Mekergc ^tudies Bgkugc

j`r
UQ^N gkd ^tgte Qulcin ^ervines
Exgbikgti`ks
<174
^gciekt Jegtures `j Ikdigk Nucture
B`duce-9? Zerkgnucgr Ikdigk Citergture

www.mht`dgy.ik

Cgst Updgted? Denebler <17>

<17> ^uresf ^`ki | Gcc \imfts \eserved

K` pgrt `j tfis pulcingti`k bgy le repr`duned `r n`pied ik gky bgterigc j`rb (ikncudikm pf`t` n`pyikm `r
st`rikm it ik gky bediub ik j`rb `j mrgpfins, ecentr`kin `r benfgkingc begks gkd wfetfer `r k`t trgksiekt `r
iknidektgc t` s`be `tfer use `j tfis pulcingti`k) witf`ut writtek perbissi`k `j tfe n`pyrimft `wker.
isncgiber

]fice gcc ngre fgs leek tghek ik tfe prepgrgti`k `j tfis bgterigc, k` resp`ksilicity is gnnepted ly tfe gutf`r j`r gky
err`rs, `bissi`ks `r ikgnnurgnies. Tfe bgterigc pr`vided ik tfis res`urne fgs leek prepgred t` pr`vide mekergc
ikj`rbgti`k `kcy. It is k`t iktekded t` le recied up`k `r le g sulstitute j`r cemgc `r `tfer pr`jessi`kgc gdvine. K`
resp`ksilicity ngk le gnnepted ly tfe gutf`r j`r gky hk`wk `r ukhk`wk n`ksequeknes tfgt bgy resuct jr`b recigkne `k
gky ikj`rbgti`k pr`vided ik tfis pulcingti`k

Mekergc ^tudies Bgkugc j`r UQ^N gkd ^tgte Qulcin ^ervine Exgbikgti`ks
Ikdigk Nucture 9? Zerkgnucgr Ikdigk Citergture

`kt kts

Nfgpter 7.
Gssgbese Citergture ............................................................................................. 4
Dfrulgoy`ti L`rg ................................................................................................................. 4
^gbeer Tgkti ....................................................................................................................... 4
Firek Lfgttgnfgryyg............................................................................................................ 4
Nfgkdgkg M`swgbi.............................................................................................................5
Ikdirg M`swgbi.................................................................................................................... 5
Nfgpter <.
Egrcy gkd Bedievgc Lekmgci Citergture .................................................................. 5
Egrcy Citergture? Nfgrygpgdgs ............................................................................................. 5
Ikjcuekne `j Zidygpgti / Nfgkdidgs ...................................................................................... :
Devec`pbekt `j Lekmgci Citergture ik 74 tf -75tf nektury - Bgkmgc-Hvyg ......................... :
Nfgitgkyg Lfgmgvgtg .......................................................................................................... :
Nfgitgkyg Nfgritgbritg ....................................................................................................... :
Nfgpter >.
B`derk Lekmgci Citergture .................................................................................... :
N`ktriluti`k `j \gog \gbb`fuk \`y .................................................................................. =
Dikglgkdfu Bitrg Kic Dgrpgk........................................................................................... =
Isfwgr Nfgkdrg Zidygsgmgr ................................................................................................ =
Binfgec Bgdfusudgk Dutt ................................................................................................... =
Lgkhib Nfgkdrg Nfgtt`pgdfygy ......................................................................................... =
Isfwgr Nfgkdrg Muptg......................................................................................................... =
Bir B`sfgrrgj F`ssgik ......................................................................................................... 6
\glikdrgkgtf Tgm`re...........................................................................................................6
Hgzi Kgzruc Iscgb................................................................................................................. 6
Kuruc B`bek .......................................................................................................................9
^grgt Nfgkdrg Nfgtt`pgdfygy ............................................................................................ 9
Lilfutilfusfgk Lgkdy`pgdfygy ......................................................................................... 9
Tgrgsgkhgr Lgkdy`pgdfygy ................................................................................................ 9
Gsfgp``rkg Devi ................................................................................................................. 9
^ulfgsf Buhf`pgdfygy....................................................................................................71
Bgfgswetg Devi ................................................................................................................ 71
Nfgpter 4.
Fikdi Citergture Lriej Fist`ry ........................................................................... 71
Gdihgc ................................................................................................................................ 71
Lfghti Hgc ..........................................................................................................................71
\itihgc ................................................................................................................................ 77
Gdfukih Hgc ....................................................................................................................... 77
Nfgpter 5.
Ibp`rtgkt ]riters gkd Q`ets `j Fikdi ................................................................. 7>
Nfgkd Lgrdgi.....................................................................................................................7>
\gbgkgkdg ....................................................................................................................... 7>
Bgcih Bufgbbgd Ogygsi ................................................................................................... 7>
M`swgbi Tucsidgs..............................................................................................................7>
^urdgs ............................................................................................................................... 7>
Hglir .................................................................................................................................. 7>
\gfib ................................................................................................................................ 74
Beerg ................................................................................................................................ 74
Qrebnfgkd ........................................................................................................................74
Lfgrgtekdu Fgrisfnfgkdrg ............................................................................................... 75
Bgfgvir Qrgsgd Dwivedi .................................................................................................... 75
Bgitfici ^fgrgk Mupt.......................................................................................................... 75
Bghfgkcgc Nfgturvedi ....................................................................................................... 75
Ogisfgkhgr Qrgsgd ............................................................................................................. 7:
^uryghgkt Tripgtfi 'Kirgcg' ................................................................................................. 7:
^gnfnfidgkgkdg Zgtsygygk .............................................................................................. 7:
Bgfgdevi Zgrbg ............................................................................................................... 7:
Nfgpter :.
Muogrgti Citergture .............................................................................................. 7:

