Lkdkrfh^tumbksIfdufh`cr[Q^Nfdm^tftkQughbn^krvbnkKxfibdftbcds

Iflef
buphf-vfmef wfs wrbttkd gy Iflef bd <te nkdtury FM fdm bs cdk c` tek 0 ^fdsjrbt
Ifefjfvyfs.Btwfsbdspbrkmgytekwcrjsc`Jfhbmfsf,GefrfvbfdmMfdmbd,fhhc`teki,fstek
futecrsfysgutsurpfssksGefrfvbbdebsstyhkfdmwcrmphfy.
Pbsefjefmfttf
\k jdcw fgcut cdhy twc phfys c` Pbsefjefmfttf vbz. Iumrrjfsf fdm tek
Mkvbnefdmrfluptfi. Cut c` teki Iumrrjsfsf bs tek cdhy survbvbdl phfy.
Mkvbnefdmrfluptfi bs survbvkm bd `rflikdts cdhy. Iumrfrfjsefsef ikfds "Wbdl c` tek
Mkicd". Bt dfrrftks tek fsnkdt c` Nefdmrflupt
f Ifuryf tc tercdk. Wfjsefsef bs tek hfst
Ibdbstkrc`DfdmfswecbshurkmbdNefdmrfluptf'ssbmk,gyNefdfjyf.
Mfdmbd
Mfdmbd efm wrbttkd Jfvyfmfrsefdf fdm Mfsfjuifrnefrbtf. Ek hbvkm bd Jfdneb fdm bs gkst
jdcwd`crMfsfjuifrnefrbtf"]ek]fhkc`tek]kdQrbdnks"webnemkpbntstekfmvkdturksc`
61 prbdnks. Mfsfjuifrnefrbtf wfs `brst trfdshftkm bd 627< fs Ebdmcc ]fhks fdm ]ek
Fmvkdturksc`tek]kdQrbdnks
Geftrbefrb
Gefrtefrb wfs f `b`te nkdtury ^fdsjrbt futecr wec wrctk Pfjyfpfmbyf , f trkftbsk cd
716>^urkse^cdb|FhhWbletsWkskrvkm|Kifbh?surkseAljtcmfy.bd
76 |Q f l k
Gefrtefrb wfs f `b`te nkdtury ^fdsjrbt futecr wec wrctk Pfjyfpfmbyf , f trkftbsk cd
^fdsjrbtLrfiifrfdm^ftfjftrfyfwebnebsfhscjdcwdfs Dbtbseftfj fdm efs 611 vkrsks
cdpebhcscpey.GftrbefrbskkistcgkfJbdlgutifdysnechfrssfyteftekwfsdctfjbdlgut
fncurtbkrskrvbdltekjbdl.
BsewfrJrbsedf
Ebsifbdwcrjbs^fdjyfjfrbjf.Btwfsfnciikdtfrycd^fdjyfQebhcscpey.
Pyfsf
PyfsfefswrbttkdPyfsfgefsyf,btwfsfnciikdtfrycdRclfpebhcscpey
Pftsyfyfdf
Pftsyfyfdfwfstekfutecrc`Dyfyf^utrfGefseyf,webnewfstek`brstnciikdtfrycdLfutfif's
Dyfyf ^utrfs. Jfifsutrf bs f trkftbsk cd Euifd ^kxufh gkefvbcur fdm ifjks tek pfrt c` tek
Jfifsefsetrf. ]ek`brsttrfdsibssbcdc`tekJfifsefserfbsfttrbgutkmtcDfdmb,tekguhhc`^ebvf,
fspkrtektrfmbtbcds.]ekDfdmbguhhbs^ebvfsmccrjkkpkrfdmekcvkrekfrmtekhcvkifjbdlc`tek
Lcmsfdmrkncrmkmebsuttkrfdnks,`crgkdk`btc`euifdjbdm. Ecwkvkr,Jfifsutrfskkistcgktek
`brsttrkftbskcdtekprbdnbphks/fmvbnksbdskxufhbty.
Nefptkr<. ^fdsjrbtHbtkrfturkbd^nbkdnkfdm]knedchcly

Fryfgefttfwfstekhklkdmfryiftekiftbnbfdc`tekLuptfKrf.EkwrctkFryfgefttbyffttekflkc`
7> ykfrs fdm hftkr, Fryf-^bmmefdtf. Ek wcrjkm cd tek fpprcxbiftbcd `cr pb tc >.6=60. Bd
trblcdciktry, ek ncdnhumkm `cr f trbfdlhk, tek rksuht c` f pkrpkdmbnuhfr wbte tek efh`-sbmk bs tek
frkf.Ekfhscwcrjkmcdtekictbcdsc`tekschfrsystkifdmnfhnuhftkmtekhkdltec`tekschfrykfr
tc>0;.5;5051;mfys.FryfgefttfhbvkmbdJusuipurbdQftfhbputrf.

