RATION SHOP INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM

1. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
1.1 Objective of the Project
Ration shops are one of the main food product supply centers of Indian
Government. Both Central and State government control this supply but these
shops are managed under private sector. No in all the activities of this shop are
done manually in paper or!s. "hey !eep all records in big paper file records.
Govt. of "amil Nadu #rovide Register Boo!$ Issue Boo!$ Bill boo!$ through the
Supply %ffice to the Ration Shops. "he Shop oners must !eep and maintain
these three boo!s ith proper entry of data. &ue to the manual entry through
paper or! in the three boo!s$ duplicate entry or rong entry may occur$
resulting in asting time and resources in this system.
R'"I%N(S)%# IN*+N"%R, C%N"R%- S,S"+. is intended to
fully automate Ration Shops. "he system must provide an easy interface so that
person of little computer !noledge can use it easily and efficiently.
CHAPTER 1
INTRO!UCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRO!UCTION
1.1 Prob"e# !efi$itio$%
"his Softare titled as &RATIONSHOP INVENTORY CONTROL
SYSTEM' developed to control the inventory management of the
#udhucherry Ration shops. "he e/pected audience of this document is
the faculty of 0000000000000000000000000 proprietor of ration(shop
number 0000 ."his documents is also facilitates the re1uirement of those
ho need to do bac! trac!ing in further.
(i) 1.1% *LOC+ !IA,RAM
1.- Prob"e# A$."/0i0%
System analysis or!s ith users to identify goals and build systems to
achieve them. System analysis is an important phase of any system development
process. "he system is studied to the minutest details and analy2ed. "he system
analysts play the role of an interrogator and dells deep in the or!ing of the
present system. In analysis$ a detailed study of these operations performed by a
system and their relationship ithin and outside of the system is done. ' !ey
1uestion considered here is 3hat must be done to solve the problem4 %ne
aspect of analysis is defining the boundaries of the system and determining
hether or not the candidate system should be considered.
"he system is vieed as a hole and inputs to the system are identified.
"he outputs from the system are traced through the various data that are
collected on available files$ decision points and transactions handled by the
present system. %nce analysis is completed$ the analyst has a firm
understanding of hat is to be done.
Based on analysis$ a cost5benefit analysis is considered. )ere the cost for
the system is calculated on the basis of the analysis made. "he best one is
selected as the solution. "he proposal is presented to the user for an
endorsement by the user. "he proposal is revieed on the user re1uest and
suitable changes are made. "his is a loop that ends as soon as the user is
satisfied ith the proposal. 'fter all this$ the proposal becomes a formal
agreement that paves ay for the design and implementation.
LITERATURE
O(
REVIE1
CHAPTER -
-.1 E2i0ti$) S/0te#
In e/isting system all the activities of this shop are done manually in
paper or!s. "hey !eep all records in big paper file records. Govt. of
#udhucherry provide register boo!$ issue boo!$ bill boo!$ through the supply
office to the Ration(Shops. "he shop oners must !eep and maintain these
three boo!s ith proper entry of data. "hese boo!s must be submitted to the
supply office. Ration Inspector 6RI7 of supply office verify all the boo!s
entry(ise and calculate the closing stoc! using the e1uation opening stoc!
8 purchase stoc! 9 sales stoc!:closing stoc!. 3ith the help of closing stoc!
she5he calculates the purchase 1uantity and allos the purchase unit from the
hole sales. "he holesaler only provides the 1uantity alloed from the RI.
3holesaler calculates the bill amount of the alloed 1uantity.
&ue to the manual entry through paper or! in the three boo!s duplicate
entry or rong entry may occur in the e/isting system$ resulting in asting
time and resources.
's per the #udhucherry Govt. the customers are divided into to groups
li!e '#- ;'bove #overty -ine< and B#- ;Belo poverty -ine<. Ration(
Shops provide rice$ heat$ sugar$ !erosene oil$ atta to the customers. +ach
group gets products in separate 1uantity and rate as per the Govt. norms.
-.- !i0.3v.$t.)e0 of e2i0ti$) 0/0te#
"ime consumption
+rror factor
Storage of data
&ifficulty in accessing data
Integrity problems
Security issues
+/isting system consumes man poer Corruption
-.4 PROPOSE! SYSTEM
In this pro=ect all the disadvantages of the e/isting system can be
removed. 'nd also provide the proper management of all the data properly and
collect inventory record for daily.