Gnfgryg Febgnfgkdrg ...................................................................................................... 7:

Kgrsi
Beftg
.......................................................................................................................
7=
^fgbgc
Lfgtt
.................................................................................................................... 7=
Kgrbgdgsfgkhgr Dgve......................................................................................................7=
<17> ^uresf ^`ki | Gcc \imfts \eserved | Ebgic? suresfAmht`dgy.ik

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Mekergc ^tudies Bgkugc j`r UQ^N gkd ^tgte Qulcin ^ervine Exgbikgti`ks
Ikdigk Nucture 9? Zerkgnucgr Ikdigk Citergture

H B Buksfi ........................................................................................................................ 7=
Ubgsfgkhgr O`sfi ............................................................................................................. 7=
Nfgpter =.
Hgkkgdg Citergture ............................................................................................. 7=
Hgvirgogbgrmg ................................................................................................................... 7=
Qgbpg ............................................................................................................................... 76
Hebpu Kgrgygkg...............................................................................................................76
Huvebpu ...........................................................................................................................76
Nfgkdrgsfehfgrg Hgblgrg ............................................................................................... 76
Nfgpter 6.
Hgsfbiri Citergture ............................................................................................. 76
\efbgk \gfi ..................................................................................................................... 76
Nfgpter 9.
Bgcgygcgb Citergture ......................................................................................... 76
\gbgnfgritgb ................................................................................................................... 76
Nferusseri Kgbl``diri.......................................................................................................76
Ezfuttgnfnfgk ................................................................................................................... 79
Hubgrgk Gsgk ...................................................................................................................79
M. ^gkhgrg Hurup .............................................................................................................. 79
@. K. Z. Hurup .................................................................................................................... 79
Nfgpter 71.
Bgrgtfi Citergture ........................................................................................... 79
Egrciest devec`pbekt `j Bgrgtfi ukder Ygdgvgs ..............................................................79
^gkt Dkygkesfwgr / Okgkgdev .......................................................................................... 79
^gkt Tuhgrgb ....................................................................................................................<1
^gbgrtf \gbdgs...............................................................................................................<1
Oy`tilg Qfuce .....................................................................................................................<1
M`pgc Fgri Desfbuhf (C`hfitwgdi).................................................................................... <1
Bgfgdev M`vikd \gkgde ...................................................................................................<7
Fgri Kgrgygk Gpte ............................................................................................................. <7
Zisfku ^ghfgrgb Hfgkdehgr ............................................................................................. <7
Husubgmrgo (Zisfku Z bgk ^firwdhgr) ........................................................................... <7
Nfgpter 77.
@diyg Citergture .............................................................................................. <7
Nfgrygpgdgs ..................................................................................................................... <7
^grgcg Dgs .........................................................................................................................<<
Qgknfgsghfg ..................................................................................................................... <<
Upekdrg Lfgkog.................................................................................................................<<
\gdfgkgtf \gy ..................................................................................................................<<
Jghir B`fgk ^ekgpgti ........................................................................................................ <<
M`pglgkdfu Dgs ............................................................................................................... <<
M`pgcg Nfgkdrg Qrgfgrgo .................................................................................................. <<
M`pikgtf B`fgkty ............................................................................................................. <<
^itghgkt Bgfgpgtrg .......................................................................................................... <>
Qrgtilfg \gy ......................................................................................................................<>
Nfgpter 7<.
Qukogli Citergture ............................................................................................ <>
Lglg Jgrid .........................................................................................................................<>
^fgf Fussgik .....................................................................................................................<>
Luccef ^fgf ....................................................................................................................... <>
]gris ^fgf ........................................................................................................................ <4
Kgkgh ^ikmf ...................................................................................................................... <4
Gbritg Qritgb ....................................................................................................................<4
^uroit Qgtgr ........................................................................................................................ <4
Nfgpter 7>.
Tgbic Citergture .............................................................................................. <5

