Trigo. Notes 2014

t; kadj Hkksys dh Trigonometric Function, Ratios &
Classes By Deepesh Chaturvedi Mob. 9303!0!"9

Trigonometric Functions, Ratios & Identities
Points to be Remember
(i)
c
g
,
_

2
100 90
0

(ii)
" 8 . 44 ' 17 57
180
1
0
0

,
_
c
(opprox.)
(iii) fMxzh dks jsfM;u esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s
,
_
180
ls
xq.kk djsaA
(iv) jsfM;u dks fMxzh esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s
,
_
180
ls
xq.kk djsaA
(v) fMxzh dks xzsM esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s
9
10
ls xq.kk
djsaA
(vi) xszM dks fMxzh esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s
10
9
ls xq.kk
djsa A
(vii) jsfM;u dks xzsM esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s
200
ls
xq.kk djsaA
(viii) xszM dks jsfM;u esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s
200
ls
xq.kk djsaA
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS #$%dks.k$erh; vu&ikr'
h
p
sin ,
h
b
cos ,
b
p
tan
p
h
ec cos
,
b
h
sec ,
p
b
cot
Identities #lo(l$edk;sa'
ec cos
1
sin ,
sec
1
cos ,
cot
1
tan ,
tan
1
cot
cos
1
sec ,
sin
1
cos ec ,
cos
sin
tan ,
sin
cos
cot
(i)
1 cos sin
2 2
+
;

2 2
2 2
sin 1 cos
cos 1 sin

(ii)

2 2
sec tan 1 +
;
1 tan sec
1 sec tan
2 2
2 2

tan sec
1
tan sec
+ or

tan sec
1
tan sec
+

(iii)

2 2
cos cot 1 ec +
;
1 cot cos
1 cos cot
2 2
2 2

ec
ec

cot cos
1
cot cos
+
ec
ec or

cot cos
1
cot cos
+

ec
ec
$%dks.k$erh; vu&ikrksa ds Domain (izkUr & Range
ifjlj
Domain
(izkUr
Range
(ifjlj
sin
R [1, 1
cos
R [1, 1
tan
!
2
) 1 2 "(

+ n R
R or (, )
ec cos )! "( n R ) , 1 [ 1 , ( ) 1 , 1 ( or R
sec
!
2
) 1 2 "(

+ n R
) , 1 [ 1 , ( ) 1 , 1 ( or R
cot )! "( n R ) , ( or R

#ax . $ #in. %a&'es #e)*ke o +;,ure eku'
nN, Functions Max. Min.
1 2 1 2
) (cos $ ) (sin
+ + n n

1 1
1 2
) (tan
+ n
1 2
cot
+ n
Does not exist
()
Does not exist
()
1 2
) (cos
+ n
ec
&(sec
)n!1
Does not exist
()
Does not exist
()
n n 2 2
) (cos $ ) (sin
1 (")
n n 2 2
) (cot $ ) (tan

(does not exist)
"
n n
ec
2 2
) (sec $ ) (cos

(does not exist)
1
#ings o$ Trigonometrica%&Ratios ('#T( Ru%e)
$%dks.k$erh; vu&ikrksa ds $p+) ( '#T( fu;e)
-ijksDr lkj.kh dh $o.r/r tkudkjh ds $y;s0 ist ua1 2
3sa4ks5
la;&Dr dks.kksa ds $%dks.k$erh; vu&ikr (()ratios *or
+o,po'n- .n/&es)
.
0
+
1
2
p

(i) B A B A B A sin cos cos sin ) sin( t t
(ii) B A B A B A sin sin cos cos ) cos( t
(iii)
B A
B A
B A
tan tan 1
tan tan
) tan(
t
t
(iv) ( )
A B
B A
B A
cot cot
1 cot cot
cot
t
t

