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TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN TP.HCM

KHOA CNTT
- - - - - -

BO CO
H THNG VIN THNG

ti: Tm hiu v cng ngh VoIP
M nhm: 01
Danh sch nhm
Phan Cng y 1242162
Lp 12HCB







Nm hc 2014
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Mc lc:
I. Tng quan v VoIP ............................................................................................. 4
1. VoIP l g ........................................................................................................ 4
2. Ti sao nn s dng VoIP ................................................................................ 4
3. Cc kiu kt ni s dng VoIP ......................................................................... 5
3.1 Computer to Computer ............................................................................ 5
3.2 Phone to Phone ...................................................................................... 6
4. Cc thnh phn quan trng trong VoIP ............................................................ 6
II. Cch thc hot ng, nhn t nh hng v cc b giao thc. ...................... 6
1. VoIP hot ng nh th no? ........................................................................... 6
1.1 Qu trnh ly mu (Sampling). ....................................................................... 7
1.2 Qu trnh lng t ha (Quantization) ........................................................... 8
1.3 M ha (Encoding) ........................................................................................ 8
1.4 Nn gig ni (Voice Compress) ..................................................................... 9
2. Cc nhn t nh hng n cht lng thoi VoIP .......................................... 9
2.1. tr ..................................................................................................... 9
2.2. S bin thin tr ................................................................................ 9
2.3. Mt gi ................................................................................................... 9
3. H thng thu pht in hnh trong VoIP ........................................................... 9
3.1. B pht thoi .......................................................................................... 9
3.2. B thu thoi .......................................................................................... 10
3.3. Chi tit v cc thanh phn trong b pht VoIP ...................................... 11
3.3.1 M ha thoi: ........................................................................... 11
3.2.2 B thu thoi ............................................................................. 11
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3.3.3 Chi tit v cc thanh phn trong b pht VoIP ......................... 12
4. Cc giao thc iu khin v bo hiu ca VoIP .............................................. 12
4.1. B giao thc H.323 .............................................................................. 12
4.2. B giao thc SIP .................................................................................. 13
5. Cc Gii php nng cao cht lng ca VoIP ................................................. 14
5.1. Bng thng ........................................................................................... 15
5.2. Tr ....................................................................................................... 15
5.3. Bin ng tr ........................................................................................ 16
5.4. Mt gi ................................................................................................. 16
5.5. tin cy ............................................................................................. 16
5.6. Bo mt ................................................................................................ 16
5.7. Cc gii php thc hin b pht ......................................................... 17
5.8. Cc gii php thc hin b thu .......................................................... 19
III. Tnh bo mt v hng khc phc ............................................................... 21
1. Tnh nng bo mt trong VoIP ...................................................................... 21
2. Hng khc phc v bin php gi quyt ...................................................... 26