Gcvgr ^gikts ....................................................................................................................... <5

Kgygkgr ^gikts .................................................................................................................. <5
Hgblgk ............................................................................................................................. <5
^ulrgbgkyg Lfgrgtfi ....................................................................................................... <5
Lfgrgtfidgsgk ................................................................................................................... <:
M`pgcghrisfkg
Lfgrgtfi
.....................................................................................................<:
Nfgpter
74.
Tecumu
Citergture.............................................................................................
<:
Kgkkgyg, Tihhgkg gkd Yerrgprgmgdg ................................................................................ <:
Hrisfkg Devg \gyg / Gstgdimmgog ...................................................................................... <:
<17> ^uresf ^`ki | Gcc \imfts \eserved | Ebgic? suresfAmht`dgy.ik

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Mekergc ^tudies Bgkugc j`r UQ^N gkd ^tgte Qulcin ^ervine Exgbikgti`ks
Ikdigk Nucture 9? Zerkgnucgr Ikdigk Citergture

Tekgci \gbg ...................................................................................................................... <=

Tygmgrgog .......................................................................................................................... <=
Tirupgti Zekhgtg Hgvucu .................................................................................................... <=
Ziswgkgtfg ^gtygkgrgygkg .............................................................................................. <=

Nfgpter 7.

Gssgbese Citergture

Dfrulgoy`ti L`rg

Dfrulgoy`ti L`rg is tfe Muwgfgti-lgsed Gssgbese pcgywrimft, wf` wgs

gwgrded <119 ^gfityg Gngdeby gwgrd j`r fis k`vec "Hgtfg \gtkghgr".

Fe fgs pulcisfed k`vecs tfese gre tfgt ikncude Hgcgktgrgr Mgdyg (Qr`se `j
Tebpest), Teo`r Gkdfgr(Dgrhkess `j Lc``d) gkd Grtf (Begkikm), g tric`my
lgsed `k trgmedy `j Gssgb fgve leek gnhk`wcedmed gs bgo`r citergry
nregti`ks.

^gbeer Tgkti

^gbeer Tgkti is g rek`wked Gssgbese p`et. Fe wgs gwgrded tfe prestimi`us

Gssgb Zgccey Citergry Gwgrd j`r tfe yegr <17<. Tfe gwgrd, ikstituted ly
]iccigbs`k Bgm`r Edungti`k Trust, is mivek t` preserve gkd pr`b`te tfe rinf
citergry feritgme `j Gssgb.

^gbeer Tgkti fgs pekked 7< n`ccenti`ks `j p`ebs, j`ur nritingc gkd citergry
essgy n`ccenti`ks, tw` trgkscgti`ks `j Gjringk p`ebs gkd c`ve s`kms gkd
Ogpgkese c`ve p`etry gkd tw` st`ry n`ccenti`ks.

^`be `j fis pr`bikekt pulcingti`ks gre Yuddfglfubir Hglitgg , Hgdgb Qfucgr \gti ,
^f`hgh``c Upgtyghg gkd ^`b`y ^gld` ^`puk.

Firek Lfgttgnfgryyg

Firek Lfgttgnfgryyg (79><-<17<) wgs g p`pucgr gkd necelrgted

Gssgbese p`et gkd wikker `j tfe ^gfityg Ghgdebi Gwgrd gkd
severgc f`k`urs.

Q`pucgrcy hk`wk gs Firu-dg, Lfgttgnfgryyg wgs widecy hk`wk j`r

usikm sibpce w`rds ik fis p`ebs, tfr`umf wfinf fe n`ucd estglcisf

dirent n`bbukingti`k witf fis regders. Fe p`ssessed g cgrme

v`nglucgry `j sibpce Gssgbese w`rds, very rgre ik n`ktebp`rgry
Gssgbese citergture.

Fe fgd t` fis kgbe 71 gktf`c`mies `j p`ebs gpgrt jr`b tw` n`ccenti`ks `j rfybes j`r
nficdrek. Fe w`k tfe ^gfityg Ghgdebi Gwgrd ik 799< j`r fis gktf`c`my `j p`ebs ^ginf`r
Qgtfgr Bgkuf.

<17> ^uresf ^`ki | Gcc \imfts \eserved | Ebgic? suresfAmht`dgy.ik

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Mekergc ^tudies Bgkugc j`r UQ^N gkd ^tgte Qulcin ^ervine Exgbikgti`ks
Ikdigk Nucture 9? Zerkgnucgr Ikdigk Citergture

Nfgkdgkg M`swgbi

Nfgkdgkg M`swgbi is gk Gssgbese ]riter gkd wikker `j ^gfityg Ghgdebi Gwgrd <17< j`r
fis w`rh "Qgthgi Epgre B`r Des".