-.5 A3v.$t.)e0 of PROPOSE! 0/0te#
"he proposed system has many advantages>
-o response time
Cost effective solution
Robustness
Scalability
#ossibility of upgrading
.
-.6 (EASI*ILITY STU!Y
"he feasibility study is an important factor that analyses the
capability of a pro=ect. "he main ob=ective of feasibility study is to eight the
pro=ect. "his is done through three types of feasibility$
+conomical ?easibility
%perational ?easibility
"echnical ?easibility
+conomical ?easibility>
"o install this softare and to use it$ there is no need for installing
any additional peripherals or to train the user since$ they have been or!ing in
indos e/plorer. "herefore they find it easy and comfortable in using this
softare and it needs only minimum amount of hardare re1uirement. "he
memory re1uired for e/ecuting the softare. It is affordable by all users as it is
economical for them.
%perational ?easibility>
%perational ?easibility study is necessary as it ensures that the
pro=ect development is successfully implemented in the organi2ation. "he
operational feasibility of pro=ect is high since it is user friendly and easy to
operate.
"echnical ?easibility>
"echnical ?easibility analysis ma!es a comparison beteen the
level of technology available and the technology that is needed for the
development of the pro=ect. "he level of technology is determined by factors
such as the softare tools$ machine environment$ platform etc. since the
resources re1uired for the development of this pro=ect are already available in
the organi2ation$ this pro=ect is technically feasible.
SYSTEM
SPECI(ICATION
C)'#"+R( @
4.1 SO(T1ARE ENVIRONMENT%
%perating System > .icrosoft 3indos A# Service pac! B
?ront +nd > *isual Basic C.D
Bac! +nd > %racle EDg
4.- HAR!1ARE REQUIRE!%
#rocessor > Intel &ual Core(B.B .)2
.emory > EGB R'.
)ard dis! > BFD GB S'"'
.ouse > %ptical "ype
Geyboard > EDB standards HSB "ype
HSB Controllers > C host port controller
C#H Info > IntelI CoreJB&uo C#H "CKDD
LB.DDG)2
.onitor > &+-- -C& monitor
&*& &rives > -G &*& &rive
)ard &is! > BFD GB S'"' "ype
Screen Resolution > E@CC/MCN(@Bbit
.anufacture > &+-- Corporation
SO(T1ARE
!ESCRIPTION
CHAPTER 5
5.1 A*OUT MICROSO(T VISUAL *ASIC
(i) 5.1% Over Vie7
Of Vi08." *.0ic 9.:
(i) 5.-% Vi08." *.0ic (or#
*isual Basic is an ideal programming language for developing
sophisticated professional applications for .icrosoft 3indos. It ma!es use of
Graphical Hser Interface for creating robust and poerful applications. It
contains a build 9 in interpreter ith e/tensive tools for sensing and debugging
code errors.
"he most ama2ing and useful component of *isual basic is that the
programmer can use a te/t editor to rite and ma!e changes to the code. 3ith
Graphical user Interface 6GHI7$ e can design screen presentations and menus.
"he GHI also facilities importing screen presentations$ graphics and data from
other applications into our application.
*isual Basic C.D for 3indos re1uires at least .icrosoft 3indos OF 5
3indos ON 5 3indos N"$ KNC processor and at minimum of EC .B of R'..
*isual Basic comes in three flavors>
E. "he *isual Basic -earning +dition
B. "he *isual Basic #rofession +dition
@. "he *isual Basic +nterprise +dition
"he *isual Basic -earning +dition is the introductory edition that lets to
easily create indos application.
"he *isual Basic #rofession +dition is for computer professional and
includes advanced features such as tools of develop 'ctive A and Internet
Controls.
"he *isual Basic +nterprise +dition includes all the features for the
#rofessional +dition$ plus tools such as *isual Source Safe and 'utomation and
component manager.
THE INTE,RATE! !EVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT%
I&+ is a term used to describe the interface and environment that e use
to create our applications.
"he *isual Basic I&+ is made up of a number of components.
LAN,AU,E SPECI(ICATION
.enu Bar
"ool Bar
#ro=ect +/plorer
#roperties 3indo
?orm -ayout 3indo
"ool Bo/
%b=ect Broser
MENU *AR%
"he menu bar displays the commands that are re1uired to build an
application. "he main menu items have sub menu items that can be chosen
hen needed.