Lkdkrfh^tumbksIfdufh`cr[Q^Nfdm^tftkQughbn^krvbnkKxfibdftbcds

Ncdtrbgutbcdsc`Fryfgeftf(=<0FM)
Fryfgefttbyfi
Fryfgeftf bs tek futecr Fryfgeftbyfi webne sjktneks ebs iftekiftbnfh, phfdktfry, fdm
ncsibntekcrbks.]ebsgccjbsmbvbmkmbdtc`curnefptkrs?
c ]ekfstrcdcibnfhncdstfdtsfdmteksbdktfghk
c Iftekiftbnsrkqubrkm`crnciputftbcds,
c Mbvbsbcd c` tbik fdm ruhks `cr nciputbdl tek hcdlbtumks c` phfdkts usbdl knnkdtrbns
fdmkpbnynhks,
c ]ek fribhhfry spekrk, ruhks rkhftbdl tc prcghkis c` trblcdciktry fdm tek
nciputftbcdc`knhbpsks.
Fryfgefttftccjtekkfrtetcspbdcdbtsfxbs:tebsbmkffppkfrstcefvkgkkdebsbddcvftbcd.
Ekfhscncdsbmkrkmtekekfvkdhyictbcdstclcterculefnynhkc`=.>7gbhhbcdykfrs:ekrkek
wkdt wbte fd chmkr trfmbtbcd, gut ek bdtrcmunkm f dkw snekik c` sugmbvbsbcds wbtebd tebs

716>^urkse^cdb|FhhWbletsWkskrvkm|Kifbh?surkseAljtcmfy.bd
77 |Q f l k
wkdt wbte fd chmkr trfmbtbcd, gut ek bdtrcmunkm f dkw snekik c` sugmbvbsbcds wbtebd tebs
lrkftnynhk.FnncrmbdltctekebstcrbfdEule]eurstcd,DctcdhymbmFryfgeftfgkhbkvkteft
tekkfrterctftks,guttekrkfrklhbiikrbdlsbdebssystki(fdmctekrsbibhfrsystkis)c`f
pcssbghkudmkrhybdltekcrybdwebnetekkfrte(fdmtekphfdkts)crgbtsteksud,rftekrtefd
teksudcrgbtbdltekkfrte.]ekkvbmkdnkbstefttekgfsbnphfdktfrypkrbcmsfrkrkhftbvktctek
sud. ]eft Fryfgeftf wfs fwfrk c` tek rkhftbvbty c` ictbcd bs nhkfr `rci tebs pfssflk bd ebs
gccjOustfsfifdbdfgcftskkstektrkkscdtekgfdjicvkbdtekcppcsbtkmbrkntbcd,scfd
cgskrvkrcdtekkquftcrskkstekstftbcdfrystfrsfsicvbdlprknbskhytcwfrmtekwkst."
Bdebsgccjdfikm'Fryfgefttbui',Fryfgefttfefslbvkdhctc`rk`krkdnksc`^uryfsbmefdtf.Ekefm
mkvkhcpkmbdstruikdtshbjknefjrfyfdtrf(mbsjbdstruikdt),Lchfyfdtrf(typkc`fribhhkryspekrk)
fdmsefmcwbdstruikdts.
Fryfgefttf mkmunkm teft kfrte bs f rctftbdl spekrk? tek stfrs mc dct icvk, bt bs tek kfrte teft
rctftks.Btsmbfiktkrbs6,1;1ycofdfs.Btsnbrnui`krkdnkbstekrk`crk61;1x6>.0x9==,501ji.
Fryfgefttffhscmkmunkmteft?]ekiccdknhbpsksteksud,fdmteklrkftsefmcwc`tekkfrteknhbpsks
tekiccd.
Pfrfefibebrf
Pfrfefibebrf hbvkm bd [oofbd fdm wfs cdk c` tek dbdk okwkhs (Dfvfrftdfs) c` tek ncurt c`
Nefdmrfluptf BB. Ek wrctk
Qfdnefsbmmefdtfj f, tek `bvk
trkftbsks cd fstrcdciy (DC]
fstrchcly). Bt suiifrbsks `bvk
kfrhbkr fstrcdcibnfh trkftbsks,
dfikhy tek ^uryf ^bmmefdtf,
Wcifjf ^bmmefdtf, Qfuhbsf
^bmmefdtf, Pfsbsetef