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I. TNG QUAN V VOIP
1. VoIP l g?
VoIP (Vit tt ca Voice Internet Protocol, ngha l truyn ging ni trn giao
thc IP) l cng ngh truyn ging ni ca con ngi qua mng thng tin s dng
giao thc TCP/IP. N s dng cc gi d liu IP (trn mng LAN, WAN, Internet)
vi thng tin c truyn ti l m ha ca m thanh).
Cng ngh ny bn cht l da trn chuyn mch gi, nhm thay th cng ngh
truyn thoi c dng chuyn mch knh. N nn (ghp) nhiu knh thoi trn mt
ng truyn tn hiu, v nhng tn hiu ny c truyn qua mng internet, v th
c th gim gi thnh.
thc hin vic ny, in thoi IP thng c tch hp sn cc nghi thc bo
hiu chun nh SIP hay H323, kt ni ti mt tng i IP (IP PXB) ca doanh
nghip hay ca nh cung cp dch v. in thoi IP c th l in thoi thng
thng (ch khc l thay v ni vi mng in thoi qua ng dy ghp giao tip
vi RJ45 th in thoi IP ni trc tip vo mng LAN qua cp Ethernet, giao tip
RJ45) hoc phn mm thoi (soft-phone) ci trn my tnh.
2. Ti sao nn s dng VoIP ?
- Nhng u im ca VoIP:
u im u tin li ko ngi dng l ch ph: ngi dng c gi min
ph ph nu h s dng cng dch v, cng thit b VoIP hoc cng tng i IP (hay
cn gi l gi ni mng). V khi d dng dch v khc th chi ph cho n cng r
ng k so vi s dng cch gi truyn thng l PSTN.
Kh nng m rng: Cc tng i in thoi thng l cc h thng kn, rt kh
thm vo nhng tnh nng mi, trong khi vi tnh nng linh hot h thng IP
gip chng ta d dng hn trong vic to ra cc tnh nng mi trong dch v thoi.
Kh nng multimedia: Trong mt cuc gi ngi s d c th va ni chuyn
va s dng cc dch v khc nh chia s d liu, xem hnh nh ca ngi ang
chat
Vn qun l bng thng: Trong PSTN, bng thng cung cp cho mt cuc gi
l c nh. Trong VoIP, bng thng c cung cp mt cch linh hot v mm do
hn. Cht lng ca VoIP ph thuc nhiu yu t, quan trng nht l bng thng.
Do , khng c s bt buc no v thng lng gia cc thit b u cui m ch c
cc chun ty vo bng thng c th ca mnh, bn thn cc u cui c th t iu
chnh h s nn v do iu chnh c cht lng cuc gi.
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Tnh thng nht: V con ngi l nhn t quan trng nhng cng d sai lm nht.
Trng mt mng vin thng, mi c hi hp nht cc thao tc, loi b cc im
sai st v thng nht cc im thanh ton s rt c ch. Trong cc t chc kinh
doanh, s qun l trn c s SNMP(Simple, Network Management Protocol) c th
c cung cp cho cc dch v thoi v s dng VoIP. Vic s dng thng nht giao
thc IP cho cc ng dng ha hn gim bt tnh phc tp, tng tnh mm do. Cc
dch v lin quan nh l dch v danh b v dch v an ninh mng c th c chia
s d dng hn.
Tng tnh bo mt: VoIP c xy dng trn nn tng internet vn khng an
ton do s dn n kh nng cc thng tin c th b nh cp khi cc gi tin b
thu lm hoc nh tuyn sai a ch mt cch c c khi chng truyn trn mng.
Cc giao thc SIP (Session Initiation Protocol-giao thc khi u phin) c th
thnh mt m v xc nhn cc thng ip bo hiu u cui. RTP (Real Time
Protocol) h tr m thnh tht ca phng thc truyn thng trn ton tuyn c
m ha thnh mt m m bo truyn thng an ton.
- Nhng hn ch ca VoIP
K thut phc tp: c c dch v thoi c chp nhn c, cn thit phi
c mt k thut nn tn hiu phi phi t c cc yu cu nh: t s nn ln, c
kh nng suy on v to li thng tin ca cc gi tin b tht lc, tc x l ca b
code (Coder and Decoder) phi mnh
Cht lng dch v cha cao: Cc mng s liu vn d khng phi xy dng vi
mc ch truyn thoi thi gian thc, v vy khi truyn thoi qua mng s liu cho
cht lng cuc gi khng c cao trong trng hp mng xy ra tc nghn hoc
c tr ln. Mt yu t na lm gim cht lng cuc thoi l k thut nn tit
kim ng truyn. Nu nn xung dung lng cng thp th k thut cng phc
tp, cho cht lng khng cao v c bit l thi gian x l s lu, gy tr.
3. Cc kiu kt ni s dng VoIP
3.1 Computer to Computer
Vi 1 knh truyn Internet c sn l 1 dch v min ph c s dng rng ri
khp ni trn th gii. Ch cn ngi gi v ngi nhn s dng chung 1 VoIP
service (Skype, MSN, Yahoo,) v vi cc thit b h tr nh headphone, sound
card th khi cuc gi l khng gii hn.
u im: i vi cc cuc hoi thoi quc t, ngi s dng s tn t chi ph
hn 1 cuc hi thoi thng qua 2 my in thoi thng thng.
Nhc im: cht lng cuc gi ph thuc v kt ni internet + dch v nh
cung cp.
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3.2 Phone to Phone
L mt dch v c ph, bn khng cn kt ni internet m ch cn 1 VoIP
adapter kt ni vi my in thoi. Lc ny my in thoi tr thnh 1 IP Phone.
4. Cc thnh phn quan trng trong VoIP
Cc thnh phn ct li quan trng ca 1 mng VoIP bao gm: Gateway, VoIP
Server, IP network, End User Equipments
Gateway: l thnh phn chuyn i tn hiu analog sang tn hiu s v ngc li.
VoIP gateway: l cc gateway c chc nng lm cu ni cho cc mng IP, GSM
v c mng analog.
VoIP server: l cc my ch trung tm c chc nng nh tuyn v bo mt cho
cc cuc gi VoIP. Trong mng H.323 chng c gi l gatekeeper. Trong mng
SIP cc server c gi l SIP Server.
Thit b u cui (End user equipment): Softphone v my tnh cc nhn (PC):
bao gm headphone, phn mm v kt ni internet. Cc phn mm min ph ph
bin nh Ekiga, GnomeMeeting, Microsoft Netmeeting, SIPSet,
in thoi truyn thng vi IP adapter: s dng dch v VoIP th my in
thoi thng dng phi gn vi 1 IP adapter c th kt ni vi VoIP server.
Adapter l 1 thit b c t nht 1 cng RJ11 ( gn vi in thoi), RJ45 ( gn vi
ng truyn internet hay PSTN) v 1 cng cm ngun.
IP Phone: l cc in thoi dng ring cho mng VoIP. Cc IP phone khng cn
VoIP Adapter bi chng c tch hp sn bn trong c th kt ni trc tip
vi cc VoIP Server.
II. CCH THC HOT NG, NHN T NH HNG V CC B
GIAO THC.
1. VoIP hot ng nh th no?
Khi ni vo ng nghe hay microphone, ging ni s to ra tn hiu in t, l
nhng tn hiu analog. Tn hiu analog c chuyn sang tn hiu s, sau ging
ni c s ha c ng gi thnh tng gi tn v gi trn mng IP.
Trong sut tin trnh mt giao thc nh SIP hay H323 s c dng iu
khin cuc gi nh l thit lp, quay s, ngt kt ni v RTP th c dng cho
tnh nng m bo tin cy v duy tr cht lng dch v trong qu trnh truyn.
Qu trnh s ha tn hiu alalog: Biu din tn hiu tng t(analog) sang tn
hiu s (digital) l cng vic kh khn. V bn thn dng m thanh ca ging ni
con ngi dng analog do cn mt s ln cc gi tr digital biu din bin
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(amplitude), tn s (frequency) v pha (phase), chuyn i nhng gi tr thnh s
nh phn l rt kh khn. Cn c c ch dng thc hin s chuyn i ny v kt
qu ca s pht trin ny l s ra i ca nhng thit b c gi l codec (coder-
decoder) hay l thit b m ha v gii m.
Tn hiu in thoi analog (ging ni ca con ngi) c t u vo ca
thit b codec v c chuyn thnh digital u ra. Sau qu trnh ny c thc
hin tr li bng cch chuyn chui s thnh dng analog u cui vi cng qui
trnh codec. C 4 bc lin quan n qu trnh s ha (digitizing) mt tn hiu tng
t (analog) l: Ly mu (Sampling), Lng t ha (Quantization) M ha
(Encoding), nn ging ni (Voice Compression).
Cc k thut s dng trong qu trnh s ha:
- Multiplexing: Ghp knh l qui trnh chuyn i mt s tn hiu ng thi qua
mt phng tin truyn dn.
- PAM (Pulse-Amplitude Modulation): iu ch bin xung.
- TMD (Time Division Multiplexing): Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian: Phn
phi khong thi gian xc nh vo mi knh, mi knh chim ng truyn cao tc
trong sut mt khong thi gian theo nh k.
- FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s:
Mi knh c phn phi theo mt bng tn xc nh, thng thng c b rng
4Khz cho dch v thoi.
- PCM (Pulse Code Modulation): iu ch theo m: l phng php thng dng
nht chuyn i cc tn hiu analog sang tn digital (v ngc li) c th vn
chuyn qua mt h thng truyn dn s hay cc qu trnh x l s. S bin i ny
bao gm 3 tin trnh chnh: ly mu, lng t ha, m ha. Tin trnh ny hot ng
nh sau:
Giai on u tin ca PCM l ly mu cc tn hiu nhp (tn hiu i vo thit b
s ha), n to ra mt tun t cc my analog di dng chui PAM. Cc mu PAM
c di bin ni tip nhau, sau phn chia di bin ny thnh mt s gii hn
cc khong. Tt c cc mu vi cc bin no , nu mu no ri vo mt
khong t bit no th c gn cng mc gi tr ca khong . Cng vic ny
c gi l lng t ha. Cui cng trong b m ha, ln ca cc mu c
lng t ha c biu din bi cc m nh phn.
1.1 Qu trnh ly mu (Sampling).
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Tn hiu m thanh tp trung trn mng
in thoi c ph nng lng t n
10Khz. Tuy nhin, hu ht nng lng
u tp trung phn thp hn trong di
ny. Do tit kim bng thng
trong h cc thng truyn c ghp
knh theo FDM v c TMD. Cc knh
in thoi thng gii hn bng tn trong khong t 300 n 3400Hz. Tuy nhin
trong thc t s c mt t nng lng nhiu chuyn qua di dng tn s cao hn
tn s hiu dng 3400Hz.

