Rancangan, sampling, issues,

dan pengumpulan data dalam

METODE KUALITATIF
By: Yayi Suryo Prabandari IKM FK UGM 2013
RANCANGAN
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Skills for Core Process:
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
Rancangan Penelitian Kualitatif
Studi kasus
Fenomenologi : mencari makna
Grounded research : pengalaman
proses
Etnografi : melihat budaya,
kebiasaan, perilaku
Etnoscience: deskripsi, taksonomi,
karakteristik
Etologi kualitatif: deskripsi pola
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Ethnography
A culture studying culture
It consists of a body knowledge that includes
research techniques, ethnographic theory
and hundreds of cultural description.
It seeks to build a systematic understanding
of all human cultures from the perspective
of those who have learned them
Ethnography is based on the following
assumption: knowledge of all cultures is
valuable
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Ethnography
A strong focus on exploring the nature of
particular social phenomena
A tendency to work primarily with
unstructured data
Examination of a small number of people,
perhaps just one in detail
Analysis of data which involves explicit
interpretation of the meanings and functions
of human actions-and descriptions and
explanations of the events take priority
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Phenomenology
Study situations in the everyday world from the viewpoint of
the experiencing person
In contrast to the emphasis on culture that is characteristic of
ethnographers, phenomenology emphasis the individuals
construction of a life world
Taken together, the whole of peoples unquestioned,
subjective experience of their biological worlds can be termed
their life-world
The life world is the individuals world of their everyday life
clothes should be worn, what the weather will be like, the way
you should greet a friend
Each individuals life-world is different and individuals actions
can be understood by situating them within the life-world of
the actor
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Grounded theory
Is one that is inductively derived from the study of
the phenomenon it represents
That is discovered, developed and provisionally
verified through systematic data collection and
analysis of data pertaining to that phenomenon
It makes no sense to start with received theories or
variables (categories) because these are likely to
inhibit or impede the development of new
theoretical formulations, unless of course your
purpose is to open these up and to find new
meanings in them
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Studi Kasus
Summarized from references by:
Yayi Suryo Prabandari
Program Studi S2 IKM
FK UGM
Attempts to derive general conclusions
from limited number cases
Examine the marketing process in a single
or a few manufacturing companies in order
to come to conclusions regarding business
to business marketing
Seeks to arrive at specific conclusions
regarding a single case because this
case history

Karakter Case Study
Exploratory-single or multiple cases
A pilot study that can be used a basis for formulating
more precise questions or testable hypotheses
determining the feasibility of the desired research
procedure
Descriptive-single or multiple cases
Is attempt to describe presents a complete
description of a phenomenon within its context
Explanatory-single or multiple cases
Is looked upon with skeptis present data bearing
on cause-effect relationships-explaining how events
happened
Tipe Case Study
Selecting the cases to be studied, whether following
a single-case or multiple case design
Specifying what is being explored when you are
doing exploratory case studies
Stipulating rival theories when you are doing
exploratory case studies
Generalizing the results to other cases
Theory, kapan digunakan:
Issues
The need to create a framework of
study
Unit of analysis
Criteria for selecting cases
Case screening
How and why do research findings
get into practical use

Exploratory Study
Issues
Multiple-case design
Categorical vs non categorical education
Unit of analysis and selection of cases