TOOL *AR%
"he tool bars in the menu bar provide 1uic! access to the commonly used
commands and a button in the toolbar is clic!ed once to carry out the action
represented by it. "he tool bar has buttons for the most fre1uently used
commands in *isual Basic such as %pen #ro=ect$ save pro=ect$ Cut #aste$ 'dd
?orm etc.
PRO;ECT E<PLORER%
"he pro=ect e/plorer serves as a 1uic! reference to the various elements
of a pro=ect namely form$ classes and modules.
PRO;ECT 1IN!O1%
#roperties indo lists the property settings for the selected form or
control. ' property is a characteristic of an ob=ect such as si2e$ caption or color.
"he properties indo displays the properties of only ob=ect at a time 9 ")+
%N+ ")'" IS CHRR+N"-, S+-+C"+&.
(ORM LAYOUT 1IN!O1%
?orm 3indo is a logical container for the visual programming ob=ects
6such as dialog bo/es and action buttons7 that made up a typical screen display.
TOOL *O<%
It is a indo that provides a set of tools that are used at design time to
place controls on a form. "he buttons in the toolbo/ are called controls.
O*;ECT *RO1SER%
It lists ob=ects for use in the pro=ect and gives a 1uic! ay to navigate
through the code.
VISUAL *ASIC APPLICATION%
' visual Basic application is made up of ob=ects$ events and code.
O*;ECTS%
'n ob=ect is a ay of communicating ith the user for eg ?orm$ 3indo$
and .enu.
EVENTS%
3hen some aspect of the ob=ect is changed$ an event is triggered. "hus an
event is an action recogni2ed by a control or form. 'n event occurs hen the
user performs an action ith the mouse or !eyboard. +vents can also be caused
by script statements and by the system itself.
Some of the events are
Clic! -oad
&ouble Clic! &rag %ver
.ouse .ove Got ?ocus
.ouse &on -ost ?ocus
.ouse Hp 'ctivate
Hnload Gey #ress
CO!E%
' code defines the processing that ta!es place hen an event occurs.
*isual Basic e/ecutes the code for that event. ' code is ritten in *isual Basic
Commend.
PRO,RAMMIN, (UN!AMENTALS%
*isual Basic uses building bloc!s such as *ariables$ &ata types$ #rocedures$
?unctions and Control Structures in its programming environment
MO!ULES%
Code in *isual Basic is stored in the form of modules.
"he three !inds of modules are
?orm .odule
Standard .odules
Class .odules
(ORM MO!ULE%
Simple application may contain a single form$ and the code resides in that
form module itself.
STAN!AR! MO!ULE%
3hen additional forms are added$ there may be a common code to be
e/ecuted in several forms. "o avoid the duplication of code$ a separate module
containing a procedure is created that implements the common code.
CLASS MO!ULE%
Class modules ith filename e/tension .C-S are the foundation of ob=ect
oriented programming in *isual Basic. Classes are the fundamental building
bloc!s of a type of programming called ob=ect(oriented programming 6%%#s7.
Ne ob=ects also by created by riting code in class modules.
!ECLARATION%
.ay include constant$ type$ variable and &-- procedure declarations.
PROCE!URES%
' sub function$ or property procedure that contain pieces of code that also
be e/ecuted as a unit.
!ATA TYPES%
By default *isual Basic variables are of variant data types. "he variant
data type also store numeric$ date5time or string data. "he fundamental data
types are integer$ long$ single$ double$ string$ currency$ byte and Boolean.
VARIA*LES%
*ariables are used for storing values temporarily. ' variable is scoped to a
procedure level 6local7 or module(level variable depending on ho it is
declared.
LOCAL VARIA*LES%
' local variable is one that is declaring inside a procedure. "his variable
is only available to the code inside the procedure and also be declared using the
dim statement.
MO!ULE LEVEL VARIA*LES%
' module(level variable to all the procedures in the module. "hey are
declared using the public or private !eyord.
PROCE!URES%
*isual Basic programs also be bro!en into smaller logical components
called procedures. #rocedures are useful for condensing repeated operation such
as the fre1uently used calculation$ te/t and control manipulation etc.
