ygw,f? yxrjy\emu wkid ;f r–;awGuwqifh tkycf sKyw f hJ caemfceJ@
zJ@G pnf;ykpH epfjzpfygw,fw?hJ tvkyjf zpfaeao;ayr,fh wdik ;f r–;awGukd aus;Zl;wifae&wJph epf jzpf
aeygw,f? wdkif;r–;eJ@ vufatmufcHt&m&SdawG olaX;jzpfukefwm wjynfvkH;odygw,f? wkdif;
r–;awG e,fpm;y,fpm;tm%m&Sijf zpfvmvd@k 1997 rSm e0wudk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D etzudk zJ@G pnf;um
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ÚÚÚÚÚ
Making Enemies by Mary P.Callahan

Cornell University Press, 2003
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jref r mEk d i f i H r S m ppf t m%m&S i f p epf ouf q k d ; &S n f & wJ h t a=umif ; &if ;
publication year: 2003

269 pages
ISBN: 9971-69-283-X Paperback US$25.00 S$42.00
Mary P. Callahan is Assistant Professor in the Jackson School of

International Studies, University of Washington.
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Index: Polaris Burmese Library, LPK Library, Daw Aung San

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Thakin Kodaw Hmaing's mausoleum on Shwedagon Pagoda

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U Thant's tomb, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon

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3rd Secretary-General of the United Nations

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[edit] Early days

[edit] Civil servant

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While serving as secretary-general, U Thant lived in Riverdale, Bronx, on a 4.75-acre

U Thant's tomb, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon

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[edit] Personal life

[edit] In popular culture

[edit] Named for him

 The U Thant Peace Award acknowledges and honours individuals or organizations

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[edit] Further reading

United Nations portal

[edit] External links

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Thakin Kodaw Hmaing

Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing

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[edit] Formative years

[edit] Literary genius

1. Bo htika - On Chiefs 1914

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[edit] Mr Maung Hmaing

[edit] National leader

He is also considered to be unequalled in another traditional form of poetry called Laygyo

[edit] Peace activist

Thakin Kodaw Hmaing's mausoleum on Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon

1. ^ a b c d "Thakin Kodaw Hmaing (1876 - 1964)". The Irrawaddy. March 1 2000.

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakin_Kodaw_Hmaing"

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

4th President of Burma

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4th Prime Minister of Burma

6th Prime Minister of Burma

May 14, 1911

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