MC LC

5.1 . Tht nguyn liu v mt s quy trnh git m gia sc, gia cm ...................................... 2
5.1.1 Quy trnh git m ln, cu ....................................................................................... 2
5.1.2 Quy trnh git m tru, b ........................................................................................ 3
5.1.3 Quy trnh git m gia cm ........................................................................................ 4
5.1.4 nh hng ca k thut git m ln cht lng tht ................................................ 4
5.2. Thnh phn v cu trc ca tht ...................................................................................... 6
5.2.1 Thnh phn ca tht ....................................................................................................... 6
5.2.2 M c ............................................................................................................................. 7
5.2.2.1. Cu trc ca m c ............................................................................................... 7
5.2.2.2. Cu trc ca si c (t bo c) ............................................................................. 8
5.2.2.3. Cu trc ca vi si c (myofibril) ........................................................................ 9
5.2.2.4. Cu to ca x c (myofilament) ....................................................................... 11
5.2.2.5. Thnh phn protein c ........................................................................................ 13
5.2.3. M m ........................................................................................................................ 15
5.2.4. M lin kt .................................................................................................................. 17
5.2.4.1 Si collagen ......................................................................................................... 17
5.2.4.2 Si elastin ............................................................................................................ 17
5.3. Bin i ha sinh tht sau git m .............................................................................. 17
5.4. Mu sc ca tht v mt s phng php n nh mu sc tht ..................................... 22
5.4.1 Sc t tht ................................................................................................................ 22
5.4.2 S bin i mu sc ca tht ti ........................................................................... 26
5.4.3. Nhng yu t nh hng n mu sc ca tht ..................................................... 28
5.5. Phn loi cht lng tht ................................................................................................ 34
5.5.1.Tht bnh thng, tht PSE, tht DFD v cc yu t nh hng ............................. 34
5.5.2. Mt s phng php bo v mu sc ca tht ti ................................................ 35
5.6. Cu trc ca tht v nh hng ca s nu nng n cu trc .................................... 39
5.6.1 Cc yu t trc khi git m .................................................................................. 39
5.6.2 Cc yu t sau khi git m ..................................................................................... 40
5.6.3 nh hng ca s nu nng n cu trc ca tht ............................................... 40
5.7 Kh nng gi nc ca tht ............................................................................................ 44
5.7.1 Nc v cht lng tht .......................................................................................... 44
5.7.2. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng gi nc ca tht ......................................... 46
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................. 51


1


2
5.1 . Tht nguyn liu v mt s quy trnh git m gia sc, gia cm
5.1.1 Quy trnh git m ln, cu


3
5.1.2 Quy trnh git m tru, b


4
5.1.3 Quy trnh git m gia cm

5.1.4 nh hng ca k thut git m ln cht lng tht
a. K thut gy chong
Bt c phng php no gy chong th trc khi h tht u l yu t gy stress cho
con vt. Chnh v l do ny, cn gim thiu ti a stress to nn bng cch tin hnh
thao tc chnh xc, nhanh v hiu qu. Nu khng, tht c biu hin PSE (Pale, Soft,
Exsudative r dch, mm v ti mu), cc c tnh chc nng ca protein gim, cht
lng k thut ca tht gim v nh vy tht nguyn liu khng thch hp cho ch bin.
b. K thut ly huyt
Vic ly huyt c thc hin ng mch cnh v tnh mch cnh. Vt ct phi nh
trnh s nhim bn sau . Vic ly huyt dn n vic loi ngun cung cp oxy t
mu, kch thch s phn gii glycogen thnh axit lactic lm gim pH ca quy tht.
Tin ca qu trnh phn gii ny ty thuc vo nhiu yu t nh k thut git m,
bn cht quy tht, nhit bo qun quy tht,...
Vic ly huyt phi c tin hnh ngay, tt nht l trong pha co cng v khi th
bt tnh. Bt c mt s chm tr no cng u gy nh hng n cht lng tht. Nu
th vng vy mnh trc khi cht s sinh nhiu axit lactic tch ly trong quy tht lm
st gim nhanh pH m c sau khi h tht. Nu khng ly tit nhanh, tht c ghi nhn

5
c biu hin xut huyt trn c nhm ln vi biu hin bnh l c. Hin tng xut
huyt ny nhn thy nhiu trn th mt so vi th khe mnh.

6
5.2. Thnh phn v cu trc ca tht
5.2.1 Thnh phn ca tht
Tht l loi thc phm c hnh thnh bng cch gia cng thch ng cc sc tht
nguyn vn, hoc l mt b phn sc tht ca cc loi gia sc, gia cm (Nguyn Ngc
Tun & L Thanh Hin, 2004).



V phng din sinh l v m hc, ngi ta chia tht ra thnh: m c, m lin kt v
ton b bin th ca n, m mu, m thn kinh v bch huyt. Tuy nhin trong cng
nghip thc phm v thng nghip, ngi ta phn loi khng ch da trn cc chc
nng sinh l m cn da trn cc gi tr s dng, cho nn thnh phn ca tht c
chia thnh:
- M c
- M m
- M lin kt
- M xng-sn

7
- M mu
T l ca cc m ni trn trong cc loi tht khc nhau c trnh by trong bng 5.1.
Bng 5.1: T l (%) ca cc m trong cc loi tht (tnh theo khi lng tht x)
Loi m Tht b Tht heo Tht cu
M c
M m
M lin kt
M xng-sn
M mu
57-62
3-16
9-12
17-29
0,8-1
40-62
15-40
6-8
8-18
0,6-0,8
49-58
4-18
7-11
18-38
0,8-1
(Ngun: Nguyn Ngc Tun & L Thanh Hin, 2004)
M c v m m c xem l c gi tr s dng cao nht trong cc loi m. Thnh
phn ca tht ph thuc vo loi, ging, gii tnh, tui, iu kin chm sc v nui
dng con vt cng nh nhng thay i sau khi git m xut hin trong m di tc
dng ca enzyme, vi sinh vt, thnh phn khng kh, v cc yu t khc (Nguyn Vn
Mi, 2006).
5.2.2 M c
5.2.2.1. Cu trc ca m c
Ton b h c trong c th ng vt c chia thnh 2 nhm ln: c vn v c trn.
Trong ngnh thc phm, c vn c quan tm nghin cu v chng chim t l ln
nht trn thn tht, l ngun cung cp protein v acid amin thit yu cho nhu cu dinh
dng con ngi.


8


Hnh 5.1. Cu trc ca m c
Quan st mt bp c ct ngang (hnh 5.1), mi m c hoc bp c c bao bc bn
ngoi bi mt mng lin kt, gi l mng ngoi bp c (epimysium). Bn trong bp c
c chia thnh nhiu b c bc 1, bc 2 v bc 3. Mi b c c phn chia ring
bit v bao bc bi mt mng lin kt gi l mng bao quanh b si c (perimysium).
Trong cc b si c, mi si c c tch ring l nhau nh lp m lin kt mng gi
l mng trong c (endomysium).

5.2.2.2. Cu trc ca si c (t bo c)
Si c c hnh tr, hnh bp mng hoc hnh thoi, thon hai u v c kch thc ln.
Mt si c c ng knh trung bnh khong 50m v di khong 50mm. Cng ging
nh cc loi t bo khc, xung quanh si c c bao bc bi lp mng si c cn gi
l sarcolemma. Nhng ngc li vi cc loi t bo khc, t bo c c cu trc a
nhn. Nhn ca si c nm b ngoi ca si c, thng l nm ngay di lp mng

9
si c.Chy dc theo chiu di ca si c l h thng vi qun T (T-tubules) bao vng
quanh theo chiu ngang si c. Phn cu to ln nht chim khong 80-90% cu trc
si c l cc vi si c (myofibrils). Phn nh cn li l ty th (1-5%) v h thng mng
li c tng (sarcoplasmic reticulum) (hnh 5.2).


Hnh 5.2 Cu trc ca h thng li c tng v ng vi qun T

5.2.2.3. Cu trc ca vi si c (myofibril)
Di knh hin vi in t cc vi si c c nhn thy phn bit bi cc bng ti (A
band - Anisotropic) v bng sng (I band - Isotropic) phn b sut chiu di si c
(Hnh 5.3). n v cu trc nh nht cu to nn si c c gi l n v ht c
(sarcomere) hoc n v co c vn.

Mt n v ht c c gii hn bi hai vch Z gn nhau v chng c cu to t hai
loi si mnh c kch thc phn t khc nhau gi l x c (myofilament). Hai loi x
c ny l x c dy myosin v x c mng actin. Hai loi x c ny sp xp theo mt
trnh t c bit an xen nhau theo chiu dc ca vi si c.

Quan st hnh 5.3, x c dy myosin nm trung tm ca sarcomere v khng gn vo
vch Z, c xc nh l bng ti A. Trong khi , x c mng actin ko di t vch Z
v c mt phn lng vo cc x c dy myosin. Bng ti I c xc nh l vng nm

10
gia vch Z v phn cui cng ca x c dy myosin.

Trong sut qu trnh vn ng v co c ca ng vt, chiu di ca bng ti A vn
khng thay i trong khi chiu di ca bng sng I s b ngn li. iu ny c xem
l mt quy lut c bn dn n l thuyt gii thch s co c.

Trong bng ti A, khong cch gia hai u mt ca 2 x actin lin tip nhau c gi
l bng H. Bng H l mt phn ca sarcomere m ch c si x c dy myosin v
khng c phn gn vo x actin. Nm gia bng H v cng l trung tm ca sarcomere
l ng M c hnh thnh t cc cu trc si cc mnh v c vai tr ni cc x
myosin vi nhau theo chiu ngang ca vi si c.







11

Hnh 5.3 Cu trc ca vi si c (myofbril)
(Ngun: http://www.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy)
5.2.2.4. Cu to ca x c (myofilament)

X mng:
Actin l thnh phn chnh ca x c mng. X mng c cu to t 300 phn t
actin hnh cu (G-actin), gm hai chui polypeptid xon theo kiu alpha (Hnh 5.4).
Trn chui xon kp ny 2 phn t Troponin v Tropomyosin nh theo mt trnh t
nht nh to thnh phc hp Troponin v Tropomyosin. X mng c ng knh
5-7nm v di khong 1m.