(v)
( )
( ) ) cos )(cos cos .(cos sin sin ) sin (sin
cos cos sin sin sin ) sin(
2 2 2 2
A B A B B A B A
A B B A B A B A
+ +
+
(vi)
( ) ( )
( ) ) sin )(cos sin (cos ) sin (cos sin cos
sin cos sin cos cos cos
2 2 2 2
A B A B B A B A
A B B A B A B A
+ +
+
(vii)
,
_
+

,
_
4
cot
1 cot
1 cot
sin cos
sin cos
tan 1
tan 1
4
tan
(viii)
,
_
+
+

,
_
4
cot
1 cot
1 cot
sin cos
sin cos
tan 1
tan 1
4
tan
(ix)
( )
( ) B A
B A
B A
B A
+
sin
sin
tan tan
tan tan
(x)
C B A C B A C B A cos sin cos cos cos sin ) sin( + + +
C B A C B A sin sin sin sin cos cos +
(xi) ( ) C B A C B A cos cos cos sin + +
( ) C B A C B A tan tan tan tan tan tan + +
(xii) ( ) C B A C B A cos cos cos cos + +
C B A C B A C B A sin sin cos sin cos sin cos sin sin
(xiii) ( ) C B A C B A cos cos cos cos + +
( ) A C C B B A tan tan tan tan tan tan 1
(xiv)
( )
A C C B B A
C B A C B A
C B A
tan tan tan tan tan tan 1
tan tan tan tan tan tan
tan

+ +
+ +
vioR;Z dks.kksa ds f=dks.kferh; vuqikr (()Ratios *or #'&tip&e
.n/&es)
(i)

2
tan 1
tan 2
cos sin 2 2 sin
+

(ii)

2
2
2 2 2 2
tan 1
tan 1
sin 2 1 1 cos 2 sin cos 2 cos
+

(iii)

2
cos 2 2 cos 1 +
(iv)
2
sin 2 2 cos 1
(v)
2
2 cos 1
sin ,
2
2 cos 1
cos

t
+
t
(vi)
2 cos 1
2 cos 1
tan
+
2 cos 1
2 cos 1
cot
+
t
(vii)
cot 2
1 cot
tan 2
tan 1
2 cot ,
tan 1
tan 2
2 tan
2 2
2

(viii)
3
sin 4 sin 3 3 sin
(ix) cos 3 cos 4 3 cos
3

(x)
2
3
tan 3 1
tan tan 3
3 tan

cos 1
cos 1
2
tan ,
2
cos 1
2
cos ,
2
cos 1
2
sin
+
t
+
t
t
(xii)

sin
cos 1
2
cot ,
sin
cos 1
2
tan
+
:ikUrj.k lw= ((rans*or,ation 4or,'&ae)

(i)
,
_
,
_
+
+
2
cos
2
sin 2 sin sin
D C D C
D C

(ii)
,
_
,
_
+

2
sin
2
cos 2 sin sin
D C D C
D C

(iii)
,
_
,
_
+
+
2
cos
2
cos 2 cos cos
D C D C
D C

(iv)
,
_
,
_
+

2
sin
2
sin 2 cos cos
C D D C
D C
(v)
) sin( ) sin( cos sin 2 B A B A B A + +

(vi)
) sin( ) sin( sin cos 2 B A B A B A +
(vii)
) cos( ) cos( cos cos 2 B A B A B A + +

(viii)
) cos( ) cos( sin sin 2 B A B A B A +
(ix)
( ) + + + + C B A C B A sin sin sin sin

,
_
,
_
,
_
+
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4
A C C B B A
(x)
( ) + + + + + C B A C B A cos cos cos cos
)
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
A C C B B A
Im*ortant Resu%ts #e)6oi,.k( i$j.kke'
(i)
x
x
1
tan sec tan sec +
+
y
ec y ec
1
cot cos cot cos
(ii)