Ikdirg M`swgbi

Ikdirg M`swgbi (794<-<177) wgs gk Gssgbese edit`r, p`et, pr`jess`r, snf`cgr gkd writer,
wf` used t` write witf tfe pek kgbe Bgb`ki \gis`b
M`swgbi. ^fe w`k tfe ^gfityg Ghgdebi Gwgrd (796>) gkd

Okgkpitf Gwgrd (<117). Ik <11<, sfe wgs gcs` k`bikgted j`r

Qgdbg ^fri, wfinf sfe rejused t` gnnept.

^fe gcs` w`rhed gs bedigt`r letweek Ukited Cilergti`k

Jr`kt `j Gs`b (UCJG) gkd tfe M`verkbekt `j Ikdig. Fer
ikv`cvebekt

ced

t`

N`ksuctgtive

Mr`up,

tfe
g

pegne n`bbittee.

^fe rejerred t` fersecj gs

gk

"`lserver"

`j

tfe

pegne pr`ness rgtfer tfgk

gs g bedigt`r `r ikitigt`r.
^fe wgs gwgrded tfe
Gblgssgd`r

j`r

Qegne

jr`b tfe Ikter \ecimi`us

gkd
Jedergti`k

Ikterkgti`kgc
j`r

j`rbgti`k

`j

tfe

Qe`pce's

Tfe Lr`kze ^w`rd `j Tfekmpfghfri Tefsicdgr

@ke `j tfe b`st k`tglce k`vecs `j Ikdirg M`swgbi is `k tfe cemekdgry L`d`
fer`ike Tfekmpfghfri, wf` fgd gppgrektcy w`rhed gs g Tefsicdgr durikm tfe
Lritisf remibe ik Gssgb. Tfis k`vec wgs Ikdirgs cgst w`rh `j jinti`k.
Tfekmpfghfri wgs g tefsicdgr (tgx n`ccent`r) ik Lioki hikmd`b ik c`wer Gssgb
tfgt wgs tfek ruced ly tfe Lritisf. It wgs tfe cgte 79tf nektury gkd
Tfekmpfghfri wgs tfe jirst w`bgk t` jicc tfe p`st.
Tfekmpfghri wgs ikitigccy ik jgv`ur `j tfe Lritisf lenguse tfey sfiecded tfe
pe`pce jr`b iknursi`ks ly tfe Lfutgkese grby. F`wever, sfe s``k jgned gk
ikker n`kjcint wfek sfe j`ukd tfe n`c`kigc tgxes were bichikm p``r jgrbers `j
tfeir cgst pekkies ik g dr`umft-fit yegr. Tfe k`vec ekds witf Tfekmpfghfri
pinhikm up fer jgbed lr`kze sw`rd t` o`ik tfe ukdermr`ukd kgti`kgcist
b`vebekt.
Tfe k`vec vividcy desnriles tfe cije `j g wid`w turked Lritisf @jjinigc ik tfe
tibes wfere w`bek secd`b stepped `ut `j tfeir f`bes, nficd bgrrigmes were
n`bb`k gkd, ik g hikmd`b kegrly, jive queeks lurked `k tfeir fuslgkds pyre.

]`rcd

Qegne.

^fe gcs` reneived Gs`b \gtkg - tfe fimfest nivicigk gwgrd ik Gssgb. Tfe k`tglce w`rhs gre

"Tfe ^fgd`w `j Hgbghfyg", "Qgmes stgiked witf Lc``d" `r "Tfe B`tf-Egtek F`wdgf `j tfe
Tusher" gkd "Tfe Lr`kze ^w`rd `j Tfekmpfghfri Tefsicdgr".
Nfgpter <.

Egrcy gkd Bedievgc Lekmgci Citergture

Egrcy Citergture? Nfgrygpgdgs

Nfgrygpgdg is n`ksidered t` le tfe egrciest extgkt w`rh ik tfe jiecd `j Lekmgci, Gssgbese,
@diyg gs wecc gs tfe Bgitfici Cgkmugme. Its g n`ccenti`k `j Luddfist bystingc p`ebs `r s`kms
lec`kmikm t` 6tf7<tf nektury.

Tfese s`kms fgve tfe ecebekt `j tfe ritugc mgtferikm `j prgntiti`kers ik g tgktrin jegst. Tfe
Nfgrygpgdgs were writtek ly tfe Bgfgsiddfgs `r ^iddfgnfgrygs, wf` lec`kmed t` tfe
vgri`us remi`ks `j Gssgb, Lekmgc, @disfg gkd Lifgr. Nfgrygpgdg is gcs` tfe n`ccenti`k `j tfe
`cdest verses writtek ik pre-B`derk Lekmgci.

<17> ^uresf ^`ki | Gcc \imfts \eserved | Ebgic? suresfAmht`dgy.ik

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