12

Hnh 5.4. Cu trc ca x actin
(Ngun: http://www.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy)

X dy
Myosin l thnh phn protein ch yu cu to nn x dy. Myosin l protein hnh si
c khi lng phn t ln khong 520 Kda v c chiu di phn t khong 170nm.
Mt phn t myosin bao gm 2 chui polypeptids xon alpha, hai u myosin nng
i xng hnh cu v hai cp myosin nh nh c biu din trong hnh 5.5. Phn ui
di l mt cun xon alpha.


Hnh 5.5 Cu trc ca mt phn t myosin

hp thnh x c dy cc phn t myosin sp xp thnh b vi nhau. Cc u phnh
hng v u t do ca x dy, cn u thon hng v im gia ca x c, ng thi
chng sp xp thnh tng i mt dc theo chiu di ca x dy sao cho khong cch
ca hai i k tip l 14,3nm v lch vo trong khng gian 120 (Hnh 5.6) (Nguyn
Ngc Tun v L Th Thanh Hin, 2004).



13

Hnh 5. 6. Mt phn x c dy myosin
(Ngun: http://www.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy)

Trong mt n v ht c, u phnh ca phn t myosin hu nh gn st vi x actin.
Khi co c, phn t myosin kt hp vi actin to thnh phc hp actomyosin (hnh 5.7).
mi x c myosin c khong 300-310 u phnh nhng ch c khong 10-20% u
phnh ny lin kt vi actin khi co c (Nguyn Ngc Tun v L Th Thanh Hin,
2004)

Hnh 5.7: S kt hp ca actin v myosin trong qu trnh co c

5.2.2.5. Thnh phn protein c
Nh c cp phn trc cu trc ca m c rt phc tp. Ngoi actin v myosin
l 2 protein c bn cu to nn m c m cn c mt s lng ln cc thnh phn
protein khc nh titin, tropomyosin, troponin, M-protein, C-protein, Cc protein ny
ng vai tr quan trng trong cu trc ca m c cng nh kim sot hot ng co c.
Bng 5.2 di y cho bit hm lng v v tr ca mt s protein cu to nn m c



14
Bng 5.2: Thnh phn protein v v tr ca chng trong m c
(Ngun: Pearson & Young, 1989)
Protein Hm
lng (%)
V tr Khi lng
phn t
(kDa)
Myosin
Actin
Titin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Nebulin
-actinin
M-protein
C-protein
Myomesin
-actinin
H-protein
Cc protein khc
45
20
8
5
5
3
2
2
2
1
<1
<1
2-3
X dy
X mng
T ng M n vch Z
X mng
X mng
Song song vi c mng n vch Z
Gia 2 vch Z
ng M
X dy
ng M
Gia 2 vch Z
X dy

520
42
28
66
69
800
204
165
130
185
66
74


5.2.2.6. Thnh phn ho hc ca m c

Bng 5.3: Thnh phn ho hc ca m c (% trn cn bn t).
(Ngun: Forrest et al., 1975)
Thnh phn Hm lng (%) Thnh phn Hm lng (%)
Nc
Protein
Vi si c
Tng c
H thng m
Lipids
75
18,5
9,5
6,0
3,0
3,0
Hp cht khng cha Nit
Creatine v Creatine
phosphate
Nuleotides (ATP, ADP,..)
Amino acid t do
Peptides (anserine,
1,5
0,5

0,3
0,3


15
Neutral lipids
Phospholipids
Cerebrosides
Cholesterol
Carnohydrates
Glycogen
Glucose

1,0
1,0
0,5
0,5
1,0
0,8
0,1

carnosine,..)
Hp cht phi protein khc
(NAF, NADP, creatinine)
Cht khong
Kali
Photpho
Lu hunh
Natri
Mt s khong khc
(magie, canxi, st, km,)
0,3
0,1

1,0
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1

Thnh phn ho hc ca m c gm c nc, protein, lipid, glucid, cc cht ho tan
cha nit v khng cha nit, cht khong, vitamin, (Bng 5.3). Nh c bit, tht
c bit l ngun dinh dng cung cp mt lng ln st dng d dng hp thu vo
c th. Trong dinh dng con ngi, tt c thnh phn ho hc ca tht c s dng
trong c th nhm mc ch sinh tng hp cc cht cn thit cho c th cng nh cung
cp nng lng cho hot ng ca c th (Nguyn Vn Mi, 2006).

5.2.3. M m
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca ng vt, mt s t bo m gia khc bit nm trong m
lin kt bt u tch lu lipids v chng c xc nh l cc nang m. Sau cc
nang m ny tip tc tch lu dn cc git lipids v cui cng chng kt hp vi nhau
to thnh cc t bo to m. Cc t bo m ny c ng knh khong 130-150m. S
tch t cc t bo to m xy ra xung quanh mch mu trn nhiu v tr khc nhau ca
c th. V t cc m m c hnh thnh ni m cc t bo m chim u th v
c kt ni vi nhau bi m lin kt khng cht ch

M m l ngun d tr nng lng trong c th ng vt. khi con vt b i, cc m
m ny sn sng gii phng cht bo vo trong mu cho cc hot ngc huyn ho
khc ca c th. Tuy nhin, i vi vt nui vi mc dinh dng cao th s tch lu
m m c khuynh hng tng theo mc trng thnh ca con vt.

16
Nhn chung c th phn bit hai loi m m trong c th ng vt l m m trng v
nu. M m mu nu l do cha hm lng ln cht nhim sc (chromatin) v loi m
m ny c kh nng bin i ngun m d tr thnh nng lng gi m cho c th
ng vt trong khi m m trng c vai tr phng thch cht bo vo mu khi c th
cn nng lng cho cc hot ng khc. Tuy nhin trong hu ht ng vt nui th loi
m m nu ny dn bin mt rt sm sau khi sinh.

Nhng m m nm trong c c gi l m trong c v to thnh vt lm m trong
khi tht nc. Trong thi gian gn y, mt lng ln ngi tiu dng c khuynh
hng a chung tht t m. Tuy nhin mt lng m va phi vn c chp nhn.

Thnh phn chnh ca m m l cc acid bo hu ht dng triglycerid v thnh phn
ny s bin i tu theo loi, ging ng vt. Heo v gia cm c thnh phn acid bo
m thng c trong thc n ca chng. V vy hm lng acid bo no trong m m
c th lm gim bng cch b sung ngun thc n giu acid bo khng no cho chng.
ng vt nhai li nh b, cu th li c nhiu acid bo no hn heo v gia cm. Hm
lng acid bo khng no c th xem nh chun mc nh gi gi tr sinh hc ca
m m. C th con ngi khng th tng hp c acid linoleic C
17
H
31
COOH v acid
linolenic C
17
H
29
COOH, nhng c th tng hp c mt phn acid arachidonic
C
19
H
31
COOH t acid linoleic.

Bng 5.4 m t hm lng cc loi acid bo thit yu c trong m ng vt.
(Ngun: Nguyn Ngc Tun v L Th Thanh Hin, 2004)

Loi m Acid linoleic (%) Acid linolenic (%) Acid arachidonic (%)
M b 2,1-2,2 0,2-0,3 0,1-0,2
M cu 1,5-2,7 0,7-0,9 0,1-0,8
M heo 4,2-9,4 0,3-0,5 0,4



17
5.2.4. M lin kt
Trong c th ng vt, m lin kt c vai tr lin kt cc b phn li vi nhau. Mng
bao ngoi c, mng bao quanh b si c, mng trong c, dy gn,u c cu to
bi m lin kt. Thnh phn c bn ca m lin kt l cc si collagen v si elastin.
Thnh phn ho hc ca m lin kt bao gm:
2 Nc: 62-74%
3 Lipid: 1,0-3,3%
4 Protein: 21-35%
5 Cht khong: 0,5-0,7%
5.2.4.1 Si collagen
n v cu to c bn ca si collagen l tropocollagen . hnh thnh si collagen,
nhng i phn t tropocollagen sp xp lin tc nhau v nm song song vi nhau to
thnh mt ng si hay tm si nhng khng an cho vo nhau. Si collagen c
khuynh hng trng ln ng k v c bn c hc ln (Nguyn Vn Mi, 2006).
Collagen khng tan trong nc nhng c kh nng trng n. N bn di tc dng
ca pepsin v tripsin v b thu phn khi c mt ca collagenase. Nghin nh v c
un nng si collagen 60-80C th s tiu ho bi pepsin tng ln.
Khi nng nhit n 90C trong thi gian ko di dn n hin tng nhit phn
tropocollagen do cc lin kt hydro gia cc phn t peptid b ph v. Sn phm ca
qu trnh ny l glutin. Glutin trng n mnh trong nc v 40C chuyn thnh
dung dch, khi h nhit ca dung dch ny s to thnh tht ng.
5.2.4.2 Si elastin
n v cu to c bn ca si elastin l cc protein hnh cu -elastin. Cc protein
hnh cu -elastin ny c ng knh 3nm, khi lng phn t khong 74.000. Elastin
c ho tan thp v c c tnh l rt bn vi acid v baze. Khc vi collagen, si
elastin bn vi nhit v khng b thay i khi nu. Trong cc dung mi c tc dng ct
t cu ni hydro th elastin b tan chy trn 100C. Elastin khng b tiu ho bi
tripsin v himotripsin nhng b thu phn chm bi pepsin pH = 2,0. Chng b thu
phn bi physin, papai, bromelin v elastase.
5.3. Bin i ha sinh tht sau git m
Sau git m cc tnh cht c bn ca tht u thay i, do s hu cc h sinh hc

18
khi cn sng. Nguyn nhn ca s phn hy ny l do s trao i cht trong cc m
cht ngng li, cc qu trnh ha sinh thun nghch bi enzyme chuyn thnh qu trnh
khng thun nghch. Cc qu trnh tng hp b nh ch v hot ng ph hy ca cc
enzyme ni ln hng u, chnh l s t phn hy (cn gi l s t phn). N l tp
hp ca cc giai on ni tip nhau: nh ch trao i cht; Phn hy cc mi lin kt
cu to thnh cc m; Phn hy cc cht chnh thnh cc cht n gin hn. Trn thc
t, ngi ta chia cc qu trnh trn thnh 2 nhm c bn:
+ S chuyn ha trong h protein dn ti s bin i chc ( mm mi) ca m
c.
+ S bin i trong h cc cht trch ly to cho tht c mi v v nht nh.
Qu trnh bin i t phn ca tht sau git m c 3 giai on: t cng, chn ti
(chn ha hc), t phn su sc (qu trnh thi ra).
5.3.1 Giai on t cng sau khi cht
Ngay sau khi git, m c tht ti nng b suy yu, c m nh, phn ng mi
trng pH 6.8, mi thm v v th hin khng r rng. Sau khi ng vt nh ch s
sng trong m c s t cng s bt u.
S pht trin t cng hon ton xy ra vi thi gian khc nhau, ph thuc vo c
im ng vt v cc iu kin xung quanh. Tht b nhit 15 18oC s t cng
hon ton bt u xy ra n 10 12 gi, nhit gn 00C sau 18 24 gi. Tht
trong giai on ny c rn tng hong 25%, cn ct tng ln hai ln v c rn
ln k c sau khi nu. Giai on ny bt li cho qu trnh ch bin, tht c tnh gi
nc km, kh nng kt ni ca protein giai on ny l km nht.
Tht trng thi t cng sau khi git, tiu ha bi enzyme pepsin km v hu nh b
tc mt mi thm v v sn c trng thi luc. T cng sau cht ca bp c l kt
qu ca s pht trin cc qu trnh ha sinh phc tp do enzyme. Ch yu l cc qu
trnh phn gii:
+ Phn hy glycogen to thnh acid lactic (glyco phn) v chuyn pH t im
trung ha v pha acid. (xy ra trong mi trng ym kh)
+ Phn hy glycogen to thnh cc gluxit c tnh kh (amilo phn).
+ Phn hy axit creatinphotphat.
+ Phn hy acid adenozintriphotphoric (ATP).