sin 2
2 sin
2 cos ... .......... 2 cos 2 cos cos cos
1 3 2
n
n
n
2

(iii)
..... 2 tan 2 2 tan 2 tan cot
2 2

) 2 cot( 2 2 tan 2
1 1

+ +

n n n n
or
.... 2 tan 2 2 tan 2 tan
2 2
+ +

cot 2 cot 2 2 tan 2
1 1
+ +
+ + n n n n

(i+)
3 sin
4
1
3
sin
3
sin . sin
,
_

,
_
3 cos
4
1
3
cos
3
cos cos
,
_

,
_
3 tan
3
tan
3
tan tan
,
_

,
_
+
(+i)
1
2
) 1 (
sin ......
3
sin
2
sin sin

n
n
n
n
n n n

(+ii)
( )
1
2
1
2
1 2
sin ........
2
5
sin
2
3
sin
2
sin

n
n
n
n n n

(+iii)
'
,
_
+ + +

a
b
b a b a
1 2 2
tan sin cos sin

'
,
_
+

b
a
b a
1 2 2
tan cos
,
_
,
_
+

a
b
b a b a
1 2 2
tan sin cos sin

,
_
,
_
+ +

b
a
b a
1 2 2
tan cos
(ix)

2 2 4 4
cos sin 2 1 cos sin +

2 2 5 5
cos sin 3 1 cos sin +
(x)
cos 2 2 cos 2 2 ( .. .......... 2 2 2 + + + + + +
n
times n

$%dks.k$erh; 7yuksa ds e)*ke r8kk +;,ure eku
Maximum & Minimum +a%ues o$ T Functions
(i)
2 2 2 2
,in
,
,ax
sin cos
cos sin
b a b a
b a
or
b a
+
+
t
t

(ii)
ab
b a
2 ,in
,ax
cot tan
2 2

+
(iii)
2 2 2 2
, ,in
,ax
tan sec
b a b a
undefined
b a

t
(i+)
smaller is which b or a
greater is which b or a
b a
+
,in
,ax
cos sin
2 2

(+)
even is n if
odd is n if
n
n
n n
0
2
1
,in
2
1
,ax
cos sin

9kkud dks.kksa ds $y;s lkj.kh (Trigo. ratio $or #ome #tandard 'ng%es)
'ng%e
Ratio
", -", )., /", 0", 1", 1-., 1.", 11",
sin 0
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
0
cos 1
2
3
2
1
2
1
0
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
tan 0
3
1
1
3
not -e*ine-
vfukkZfjr
3
1
3
1
0
cot not -e*ine-
vfukkZfjr
3
1
3
1
0
3
1
1
3
not -e*ine-
vfukkZfjr
sec 1
3
2
2
2 not -e*ine-
vfukkZfjr
2
3
2
1
cosec not -e*ine-
vfukkZfjr
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
2 not -e*ine-
vfukkZfjr
a, b 0

d&: e)6oi,.k( dks.kksa ds $%dks.k$erh; vu&ikrksa ds eku
(Tab%e $or t2e +a%ues o$ Trigonometrica% Ratios $or #ome Im*ortant 'ng%es)
.n/&e
Ratio
156 186
2
1
22

356 756
sin
2 2
1 3
4
1 5
2
2 2
4
5 2 10
2 2
1 3 +
cos
2 2
1 3 +
4
5 2 10 +
2
2 2 +
4
1 5 +
2 2
1 3
tan
3 2
5
5 10 25
1 2 5 2 5 3 2 +
cot
3 2 + 5 2 5 + 1 2 +
,
_
+
5
2
1
3 2
sec
) 2 5 (
,
_
5
2
2
2 2 4
1 5 2 5 +
cosec
2 5 + 1 5 +
2 2 4 +
5
2
2 +
2 5
;k<k&dj.k l,%ksa dh rk$ydk (Tab%e $or Reduction Formu%ae)
+
2
+
2
3
+
2
3 2 + 2
sin cos cos sin
sin cos cos sin sin sin
cos sin sin cos cos sin sin cos cos cos
tan cot cot tan tan cot cot tan tan tan
cot tan tan cot cot tan tan cot cot cot
sec cosec cosec sec sec cosec cosec sec sec sec
cosec sec sec cosec cosec sec sec cosec cosec cosec