VISUAL *ASIC !ATA*ASE ARCHITECTURE%
'ny *isual Basic &atabase 'pplication has three parts>
USER INTER(ACE%
User
Database Engine
Data Store
"he Hser interface is hat the user sees and interacts ith. It contains
forms that display the data and enable the user to vie or update it.
THE !ATA*ASE EN,INE%
"he =et database engine is contained in a set of &ynamic -in! -ibrary
6&--7 file that are lin!ed to visual Basic program at run time. It handled all
house!eeping chores li!e inde/ing$ loc!ing$ security and referential inferential
integrity. It also contains a Puery #rocessor that accepts SP- 1ueries and acts
on them to carry out the desired database operations.
THE !ATA STORE%
"he data is the file of files containing the database tables. "he application
might access data stored in several different database files or formats either in
.&B file or in &B? file.
"he data control can be used to create application that display$ edit and update
information from many types of e/isting database. "he data control implements
data access by using the .icrosoft Qet &atabase +ngine.
"he data control can perform the folloing ta!es ithout the use of code.
Connect to a local or Remote &ata Source
%pen a Specified database table or define a set of records based on a
Structured Puery language 6SP-7 1uery of tables in that database.
#ass data fields to bound control$ here you can display or change the
values.
'dd ne records or update a database based on any changes you made
to the data displayed in the bound control.
ACCESSIN, !ATA*ASES 1ITH !ATA ACCESS O*;ECTS%
' &ata 'ccess ob=ect is a collection of ob=ect classes that model the
structure of a relation database system. "hey provide properties and methods
that allo accomplishing all the operation to manage such a system$ including
features for creating database$ defining tables$ navigating and 1uerying a
database.
"he &B +ngine is the top(level database ob=ect and corresponds to the Qet
&atabase +ngine. "he ob=ect is used to set database engine system parameters
and default or!space. "he or!space ob=ect is used to support simultaneous
transaction and it acts as a container for open databases.
In order to or! ith data assess ob=ects$ a reference has to be set to the
appropriate &'% libraries. "here are to &'% libraries supported by *isual
Basic C.D they are
.icrosoft &'% @.FE ob=ect library
.icrosoft &ao B.F5@.FE compatibility layer.
ACTIVE< CONTROLS%
"he most salient feature introduced by *isual Basic is the ability to
author 'ctiveA$ hich is formerly an %-+ control.
'ctive control can be developed using i2ards or can be designed using
the interface of the control by riting code similar to that for classes. "he
'ctiveA controls have been designed based on component ob=ect .odel
6C%.7.
COMPONENTS O*;ECT MO!EL%
"he component %b=ect .odel 6C%.7 is the basic for all %CA control.
C%. concentrates on the ay in hich to processes communicate ith each
other and defines some standards interface for them to communicate.
!ISTRI*UTE! COMPONENT O*;ECT MO!EL%
&istributes C%. is nothing but Com over a netor!. It allos
information e/change over the Internet$ the local Intranet or any other netor!.
3hile C%. is the basic for %CA controls$ &C%. is the basic for 'ctiveA
control(as 'ctiveA itself is nothing but internet enabled %CA.
ROLE O( ACTIVE<%
'ctiveA provides a familiar client5server Infrastructure to run over
applications. Stand alone *isual Basic application can be ported over to
'ctiveA documents so that they can then be donloaded via internet +/plorer.
"ype %f active controls
*isual Basic offers us to design three different types of controls.
Hser(&ra controls
+nhancement to e/isting *isual Basic controls
Ne Controls built ith Constituent control

USER!RA1N CONTROL%
"hese controls are developed from scratch for hich the user is
responsible for designing the controlRs interface and are in control of its
appearance and interface.
E<ISTIN, VISUAL *ASIC CONTROLS%
"he simplest of customs 'ctiveA control that can be developed is one
that is based on an e/isting control and enhances its operation. 3e can !eep
most or all of the original controls functionality and them add custom members.
CONSTITUENT CONTROLS%
"he controls that from part of the nely developed custom control are
called Constituent Control.
A!!IN, INTERNET ACCESS%
"o connect the Internet there is a *isual Basic i2ard hich sets up the
Internet 3eb access. "he i2ard has default HR- 6Hniform Resource -ocator7.
HR- is the ebsite address.
A!!IN, HELP TO APPLICATION%
*BC is having a tool to attach R"? files into our application calledR )+-#
3or!shopR By using e can create the help files0.hlp.
!ATA REPORT !ESI,NER%
Creating report is a main function of any good business application.