19
+ Kt hp actin vi myozin thnh phc cht actomyozin.
+ Gii phng amoniac dng mui.
Mt s trong nhng qu trnh ny l nguyn nhn trc tip dn n s t cng sau khi
git, mt s khc nh hng gin tip, cn mt s thc ba nn xem nh ng thi.
5.3.2 Giai on chn ti ca tht
Giai on chn ti gm nhng bin i v tnh cht ca tht, gy nn bi s t phn
su sc, kt qu l tht c c nhng biu hin tt v hng thm v v, tr nn mm
mi ti ngon so vi tht trng thi t cng sau khi git, tht c m ln hn v d
b tc dng ca enzyme tiu ha hn.
Mc d c nhiu nghin cu v l ha, ha sinh v m hc, nguyn nhn ch yu
ca s ci thin chc, v v mi thm ca tht trong thi k theo sau ca s pht
trin t cng sau khi git vn cn cha c xc nh r rt. C th gi thit s bin
i t phn l do tc dng ca cc enzyme phn gii protein thuc nhm catepsin cha
tng i t trong m c.
Cetepsin c tm thy trong cc c quan v m khc nhau. Tnh hot ng ca n
trong cc loi bp c khc nhau khng ng nht. Chng hn cc bp c hot ng
chn g gi t phn mnh m hn cc bp c ngc khng hot ng. Cc bp c
i gia sc c sng, th v ch c hot protein phn ln hn cc bp c trng ca
gia cm.
Sau s t cng cc i sau khi cht, tng ng vi s chuyn phn ln actomiozin t
trng thi co rt sang trng thi suy yu. Nh vy, vn lm mm m trong thi k
uchn ti lin quan vi qu trnh ngc li ca qu trnh gy nn t cng sau khi
cht h c. Bi vy s suy yu ca bp c trong thi k ny c th c c trng
nh l s phn gii ca qu trnh t cng sau khi git.
S phn ly v suy yu ca actomiozin dn n lm tng s lng trung tm a
nc ca cc protein co rt, kt qu l kh nng lin kt vi nc ca m c tng ln,
t c 85 87% theo kh nng lin kt vi nc ca tht ti. Kh nng lin kt vi
nc ca m c v sau thc t gi nguyn mc ny. S lm mm m c tip theo
c lin quan ti vic phn gii cc thnh phn cu trc ca si c di nh hng ca
enzyme phn gii protein.

20
Trong thi k u chn ti, vn tc v mc su ca s protein phn khng ng k
v cc sn phm ca s phn gii ny rt t. Tuy nhin trong thi gian ny s lng
protein miozin tng ln, nh vy c s ph v mch peptit ca miozin.
Cng bin i cc tnh cht ca tht v thi gian chn ti ph thuc vo nhit
ca mi trng. i vi tht gia sc ln c sng (ng vt trng thi bnh thng
trc khi git) thi gian chn ti hon ton nh sau:
Nhit (0C) 1 - 2 10 - 15 18 - 20
Thi gian chn ti (ngy) 10 - 14 4 - 5 3
Tc pht trin qu trnh t phn trong tht khng nhng ph thuc vo nhit ,
m cn ph thuc vo loi, tui, b phn trn sc tht v trng thi ng vt trc khi
git.
Tht ng vt gi chn ti chm hn tht ng vt non, tht b c chm hn tht b
ci. S bin i t phn tht nhng ng vt m yu v mt nhc km su xa hn v
biu hin km hn so vi tht ng vt khe mnh v c ngh ngi.
Cc cht trch ly ca tht chu s bin i quan trng trong qu trnh t phn.
Hng thm, v v mt s tnh cht khc ca tht ph thuc vo s bin i ny. Trong
iu kin nhit dng thp, sau khi git 24 gi, qu trnh glyco phn s gim i v
qu trnh phn gii amilo phn ca glycogen s pht trin tri hn. Qu trnh ny ko
di hi chm trong sut thi gian chn ti ca tht. S tch ly ng kh trong m c
to kh nng tng nhanh v n nh s to mu ca tht bng nitrat v nitrit khi p
mui n.
Trong qu trnh chn ti ca tht, hm lng purin t do trong m c, ch yu l
hipoxantin, tng ln khng ngng. Tng ng vi s tng hm lng cht kh bay hi
v hipoxantin, cng hng thm v v ca tht v nc canh tht cng pht trin.
Axit glutamic tch ly trong tht ng vai tr quan trng i vi s to v ca tht.
Axit glutamic v c dng mui ca n l glutaminat c v c trng ca nc canh tht.
Axit glutamic to thnh do s kh amin ha amit ca n l glutamic, k c trong qu
trnh chn ti cng nh l khi luc tht.
Trong sut thi gian bo qun tht nhit dng, trong m v xy ra s tng
nit amoniac do s kh amin ha cc axit adenilic v glutamin.
5.3.3 Giai on t phn su xa

21
Nu bo qun tht chn ti ko di trong iu kin v trng nhit dng thp
th qu trnh t phn trong tht s ko di. Thi k ny gi l t phn su xa.
T phn su xa c c trng bng s phn gii cc thnh phn ch yu ca m
l protein v cht bo di tc dng ca cc enzyme c trong m. S phn gii ny
bt u ngay trong thi k chn ti, nhng thi gian cn cha xy ra vic gim
proteinmt cch ng k. Trong thi gian t phn su xa, cc enzyme ca m catepsin
v peptidaza xc tc mnh m lm t cc lin kt peptit ca cc phn t protein ng
thi ph hy chnh protein . Ngay trong thi gian ny xy ra s phn gii thy phn
cht bo mt cch mnh m do tc dng ca lipaza.
S phn gii protein km theo ph hy cc thnh phn cu trc hnh thi hc ca
m c. Do rn ca tht gim i v s tch dch s tng ln. ng thi th t c
mu sc hung nu r, v tr nn chua v kh chu hn. n giai on nht nh ca s
t phn su xa, tht s tr thnh khng cn dng c lm thc phm.
5.3.4 Cc phng php lm tng qu trnh chn ti ca tht
Nhng nh nghin cu c nghin cu cc iu kin tng nhanh qu trnh
chn ti. Khi trc ht phi ch n mm mi ca tht, nh l ch tiu ch yu.
Xut pht t c s l thuyt ca qu trnh ny c th ci thin mnh m chc ca
tht khi chn ti bng cc con ng sau y:
- Km hm s bt u hoc s pht trin t cng sau khi git. y cn ch s
adrenalin ha ng vt git m, c ngha l da vo mu ng vt cht adrenalin 3 gi
trc khi git. Vic ny gy phn gii glicogen lc ng vt cn sng. Tht nhng
ng vt nh vy c pH cao (6,4 6,9) v mm mi hn.
Phng php khc km hm s t cng tht l demotin ha gia sc git tht.
demotin ha gia sc trc khi git, ngi ta p dng ch phm c hot tnh ha sinh
phc hp l demotin. Mc ch ca demotin ha l lm cho gia sc thi vn ng
trc khi git v gy nn s bin chuyn qu trnh trao i cht. Nh m bo c
hon ton hoc gim mnh m qu trnh t cng sau khi git.
- S thc y t cng sau khi git l lm suy yu t cng c th t c bng cch
duy tr sc tht sau khi git khong 4 5 gi trong phng c nhit 37
o
C. iu
thc y qu trnh t cng v qu trnh suy yu tip theo ca s t cng.

22
- Ngi ta cng gii thiu phng php tng nhit m c bng dng in cao tn
ti 39 40oC. M p dng phng php tng nhanh s chn ti ca tht bng
cch dng in kch thch m c khng chm hn 1 gi sau khi git, (nn lm trc
khi lt da) vi vic lm lnh tht tip theo trong cc iu kin thng. Vic kch thch
bng in gy nn s bt u t cng nhanh hn, km theo chuyn pH v pha axit
trong vng 3 gi. Theo li cc tc gi, tht gia cng bng phng php ny qua hai
ngy bo qun trong thit b lnh 0,6 1,6oC s t mm mi c trng ca tht
chn ti ba tun l trong cng iu kin nhit nh vy.
5.4. Mu sc ca tht v mt s phng php n nh mu sc tht
Sau khi git m, cht lng tht v cc gi tr cm quan nh mu sc, cu trc, kh
nng gi nc ca tht thng b thay i bi nhiu nhn t. Trong cc gi tr cm
quan th mu sc l mt c tnh quan trng nh hng trc tip n quyt nh
mua ca ngi tiu dng. Bng cch quan st mu sc ca tht, ngi tiu dng c th
nhn bit c cht lng tht xu hay tt. S mt mu tht c th xy ra khng mong
mun trong sut qu trnh tn tr, phn phi v bun bn l bi v bn cht t nhin
ca tht l d b bin i bi qu trnh thu phn sau git m, hm lng sc t c
trong tht v tnh trng xi ho ca sc t. Nhng bin i v mu sc tht s nh
hng trc tip n s chp nhn ca ngi tiu dng v nh hng gin tip n li
nhun ca ngi sn xut.