1.2 Qu trnh lng t ha (Quantization)

Tin trnh k tip ca s ha tn hiu tun t l biu din gi tr chnh xc
cho mi mu c ly. Mi mu c th gn cho mt s, tng ng vi bin
(theo chiu su) ca mu.
Sau khi thc hin gii hn u tin i vi bin tng ng vi di mu
n lt mi mu s c so snh vi mt tp hp cc mc lng t v gn vo
mt mc xp x vi n.

1.3 M ha (Encoding)
- Mi mc lng t c ch nh mt gi tr s 8bit, kt hp 8 bit c 256
mc hay gi tr. Qui c bt u tin dng nh du gi tr m hoc dng
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cho mu, 7 bit cn li biu din cho ln. Bit u tin ch na trn hay na
di ca dy, bt th 2 ch phn t trn hay di, bt th 3 ch phn tm tn hay
di v c th tip tc.
Ba bc tin hnh tin hnh ny s lp li 8000 ln mi giy cho dch v
knh in thoi. Dng bc th t l ty chn nn hay tit kim bng
thng. Vi ty chn ny th mt knh c th mang nhiu cuc gi

1.4 Nn gig ni (Voice Compress)
- Mc d k hut m ha PCM 64Kps hin hnh l phng php c chun
ha, nhng c vi phng php m ha khc c s dng trong nhng ng
dng c bit. Cc phng php ny thc hin m ha ting ni vi tc nh
hn tc PCM, nh tn dng c kh nng ca h thng truyn dn.
2. Cc nhn t nh hng n cht lng thoi trn VoIP
Cht lng ca m thanh c khi phc qua mng in thoi l mc tiu c
bn ca dch v, mc d cc tiu chun c ITU pht trin. C 3 nhn t c th
nh hng su sc ti cht lng dch v thoi l:
2.1 tr:
Hai vn gy ra bi s tr u cui trong mt mng thoi l ting
vang v chng ting. Ting vang tr thnh vn khi tr qu 50 ms. y l
mt vn cht lng ng k, nn cc h thng VoIP phi kim sot v
cung cp cc phng tin loi b ting vang. Hin tng chng vang tr nn
ng k nu tr mt chiu(one-way delay) ln hn 250 ms.
2.2 S bin thin tr
S bin thin tr gy ra bi s tr ng truyn khc nhau trn
mng. Loi b jitter i hi thu thp cc gi v gi chng lu cho php
cc gi chm nht n c pht li ng th t, lm cho s tr tng ln.
2.3 Mt gi:
Mng IP khng th cung cp mt s bo m rng cc gi tin s c
chuyn ti ch ht. Cc gi s b loi b khi qu ti v trong vn tc
nghn. Truyn thoi rt nhy cm vi vic mt gi, tuy nhin vic truyn li
gi ca TCP thng khng ph hp. Cc cch tip cn c s dng b
li cc gi mt l thm vo cuc ni chuyn bng cch pht li gi cui cng,
v gi i thng tin d. Tuy th, s tn tht gi trn 10% ni chung l khng
chp nhn c.
3. H thng thu pht in hnh trong VoIP
3.1 B pht thoi
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3.2 B thu thoi