Bd Bdmbf pkcphk efm stfrtkm tek usk c` tek fstrcdcibnfh bdstruikdts

gk`crk 6111 GN. Murbdl tebs pkrbcm cdk c` tek prcibdkdt gccjs
'^uryfsbmefdtf' wfs wrbttkd `cr fstrcdcibnfh nfhnuhftbcds. ]ekrk frk
skvkrfh wcrjs wbte tek sfik dfik, G[] tek Crblbdfh wrbtkr c` ^uryf
^bmmefdtfbs[DJDC\D.
]ek tbthk '^uryfsbmefdtf' ikfds sud tekcry fdm bt eblehblets tek
nfhnuhftbcds c` pcsbtbcds c` stfrs fdm phfdkts. ^cik c` tek Bdmbfd
iftekiftbnbfds hftkr efvk mkvkhcpkm tekbr cwd bdstruikdts fdm
mkvkhcpkm tekbr cwd iktecms tc `fnbhbtftk tek tekcry c`
'^uryfsbmefdtf'.Bdtrcmuntbcdc`zkrcbdiftekiftbnsfdmtekmknbifh
iktecm c` nfhnuhftbcd bs cdk c` sune bdvfhufghk ncdtrbgutbcd. \k
secuhmdctkteftPfrfefibebrfefmncdtrfstkm^uryf^bmmefdtffhcdl
wbte ebs = ctekr trkftbsks bd tek pfdnesbmmefdtbjf vbz. Qfbtfifef
^bmmefdtfs, Qfuhbsef , Wcifjf ^bmmefdtfs fdm Pfsbsetf ^bmmefdtf.
Nbtftbcd c` tek ^uryf ^bmmefdtf bs fhsc `cudm bd tek wcrjs c`
Fryfgeftf.

Lkdkrfh^tumbksIfdufh`cr[Q^Nfdm^tftkQughbn^krvbnkKxfibdftbcds

^bmmefdtffdmQfbtfifef^bmmefdtfs
Qfdnefsbmmefdtf
Pfrfefibebrfefsmcdkfvfhufghkocgc`ncipbhftbcdc``bvkfstrcdcibnfhtekcrbks,webnewkrkbd
usk gk`crk Nrbst, fdm suryfsbmefdtf bs cdk c` teki. ]ebs ncipbhkm gccj bs jdcwd fs
'Qfdnefsbmefdtf'.Ekefmmkvkhcpkmscikrbdlfdmstrbdlbdstruikdts.
Hfhhf
Hfhhf wfs fd Bdmbfd fstrcdcikr fdm iftekiftbnbfd wec `chhcwkm tek trfmbtbcd c` Fryfgeftf B.
Hfhhf's icst `ficus wcrj wfs kdtbthkm ^ebseyfmebvbmmebmftfdtrf. Ek wfs wkhh jdcwd gknfusk c`
twkhvkbdstruikdtswebneekgrculetbdtcprfntbnk.
716>^urkse^cdb|FhhWbletsWkskrvkm|Kifbh?surkseAljtcmfy.bd
7> |Q f l k
Cdkc`tekicstmbsnusskmsehcjfc`Hfhhfbs
Bd tek fgcvk ^ehcjf, Hfhhf mksnrbgks tek 67 Bdstruikdts fs `chhcws? ^pekrk, rbdl, mbfh, gcw, tbik
ikfsurbdlwftkrvksskh,Ldcicd,mbvbmkr,snbsscr.Nbrnuhfrskftwbtenkdtrfhstbnj,skibnbrnhkwbte
stbnj,ncigbdftbcdc`stbnjs,frktektwkhvkbdstruikdtsfhcdlwbtefstbnj.
Gefsjfrfnefryf
Gefsjfrfnefryf wfs cdk c` tek prcibdkdt Bdmbfd iftekiftbnbfd fdm fstrcdcikr, wec wrctk f
gccj^bmefdtsebrcifdb'.Bdebsgccjekefsmcnuikdtkmvfhufghkfdnbkdthbtkrfturkfdmlbvkdtek
rk`krkdnks c` ifdy c` tek bdstruikdts uskm gy tek fstrcdcikrs gk`crk ebi. ^bibhfrhy ek efs
mcnuikdtkmtekvfrbcusiktecms`crtekuskc`tekskbdstruikdts.
Rfsetbyfdtrf
Rfstb Rfdtrf wfs mkvkhcpkm gy Gefsjfrfnefryf fdm efs fhsc gkkd rk`krrkm tc fs Meb Rfdtrf. ]ek
sfik typk c` bdstruikdt efs fhsc gkkd mksnrbgkm gy fdnbkdt sflks fdm fstrcdcikrs, gut
GefsjfrfnefryfefsmkvkhcpkmtebsRfdtrffsudbqukiktecmstcnfhnuhftktekekbletc`tkrrkstrbfh
cgoknts hbjk trkks fdm icudtfbds. ]ek usflk fdm prbdnbphks efvk gkkd mksnrbgkm bd tek
'^ebmefdtfsebrcifdb'c`Gefsjfrfnefryf.
]ekncdnkptc`tebsRfdtrfbstcicudtfstbnjcdfpbvctftfekbletmfgcvkteklrcudm,fdmtfjk
sbletbdlsc`tektcpfdmgcttcic`tekcgokntsunefsf
trkkusbdltekstbnj.
]ekprcokntkmhkdltec`tekstbnjcdfecrbzcdtfhhbdkft
tektwcsbletbdls,H6fdmH7,fdmtekekbletstcwebne
tek stbnj bs rfbskm, e6 fdm e7, nfd gk ifrjkm cd fd
fmocbdbdlgcfrm.B`tekcvkrfhhekbletc`tekcgokntbsE,
fdmtekecrbzcdtfhhbdkfttekekbletftwebnetekstbnj
bsicudtkmsphbtsbtbdtcE6fdmE7,tekhkdltes`crisbibhfrtrbfdlhks,fdmwknfdwrbtk
e6/H69E6/Hfdme7/H79E7/H,