#revious version of *isual Basic included a version Seagate of softareRs
Crystal Reports tool. 3ith the release of *BC. .icrosoft has integrated report
riter into *isual Basic that ill provide most user an alternative to purchasing
another tool.
ORACLE O*;ECT LI*RARY%
"he oracle %b=ect Server is an %-+ In #rocess server that supports a
collection of programmable ob=ects for oracle databases running either locally
or remotely. 'n %-+ in process server is a special !ind of %-+ server$ running
in indos &-- that supports the %-+ automation interface. 'n %-+ in
process server has no user interface and is not embeddable. ,ou can access the
%racle ob=ect server through the oracle data control$ through any application
that supports %-+ automation 6Such as in *isual Basic for 'pplications$ in
applications such as .icrosoft +/cel version F.D and 'ccess B.D7
"o access interfaces provided by a C%. automation server component and
instance of the component needs to be created first. In visual basic$ this is done
by calling the create %b=ect function. "he argument to this function is the -& of
the component to be used.
ORASESSION%
'n %rasession ob=ect manages collection of %ra&atabase$ %raconnection and
%ra&ynaset ob=ects used ithin application. "ypically$ a single %rasession
ob=ect is created for each application$ but you can create named %r session
ob=ects for shared use ithin and beteen applications.
A*OUT ORACLE 1: )%
*.0ic I$0t."".tio$
3hen you install %racle &atabase during basic and advanced
installations$ you ma!e the folloing choices.
S3hat database product do you ant to install4
,ou can install one of the folloing>
=E$ter>ri0e E3itio$T%racleUs full featured database product hich provides
data management for enterprise(level applications. It is engineered for mission(
critical$ high(security online transaction processing 6%-"#7 and data
arehousing environments.
=St.$3.r3 E3itio$T"his installation type is suitable for or!group or
department(level applications$ and for small to medium si2ed enterprises. It is
engineered to provide core relational database management services and
options.
=Per0o$." E3itio$ 63indos operating systems only7T"his installation type
installs the same softare as the +nterprise +dition$ but supports only a single(
user development and deployment environment.
=C80to# I$0t.""T"his installation type enables you to customi2e the
+nterprise +dition. Hse Custom Install to add a component to your e/isting
installation that ould not normally be installed or prevent certain components
from being installed.
S&o you ant to create a starter database in addition to installing the %racle
softare4 "o create the database$ the installer automatically launches the
&atabase Configuration 'ssistant at the end of the installation.
"o install a preconfigured database$ select one of the folloing database types$
optimi2ed according to usage>
=General #urpose
="ransaction #rocessing
=&ata 3arehouse
"o create an custom database in hich you configure your on database
structure$ see advanced installation.
S3hat are your &atabase Configuration %ptions4 "hese options include your
Global &atabase Name and %racle System Identifier 6SI&7.
"he Global &atabase Name is the full name of the database that uni1uely
distinguishes it from any other database. "he global database name is of the
form databaseVname.databaseVdomain$ as in sales.us.acme.com. "he database
name portion sales is a simple name you call your database. "he database
domain portion us.acme.com specifies the database domain in hich the
database is located. "ogether$ the database name and domain ma!e up the
Global &atabase Name.
&uring basic installation$ %racle automatically installs the sample schemas.
.any of the e/amples in the database documentation are based on the sample
schemas.
,ou ill also be prompted to enter your database schema passord for the S,S
and S,S"+. accounts$ hich enable you to manage and administer the
database.
SQL St.te#e$t0 .$3 Other M.$.)e#e$t Too"0% SQL?P"80 .$3 iSQL?P"80%
"he underlying operations in +nterprise .anager are performed using
Structured Puery -anguage 6SP-7 statements. SP- is an +nglish(li!e computer
programming language for accessing and manipulating data contained in a
database. It is an industry(standard language for accessing databases.
"he folloing is an e/ample of a SP- 1uery>
S+-+C" C%HN"R,VI&$ C%HN"R,VN'.+ ?R%. )R.C%HN"RI+SW
SP- is a poerful language and can be used to perform a variety of database
administrative tas!s. 3hile performing these tas!s$ you can clic! Sho SP- to
see the underlying SP- statements being issued.