$%dks.k$erh; lehdj.k r8kk i=$rykse $%dks.k$erh; 7yu
>;kid )y (3enera% so%utions)
(i) sin 7 0 7 n , n 8
cos 7 0 7
2
) 1 2 (

+ n or
2
+ n , n
8
tan 7 0 7 n n 8
sin 7 1 7
2
2

+ n or
2
) 1 4 (

+ n ,
n 8
cot 7 0 7
2
) 1 2 (

+ n
sec 7 0 $ cosec 7 0 9o so&'tion
(ii) sin 7 sin 7 n : (1)
n

cos 7 cos 7 2n t
tan 7 tan 7 n :
tan 7 tan 7 n
(iii) sin
2
7 sin
2

cos
2
7 cos
2
7 n t
tan
2
7 tan
2

(iv) ;sin ; 7 sin
;cos ; 7 cos 7 n t
;tan ; 7 tan
(v) sin 7 sin $ cos 7 cos 7 2n :
cos 7 cos $ tan 7 tan 7 2n :
tan 7 tan $ sin 7 sin 7 2n :
Im*ortant Resu%ts
(i) tan p : tan < : tan r 7 tan p tan < tan r
1
]
1
+ +
r q p
n
(ii) tan p t tan < t tan p tan < 7

q p
n
t
+
1
tan
(iii) sin p 7 sin < 7
q p
n
2
,
q p
m
+
+ ) 1 2 (
(iv) cos p 7 cos < 7
q p
n
t
2
(v) tan p 7 tan < 7
q p
n
i=$rykse $%dks.k$erh; 7yu

(In+erse Trigonometric Functions)
!kzfrykse
f=dks.kferh; "yu
!kzkar
Domain
!kjkl (Range)
x
1
sin
[)1,1
1
]
1
2
,
2

x
1
cos
[)1,1 [0,
x
1
tan
() , )
,
_
2
,
2

x ec
1
cos

() ,)1
[1, )
{ } 0
2
,
2

1
]
1

x
1
sec
(,1
[1, )
[0,
'
x
1
cot
(, ) (0, )
i=$rykse $%dks.k$erh; 7yuksa ds i=?&.k @
(Pro*erties o$ In+erse Trigonometric Functions)
1. (i) sin
1
(sin x) 7 x 7 sin(sin
)1
x)
x
1
]
1
2
,
2

x [)1,1
(ii) cos
)1
(cos x) 7 x 7 cos (cos
)1
x)
x
, 0 [
x [1,1
(iii) tan
1
(tan x) 7 x 7 tan(tan
)1
x)
x
,
_
2
,
2

x R
(iv) cot
1
(cot x) 7 x 7 cot(cot
)1
x)
x (
, 0
) x R
(v) cosec
1
(cosec x) 7 x 7 cosec(cosec
)1
x)
x
1
]
1
2
,
2

"0! x R (1,1)
(vi) sec
1
(sec x) 7 x 7 sec(sec
)1
x)
x [0,
'
x R (1,1)
2. x x
1 1
sin ) ( sin