B thu thoi
Tn hiu thoi t pha pht n pha thu trong h thng thoi IP tri qua cc bc
nh sau:
- Trc ht, bn pht tn hiu thoi tng t c s ha bng cch ly mu
theo chu k, sau c m ha. Tn hiu s sau c x l b trit
ting vng. Tip n tn hiu thoi s i qua b pht hin khong lng VAD
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v sau l qua b chn khong lng. Trong sut chy k khong lng ny,
cc gi s khng c truyn i hoc s truyn i cc gi c kch thc nh
hn mang cc thng tin to nhiu nn, iu ny s lm gim tc bt v
khng lm mt i cm gic b gin on cho bn thu. Cui cng l cng vic
ng gi thoi truyn qua mng. Gi giao thc truyn thi gian RTP c
to ra bng cch chen 12 byte head vo gi thoi. Sau gi RTP c ng
gi thnh gi UDP lp giao vn v ng thnh gi IP lp mang.
3.3 Cc chi tit v cc thnh phn trong b pht VoIP:
3.3.1 M ha thoi:
C th chia m ha thoi lm 3 loi l: m ha dng sng (waveform),
m ha ngun v m ha lai ghp l kt hp ca 2 loi.
Nguyn l ca m ha ngun dng sng rt n gin m i din ni
ting ca phng php ny l PCM v ADPCM. u im ca phng php
ny l khng phc tp, gi r, tr thpTuy nhin ti cc tc bt thp
n li khng m bo c cht lng. B m ha ngun s khc phc im
yu ny.
Nguyn l ca m ha ngun l m ha kiu pht m ( tc l cch
thc m bn pht m ra): m v thanh (unvoice) hay hu thanh (voice). V d
v b m ha ny l m ha d bo tuyn tnh LPC. Cc b m ha kiu ny
c th m ha tn hiu thoi tc rt thp.
M ha li ghp l s kt hp ca m ha dng sng v m ha ngun.
Tiu biu l CELP-d on tuyn tnh kch thch m. Hoc ACELP-d on
tuyn tnh kch thch m i s.
3.3.2 Pht hin khong lng (VAD):
Nh chng ta bit trong thoi PSTN thng thng, 2 knh i v v
lun b chim trong cuc m thoi gia 2 ngi, ngay c khi 1 trong 2 ngi
khng ni cu no. iu ny lm lng ph bng thng mt cch khng khip
(c th ti 50%) v khi 1 ngi ni th ngi kia s ngng ni nghe.
Nhng khong thi gian ngng ni y gi l khong lng. Trong VoIP,
VAD c s dng ti b pht tch li thoi v khong lng. Ch c li
thoi c m ha v truyn i tit kim bng thng.
C ch ca b VAD l so snh nng lng tn hiu vi 1 ngng
nhiu trong khung thoi. Thoi c pht hin nu nng lng tn hiu ln
hn ngng nhiu. Khia VAD pht hin nng lng tn hiu gim di
ngng nhiu n s quy l khong lng v ct b cc khung thoi di
khong v dng vic chn khung thoi vo gi. 1 vn na l ti cc
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on chuyn giao gia thoi v khong lng c th c 1 on nh tn hiu c
th b xn mt v do d cht lng thoi cng b nh hng.
3.33 Trit khong lng hay truyn gin on:
Nh phn tch, khi b VAD pht hin ra khong lng, s khng c
gi no c truyn i trong khong thi gian . iu ny lm tit kim
bng thng 1 cch ng k, tuy nhin li ny sinh vn vi ngi nghe l s
c cm gic cuc gi b t on v cn gp kh khn v vn ng b
bn thu. Do thay vo khng truyn gi, ta c th truyn cc gi tin vi
kch thc nh hn trong khong thi gian gin on, cc gi tin ny s
mang cc tham s ca nhiu nn bn thu t c ra lm cho ngi nghe
c cm giacs thc ang m thoi.
3.3.4 Trit ting vng:
Ting vng (echo) trn mt cuc m thoi c th gy ra cm gic kh
chu cho ngi nghe, nguyn nhn l do tr, n l s phn x ca tn hiu qua
mng v vi tr ln ngi nghe c th cm nhn c. Tr ln ti
32 ms l c th gy ra cm gic kh chu cho ngi nghe. Do trong mng
IP khi khng th gim tr c na th ngi ta dng b trit ting vang.
4. Cc giao thc iu khin v bo hiu ca VoIP (VoIP protocol)
VoIP cn 2 loi giao thc l: Signaling protocol v Media Protocol.
Signaling Protocol iu khin vic ci t cuc gi. Cc loi signling
protocols bao gm: H.323, SIP, MGVP, Megaco/H.248 v cc loi giao thc ring
nh UNISTIM, Skpe.
Media Protocols: iu khin vic truyn ti voice data qua mi trng mng
IP. Cc loi Media Protocols nh: RTP, RTCP (RTP Control Protocol), SRTP
(Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol), v SRTCP (Secure RTPC).
Signaling Protocol nm tng TCP v cn tin cy cao trong khi Media
Protocol nm trong tng UDP.
4.1 B Giao thc H.323
H.323 l chun m c ITU-T pht trin cho vic iu khin cuc
gi ngang hng. y l cu trc cht ch, phc tp v ph hp vi vic thc
thi cc c tnh thoi truyn thng. H.323 thit k cho vic truyn audio,
video v data qua mng IP. Tiu chun H.323 bao gm bo hiu v iu
khin cuc gi, truyn v iu khin a phng tin v iu khin bng thng
cho hi ngh im-im, im-a im.
B giao thc H.323 bao gm 1 lot cc giao thc nh:
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- Bo hiu cuc gi: H.225
- iu khin phng tin: H.245
- B audio codecs: G.711, G722, G.723.1, G.728, G.729
- B video codecs: H.261, H.263
- Chia s d liu: T.120
- Truyn ti phng tin: RTP/RTCP

Cu trc H323
4.2 B giao thc SIP
SIP l giao thc iu khin bo hiu thuc lp ng dng, khc vi
H.323, n da trn ngun gc HTTP v c thit k kiu module, n gin v
d dng m rng vi cc ng dng thoi SIP. SIP l 1 giao thc bo hiu
thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin a phng tin nh: thoi IP, hi ngh,
cc ng dng khc lin quan n multimedia. SIP cung cp cc chc nng
sau:
nh v ngi dng qua a ch tng t email.
Xc nh nng lc ngi dng: cc tham s phin c th thng
lng gia 2 pha.
Xc nh i ch ngi dng.
SIP c pht trin bi IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
MMUSIC (Miltiparty Multimedia Session control) Working Group (Theo
RFC 3261). y l 1 giao thc biu din k t, n gin hn giao th H.323.
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N ging vi HTTP, hay SMTP. Gi tin bao gm cc header v phn thn.
SIP l 1 giao thc ng dng (application protocol) v chy trn cc giao thc
UDP, TCP v STCP.
Cc thnh phn trong SIP network:
Cu trc mng SIP cng khc so vi giao thc H.323. Mt mng SIP
bao gm cc End Points, Proxy, Redirect Server, Location Server v
Registrar. Ngi dng phi ng k vi Registrar v a ch ca h. Nhng
thng tin ny s c lu tr vo 1 External Location Server. Cc gi tin SIP
s c gi thng qua cc Proxy Server hay cc Redirect Server. Proxy
Server da vo tiu to trn gi tin lin lc vi Server cn lin lc ri
gi cc packets cho my ngi nhn. Cc redirect server ng thi gi thng
tin li cho ngi gi ban u.

Phng thc thanh ton ca SIP.

SIP l m hnh kt ni mng s dng kt ni 3 hng( 3 way
handshake method) trn nn TCP.
5. Cc gii php nng cao cht lng thoi trong VoIP.
Trc tin chng ta ni v cc tham s trong QoS trong VoIP vi cc gi tr tham
kho nh sau:
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Bng thng (nh nht): 64kbps, 1.5 Mbps
Tr (ln nht): 50ms, 150ms.
Bin ng tr: 10% tr ln nht.
Mt gi: 1 gi trn 1000 gi cha chuyn giao
kha dng:99.99%.
Bo mt: m ha & nhn thc trn cc lung lu lng.
5.1 Bng thng
Bng thng l yu t ti thiu m mt ng dng cn hot ng. V
d thoi PCM 64kbps cn bng thng l 64kbps. Bng thng cn thit c
xc nh bi bng thng nh nht c trn mng. Nu truy nhp mng qua 1
model h tr bng thng nh hn 64kbps th ngay c trn mng ng trc
tc 45Mbps th ng dng thoi 64kbps vn khng hot ng c. Tuy
nhin thoi 64 kbsp cng khng hot ng tt hn l my nu c cung cp
bng thng 128 mbps. Ta ch cn bit mt iu rng bng thng nh nht
phi c sn sng ti tt c cc im gia cc ngi s dng.
Bnh thng, mt knh thoi tng t c bin i thnh knh PCM
c s c tc 64 kbps. K thut PCM theo chun G.711 s dng trong
mng thoi PSTN truyn thng m bo m thanh kh trung thc nhng
chim bng thng ln, iu ny khng ph hp trong mng IP. Vy vn
t ra l phi lm gim bng thng xung mc cho php m vn m bo
cht lng thoi, bi ton ny c gii quyt bng cc k thut m ha v
nn tn hiu thoi tc thp c ch ra trong cc chun G.723.1 hay
G.723.2
5.2 tr
C th chia tr u-cui trong mng VoIP thnh 3 loi
Tr x l: bao gm tr m ha v tr ng gi. Tr m ha l thi
gian x l cn thit m m ha v gii m tn hiu. Tr ng gi bao gm
khong thi gian ca on tn hiu thoi ng gi, thng thng t 10 n 40
ms, tr ny lin quan n kch c khung c ng gi. Tr x l ph thuc
vo thut ton nn v tc b x l.
Tr mng: hay cn gi l tr truyn dn ph thuc v khong cch,
dung lng v trng thi ca lin kt trong mng. Tr mng thng hay i
v kh bit trc, ph thuc vo nhiu phn t trn mng v ch c th khc
phc c bng 1 bin php v m (thay i ton b mng).
16