Mu sc ca tht ti c quyt nh bi ba thnh phn chnh ca sc t tht l
myoglobin, cytochrome C v hemoglobin. Myoglobin l thnh phn chim u th 80-
95% sc t tht trong khi hemoglobin ch chim khong 5-20% v cytochrome C
chim mt phn rt nh.
5.4.1 Sc t tht
Myoglobin
Phn t myoglobin c cu to t hai phn c bn l globin v phn hem (hnh 5.8).
Chui globin c cu to bi 153 acid amin c sp xp thnh 8 chui xon alpha.
Cc chui xon alpha ny lin kt vi nhau v bao quanh phn t hem gia.


23
Phn hem bao gm nguyn t st (Fe) nm v tr trung tm v c su lin kt phi tr
trong c 4 lin kt vi nit, mt lin kt ni nguyn t st vi phn globin v tr
acid amin Histidine F8 v lin kt th su th sn sng kt hp vi xi hoc cc hp
cht ho hc khc. Mu sc ca tht s c xc nh bi s kt hp ca hem vi cc
hp cht khc nhau v tr lin kt linh ng th 6. Do hem l phn quan trng
nht trong phn t myoglobin quyt nh mu sc ca tht.
Cu trc ca phn t myoglobin c m bo l nh cc tng tc khng cc, cu
ni hydro v lc Van der waals.

Hnh 5.8: Cu trc khng gian ca phn t
myoglobin
(Ngun: http://departments.oxy.edu )

Hnh 5.9: Cu to ca Hem vi nguyn t st
trung tm
(Ngun: http://departments.oxy.edu )

Cc dn xut ca myoglobin
Trong tht ti myoglobin tn ti nhiu dng khc nhau v s hnh thnh cc dng
khc nhau ca myoglobin tu thuc vo s kt hp ca lin kt phi tr th 6 ca hem
vi cc hp phn ho hc khc nhau. C 4 dn xut thng gp ca myoglobin l
oxymyoglobin (Fe
2+
), deoxymyoglobin (Fe
2+
), metmyoglobin (Fe
3+
) v
carboxymyoglobin (Fe
2+
) (Hnh 5.10).

- Deoxymyoglobin:
Deoxymyoglobin l thnh phn chim u th trong tht khi mi trng xung quanh
vng mt xi hoc xi hin din rt t (<1,4 mmHg; Mancini & Hunt, 2005).

24
Deoxymyoglobin c mu ta c trng thng thy tht c bao gi chn khng
hoc trung tm ca khi tht ln. dng ny, khng c thnh phn no kt hp vi
nguyn t Fe ca hem v tr lin k phi tr 6 v nguyn t Fe c ho tr 2.
Deoxymyoglobin rt km bn, trong mi trng c xi n s chuyn ho thnh
oxymyoglobin hay metmyoglobin tu thuc vo p sut ring phn ca xi trong mi
trng xung quanh khi tht.
- Oxymyoglobin:
Oxymyoglobin to mu sc p cho tht. y l dng m xi kt hp vi nguyn t
Fe ca hem lin kt phi tr th 6 v nguyn t Fe trng hp ny c ho tr 2.
Thng thng s hnh thnh ca oxymyoglobin xy ra rt nhanh b mt tht do s c
mt phong ph ca xi. Tuy nhin dy ca lp oxymyoglobin ny trong khi tht
ph thuc vo p sut xy ring phn, hot ng ca cc enzyme c s dng oxy,
nhit v hot ng h hp duy tr s sng ca c (Lawrie, 1998). Theo thi gian,
oxymyoglobin s d dng b xi ho to thnh metmyoglobin bi v xi khng ch
c tc dng kt hp vi myoglobin m cn xi ho oxymyoglobin hoc
deoxymyoglobin thnh metmyoglobin.

- Metmyoglobin:
Metmyoglobin l dng sc t khng mong mun ca tht c mu nu. Metmyoglobin
c hnh thnh l do s xi ho cc dn xut ca myoglobin dng (Fe
2+
) thnh (Fe
3+
).
dng ny, nguyn t st trung tm b xi ho thnh dng (Fe
3+
) v H
2
O s kt hp
vi nguyn t st trung tm lin kt phi tr th 6. Khng ging nh
deoxymyoglobin v oxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin khng th kt hp xi hoc cc hp
phn khc bi v Fe
3+
khng in tch cho in tch ca n cho cc hp phn lin
kt (Baron, 1998).

S hnh thnh metmyoglobin thng xy ra nhanh chng trong mi trng c t oxy
v xy ra chm trong mi trng kh quyn thng vi khong 20% xi (Cornforth v
Jayasingh, 2004). Do trong qu trnh bo qun tht ti, s mt mu tht c th hn
ch bng cch tng cng hm lng xi hoc loi b hon ton xi ra khi mi
trng tn tr.

25

Thm vo s hnh thnh metmyoglobin cn ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t khc nh
pH, nhit , s pht trin ca vis sinh vt v cc tc nhn xi ho nh mui nitrate,
mui n u lm cho tc hnh thnh metmyoglobin tng (Cornforth v Jayasingh,
2004).

- Carboxymyoglobin:
Carboxymyoglobin l mt dng dn xut ca myoglobin lin quan n nhng nghin
cu gn y v ci bin kh quyn tn tr bng phng php bao gi (MAP). dng
ny CO lin kt vi nguyn t Fe ca hem v tr lin kt th 6 v c mu rt p.
c bit l carboxymyoglobin rt bn so vi dn xut oxymyoglobin bi v CO c i
lc cao hn nguyn t xi khi kt hp chng vo nguyn t st ca myoglobin
(Lawrie, 1998). Chnh v vy ngy nay CO c s dng liu lng thp trong k
thut MAP duy tr mu sc sng p ca tht ti.

Cytochrome C
Cytochrome C l thnh phn khng quan trng ca sc t tht bi v n hin din trong
tht vi s lng rt nh. Cytochrome C c cu to bi 121 acid amin v c khi
lng phn t khong 13.300Da. Chc nng ca Cytochrome C trong m l vn chyn
electron.

Hemoglobin
Ging nh myoglobin, hemoglobin cng l mt protein phc tp ch yu hin din
trong mu. Hemoglobin c khi lng phn t khong 64.500 Da v c to thnh
bi 610 acid amin. Mc d hemoglobin v myoglobin c cng chc nng l kt hp
vi xi cung cp cho hot ng chuyn ho ca c th ng vt, nhng vai tr ca
chng li khc nhau. Hemoglobin vn chuyn xi t phi n m v ly CO
2
ra khi
m trong khi myoglobin c vai tr d tr xi trong m. Thc ra hemoglobin khng
ng vai tr quan trng trong mu sc ca tht bi v hemoglobin ch yu hin din
trong mu v hu ht hemoglobin s b mt theo mu khi git m.


26

Hnh 5.10: Myoglobin v cc dn xut ca myoglobin
5.4.2 S bin i mu sc ca tht ti











Hnh 5.11: S bin i mu sc ca tht ti
Hnh 5.11 trnh by s bin i mu sc ca tht ti bao gm 3 dn xut chnh ca
myoglobin l deoxymyoglobin, oxymyoglobin v metmyoglobin. Thng thng, trong
phn li ca khi tht th myoglobin l thnh phn chim u th v li tht cha c
tip xc vi xi. Tuy nhin, cc dng dn xut khc s c hnh thnh khi c s hin
din ca xi v s hnh thnh ca cc thnh phn ny ph thuc vo p sut xi ring
phn v hot ng ca emzyme metmyoglobin reductase (MRA). Mu p ca sc
t oxymyoglobin nhanh chng xut hin b mt ngoi ca tht trong mi trng giu
xi (Hnh 5.12). Khi myoglobin hoc deoxymyoglobin s kt hp xi vo phn
hem to thnh oxymyoglobin v s kt hp ny thng c gi l s ln mu (cn
gi l blooming). Taylor (1996a) cho rng hin tng blooming xy ra rt nhanh
chng trong vng khong 30 pht nhit 5C tht b. Ngc li, nu tt c xi b
Myoglobin (Fe
2+
)
(Deoxymyoglobin)
ta
Oxymyoglobin (Fe
2+
)
p
Metmyoglobin (Fe
3+
)
Nu
Kh
(Reduction)
xi ho
(Oxidation)
Kt hp xi
(Oxygenation)
Loi b xi
(Deoxygenation)
xi ho
(Oxidation)


27
tch ra khi mi trng xung quanh th deoxymyoglobin s c hnh thnh tr li t
oxymyoglobin.


Hnh 3.12: S hnh thnh cc lp mu sc khc nhau trong khi tht.
Tuy nhin metmyoglobin cng c to thnh bi s xi ho deoxymoglobin v
myoglobin trong iu kin nng xi trong mi trng thp. iu kin l tng cho
s hnh thnh metmyoglobin l p sut ring phn ca xi khong 4mmHg (Lawrie,
1998) tng ng vi khong 1% xi trong kh quyn hoc thp hn (Cornforth v
Jayasingh, 2004), chnh v vy pha di b mt ca khi tht vi milimeter, s hnh
thnh ca metmyoglobin l cc i (Hnh 3.12).

Khi tht c tn tr sau 1-2 ngy hoc di hn khong 1 tun th s hnh thnh lp
metmyoglobin ny cng dy ln dn tin v pha b mt tht v lm cho b mt tht b
bin sang mu nu (Taylor, 1996a). Taylor (1996a) cng cho rng s hnh thnh
metmyoglobin xy ra chm v n ph thuc vo nhit tn tr v hot ng ca
enzyme metmyoglobin reductase (MRA) bi v s xm nhp ca xi vo tht s b
gim nhit cao. Hay ni mt cch khc nhit cao cng l mt yu t lm cho
s hnh thnh metmyoglobin xy ra nhanh hn. Mt khc, metmyoglobin c th c
chuyn ho thnh deoxymyoglobin di tc dng ca enzyme MRA v iu kin thch
hp cho enzyme MRA hot ng l nhit cao v pH cao (Baron, 1998). Trong
qu trnh tn tr lnh th hot ng ca enzyme ny b suy gim l kt qu ca pH thp
v nhit thp. Nhng iu ny cng gp phn l gii s hnh thnh ca
metmyoglobin trong tht ti l khng th trnh khi.