?or more information on SP- and on using SP- for database
administration$ see Oracle Database SQL Reference. In addition to +nterprise
.anager$ you can use other %racle tools to issue SP- statements such as
SP-0#lus and its 3eb version iSP-0#lus. "hese tools enable you to perform
the same database management operations$ as ell as to 1uery$ insert$ update or
delete data directly in the database.
St.rti$) SQL?P"80
SP-0#lus is a command line program you use to issue SP- statements to
an %racle database. ,ou can issue these statements or in batch. SP-0#lus is
installed ith the database and is located in your X%R'C-+V)%.+5bin
directory.
"o start SP-0#lus$ enter the folloing at the command line on all platforms>
s1lplus username5passord
,ou can use the S,S administrative user and passord you set up during
installation. SP-0#lus starts and connects you to the default database. 't the
SP- prompt$ you can enter statements that perform administrative tas!s such as
database startup and shutdon. ,ou can also 1uery$ insert$ update$ and delete
data.
%n 3indos$ you can use the SP-0#lus 3indos GHI to administer the
database. ?rom the main menu$ select Start$ #rograms$ %racle(
%ra&BEDgVhomeE$ 'pplication &evelopment$ SP-0#lus.
?or more information about SP-0#lus$ see SQL*Plus User's Guide and
Reference.
?or more information about SP- statements$ see Oracle Database SQL
Reference.
St.rti$) iSQL?P"80
iSP-0#lus is the 3eb version of SP-0#lus. Before you can connect to it
ith a HR-$ you must start the iSP-0#lus application server. "o do so$ enter the
folloing at the command line> is1lplusctl start
'fter the server is started$ you can connect to iSP-0#lus ith a HR-
such as
http>55machine_name>FFCD5is1lplus
'lternatively$ you can connect to iSP-0#lus using +nterprise .anger. "o do so
from the +nterprise .anager home page$ clic! iSQL?P"80 under Related -in!s.
?or more information about iSP-0#lus$ see SQL*Plus User's Guide and
Reference.
*.0ic I$tro38ctio$ to SQL?PLUS
"he SP-0#-HS 6pronounced Yse1uel plusY7 program allos you to store
and retrieve data in the relational database management system %R'C-+.
&atabases consists of tables hich can be manipulated by structured 1uery
language 6SP-7 commands. ' table is made up of columns 6vertical7 and ros
6hori2ontal7.
' ro is made up of fields hich contain a data value at the intersection of a
ro and a column. Be aare that SP-0#-HS is a program and not a standard
1uery language.
,etti$) St.rte3
It is a prere1uisite that users are registered for %R'C-+$ an %R'C-+
account is needed. %n Hni/ platforms you must start the script oraenv to set the
%R'C-+ environment. +nter the command . oraenv and press ZReturnW[.
&onUt forget to type a blanc beteen the dot and oraenv. If you are
or!ing ith a #C using .S 3indos$ simply use Netinstall to install the
product. ,ou can find the softare in the database folder. +nter s1lplus on uni/
systems or run it on 3indos from the start menue. 'nser the displayed
prompts by entering your %R'C-+ user(name and passord.
"he SP-0#-HS command prompt SP- [ indicates that you are ready to or!.
So#e e"e#e$t.r/ Co##.$30
alter user user identified by ne pass ord enables user to change the
passord
help accesses the SP-0#-HS help system
e/it$ 1uit terminates SP-0#-HS
ho;st< leads to the operating system ithout leaving SP-0#-HS
ho;st< command e/ecutes a host operating system command
ho;st< oerr accesses the %R'C-+ error help for uni/
E3iti$) .$3 E2ec8ti$)
'll entered input is stored as a single SP-0#-HS statement in the
command buffer. #ressing the ZReturn[ !ey hile editing ill either open a
ne numbered line or$ if the previous line ends ith a semicolon or consists of a
single slash$ ill e/ecute the SP-0#-HS command. %pening ne numbered
lines allos you to structure statements and enables you to refer to particular
lines by later using edit functions.
l;ist< lists command buffer 6the current line is mar!ed ith a star7
ln or n ma!es line n the current line and lists it
ln m lists lines n through m
a te/t appends te/t to current line
c5oldstring5nestring changes oldstring to nestring in current line
i inserts a line after current line
del deletes the current line
r;un< runs and lists command buffer
5 runs command buffer
W lists command buffer
If you use substitution variables$ li!e \variable$ instead of values or
names in your SP- statement$ SP-0#-HS ill prompt you and substitute the
entered value. ' substitution variable is a user variable name preceded by an
ampersand.