Descriptive case studies
Jenis Penelitian Kualitatif lainnya

Studi ex post facto
Penelitian aksi
Metode biografi
Pendekatan sejarah
Riset klinis
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SAMPLING PADA PENELITIAN
KUALITATIF
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Issues
Tidak ada aturan khusus jumlah sampel
Seeking breadth or seeking depth
The validity, meaningfulness and insight
generated from qualitative inquiry have
more to do with the information-richness of
the cases selected and the
observational/analytical capabilities of the
researcher than with sample size.
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Sampling strategies
Purposeful sampling
Extreme or deviant case sampling
Intensity sampling
Maximum variation sampling
Homogeneous sampling
Typical case sampling
Stratified purposeful sampling
Critical case sampling
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Sampling strategies
Purposeful sampling
Snowball or chain sampling
Criterion sampling
Theory-based or operational construct sampling
Confirming & disconfirming cases
Opportunistic sampling
Random purposeful sampling (small sample size)
Sampling politically important cases
Convenience sampling
Combination or mixed purposeful sampling
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ISSUES KESAHIHAN DAN
METODE PENGUMPULAN
DATA
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Kesahihan dan Keandalan
Kredibilitas kebenaran
Transferabilitas penerapan
Dependabilitas pengulangan
Konfirmabilitas objektivitas
Alat pengumpul data dalam
kualitatif dan kuantitatif
KUALITATIF:
Wawancara mendalam
Focus Group
Discussion
Observasi
Study dokumen
(analisis isi)
Visual (videografi,
fotografi)
Personal Experience
KUANTITATIF:
Wawancara terstruktur
Observasi dengan
check list
Study dokumen
dengan check list
Kuesioner/angket/skala
Pengukuran dengan
alat (timbangan,
meteran, dsb.)
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Rapid Assessment Procedure:
salah satu alternatif untuk melakukan need assessment
Diadopsi dari pendekatan dan metode dalam bidang
ilmu antropologi
Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk mengetahui konteks
lokal dan budaya setempat agar suatu program
kesehatan dapat efektif
Prosedur ini pada awalnya bertitik tolak pada
kepercayaan dan persepsi yang berhubungan
dengan kesehatan, penggunaan sumber kesehatan
tradisional maupun biomedis.
Prosedur ini kemudian dikembangkan untuk hal yang
lain yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan

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Metode Pengumpulan Data pada RAP
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Formal interview
Informal interview
Conversation
Observation
Participant observation
Focus Group Discussion
Documentation & bibliography study
Penyusunan Panduan
Menyesuaikan dengan pertanyaan
penelitian
Menyusun bentuk panduan
o Berupa pertanyaan rinci atau kerangka/topik
pertanyaan
o Tidak memasukkan terlalu banyak topik
o Alur pertanyaan sealami mungkin
o Mungkin berbeda untuk responden
berbeda

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:
Diskusi Kelompok Terarah



Diskusi yang mempunyai fokus
tertentu & dirancang dengan
seksama
Menggali persepsi tertentu
Tidak mencari konsensus
Hasilnya adalah variasi jawaban
Peserta 6-12 orang
Suasana informal, santai dan tidak
menekan

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:
Diskusi Kelompok Terarah



Waktu diskusi maksimal 2 jam
Tempat diusahakan nyaman,
menimbulkan suasana privasi
DKT dipandu seorang fasilitator,
sebaiknya dibantu oleh penulis
Informan sebaiknya tidak
mengenal satu sama lain dan
homogen
Proses sebaiknya terekam dan
ijin dulu pada informan
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:
WAWANCARA MENDALAM


Tatap muka dengan tujuan khusus
Dipandu dengan panduan wawancara
atau betul-betul bebas
Hindari kehadiran orang lain selain
informan
Maksimal waktu untuk wawancara adalah
2 jam, termasuk basa basi
Suasana dibuat nyaman, ada privasi
Sebaiknya direkam setelah ijin terlebih
dulu

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:
WAWANCARA MENDALAM


Pewawancara harus netral
Ringkasan wawancara dibuat
segera
Bias dapat terjadi pada
pewawancara
(menjurus,tendensius, kegagalan
menggali) ataupun panduannya


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Metode Pengumpulan Data:
OBSERVASI


Observasi
Observasi partisipatif
Observasi un-obstrusif
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:
OBSERVASI


Dilakukan pada waktu tertentu vs
partisipatif
Langsung mengamati vs dibantu alat
(video, one way mirror, cctv)
Perhatikan batasan yang akan diamati
Lamanya tidak ada batasan
Pengamat harus netral, lepas dari
prasangka
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Metode Pengumpulan Data:
YANG LAINNYA
Interpretasi dokumen dan material
Metode visual
Pengalaman personal
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Terima Kasih Atas Perhatian Anda
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