Lkdkrfh^tumbksIfdufh`cr[Q^Nfdm^tftkQughbn^krvbnkKxfibdftbcds

wekrkHbstekmbstfdnktctekcgoknt.KhbibdftbdlH`rcitekkquftbcdsusbdlH9E7(H7/e7),fdm
sbdnkE79m,wklkt
E9E6+E79(e6/H6)H+E799((e6/H6)(H7/e7)+6)m.
Qbdlfhf
]ek Bdmbfd snechfr Qbdlfhf (nbrnf. ;te-7dm nkdtury GN) uskm gbdfry duigkrs bd tek `cri c` secrt
fdmhcdlsyhhfghks(tekhfttkrkqufhbdhkdltetctwcsecrtsyhhfghks).]ebswfsvkryiunesbibhfrtc
716>^urkse^cdb|FhhWbletsWkskrvkm|Kifbh?surkseAljtcmfy.bd
7= |Q f l k
tcmfy'sIcrskncmk,secwdbdtek`chhcwbdlpbnturk.Jbdmhyncipfrkteki?
IcrskNcmk QbdlfhfsGbdfryduigkrs
Qbdlfhf uskm tek fgcvk bd ebs Neefdmfesefstrf. ]ek jdcwhkmlk c` gbdfry duigkrs bdmbnftks ebs
mkkpudmkrstfdmbdlc`frbteiktbn.Gbdfryrkpkrskdtftbcdefsdcwgknciktekgfsbsc`bd`criftbcd
stcrflkbdtkrisc`skqukdnksc`1sfdm6sbdicmkrd-mfynciputkrs.
Gefsjfrf
Gefsjfrf(gcrd666=),wecwfs`rcitekJfrdftfjfrklbcd,wfsfdcutstfdmbdliftekiftbnbfdfdm
fstrcdcikr. Ficdlst ebs iftekiftbnfh ncdtrbgutbcds bs tek ncdnkpt c` mb``kkdtbfhs. Ek wfs tek
futecrc`^bmmefdtf^ebrcifdb,fgccjbd`curpfrts?
Hbhfvftbcdfrbteiktbn
Gboflfdbtfcdfhlkgrf
Lfdbtfmeyfyfcdfstrcdciy
Lchfmeyfyfcdfstrcdciy
Gefsjfrf'skpbnynhbnknnkdtrbntekcrbksc`phfdktfryictbcdsfrkicrkmkvkhcpkmtefdbdtekkfrhbkr
sbmmefdtfs.
Ifmefvf
Ifmefvf (n. 6>=1-6=7;) mkvkhcpkm f prcnkmurk tc mktkribdk tek pcsbtbcds c` tek iccd
kvkry>0ibdutks.Ekfhscprcvbmkmiktecmstckstbiftktekictbcdsc`tekphfdkts.Eklfvk
pcwkr skrbks kxpfdsbcds `cr trblcdciktrbn `udntbcds, fdm `cr pb ncrrknt tc khkvkd mknbifh
phfnks.
Nefptkr5. ^fdsjrbtHbtkrfturkbdKfrhyIkmbkvfhBdmbf
Murbdlkfrhyikmbkvfhpkrbcm,tekrkwfsfncdsbmkrfghkmkvkhcpikdtbdtekhbtkrfturk.Ecwkvkr,tek
qufhbty c` tek ncdtkdt bd teki wfs dct c` f eble crmkr. Bt wfs gfsbnfhhy c` lkdkrfh bibtftbvk fdm