28



5.4.3. Nhng yu t nh hng n mu sc ca tht
S n nh mu sc ca tht l mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng nh hng n s
nh gi ca ngi tiu dng n mc ti ngon ca tht, do p ng c
yu cu ca khch hng th vic nm c tt c cc yu t nh hng n mu sc
ca tht l rt cn thit. C 2 nhn t chnh nh hng n mu sc ca tht:
Cc nhn t bn trong (intrinsic factor) nh l: hm lng sc t trong tht, cc
cht chng xi ho ni ti, pH ca tht, tc suy gim pH ca tht sau khi git
m.
Cc nhn t bn ngoi (extrinsic factor): nhit , thnh phn kh quyn tn tr,
nh sng v mc nhim vi sinh vt.

Cc nhn t bn trong

Hm lng sc t trong tht
Hm lng myoglobin c tc dng mnh m n mu sc tht. Hm lng myoglobin
cng cao th mu sc ca tht cng . Tuy nhin hm lng myoglobin li b chi phi
bi nhng yu t khc nh loi c, ln ca con vt, gii tnh, ging, ch dinh
dng gia sc v mc vn ng ca con vt c minh ha qua bng 3.1 v 3.2
(Varnam v Suntherland, 1995). Myoglobin thng c nhiu trong c tht hn so
vi c tht trng. Con vt cng gi th hm lng myoglobin cng cao v gia con c
v con ci th con c c cho l c nhiu myoglobin hn so vi con ci. Thm vo
, con vt vn ng nhiu s c nhiu myoglobin hn con vt t vn ng bi v vn
ng s lm tng hm lng myoglobin (Varnam v Suntherland, 1995).

Bng 5.5 : Hm lng Myoglobin trong cc lai tht khc nhau
Loi tht Mu sc Hm lng Myoglobin
Heo Hng 2 mg/g

29
Cu sng 6mg/g
B m 8 mg/g


Bng 5.6 : Hm lng Myoglobin thay i theo tui b
tui Hm lng Myoglobin
B con 2 mg/g
B 4mg/g
B t 8 mg/g
B gi 18 mg/g

Hp cht chng xi ho vitamin E
S n nh mu sc ca tht c th c tng cng bi vic cung cp nhiu vitamin E
vo ch n ung hng ngy ca con vt. Ti sao vitamin E c th tng cng kh
nng n nh mu sc ca tht th hin nay vn cha c l gii mt cch r rng.
Tuy nhin Mancini v Hunt (2005) bo co rng gia s xi ho lipid v s xi ho
sc t myoglobin c mi lin quan vi nhau. Nu nh s n nh ca cc cht bo
trong tht ti tng th s n nh mu ca tht cng tng.

Thm vo Monahan et al. (2005) cng chng minh rng cc sn phm sinh ra do
qu trnh xi ho cc cht bo (nh l aldehydes) c th thc y qu trnh xi ho
myoglobin xy ra nhanh hn. Thm vo , Bekhit v Faustman (2005) cng gii
thch mu sc ca tht ti c th c bo v bi cc cht chng xi ho bi v cc
cht chng xi ho c th hn ch s tn tht ca h enzyme metmyoglobin reductase
khi qu trnh xi ho cht bo.

pH v tc gim pH ca tht sau khi git m
pH v tc gim pH ca tht sau khi git m l mt trong nhng nhn t quan trng
nht nh hng n mu sc ca tht ti. Sau khi git m acid lactic c to thnh
v tch lu dn trong c do qu trnh thu phn. S sinh ra v tch lu acid lactic lm
cho pH ca tht gim thng thng t khong 7,2 n khong 5,5 (Warriss, 2000). Khi

30
pH gim n gn im ng in (pI = isoelectric point, pI = 5) ca c th cc si c
b co li. Khi c co s to ra cc khong trng gia cc si c vi nhau v s thay i
v khong trng ny to ra s khc bit v mc hp th v khc x nh sng ca
tng c v cc si c. V chnh s khc bit ny quyt nh s phn tn nh sng trn
b mt tht. Theo Warriss (2000), s co c xy ra cng mnh m th s phn tn nh
sng trn b mt tht cng nhiu v do tht s cng ti nht.
Monin (2004) cng cho rng tht c pH thp v tc gim pH nhanh s dn n tht
b ti nht, mm v r nc cn gi l tht PSE trong khi tht c pH thp nhng tc
suy gim pH sau khi git m xy ra bnh thng th tht ch b r nc nhng khng b
ti nht. Hnh 5.12 m t s nh hng ca pH n mu sc ca tht b.

Hnh 5.12: nh hng ca pH n mu sc ca tht b
(Ngun: http://animalrange.montana.edu)
pH khng nhng nh hng n mu sc ca tht thng qua s co c lm thay i th
tch ca cc si c m cn nh hng n s xi ho myoglobin, s khuch tn ca
xi vo c tht v hot ng ca enzyme MRA. pH cao s hn ch kh nng khuch
tn ca xi vo trong tht v lm tng hot ng ca enzyme MRA (maximum pH =
7,3) (Bekhit v Faustman, 2005). Tuy nhin pH cao li l iu kin tt cho s pht
trin ca vi sinh vt.
C th tm tt s thay i mu sc ca tht trong bng sau:
pH Mc mu sc S n nh ca mu tht
Trn 6,8
6,3-6,8
6,0-6,3
Mu cc k sm
Mu rt sm
Mu sm
Rt bn



31
5,7-6,0
5,5-5,7
5,2-5,5 & tc gim pH
ln
Mu t sm
Mu c trng ca tht
Mu ti nht


Nhy cm, km bn
Cc nhn t bn ngoi

Nhit
Sau khi git m tht thng c bo qun lnh v bo qun nhit thp s lm
tng bn ca mu p v hn ch s hnh thnh metmyoglobin bi v s xi ho
cc sc t tht s gim iu kin nhit thp (Lawrie, 1998). Thm vo s
khuych tn ca xi vo tht cng tng nhit thp v c ch c s hnh thnh
metmyoglobin. Mt nguyn nhn khc l nhit thp c ch c hot ng ca vi
sinh vt trn b mt tht v khi vi sinh vt b c ch th hm lng xi trn b mt tht
s tng. Nhiu nghin cu ngh mc nhit tn tr tht b tt nht l khong 4C
v nhit ny lm gim s mt mu ca tht b trong qu trnh tn tr.

nh hng ca vi sinh vt
Tht c th b nhim n 10
4
vi khun/cm
2
sau khi git m v pha lc (Blakistone,
1998) v chnh s hin din ca vi khun lm cho tht b bin mu v hnh thnh nhiu
mi v kh chu. Ni chung nhng nh hng ca vi khun trn tht ti thng din
ra theo hai pha di y:

i) Pha 1 bin i tht t mu ti sang mu nu metmyoglobin

xi ho + vi khun
Oxymyoglobin Metmyoglobin

ii) Pha 2 bin i mu tht t mu nu sang mu xanh ti

Vi khun
Metmyoglobin Sulphmyoglobin (-SH)

32


Vi khun
Metmyoglobin Cholegobin (-H
2
O
2
)

S bin i tht t mu ti sang mu nu metmyoglobin trong pha 1 thng l do
hot ng ca cc loi vi khun hiu kh (Varnam v Suntherland, 1995). Khi b mt
tht b nhim mt lng ln cc vi khun hiu kh th hm lng xi xung quanh khi
tht s b gim do s tiu th xi ca cc vi khun hiu kh v s thiu ht xi lm cho
qu trnh hnh thnh metmyoglobin xy ra nhanh chng.

Tuy nhin cc nh hng ca vi khun khng dng li m chng tip tc bin i
tht t mu nu sang mu xanh. Tht b bin thnh mu xanh l do s hnh thnh sc t
sulphnyoglobin v choleglobin di tc ng ca vi khun.
Sulphmyoglobin c to thnh do s kt hp H
2
S c sinh ra do hot ng ca vi
sinh vt v metmyoglobin. S hnh thnh Sulphmyoglobin thng xy ra vi loi tht
DFD bi v tht DFD c mi trng pH cao l iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca
vi sinh vt.

Tri li s hnh thnh choleglobin l do s ph v sc t metmyoglobin do hp cht
H
2
O
2
v hp cht ny c cho l c to thnh bi hot ng ca vi khun (Varnam
v Suntherland, 1995; Lawrie, 1998). Chnh v vy trong tht ti s hnh thnh sc t
choleglobin th t ph bin nh l s hnh thnh ca sulphmyoglobin.

nh hng ca thnh phn kh quyn tn tr
Thnh phn kh quyn xung quanh khi tht chim mt vai tr rt quan trng quyt
nh mu sc ca tht. Thnh phn kh quyn thng thng bao gm 78,08% N
2
,
20,95%O
2
v 0,035%CO
2
. Trong xi v CO
2
l thnh phn quan trng nh hng
n mu tht trong kh N
2
ch l kh tr v khng c tc ng ln mu tht.




33




- Kh xi










Hnh 5.13: Mi lin h gia p sut ring phn ca xi v s hnh thnh cc sc t
(Ngun: Taylor, 1996a)
xi khng nhng c nhng nh hng tch cc ln mu sc ca tht m cn c nhng
nh hng tiu cc bi v xi khng ch kt hp vi myoglobin v deoxymyoglobin
to mu p cho tht m xi cn xi ho 2 sc t ny thnh metmyoglobin lm cho
tht b bin mu nu. hm lng cao (khong 80%) xi c th kt hp vi
myoglobin duy tr mu sc ti ca tht v lm chm li qu trnh hnh thnh
metmyoglobin (Mancini and Hunt, 2005). Tuy nhin mc hm lng xi cao li l
nhn t y nhanh tc xi ho cht bo v tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Ngc
li nu xi hin din vi mc thp (khong 4mmHg) th tht s nhanh b bin mu.
Hnh 5.13 chng t nh hng quan trng ca xi n s hnh thnh cc sc t ca
tht.