Tr b m: l tr sinh ra ti b m pha thu, khi cc gi tranh
chp nhau dnh quyn c ra trc. iu ny c khc phc bng vic
nng cp nng lc b m.
5.3 Bin ng tr
Thng s bin ng tr hay jitter l gii hn lng thay i ca tr m
1 ng dng c th gp phi trn mng. V d mt ng dng c th tr mng
100ms, bin ng tr c th t l cng tr 10% gi tr ny, khi nu mng
c th tr trong khong thi gian 90 n 100ms th vn t yu cu. Cc ng
dng nhy cm vi bin ng tr l cc ng dng thi gian thc nh thoi
hay video.
V d v bin ng tr:
Khong thi gian t khi gi g tin A v B n khi chng ta nhn l
bng nhau: T1 = T2 nhng khong thi gian t khi gi gi C ti khi nhn
c T3 li khc T2, gi l bin ng tr. gii quyt vn ny, b thu
s dng b m hp thu bin ng tr, tc l cc gi khng c c ra
ngay khi chng n ni mag s c lu trong b m n 1 khong thi
gian nht nh mi c c ra ng lot theo 1 chng trnh c nh.
5.4 Mt gi
C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra, v d nh: mt kt ni, hng b nh
tuyn, Do bn cht mng IP m vic mt gi l khng th trnh khi v c
th xy ra ti bt k thi im no. Tc ng ca mt gi trong VoIP l
nghim trng hn so vi cc loi ng dng khc. V d nh qu trnh iu
khin li trn mng l qu trnh gm 2 bc m bc u tin l xc nh li,
bc th 2 l khc phc li, c th n gian l vic truyn li gi mt. Tuy
nhin khng th p dng ty tin cho cc ng dng thi gia thc nh VoIP v
ta phi xt ti thi gian tr. V vy cn phi c s cn nhc tha ng gia 2
tham s tr v mt gi trong VoIP. C th gim mt gi bng cch tng
thi gian tr ca b m, tuy nhin khn c qu di nu khng s nh
hng n cm nhn m thoi ca ngi nghe.
5.5 tin cy
l tnh p ng ca mng, v d nh l 1 nm mng ngng hot
ng tng cng tm gn 1 tun v v d cho ra t l hot ng l 97 % th nh
mng phi c k hoch bo tr nng cao t l hot ng cho mng.
5.6 Bo mt
Vn ny lin quan n tnh ring t v xc nhn khch ch. Khi m
VoIP tr nn ph thng hn, tc l n c chp nhn trong c nhng cuc
17

gi mang tnh cht quan trng gia cc i tc. V th n c nguy c b nghe
trm rt cao ( y phi ni l nguy c gi tin thoi b nh cp trn mng),
v mng IP th tt nhin l nguy c s cao hn rt nhiu so vi mng PSTN
truyn thng. V th vn bo mt trong VoIP s l yu t cc k quan
trng trong tng lai. C th thc hin iu nay bng rt nhiu cch nh p
dng vi cc gi IP thng thng: nhn thc, m ha

Di y l cc k thut s dng b thu, pht:

Nh ta bit tr u cui u bao gm 3 loi tr nh trn phn
tch. Trc ht ni v tr mng, khng ch c n th gii php hiu qu
nht l nng cao cht lng mng v c cu trc mng hp l. iu ny rt
tn km v phi thc hin tng bc, iu ny dnh cho cc nh qun l. C
1 phng php khc hn ch tr mng l k thut pht a ng, cng 1 gi
tin s pht i theo nhiu ng, khi ti bn nhn, my thu s so snh cc gi
tin n v s chn gi c tr nh nht. K thut ny s hiu qu khi thng tin
trao i quan trng nn ngi ta c th chp nhn tang ti ca mng m
bo cht lng thng tin.. Tuy nhin k thut ny s hiu qu hn khi kt hp
vi 1 s k thut khc nh pht hin tc nghn (ch pht a ng khi pht
hin mt gi hng lot do tc nghn cc b) v k thut bo mt cho gi tin.
Hai thnh phn cn li ca tr u cui u cui l tr b m c
gii quyt b pht v thu. Tr x l bao gm tr m ha v tr ng gi, n
ph thuc vo thut ton nn v tc b x l. Vic ti u ha thut ton
m ha s lm gim tr x l. Tr b m cng c gim nhiu khi s dng
c ch qun l b m thng minh (c ra thch nghi theo thi gian).
Ti to hay che du mt gi l k thut nhm lm cho ngi nghe cm
nhn thy s lin tc trong cuc hi thoi cho d mt mt thng tin. N l k
thut lm cho cc on b mt s c lp y bi 1 on thng tin gn nh
tng t vi n. Ti to l dng li on thng tin b mt bng k thut no
nh: ni suy t cc gi thng tin trc v/hoc sau gi b mt da vo mt
s c tnh ca thoi nh dng sng hoc ph tn. Che du l che y tinh vi
cc gi b mt.
y tp trung v cc k thut khi phc mt gi, k thut ny c th
chia ra lm 2 loi: thc hin b pht v thc hin b thu.
5.7 Cc gii php thc hin b pht
C ch khi phc mt gi thc hin u pht bao gm:
- Yu cu pht li t ng (ARQ automatic repeat request)
- Sa li trc (FEC forward error correction)
- Bo v mc khng u (ULP uneven level protection)
- Ghp xen (interleaving)

18

5.7.1 Yu cu pht li t ng
C ch ny s thc hin pht li cc gi li hoc mt, n l phng php
ph bin nht khi phc da trn u pht v thng s dng trong TCP. Ti
pha pht s b sung cc s th t vo cc gi thoi trc khi pht i. Pha thu s
da v s th t ny bit cc gi thoi no b mt v yu cu pha pht pht
li. Phng php ny m bo tin cy cho d liu nhng li c nhc im l
tr qu ln v khng ph hp vi cc cuc m thoi VoIP. N ch pht huy
tc dng trong trng hp pht thanh qung b khi m tr khng i hi cao
bng chnh xc trong thng tin pht.