Lkdkrfh^tumbksIfdufh`cr[Q^Nfdm^tftkQughbn^krvbnkKxfibdftbcds

rkprcmuntbvk nefrfntkr. ]ek hbst bs vkry gbl: ecwkvkr, ekrk wk dctk scik c` tek icst sbldb`bnfdt
frtwcrjs.
^erbefrsef
716>^urkse^cdb|FhhWbletsWkskrvkm|Kifbh?surkseAljtcmfy.bd
7; |Q f l k
^erbefrsef
Dfbsefmebyfnefrbtfi c` ^erbefrsef bs tek icst cutstfdmbdl kpbn c` tebs pkrbcm, wrbttkd
udmkrtekpftrcdflkc`LfefmfwfhfjbdlOfyfnefdmrfc`Jfddfuo.
Jfhefdf
Wfoftfrfdlbdb c`Jfhefdfbsudbqukfstekcdhyjdcwdfttkiptfttrukebstcrybdtekwechk
c`survbvbdl^fdsjrbthbtkrfturk.F`kwsecrtpckiswkrkfhscwrbttkdmurbdltebspkrbcm.
Ofyfmkvf
]ek Lbtf-Lcvbdmfic`Ofyfmkvfbsjdcwdfstekicstiusbnfhscdlkvkrwrbttkdbd^fdsjrbt.
Lcvfrmefdfnefryf
]ek Fryfsfptfseftb c` Lcvfrmefdfnefryf bs fd krctbn pcki `chhcwbdl tek trfmbtbcd c`
Lftefsfptfseftbc`Efhf.

WfsfrdfvffdmMfjfrdfvf
]ek Wfsfrdfvf bs f wcrj cd ]fdtrf, webne mkfhs wbte iktfhhbn prkpfrftbcds fdm fhnekiy.
]ek MfjfrdfvfbsfGummebsttfdtrbnwcrjncipcskmbdFpfgerfisef.]ek^fmefdfifhf,f
Gummebsttfdtrbnwcrjgkhcdlstctektwkh`tenkdtury.
KrctbnHbtkrfturkfdmibsnkhhfdkcus
]ek`bkhmc`krctbnhbtkrfturksfwscikmkvkhcpikdt. Wftbrfefsyf gy Jcjjfjf, Efrfikjefhf
gyIfeujf, Wftbvbhfsf gy Ofyfifdlfhktn.frkscikbipcrtfdtwcrjscdJfifsefstrf.

Bdtek`bkhmc`iusbnwkefvk Iftfdlf,Meftupfteffsncmb`bkmgy Gebifskdf,Juttfdbiftfi

c`Mficmfrluptfktn.
GefttfutpfhfwrctkfwcrjcdPfstuvbmyf.
Cd ncsiktbns wk efvk Lfdmefseftrf gy Qfmifserb bd ebs wcrj cd krctbns. ]ek
Pbsedumefricttfrf lbvks iune fttkdtbcd tc pfbdtbdl wfs tek nebtrfsutrf ikdtbcdkm gy
Mficmfrluptf. ]ek Fpfrfobtf-Qrbnenef bs f wcrj cd frnebtknturk webne fppkfrs tc efvk
gkkdwrbttkdbdLuofrftfbdFM6711.]ek^fdlbtf-Wftdfjfrfc`^efrfdlfmkvfwfswrbttkdbd
tek 6>te nkdtury bd tek scute. ]ek Hflevfrefddbtbsefstrf c` Ekifnefdmrf bs f wcrj cd
pchbtbnfh snbkdnk. Fdctekr wcrj cd tek mutbks fdm cghblftbcds c` prbdnks wfs tek Wfofdbtb-
Jfifmekduc`Lcpfhf.