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COMPLEX NUMBERS:

Forms: cartesian, polar, exponential
Operations: + , , ,
Argand Diagram
Applications
De Moivres
Definition of Complex Numbers
A complex number is an expression of the form
a +j b
where a and b are real numbers and j
2
= -1.
Real part
Imaginary Part
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Examples
3 + j4
Real part 3, imaginary part 4
- j(2/3) Real part , imaginary part -2/3
j6 Real part 0, imaginary part 6
-7 Real part -7, imaginary part 0
Note: a number such as j6 that has real part 0,
is called a pure imaginary number.
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Arithmetic Operations on Complex Numbers
c b a +
Complex Numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied,
and divided just as we would any number of the form
The only difference we must keep in mind is that
1
2
= j
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Addition
(a + jb) + (c + jd) = (a + c) + j(b + d)
Subtraction
(a + jb) (c + jd) = ( a c) + j( b d)
To add complex numbers, add real parts and the
imaginary parts.
To subtract complex numbers, subtract the real parts
and the imaginary parts
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Multiplication
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( bc ad j bd ac jd c jb a + + = + +
Multiply complex numbers like binomials, using
1
2
= j
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Complex Conjugates
b a z j + =
b a z j =
For the complex number
we define its complex conjugate to be
Note that
( )( )
2 2
j j b a b a b a z z + = + =
So the product of a complex number and its conjugate
is always a nonnegative real numbers.
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Examples:
Number Conjugate
3 + j2 3 - j2
1 - j 1 + j
j4 -j4
5 5
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Dividing Complex Numbers
,
j
j
d c
b a
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+
+
d c
d c
d c
b a
d c
b a
j
j
j
j
j
j
To simplify the quotient
Multiply the numerator and the denominator
by the complex conjugate of the denominator:
( ) ( )
2 2
j
d c
ad bc bd ac
+
+ +
=
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Example:
2 1
5 3
j
j

+
The complex conjugate of 1 j2 is 1 + j2
Solution:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

+
2 1
2 1
2 1
5 3
2 1
5 3
j
j
j
j
j
j
5
11 7 j +
=
5
11
5
7
j + =
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Exercises:
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Example (i)
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Example (iv)
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(a)
(c)
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(a)
(b)
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Example:
Solution:
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COMPLEX NUMBERS:

Forms: cartesian, polar, exponential
Operations: + , , ,
Argand Diagram
Applications
De Moivres
APPLICATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
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