5.7.2 S dng m sa li trc
S dng m sa li trc FEC, d liu mt s c khi phc pha
thu m khng cn yu cu pht li pha pht. C d liu gc v thng tin
d u c gi n pha thu. D liu d tha nhn c t d liu gc
nh s dng ton t XOR hoc s dng m Reed-Solomon. M ny cho
php bo v li ti u nhng gi thnh x l cao hn c ch da trn ton
t XOR.
Nguyn l ca FEC l truyn i k gi d liu gc km theo h gi chn
l d tha. V d k=4, h=2, nh vy cc gi truyn i c 4 gi mang
thng tin thoi v 2 gi chn l. Gi s mt gi thoi v 1 gi chn l d
tha b mt th ti pha thu vn c th khi phc li ton b cc thoi da
vo 3 gi thoi cn li v 1 gi chn l d tha. FEC lm vic hiu qu
ngay c khi t l h/k kh nh. b gii m FEC, mt gi lin tip c th
sa c vi k kh ln v chng s dng c cc bit d liu v cc bit chn
l cho vic sa li. u im ca FEC l cc gi mt c th khi phc li
mt cch chnh xc. Nhc im l yu cu tr cao v yu cu thm bng
thng.

5.7.3 Bo v mc khng u

ULP da trn thc t, cc phn khc nhau ca d liu s c nhng
mc quan trng khc nhau v do s c u tin c bo v khc
nhau. V d: thoi c m ha s dng CELP th pitch v cc tham
s b lc d on trc c coi l quan trng hn cc k hiu trong
khi m ha kch thch. Mt li trong tham s b lc d on s dn
n cht lng gim r rt trong khi li khi k hiu s c nh
hng t hn. Chnh iu ny dn n vic bo v mc khng u.
Cc khi d liu sp xp trong gi RTP s gim dn theo quan
trng, d liu phn u s c bo v tt hn.

5.7.4 Ghp xen
19

Khi tr l vn th yu th ghp xen c s dng gim nh
hng ca li bit chm. Nguyn l ca ghp xen c minh ha nh
sau:
Ti b thu, cc khi d liu c tp hp li v sp xp theo th t
ri a n b gii m. i vi ghp xen, nh hng ca mt gi c
chia u trn cc khong thi gian nh tng ng. Khi cc khong
thi gian nh hn chiu di mt m v (phoneme). Do c th d
dng ni suy li khong mt v m thoi vn nghe tt nh bnh
thng. Trong khi nu khng c ghp xen th c th c trng hp
khi d liu b mt ln hn so vi khong thi gian 1 m v, khi s
lm gim kh nng hiu c ca thoi. u im ca ghp xen: khng
lm tng ti cho mng, gim nh hng ca mt gi chm. Nhc
im: tng tr.

5.8 Gii php thc hin b th

Khi phc mt gi ti pha thu c th coi nh lm cch no
ngi nghe c th cm nhn c m thoi mt cch tt nht c th.
Nguyn l c bn
Chng ta s gi thit rng pha pht sa hu ht cc li bit chm v
ch cn li 1 s nhm nh cn sa tip. Che du li l cch hiu qu nht
sa cc li cn li.
Phng php che du mt gi thc hin thay th mt gi mt. Bng
cch tng hp phn m thanh hoc tn hiu thoi tng ng vi gi mt.
iu ny c th thc hin c v hu ht cc phn ca tn hiu thoi hoc
m thanh thay i chm theo thi gian, do vy nhng on tn hiu thoi gn
nhau thng tng t nhau. K thut ny lm vic tt khi t l mt gi nh
hn 15% v khong thi gian mt gi nh hn 40ms. Khi chiu di mt gi
lin tip gn bng chiu di m v th k thut ny lm vic khng hiu qu.
Phn loi:
Chn:
o Ghp ni
o Chn khong lng
o Lp gi
Ni suy:
o Thay th dng sng
o Thay th dng sng theo pitch
o Co gin thang thi gian
Ti to
o Ni suy tham s
o Ti to m hnh
20


5.8.1 Chn
Trong phng php chn, gi b mt c thay th bng vic chn
y vo cc bit. Trong k thut chn chia ra 3 loi nh sau:
o Ghp ni (Splicing): y l k thut n gin nht, nu mt gi
xy ra, n s ct b on tn hiu tng ng vi cc gi mt, v d
nu mt gi th 5 th sau gi th 4 s l gi th 6. Nh vy trong
lung tn hiu thoi s c 1 phn m thoi b ct b tng ng vi
gi th 5.
o Chn khong lng (Silence substitution): Thay th on tng ng
vi cc gi mt bng on c bin bng khng hoc chn nhiu
nn. iu ny ch chp nhn c khi cc khung mt rt ngn v t
l mt gi l rt thp.
o Lp li bng cc gi trc : K thut ny chp nhn c khi
mt gi n. Gi tt nht nhn c trc gi b mt s c lp
li lp y khong trng thoi b mt. Tuy nhin lp gi li gy
mt s m thanh l

5.8.2 Ni suy
Ni suy l k thut phc tp hn nhiu, v chng tnh ti s thay i
ca tn hiu m thoi. Nguyn l ca k thut ny l s dng cc gi ln cn
gi mt lm c s ti ti li gi b mt v thay th chng. K thut ni suy
c 3 dng:
- Thay th bng dng sng (waveform substitution) ca tn hiu thoi trc
hoc sau on b mt.
- Ni suy dng sng theo chu k pitch (Pitch waveform interpolation):
Nu gi mt l on v thanh th c thay th bng cch lp li. Nu gi
mt l on hu thanh th c thay th bng cch lp li dng sng theo
chu k pitch. K thut ny cho cht lng tt hn k thut thay th
bng dng sng.
- Co gin thang thi gian (Time scale modification): K thut ny cho php
co gin on thoi hay audio trc v sau on b mt b lp nhng
on ny. on sng chuyn t gi trc sang gi sau c ni suy trong
mt ca s tm dng sng ti u, do cht lng k thut ny cao
hn hn cc k thut trc.