x x
1 1
cos ) ( cos

x x
1 1
tan ) ( tan

x x
1 1
cot ) ( cot

x ec x ec
1 1
cos ) ( cos

x x
1 1
sec ) ( sec

3.
,
_

x
ec x
1
cos sin
1 1
,
_

x
x ec
1
sin cos
1 1
,
_

x
x
1
sec cos
1 1

,
_

x
x
1
cos ) ( sec
1 1
0
1
cot tan
1 1
>
,
_

x
x
x
0
1
cot ) ( tan
1 1
<
,
_

x
x
x
0
1
tan ) ( cot
1 1
>
,
_

x
x
x
0 < +
,
_

x
x
x
1
tan cot
1 1
4. 2 = cos sin
1 1
+

x x
2 = sec cos
1 1
+

x x ec
2 = cot tan
1 1
+

x x
5. (i)
1 1 1
tan tan tan

+ y x
1 $
0 ,
1 <
,
_
+
xy
y x
xy
y x

1
tan
+
1 $
0 ,
1 >
,
_
+
xy
y x
xy
y x
(ii)
1 1 1
tan tan tan

y x
0 ,
1

,
_
y x
xy
y x
(iii) 0 , 2 = tan tan
1 1
+

y x y x
1 $ xy
(iv)
1 1 1
sin sin sin

+ y x
1
0 ,
1 1
2 2
2 2
+
'
+
y x
y x
x y y x
1
sin

2 1
0 ,
1 1
2 2
2 2
>/ > +
'
+
y x
y x
x y y x
(v)
1 1 1
sin sin sin

y x
0 , 1 1
2 2
'
y x x y y x
(vi)
1 1 1
cos cos cos

+ y x
0 , 1 1
2 2
'
y x y x xy
(vii)
1 1 1
cos cos cos

y x
0 , 1 1
2 2
'
+ y x y x xy
$
y x <
(viii)
1 1 1 1
tan tan tan tan

+ + z y x
,
_

+ +
zx zy xy
xyz z y x
1

5. (i)
1 1
sin sin 2

x

,
_
2
1 2 x x
(ii) ) 1 2 ( cos cos 2
2 1 1

x x
(iii)
1 1
tan tan 2

x

,
_
2
1
2
x
x
1
sin

,
_
+
2
1
2
x
x
1
cos
,
_
2
2
1
1
x
x
1
cot
,
_

x
x
2
1
2
1
cos

ec

,
_
+
x
x
2
1
2
7
1
sec
,
_
+
2
2
1
1
x
x
(iv) ) 4 3 ( sin sin 3
3 1 1
x x x

(v) ) 3 4 ( cos cos 3
3 1 1
x x x

(vi)
x
1
tan 3
1
tan
,
_
2
3
3 1
3
x
x x

9ote
(i)
4 = 3 3 tan 2 tan 3 tan 2 tan 1 tan
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +

(ii)
) 2 = 1 ( tan 2 = ) 3 = 1 ( tan ) 2 = 1 ( tan 1 tan
1 1 1 1
+ +
4 = 3 = 1 ( tan
1
+

i=$r.8kkiu (Pro*er #ubstitutions)
(i)

2 2
x a
x 7 a sin ;k a cos
(ii)
+
2 2
x a
x 7 a tan ;k a cot
(iii)

2 2
a x
x 7 a sec ;k a cosec
(iv)
t
x a
x a
x 7 a cos 2 ;k a cos
$%Hk&tksa ds i=?&.k (Pro*erties
o$ Triang%es)
., 2, + ds dks.k
a 7 2+ , c 7 .2 , 1 7 +.
#kq$kvksa dh ya%k&Z;k'
a : 1 : c 7 2s 7 ifjeki, s 7 vkZ
ifjeki .
(1) A;k $u;e (#ine Ru%e)
k
C
c
B
b
A
a

sin sin sin
a > 1 > c > > sin . > sin 2 > sin + a&so

c
c
b
B
a
A sin sin sin
(2) dksA;k $u;e ((osine Ru%e)
bc
a c b
A
2
cos
2 2 2
+

A bc c b a cos 2
2 2 2
+
A
(
)
c 1
a

ac
b c a
B
2
cos
2 2 2
+
B ac a c b cos 2
2 2 2
+
ab
c b a
C
2
cos
2 2 2
+
C ab b a c cos 2
2 2 2
+
(3) i=Bksi $u;e (Pro4ection Ru%e)
B c C b a cos cos +
C a A c b cos cos +
A b B a c cos cos +
(4)
bc
c s b s A ) )( (
2
sin