- Kh CO
2

Kh CO
2
thng c s dng ph bin trong phng php ci bin kh quyn tn tr
thng qua phng php bao gi bi v CO
2
c vai tr c ch cc hot ng ca vi

34
khun hiu kh (Taylor, 1996b). Nu nh s pht trin ca vi sinh vt b suy gim th
chc chn mu sc ca tht s bn hn v do ko di c thi gian bo qun ca
tht ti. Mc c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt s cng tng khi hm lng kh CO
2

trong mi trng cng tng. Tuy nhin nu tht c tn tr trong mi trng vi hm
lng CO
2
qu cao s dn n ny sinh mt hin tng khng mong mun l hin
tng bao b xp xung v m cht khi tht cn gi l hin tng snug down. Hin
tng ny thng xy ra i vi tht bo qun nhit lnh v c gii thch l do
s hp th m lng CO
2
qu mc vo trong m tht trong mi trng c m cao
(Parry, 1993; Jakobsen v Bertelsen, 2006).
5.5. Phn loi cht lng tht
5.5.1.Tht bnh thng, tht PSE, tht DFD v cc yu t nh hng
Cho n nay ngi ta vn khng bit tng tn ti sao hai tnh trng PSE v DFD
li tm thy trn tht. Vi nh khoa hc tin rng hai hnh thi ny l do vic bt gi th
trc khi h tht, mt s ngi khc ngh rng chng lin quan n cc tnh cht di
truyn. Tuy nhin, hai hnh thi ny c ghi nhn xy ra khc ni trn th gii.
Chng ti tin rng do nhiu nguyn nhn trong vic bt gi th trc khi h tht gp
phn vo hai tnh trng ny v th b stress trc khi git m th thng xut hin tht
loi ny.
- Tht bnh thng: Tht c tr s pH = 5,6 6,2 thu c trn th ngh ngi trc
khi git m v khng b stress trong sut qu trnh h tht. Tht c pH bnh thng
c s dng ch bin cc loi sn phm tn tr bn vng nhit phng. Di
nhit t lnh tht loi ny ch c th h hng sau 6 ngy tn tr. Lc ny vi khun
tng n mc m tht khng cn dng bn ti hoc ch bin.
- Tht PSE (Pale, Soft, Exsudative): R dch, mm v ti mu. Tht loi ny thng
xut hin trong cc quy tht m th b stress trc khi h tht. Tr s pH gim rt
nhanh v t tr s khong 5,2 hoc thp hn. Tht loi ny kh nht mu v mm
nho. Do pH h thp nhanh cho nn loi tht ny gim kh nng lin kt vi nc v vi
khun pht trin thp. Tht PSE thch hp cho vic sn xut cc sn phm tn tr bn
vng nhit phng. Nhng tht loi ny khng thch hp cho th trng tht ti,
bi v nc thot nhanh ra khi tht, tht tr nn dai. Chng cng khng thch hp

35
sn xut bt c loi tht i ch bin hoc cc sn phm dng nh tng (xay nhuyn)
v chng gim kh nng lin kt vi nc.
- Tht DFD (dark, firm, dry): Sm mu, cng v kh. Tht loi ny cng xut hin
cc quy tht m th b stress trc khi h tht. Tr s pH cao t 6,4 tr ln. Hnh thi
tht loi ny l sm mu, rt cng v c kh nng lin kt tt vi nc. Nhng do
chng cha nhiu nc t do nn gip vi khun pht trin nhanh. Tht ny thch hp
cho vic sn xut tht i ch bin v cc sn phm dng nh tng do kh nng lin
kt nc ca chng, nhng n khng thch hp cho nhng sn phm tn tr bn vng
nhit phng.
5.5.2. Mt s phng php bo v mu sc ca tht ti
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php thng c s dng duy tr mu sc ca tht
ti nh phng php bao gi, cung cp ngun cht chng xi ho vo trong thc n
ca vt nui, phng php s dng ho cht (cht chng vi sinh vt, chng xi ho).
Tuy hin mi phng php ch thch hp tng in kin c th nh l tn tr, phn
phi hay l mua bn l. Cho n hin nay phng php bao gi c xem l kh hiu
qu v n gin v d thc hin v chi ph thp. Trong phng php bao gi chn
khng v phng php MAP kt hp vi bo qun lnh l ph bin nht trong cc h
thng siu th hin nay.

Phng php bao gi chn khng
Phng php bao gi chn khng l phng php n gin nht v cng c xem l
tin thn ca phng php MAP. Phng php bao gi chn khng thng c p
dng cho bo qun tng tht ln hay khi tht thc khi pha lc (Blakistone, 1998). C
khong 97% khi lng tht b M c bao gi chn khng khi vn chuyn n ni
tiu th (Humphreys, 1996). Tnh cht ca bao b trong phng php bao gi chn
khng ng vai tr rt quan trng. Loi bao b plastic vi mc thm kh km c
xem l loi bao b tt v thch hp nht

Mu sc ca tht c bao gi chn khng l mu ta (purplish red) c trng ca
sc t myoglobin bi v xi hin din trong bao b chn khng l rt t v vi phng
php bao gi chn khng kt hp bo qun lnh tht c th gi c vi tun (Lawrie,

36
1998).

Thng thng nu khu ng gi to chn khng c thc hin tt th lng xi cn
li trong bao b thng thp hn 1% (Blakistone, 1998). Thm vo Taylor (1996)
cng cho rng p sut ring phn ca xi trong bao b rt chn khng gim xung
khong 5mmHg trong vng 2 ngy sau khi ng gi. Chng ta c bit l p sut
ring phn ca xi thp l iu kin tt cho s hnh thnh ca metmyoglobin. Tuy
nhin hot ng h hp t nhin ca tht s tiu th phn xi cn li trong bao b sau
khi ng gi v sn sinh ra CO
2
v dn n hm lng CO
2
trong bao b s tng (tng
t 10-20%; Blakistone, 1998). S gia tng ng k hm lng CO
2
c tc dng c ch
hot ng ca vi khun v lm cho mu ca tht cng bn hn.

S thnh cng ca phng php bao gi chn khng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh
kh nng thm xi ca bao b, nhit bo qun v pH ca tht. Bao b c thm xi
km khong di 20cm
3
/m
2
.ngy.atm c Blakistone (1998) chng minh l c tc
dng bo v mu sc ca tht b tt. Blakistone (1998) cng cho rng tht c pH bnh
thng c th tn tr trong bao b chn khng n 14 tun nhit 0C trong khi
thi gian tn tr ca tht b c pH cao (>6,0) ngn hn mc d c bo qun cng
iu kin. Tht c pH > 6,0 th c khuyn l khng nn bo qun bng bao b chn
khng bi v vi khun s hot ng mnh pH cao v sinh ra cc sn phm m c th
kt hp vi myoglobin lm mt mu tht (Lawrie, 1998)

Tm li phng php bao gi chn khng t ra thch hp v c hiu qu cao trong iu
kin tn tr nhng thc s khng phi l phng php tt cho hot ng bun bn l
v mu ta c trng ca myoglobin s khng c a thch bng mu ti ca
oxymyoglobin.

Phng php ci bin kh quyn bng phng php bao gi (MAP)
MAP thng c p dng ko di thi gian tn tr v duy tr cht lng ca tht
ti c bit l iu kin bun bn l. MAP c th c to thnh vi nhiu thnh
phn kh quyn khc nhau. Cc loi kh thng c s dng trong phng php

37
Mi trng xung quanh
MAP bao gm xi, CO
2
v N
2
vi vai tr khc nhau: xi to mu ti cho tht,
CO
2
hn ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh v N
2
c s dng nh l kh lm y
mi trng (filling gas). Khi cc kh ny c a vo bao b th thnh phn kh quyn
ca khng gian xung quanh ming tht trong bao b s b chi phi bi hot ng h hp
ca c tht, hot ng ca vi sinh vt, s hp th kh vo tht cng nh s trao i kh
gia khng gian bn trong v bn ngoi bao b.

ng lc hc bin i kh quyn trong bao b (Dynamic headspace changes)

Hnh 3.8 m t s trao i kh trong bao b theo hai hng sau:

i. S khuych tn kh gia bn trong v bn ngoi bao b do s chnh lch p sut
ring phn gia cc thnh phn kh bn trong v bn ngoi bao b. S trao i kh
ny s dng la khi cn bng p sut kh quyn c thit lp v d nhin qu
trnh ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc thm kh ca bao gi.

ii. S trao i kh gia khng gian trong bao b (headspace) v tht. S trao i kh
ny xy ra l do hot ng h hp ca c cng nh ca vi sinh vt v do s hp
th kh ca tht. Thng thng tc h hp ca tht gim dn theo thi gian v
tc chuyn ho cu vi sinh vt li cng tng cng v cui ca qu trnh bo
qun.







Hnh 5.14: S trao i kh trong h thng MAP
Lc ban u ngi ta thng s dng hn hp kh trn 70% O
2
kt hp vi t nht l
10% CO
2
trong bo qun tht bng phng php MAP. Kt qu cho thy mu ca tht
Khng gian trong bao b
Tht

38
c duy tr n 9 ngy iu kin bo qun 4C. Sau thi gian duy tr mu ca
tht c tng ln 15 ngy khi s dng 80% O
2
v 20%CO
2
cng nhit bo qun
(Blakistone, 1998). iu cho thy s dng oxi mc cao c tc dng hiu qu
trong vic duy tr mu p cho tht ti. Seyfert et al. (2004) tn tr tht b ct lt
hai iu kin MAP khc nhau l mi trng giu xi (80%O
2
v 20%CO
2
) v mi
trng khng c xi (80%N
2
v 20%CO
2
), kt qu cho thy tht b ct lt c tn tr
trong mi trng giu xi duy tr c mu p lu hn trong mi trng khng c
xi (hnh 5.14). Tuy nhin mi trng giu xi li l iu kin tt thc y s xi ho
v hot ng ca vi sinh vt.

V vy vic s dng kh CO trong k thut MAP c pht trin nhm khc phc
nhng hn ch ca mi trng khng c xi bi v carboxymyoglobin l mt hp cht
c mu p rt bn. S dng CO vi nng <0,4% trong bo qun tht ti bng
phng php MAP c p dng ph bin Nauy trong nhiu nm v trc. Lno
et al. (1998) s dng CO trong bo qun tht b ct lt v tht b tng hai thnh
phn kh quyn khc nhau (70%O
2
, 20%O
2
, 9%N
2
v 1%CO) v (24%O
2
, 50%O
2
,
25%N
2
v 1%CO), kt qu cho thy mu sc p ca tht b c duy tr sut 29
ngy m khng c bt k du hiu no ca s xi ho. Tuy vy, ngi ta cho rng CO
ngoi tc dng tch cc th n cn c mt nh hng khng mong mun l nguy c
che y s nhim vi sinh vt bi v mu ca carboxymyoglobin rt bn mc d
nhng mi v kh chu pht sinh trn b mt tht.