5.8.3 Ti to
K thut ny s dng thng tin ca thut ton m ha tng hp tn
hiu thoi tng ng vi cc gi mt, cng ngh ny ph thuc vo b m
ha thoi v c thi gian tnh ton kh lu v thut ton phc tp. K thut
ny c th chia lm 2 loi:
21

- Ni suy tha s (Parameter interpolation): S dng cc tham s m ha
nh LPC v tng ch ni suy.
- Khi phc trn c s m hnh (Model-based recovery): on mt tch ca
tn hiu c khi phc bng cch m hnh ha dng m ha ca tn hiu
thoi

III. TNH BO MT V HNG KHC PHC

1. Tnh bo mt trong VoIP:
Chnh v VoIP da trn kt ni Internet nn n c th c nhng im yu i
vi bt k mi e da v cc vn g m my tnh phi i mt. VoIP c th cng
b tn cng bi virus v m nguy him khc. Cc k tn cng c th chn vic truyn
thng, nghe trm v thc hin cc tn cng gi mo bng vic thao tng ID v lm
hng dch v ca bn. Cc hnh ng tiu tn lng ln cc ti nguyn mng nh
ti file, chi tr chi trc tuyn cng nh hng n dch v VoIP.
Gy gin on v quy ri dch v: k tn cng c gng ph dch v VoIP bao
gm cc mc: h thng qun tr, h thng d phng, h thng truy nhp v
iu khin. Vic tn cng vo t cc thnh phn mng gm c routers, my ch
DNS, SIP proxies, cc phn iu phi phin
Phng thc tn cng c th t xa, khng nht thit phi truy nhp trc tip,
thng qua vic li dng cc l hng ca giao thc dng trong VoIP, li ca
h thng. Mt hnh thc quy ri gi l SPIT.
S gin on ca dch v: Vic tn cng lm gin on dch v c th l do
tn cng t chi dch v DoS. Trong tn cng DoS c hai loi chnh l DoS
thng thng v DDoS DoS phn tn, khi b tn cng ny th rt t h thng
c kh nng chng c. Hnh di y cho thy cc dch v trong VoIP
c th b gin on khi b tn cng DoS.
Tn cng DoS c th thc hin vo bt c thnh phn no ca h thng.

22



Cc mc tiu d tn cng v em li xc sut thnh cng cao khi tn cng
DoS l tn cng vo cc thnh phn ca h thng, bao gm:
- Cc thnh phn mng
+ Thit b u cui
+ Li ca mng nh sighnaling gateway
+ Cc thit b truyn dn: routers,
- Cc thnh phn ca ng dng v dch v
+ Signaling
+ Media
- H iu hnh
+ Management
+ Billing
+ Fraud
+ Security
+ Provisioning
Chin lc phng th theo chiu su defense in depth i hi VoIP phi
c thit k v bo tr cc vn an ninh t mc my ch cho n cc thit
b u cui.
Cc tn cng lin quan n dch v in thoi
m bo thng sut trong h thng VoIP th cc h thng in thoi kt
ni vo phi hot ng mt cch thng sut. y cng c th l mc tiu ca
attacker. Cc dch v lin quan n dch v ny gm c:
+ Voicemail
23

+ Caller ID
+ International calling
+ Telephone number
+ Call waiting
+ Call transfer
+ Location
+ Confidentiality of signaling howjc media streams
+ Lawful intercept
+ Emergency service
V d vi:
+ Voice mail Tn cng mt cch n gin c th l on mt khu hay
brutefore nu mt khu khng mnh. Mt s hnh ng c attacker l xa
tin nhn, thay i thng tin c nhn, chuyn cuc gi n mt s khc,..
+ Caller ID Cc tn cng ph bin l dung spoofing ID nhm ly thng tin
c nhn
+ Follow me service Attacker s dng phng php hijack chen ngang
vo cuc gi
Tn cng t chi dch v
Tn cng DoS l kiu tn cng gi yu cu lin tc vi s lng ln n dch
v cn tn cng, c th l da vo li ca mc tiu. Ty theo ngun ca cc
tn cng m chia thnh DoS thng thng v DDoS. Mc ch l lm cho
mc tiu b ngng tr khng c kh nng p ng dch v c gi ti. Mc
nng c th khin h thng b hng, c s d liu b ph v
i vi h thng VoIP cc mc tiu c kh nng b tn cng DoS l:
+ Content/protocol layer SDP, encoded voice, encoded video
+ Application H.323, SIP, RTP, RTCP, Radius
+ Application level encryption TLS/SSL
+ Transport TCP, SCTP, UDP
+ Network-level encryption IPSec
+ Network Ipv4, IPv6
+ Link PPP, AAL3/4
+ Physical SONET, V.34
Bng di y cung cp y thng tin v kh nng b tn cng ca cc
thnh phn
Cc mc tiu mc thp s dng cc giao thc SIP:
- Tn cng mc thp s dng cc giao thc IPv4, UDP,TCP
- Tn cng vo TLS hoc IPSec
- Tn cng vo SIP sessions
- Tn cng vo RTP stream
Mt s phng php tn cng t chi dch v vi VoIP
a. Malform Packet Denial of Service
24

Phng php ny cn gi l fuzzing, qu trnh tn cng sinh ra cc gi tin
xu mt cch ngu nhin. Mt trong cc cng c tn cng kiu ny l PROTOS
c pht trin t nm 2002 do trng University Oulu khi sng.
b. SIP Flooding Attack
Kiu ny tn cng theo kiu floofing mc tiu l giao thc SIP
c. SIP Signaling Loop Attack
Tn cng da vo li vng lp, to nn nhng vng lp v hn lm lp
y ng truyn
Tn cng kiu quy ri
Kiu tn cng ny nhm n ngi dng lm gim uy tn ca nh cung
cp dch v. Vic tn cng ny c th l t ng bng phn mm hay bn t
ng. Chng hn t ng gi n mt s no vo mt khong thi gian
nht nh, c th i km ni dung xu,
trnh c vic tn cng ny h thng cn c cc bin php bo v
nh Blacklist,
Nghe trm v phn tch d liu trn ng truyn: k tn cng s tm
cch thu thp cc thng tin nhy cm chun b cho cc tn cng mc
su hn. Trong VoIP (hoc trong cc ng dng a phng tin trn Internet),
attacker c kh nng gim st cc dng tin hiu hoc d liu khng c m
ha, khng c bo v trao i gia cc ngi dng. Phng thc ny l
lng nghe, lu tr, phn tch cc gi tin hay gii m thi gian thc trn ng
truyn c th l ch ng hoc c th l b ng. Mc ch ca cc Attacker
l cc thng tin nhy cm nhe thng tin th tn dng, cc thng tin mt khu
khc.
Nghe trm
y l hnh thc tn cng t ra rt hiu qu khi d liu trn ng
truyn khng c m ha. Attacker c th da vo cc li ARP, bwats gi
tin ti cc im trung gian nh: gateway, proxy,
Vic nghe trm c th chia thnh 3 loi
- Traffic analysis
- Signaling eavesdropping
- Media eavesdroppin
Gi mo v nh la: K tn cng c th gi ngi s dng, thit b hoc
thm ch l dch v xm nhp vo h thng mng, dch v, cc thnh phn
trong h thng hay ly cp thng tin. K tn cng gi mo thng s dng cc
thng tin gi mo, truy cp tri php thm ch l gy ra li v xm nhp khi h
thng b gin on. Mc tiu ca tn cng gi mo l ngi dng, thit b v cc
thnh phn mng.
Gi mo
25