,
ca
a s c s B ) )( (
2
sin

ab
b s a s C ) )( (
2
sin

(5)
bc
a s s A ) (
2
cos

,
ac
b s s B ) (
2
cos

ab
c s s C ) (
2
cos

(5)
) (
) )( (
2
tan
a s s
c s b s A

,
) (
) )( (
2
tan
c s s
b s a s C
) (
) )( (
2
tan
b s s
a s c s B
uCD;j dh vu&Eirk (Na*ier5s 'na%og6)

(7)
2
cot
2
tan
C
b a
b a B A
+

,
_

2
cot
2
tan
A
c b
c b C B
+

,
_

,
2
cot
2
tan
B
a c
a c A C
+

,
_

(8) ;f* 7 f=#kq$ dk +ks="y
7 ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s (;f* l#kh #kq$k,
' *h x&Z -ksa)
7 C ab B ca A bc sin
2
1
sin
2
1
sin
2
1

(*ks #kq$k;sa r.kk /uds %h0 dk
dks.k f*;k -ks)
7
) sin(
sin sin
2
1
2
C B
C B a
+
7
) sin(
sin sin
2
1
2
A C
A C b
+
7
) sin(
sin sin
2
1
2
B A
B A c
+
(*ks dks.k r.kk ,d
#kq$k *h -ks)
(9)
3
) )( )( (
2
tan .
2
tan .
2
tan
s
c s b s a s C B A
s
c s B A
2
tan
2
tan ,
s
a s C B
2
tan
2
tan
s
b s A C
2
tan
2
tan
(10)
+
) (
2
cot
2
tan
2
tan
c s c
s
C
c
B A
(11)

) )( (
2
tan
2
tan
c s b a B A
(12) b a c a c b c b a > + > + > + , ,
(f=#kq$ dh *ks #kq$kvksa dk ;ksx l*1o rhljh
#kq$k ls vfkd -ksrk -1), lk.k -h
b a c a c b c b a < < < ? , ? , ?
(13) ;f* a, 1 *ks l%ls 2ks3h (s,a&&er) #kq$k;sa r.kk c
l%ls %M4h (/reatest) -ks5 r%
2 2 2
b a c + < U;wudks.k f=#kq$ -ksxk 6
2 2 2
b a c + ledks.k f=#kq$ -ksxk 6
2 2 2
b a c + > vfkd dks.k f=#kq$ -ksxk
6
(14) l%ls %M4h #kq$k ds lkeus okyk dks.k5 l%ls
%M4k (/reatest) -ksrk -1A
l%ls 2ks3h #kq$k ds lkeus okyk dks.k l%ls
2ks3k (&east) -ksrk -1A
(15) l%ls %M4h #kq$k ij Mkys x;s ya% dh ya%k&Z
U;wure (&east) -ksrh -1A
l%ls 2ks3h #kq$k ij Mkys x;s yaa% dh ya%k&Z
vfkdre (/reatest) -ksrh -1A
(15) ;f* dks.k lekarj 7s.kh (..@) esa -ks r% 2 7 506
l*1o
(i)
ac b c a b c a 3 ) )( ( + + +
(ii)
c b a a b c b + +
+
+
+
3 1 1
(17) n #kq$kvksa okys ,d %-q#kq$ (po&A/on) ds
l#kh var8 dks.kksa dk ;ksx
(n 2) 1806 ;k (n 2)
c
(18) n #kq$kvksa okys ,d %-q#kq$ (po&A/on) ds
l#kh %k9 dks.kkas dk ;ksx 3506 -ksrk -1A
(19) le%k-q f=#kq$ dk +ks="y 7
2
4
3
a
(20) ;f*
2
c b a
s
+ +
, vfkdre +ks="y 7
3 3
2
s

Trigo. Notes 2014

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Trigo. Notes 2014

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t; kadj Hkksys dh Trigonometric Function, Ratios &

Classes By Deepesh Chaturvedi Mob. 9303!0!"9

:ikUrj.k lw= ((rans*or,ation 4or,'&ae)

(ii) tan p t tan < t tan p tan < 7

i=$rykse $%dks.k$erh; 7yu

uCD;j dh vu&Eirk (Na*ier5s 'na%og6)

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