39
Hnh 5.15: Mu sc ca tht khi c bo qun trong mi trng c thnh phn kh
quyn khc nhau. (T tri qua phi: 0,5%O
2
, 80%O
2
+20%CO
2
, 80%N
2
+20%CO
2
)

5.6. Cu trc ca tht v nh hng ca s nu nng n cu trc
Trong tt c cc tnh cht ca tht th cu trc ca tht c hu ht ngi tiu dng
cho l quan trng nht. Cu trc c nh ngha l mt nh gi cm quan m kt
hp nhiu tnh cht khc nhau ca tht bao gm mm (tenderness), mng nc
ca tht (juiciness).

Theo Lawrie (1998), cu trc to thnh b si c l mt c im quan trng nh
hng trc tip n cu trc ca tht khi nh gi cm quan. Do mm ca tht s
c xc nh bi ba thnh phn chnh ca protein c l:
- Protein ca m lin kt (collagen, elastin, reticulin)
- Protein ca vi si c (actin, myosin, troponin)
- Protein ca tng c

Nhng yu t khc nh mc co rt ca si c, loi m c v nhit khi nu
nng cng l nhng yu t quan trng nh hng n cu trc cm quan ca tht. C
th chia nhng yu t nh hng n cu trc tht thnh hai nhm, bao gm cc yu t
trc khi git m v cc yu t sau khi git m.

5.6.1 Cc yu t trc khi git m
Ging, loi v ln ca con vt l ba yu t trc khi git m c nh hng mnh
m n cu trc ca tht.

- Tht tru b ni chung cng hn so vi tht cu hoc heo (Lawrie, 1998). Mc
d tht heo thng c cho l cha t m lin kt hn tht b nhng tht ra
lng hydroxyproline ca tht heo (420-2470g/g) li cao hn so vi tht b
(350-1430g/g). Cho nn chnh loi protein lin kt v hm lng ca n mi
l nhng yu t quyt nh mm ca tht.

40

- ln ca con vt c nh hng n cu trc ca tht l do hm lng
collagen tng dn theo tui ca con vt v s hin din ca cc si collagen
lin kt hon thin v cha hon thin (immature and mature collagen cross-
link). Con vt cng gi hm lng collagen cng cao v s lng si collagen
hon thin nhiu hn so vi con vt cn non, chnh v vy con vt cng ln th
mm ca tht cng gim.

5.6.2 Cc yu t sau khi git m
Lawrie (1998) cho rng tc gim pH sau git m c lin quan n mm ca tht.
Tht c tc gim pH chm s cho cu trc mm hn tht c tc gim pH nhanh
mc d pH cui cng bng nhau, nguyn nhn l do mc co rt ca si c. Tc
gim pH ca tht sau khi git m din ra qu nhanh lm cho cc si c co rt mnh,
khong khng gian gia cc si c b thu hp l nguyn nhn lm cho tht cng hn so
vi tht c tc gim pH bnh thng.

Thm vo gi tr pH cui cng cng nh hng n mm ca tht. Khi pH gim
t 5.5 n 6.0 th mm ca tht gim tuy nhin khi tht c pH trn 6.0 th mm
ca tht li tng tr li (Lawrie, 1998). Titin v nebulin c cho l b ph hu mc
thp nht trong khong pH=5.8-6.2, do tht c pH= 5.8-6.2 thng rt cng. nh
hng ca pH ln mm ca tht cng bin ng ph thuc vo loi c. Khi pH
gim n im ng in ca protein tht th sarcoplasmic protein s b bin tnh v
ng t trn b mt cc si c v tip sau th cc si c cng tip tc b bin tnh.
Do sarcoplasmic protein tht b ng t chng tr nn t ho tan v cng gp phn lm
cho cu trc tht b cng. Thm vo t l gia phn protein khng ho tan
(myofibrillar protein) trn tng s protein trong c cng trc tip lin quan n
cng ca tht (Lawrie, 1998)

5.6.3 nh hng ca s nu nng n cu trc ca tht
Khi nu nng cu trc ca tht b bin i bao gm s bin tnh protein v s co rt

41
c mt cch ng k. S co rt ca cc si c khi nu nng lm cho cu trc tht
cng hn rt nhiu ln. Kh nng ho tan ca protein v s bin tnh protein khi tht b
nu ln l hai yu t quan trng nht nh hng n cu trc ca tht sau khi nu
nng.

Kh nng ho tan ca protein trong tht ti
Ngnh khoa hc tht phn chia protein tht thnh 3 dng khc nhau da trn kh nng
ho tan ca chng trn cc dung mi khc nhau bao gm protein ho tan (soluble-
protein), protein ho tan trong mui (salt-soluble protein) v protein khng ho tan
(insoluble-protein).

- Protein ho tan l nhng protein trong tht m c th ho tan c trong nc hoc
trong mi trng c cng ion thp. Nhng protein ny cn gi l sarcoplasmic
protein v thng chim khong 25-30% tng s protein trong m. y l nhng
protein hnh cu v trng thi c ho tan trong m ca ng vt cn sng.

- Protein ho tan trong mui l nhng protein c kh nng co rt trong phm vi t bo
c v khng th ho tan trong nc nhng c th c ho tan trong dung dch c
nng mui NaCl trn 0,3M. Hai loi protein c bn ca si c l actin v myosin.
Actin c hnh cu v c tnh thm nc, ngc li myosin c dng si v cng c tnh
thm nc. Mui c tc dng lm gim tng tc tnh in protein-protein lm cho si
c b trng phng ln v cui cng dn n s depolymerisation ca myosin. Khi
myosin c th b ho tan. Khi b sung vo mi trng trch ly protein diphosphate v
triphosphate th s trng phng ca si c din ra cng mnh. Nng phosphate,
pH ca dung dch NaCl v thi gian x l cng nh hng n kh nng ho tan ca
actin v myosin.

- Protein khng ho tan bao gm cc cytoskeletal protein trong t bo c (nh l tinin,
nebulin, desmin, vinculin) v 2 loi protein lin kt chnh (collagen v elastin). y l
nhng protein khng ho tan c trong nc v trong dung dch mui.


42
S bin tnh protein
Phn t protein tht c cu to bi mt chui acid amin sp xp theo trnh t nht
nh v di dng cu trc xon bc 2 hoc bc 3. Lc tng tc tnh in v tng
tc ho tr gia cc phn ca phn t protein v gia cc phn t protein vi nhau lm
cho cu trc t nhin ca tht n nh. Tuy nhin di iu kin ch bin khc nhau
nh b sung mui, lm thay i mi trng ion, pH, hay nhit cu trc t nhin bc 2,
bc 3 hoc bc 4 ca protein tht b bin i, c gi l s bin tnh protein. Trong
bin tnh protein do nhit c xem l ph bin nht v hu nh tt c qu trnh ch
bin tht v cc sn phm tht u phi thng qua nu nng.

Ngy nay ngi ta dng k thut DSC (Different scanning calorimetry) nghin cu s
bin tnh ca protein tht tc gia nhit nhanh (chng hn l 10C/pht) cho thy
rng c 3 nh hp thu nhit m lin quan n s bin tnh ca cc thnh phn protein
khc nhau ca c nhng nhit khc nhau giao ng t 40-90C. Hnh 3.10 th
hin s bin i nhit vi 3 nh hp th nhit ca protein tht. nh I c cho l
giai on bin tnh ban u ca myosin. nh II biu din s bin tnh ca
sarcoplasmic protein v cng l giai on bin tnh cui cng ca myosin. Cn nh III
l im bin tnh ca actin.


Hnh 5.16: Kho st bng k thut DSC trn s bin tnh protein ca c tht th, tc
gia nhit l 10C/pht (Ngun: Wright, 1984)

43

Nhit xy ra s bin tnh protein v xy ra s bin tnh cc i bin ng theo pH,
mi trng ion v tc gia nhit. Tuy nhin, giai on u ca s bin tnh myosin
din ra cc i (nh I) trong khong nhit t 40-60C, trong khi actin b bin tnh
trong khong nhit t 80-90C (nh III). Nhiu nghin cu cho rng s phn tch
collagen dng si t cc i trong khong nhit t 50-70C. nh II bao gm s
bin tnh collagen v s bin tnh ca myosin giai on cui. S bin tnh protein
lm cho cc myofibrillar protein v sarcoplasmic protein tr nn km ho tan. Ngc
li kh nng ho tan ca collagen li tng khi c x l nhit cao, c bit l
trong thi gian di.

S bin tnh v qu trnh ng t protein sau l mt qu trnh ng hc. V vy tc
bin tnh protein do nhit ph thuc vo nhit v thi gian x l nhit. nhit
cao (trn 70C) trong thi gian ngn (30-40 pht) th 90% protein b bin tnh.
Nhng nhit thp hn mt cht (65C) th thi gian cn thit bin tnh 90%
protein l hn 2 gi (hnh 5.17). Tng t th s ho tan ca collagen cng ph thuc
vo nhit v thi gian x l nhit.



Hnh 5.17. Tc bin tnh actin ph thuc vo thi gian v nhit
(Ngun: Martens et al., 1982).

44

Nu tht nhit trn 80C trong thi gian di c cho l lm gim cng
(toughness) ca tht. iu ny c l gii rng s ho tan ca collagen khi c nu
(ninh, hm) nhit cao xy ra tng i chm v s hin din ca collagen l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn lm tht cng v do nu tht cng lu th tht c cu trc
cng mm.

5.7 Kh nng gi nc ca tht
5.7.1 Nc v cht lng tht

Cc hnh thc t nhin ca nc trong tht
M c v m m l hai thnh phn chim t l ln quyt nh hu ht gi tr ca tht.
Trong m c nc chim 72 n 80%, s dao ng hm lng nc trong m c ch
yu do s thay i hm lng cht bo.
Cc nghin cu ca Offer v Knight (1988) chng minh nc c gi cht trong
m c, nu mng t bo bao bc quanh m b ct b, nc cng khng di chuyn ra
ngoi ngay c trng hp s dng qu trnh li tm nh. Nguyn nhn chnh l do nc
ch yu c gi bi cu trc bn trong ca t bo. Thc t, nc trong tht thng
tn ti 3 dng nh cp trong cc chng trc:
- Nc lin kt mnh : chim 4 5% tng lng nc, hnh thnh lp n phn trong
protein v rt kh tch ra trong qu trnh sy.
- Nc lin kt yu: chim khong 60 80% tng lng nc, c gi li trn b
mt phn t protein bng lc tnh in. y l nc lin kt ni bo, chim gi nhng
khong trng gia cc t c. Nc ny c th tch c trong qu trnh sy.
- Nc t do (ngoi bo) : chim t 20 40% tng lng nc, c gi bi lc mao
dn gia cc t c. Nc t do cng c xem nh nc trong gian bo v d dng
tch khi nguyn liu trong qu trnh sy. Nc t do v nc lin kt c th chuyn
i qua li.