V nguyn l phng php ny rt n gin l gi mo ci gi l thc.
Phng php ny xut pht t chnh i sng x hi v n ra i t thi c
i.
Cc kiu tn cng gi mo:
Caller ID Spoofing: gi mo Caller ID
Presence Hijacking
Truy nhp tri php: L kh nng xm nhp vo dch v, h thng chc
nng, thnh phn mng mt cch khng chnh thc. Attacker c th xm nhp
thoogn qua cc l hng nh trn b m, cu hnh mc nh, mc bo v km c
th b gy.
Truy nhp tri php
y l kiu tn cng ph bin khng ch i vi h thng VoIP. Ba phng
php tn cng ly thng tin phc v cho vic truy nhp tri php:
- Mo danh
- Tn cng mc trung gian, ch yu l mng
- Total compromise
i vi mo danh: bao gm trm mt khu, on mt khu,
i vi Tn mc trung gian: ngi dng thc s khng ng nhp vo h
thng, nhng khi h ng nhp vo h thng, k tn cng nghe trm mc mng
LAN hay tng t ly thng tin truy nhp hay session khi cha b timeout
i vi Total compromise: k tn cng c ton b quyn iu khin v c th ci
cc chng trnh gin ip vo h thng
Mt s im c th l thng tin truy nhp
- Cu hnh mc nh cc phn mm
- mt khu mc nh
- Khng phn quyn truy cp cho cc phn c chc nng khc nhau
- Li xm nhp qua cc dch v: TFTP, FTP,Telnet.
- Cc li vi quyn ca file v th mc: quyn chn thc thi, quyn
ghii vi nhng file,th mc khng cn thit
chng li xm nhp tri php cc phn sau cn c thit k v trin khai cn
thn:
- Application controls
- Network controls
- Management
- Billing
- Provisioning
Gian ln: kh nng ny xy ra khi k tn cng c mt quyn g trong
h thng, c th l do cc tn cng khc mang li. Sau , k tn cng c th li
dng quyn hn c c vo mc ch c nhn. y l mt vn rt c quan
tm i vi cc nh cung cp dch v, cc nh phn phi.
26

Ngy nay gian ln trc tuyn cng nh gian ln trn VoIP cng tr nn ph
bin. Vic gian ln d xy ra cc b phn chuyn giao ca dch v. Vn gian
ln trong vin thng cng c quan tm mt cch c bit. Mt s kiu gian ln
trong VoIP nh: Fraud Through Call Flow Manipulation, Phishing, Fraud
Management

2. Hng khc phc v bin php gii quyt
Vic m ha cc gi tin theo cng ngh IPSec s gip trnh c cc cuc
nghe ln
Cng ngh SRTP ang dn thay th cho RTP bo v cc tn hiu m thanh v
hnh nh lu thng trn mng
i vi gateway v switch, cng ngh SSH nn c thay th cho clear-text
protocol, v HTTPs nn c dng thay cho HTTP v tt nht l cc mt khu mc
nh nn c thay i mt khi h thng c trin khai. Vic nng cp h thng
nh k cng nn c xem xt mt cch chnh ng.
M hnh mng trong cng ty c s dng VoIP cn phi c xem xt. Vn
tt nht c th lm l phn chia cc my s dng VoIP v data ra lm 2 mng khc
nhau. i vi cc voice gateway cn phi chn cc gi SIP, H.323 hoc bt c gi
d liu no c gi n t mng data. Vic m ha cc gi tin ti Router v
gateway s dng IPSec l 1 la chn tt nht cho vic bo mt.
Khng nn s dng softphone khi m vn v virus v worm ang mt
ng quan tm. Lin tc nng cp phn mm nu hng phn mm cung cp cc
bn v cho h iu hnh th bn nn ci t chng ngay lp tc, vic s ngn chn
c cc tn cng ang li dng yu im trong l hng phn mm
S dng v cp nht phn mm chng virus phn mm chng virus c th
nhn ra v bo v my tnh chng li cc virus c nh ngha. Mc d vy, k
tn cng lun tm mi cch vit ra cc virus mi, chnh v vy bn phi thng
xuyn cp nht phn mm virus.
Tn dng trit cc ty chn bo mt nhiu nh cung cp c th cung cp
dch v cho php m ha. Nu cng vic ca bn lin quan n nhiu vn ring
t v bo mt th cng nn cn nhc n cc ty chn c sn ny,
Ci t v kch hot tng la. Tng la c th ngn chn nhiu kiu xm
nhp bng vic kha lu lng nguy him trc khi chng xm nhp vo my tnh
ca bn
Tng la cn cung cp mt s cng cp ng dng ngn chn lu
lng VoIP, phn loi giao thc v kim tra nhng cng ng no cn c m
bng ng dng. Tnh nng ny m mt li i cho php truyn thng tin trong mt
phin thoi c th v ng li sau khi hon thnh cuc gi.
Khi ngi dng kt thc cuc gi qua IP th ni dung m thoi vn l d
liu nhy cm, nhng thng tin ny nht thit khng c l ra mng cng cng.
Do vy, thit b in thoi IP nn h tr c ch xc thc hiu qu cho vic ng k
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i vi my ch VoIP. Vic m ha b sung vi vic s dng mt knh mng ring
o (VPN) cng nn c p dng cho c vic thit lp cuc gi v truyn ti thng
tin.
nh gi cc thit lp bo mt. C my tnh c bn v cc thit b/phn mm
VoIP cung cp nhiu tnh nng khc nhau c th trang b cho yu cu ca bn. Mc
d vy, vic cho php cc tnh nng c th c th li cho bn nhiu l hng d b
tn cng. V vy v hiu ha mt s tnh nng nu bn cm thy khng cn thit.
Kim tra cc thit lp ca bn, thit lp bo mt ring v chn cc ty chn m bn
cn trnh mang li nhng ri ro khng ng c.