45
Trong qu trnh ch bin sn phm, nc t do v phn nc lin kt yu c th loi
b d dng bng cc qu trnh sy hay cc qu trnh x l c hc c bit, nhng ch c
nc lin kt bng tng tc ho hc v mt phn nc lin kt yu vn cn tn ti
trong sn phm. Chnh v l do ny, tnh cht ca nc trong nguyn liu c nh
ngha da vo kh nng lin kt nc ca nguyn liu v kh nng lin kt nc ca
nguyn liu (water binding capacity) c nh gi da vo hai tnh cht khc nhau
ca nc trong nguyn liu. Th nht, hm lng nc lin kt trong nguyn liu
(bound water capacity BWC) do kh nng ca nguyn liu c th lin kt vi nc
bng tng tc ho hc v hm lng nc t do trong nguyn liu (water holding
capacity WHC) da vo tnh cht ca nguyn liu c th by nc v gi li trong
cu trc ca n nh vo cc lc (mao dn, Van der Waals). Chnh v lng nc t do
c gi li ch yu trong cc ng mao dn ca m t bo, cc yu t c th lm bin
i h thng mng lin kt khng gian ca tht cng s nh hng n lng nc t
do. Th d nh, tnh cht ca tht ( tui, gii tnh, ch cho n), phng php
tn tr th trc git m, bin php bo qun sc tht sau git m, c ch tin co cng
v sau co cng ca tht, cng nh cc qu trnh ch bin tht: gia nhit, sy kh, ng
lnh s c tc ng ln n lng nc t do trong tht.

C ch ca qu trnh tng v loi b nc trong tht
Nh cp trn, nc t do trong m ng vt hin din ch yu trong cc hc
hay cc khe h ca m t bo. trng thi ny, c mt lng nh nc lin kt ngoi
bo tn ti, cn li khong 85% nc t do c gi li trong cc t bo si c ng
vt hu nh, to thnh lp vng chc. L do ph bin c gi thit nh nguyn nhn
lm tng v gim lng nc trong tht l do s thay i th tch ca cc t bo si c
(myofibril). Trong m ng vt trng thi cng xc, cc t bo si c dng nh
khng c s thay i th tch do s thay i chiu di ca t c, ngay c khi cu ni
ngn cn s trt gia cc si c dy v mng. Ngc li, khong trng gia cc si
c st nhau c s thay i c bn, ph thuc vo iu kin ion ho ca t bo si c.
Mt gi thit n gin nht cho s gii thch ny c quy cho s gin n mt bn ca
cc si c vng ro, kt qu lm cho mt lng nc ln hn to thnh mt lin kt

46
cht ch trong t bo si c, chim gi nhng khong trng gia cc si c. Do lp
nc ny c lin kt mt cch cht ch trong m t bo lm cho tng lng nc
trong tht s tng. Trng hp ngc li, khi c s co rt mt bn ca cc si c
vng ro xy ra s trc xut nc ra khi t bo si c, lm cho nc trong t bo
khng cn kh nng lin kt cht ch na m n c gi mt cch lng lo, lm cho
lng nc trong tht gim r rt (Offer v Knight, 1988).
5.7.2. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng gi nc ca tht

nh hng ca pH ln protein si c v hm lng nc t do trong tht
Cc nghin cu v tht xc nhn myosine, phn t protein mang in tch cao, s
tri qua mt s thay i c lin quan n s bin i gi tr pH ca m c. m t
bo sng, gi tr pH xp x 7,1, in tch m chim u th. gi tr pH khong 5,5
gn vi pH ng in ca protein m c, cc phn t in tch m v in tch dng
trng thi gn nh cn bng, khi kh nng lin kt nc l nh nht. trng thi
cng xc, s lin kt ca actine v myosine thnh actomyosine cng l nguyn nhn
lm cho cc si c vng ro b co li, phng thch nc. Mt s nghin cu cng
chng minh, s thay i ca myosine tht PSE l nguyn nhn lm s co c xy ra
ln hn v lng nc b phng thch ra khi m t bo nhiu hn bnh thng
(Hamm, 1986) (Hnh 5.17). pH gn bng 5,0 tng ng vi im ng in ca
protein m c, kh nng gi nc thp nht, hm lng nc t do trong m t bo
nh nht. gi tr pH ny, nhm ion tch in dng s trung ho vi ion tch in
m ca protein, do phn t protein hu nh trung ho v in tch. Nh vy, nh
vo cc tng tc ion ny, mng protein c kh nng trng n thp nht v hm
lng nc t do tn ti nh nht. Nh vo s tng hay gim pH s lm tng mng
in tch. Lc y qua li ca cc protein si c l nguyn nhn lm trng n mng
li t bo v lm tng kh nng gi nc ca m t bo. gi tr pH rt thp hay pH
cao, kh nng gi nc s gim do s ng t protein.

47

Hnh5.17 : Kh nng gi nc ca cc loi tht
(t tri qua phi : tht DFD, bnh thng v PSE)

nh hng ca NaCl n kh nng gi nc v hm lng nc t do ca tht
gi tr pH ca protein tht trn im ng in, khi thm mui sodium chloride
vi hm lng 2% s lm tng kh nng gi nc ca tht. Trong khi gi tr pH
thp hn pH ng in, hm lng nc t do trong tht gim. iu ny c th c
gii thch do s tng tc u th hn vi ion Cl
-
ca protein (hnh 5.18).

Hnh 5.18 : nh hng ca pH v NaCl trn kh nng gi nc ca tht

48
Khi gi tr pH thp hn pH ng in, ion dng ca protein c trung ho bi ion
Cl
-
(Hamm, 1986), lc y gim lm cho mng li protein co rt li, hm lng nc
t do trong tht cng nh kh nng gi nc ca protein gim.

Vi pH trn 5,0 ion Cl
-
ch trung ho lng rt t ion dng ca protein, mng ion m
gia tng, y chnh l nguyn nhn lm cho mng li protein trng phng ln, kt
qu l kh nng gi nc tng.

Tuy nhin, khi lc ion to thnh cao (nng mui > 5%) s to nn hu qu ngc
li, protein b kh mt nc do s ng t v kt ta ca protein. Th tch ca tht
c ngm mui ph thuc vo nng mui ngm cng nh phng php mui.
Tht c ngm trong dung dch mui NaCl 5M s xy ra hin tng mt nc. Trong
khi , nu nguyn liu ny c t trong mt dy dung dch mui c nng tng
dn, s trng n v gia tng khi lng s xy ra nng mui ngm 1M v vn
c gi nguyn khi lng, th tch khi ngm nng 5M (Offer v Knight, 1988).

Thm vo , NaCl cng to nn s trch li protein ca tht. Cc nghin cu cho thy,
protein ca tht ng vt c chia lm 2 loi ch yu: protein ca t c
(sarcoplasmic protein) v protein si c (myofibrilar protein). Protein t c c kh
nng ho tan bi lc ion chc nng (sinh l) v khuch tn ra ngoi m c trng thi
cng xc vo trong dung dch mui ngm, trong khi protein si c vn gi hnh thc
hp cht cao phn t trong m c khi ngm trong dung dch mui, nhng n s tr nn
ho tan lc ion cao hn (Offer v Knight, 1988).

Kh nng gi nc (Water-holding Capacity - WHC) ca tht ch bin
Kh nng gi nc l mt trong cc tnh cht quan trng nht i vi cc sn phm
tht ch bin. N nh hng n nng sut v s mng nc ca sn phm cui cng
d l vic phn phi c thc hin di dng sn phm tht ti hay qua ch bin.
WHC c nh ngha nh l kh nng tht gi li nc khi chu tc ng cc ngoi

49
lc (un nng, ct, thi nh hoc p). Nhiu tnh cht vt l bao gm mu sc, cu trc
v cng chc l kt qu ca kh nng gi nc ca tht. mng nc v mm
mi ca tht nu ph thuc mt phn vo kh nng gi nc.

Trong cng nghip ch bin tht cc k thut khc nhau c p dng nng cao kh
nng gi nc, chng hn nh b sung mui v cc phosphate dng kim. Vic gia
tng WHC t c bng cch thay i protein si c, v th chng s lin kt nc
nhiu hn. Nu cc protein si c lin kt nc s tr thnh dng ho tan, chng s
khng phn li hoc lng trong cht lng. Mt s dng ho tan ca protein si c l cn
thit cho s lin kt ca cc sn phm tht ti cu trc (restructure)

nng cao WHC ca cc protein si c, cc khong khng gia cc si protein cn
c gia tng. hiu iu ny c thc hin nh th no, cn tho lun cc in
tch ca protein, pH v im ng in. Cc protein si c l cc hp cht khng gian
3 chiu ln. Chng c cc in tch dng cng nh in tch m trong sut cu trc
ca chng. Trong thc t chng hot ng nh nhng nam chm ngha l cc in tch
cng du y ln nhau v ngc du th ht li. Nu s in tch m c gia tng
trong cc protein ny th khong khng gia cc protein tr nn to hn v in tch m
y ln nhau.

Hnh 5.19 : nh hng ca pH ln kh nng gi nc ca tht

50
im ng in ca protein l im m s in tch dng bng s in tch m
hay in tch thc (net charge) l zero. im ng in ca tht pH vo khong 5,4
5,6. pH ny in tch thc bng 0 v khong khng gia cc protein l nh nht. Khi
khong khng nh tht c WHC thp. Gia tng khong khng gia cc protein s lm
tng WHC. Nu pH ca tht c tng ln trn 5,4 (tng in tch m), cc in tch
m y ln nhau, khong khng ca protein tng ln v WHC tng (hnh 3.14). Sau
khi t cng tht c pH khong 5,5 v v th c WHC thp nht. Nu pH ca tht c
lm tng ln v im ng in ca protein c lm gim xung, WHC s tng mnh
m. Hai kh nng ny xy ra khi b sung mui NaCl vo trong tht. Mui (sodium
chloride) ho tan trong nc thnh ion Na
+
v ion Cl
-
. Ion Na
+
c nh hng t n
khong khng protein nhng ion Cl
-
tc ng n s gia tng in tch m trong
protein. Vic b sung mui cng lm h thp im ng in ti khong 4,5 trong khi
n nng pH ca tht khng ng k. Kt qu ca vic b sung mui l mt s gia tng
rt ln khong khng protein v WHC.


51
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