1or@i$) 7ith Co##.$3 (i"e0
,ou can use command files to save comple/ commands. 'fter creating a
command file you can retrieve$ edit$ and run it. "he default file e/tension is
.s1l . If you use other file e/tensions you must rite the full file name li!e
name.e/tension. ed;it< overrites a scratch file ith the contents of the
command buffer edit enables you to edit this file ith the defined host operating
system editor. "he name of the scratch file is afiedt.buf . 'fter leaving the
editor the buffer is listed and you can e/ecute it.
ed;it< filename enables you to edit an e/isting or ne file filename.s1l
sav;e< filename creates file filename and stores the command buffer into it
sav;e< filename ;option< stores command buffer into file filename
#ossible options are cre;ate<$ app;end<$ rep;lace<.
get filename loads the host operating system file filename into the command
buffer sta;rt< filename ;argE argB ..< e/ecutes file filename argE argB .. are
arguments you ish to pass to the command file If you run a command file in
hich a substitution variable li!e \E is used$ you ill be prompted for that
value. ,ou can avoid being prompted by passing an argument to the command
file.
Q8erie0 .$3 S8bA8erie0
Retrieving data from the database is the most common SP- operation. ' 1uery
is an SP- command 6specifically a select7 that retrieves information from one
or more tables. ' sub1uery is a select hich is nested in another SP- command.
The !e0cribe Co##.$3
desc;ribe< name lists the column definition for table or vie name
*.0ic Se"ect Co##.$30
"he basic select command consists of to parts$ called clauses> select some
data from table.
+/amples
select 0 from tabname selects all columns and ros from table tabname
select distinct col from tabname selects column col from table tabname and
returns only one copy of duplicate ros
select colE$ colB ... from tabname selects specified columns from table
tabname
select colE$ colB0@ from tabname selects colE$colB from table tabname and
lists colE$ colB multiplied by @
select B0@ from dual calculates B0@ and ill display the result
Se"ecti$) Ro70 .$3 Or3eri$)
"o retrieve specific ros from a table you need to add a here clause. '
here clause consists of one or more search conditions hich can be connected
by logical operators. "o display the retrieved data in a specific order you need to
add an order by clause.
E2.#>"e0
select colE$colB from tabname
here colE Z colB and colB ]:D
order by colB
Columns colE$ colB are selected from table tabname and all ros here colB is
not e1ual to 2ero and colE is less than colB are displayed in an ascending order
6ordered by colB7.
select colE$colB from tabname
here colE li!e UV'^U or colE li!e U888U
order by colB desc
Columns colE$colB are selected from table tabname and all ros here
colE is e1ual to U888U or here the second letter in colE is an U'U are displayed in
a descending order.
In this e/ample to different escape characters are used. "he underscore
matches e/actly one character hereas the percent sign can match 2ero or more
characters.
select colE$colB from tabname
here colE in 6 valueE$valueB 7
Columns colE$colB are selected from table tabname and all ros here
colE is e1ual to valueE or to valueB are displayed.
select colE$colB from tabname
here colE not beteen valueE and valueB
Columns colE$colB are selected from table tabname and all ros here
colE is not in the range beteen valueE and valueB are displayed.
U0i$) Set O>er.tor
Set operators combine the results of to 1ueries into a single result. If a
statement contains multiple set operators$ they ill be evaluated from left to
right.
0et o>er.tor
union returns all distinct ros selected by either 1uery
union all returns all ros selected by either 1uery$ including all duplicates
intersect returns all distinct ros selected by both 1ueries
minus returns all distinct ros selected by the first 1uery but not the
second
E2.#>"e
select 0 from tableE
union all
select 0 from tableB
"his ill combine all ros$ columns of tableE and tableB.
Q8er/i$) M8"ti>"e T.b"e0
If you ant to retrieve information from different tables$ you can do this
by issuing different 1ueries or a single Q%IN 1uery. In a Q%IN 1uery$ you list the
names of the tables you are 1uerying in the from clause and the names of the
lin!ing columns in the here clause. "he omission of the lin!ing here clause
causes a cartesian product of both tables. ' Q%IN combines ros from to or
more tables here columns hich the tables have in common match. If a
column name is not uni1ue$ you must use a prefi/ to ma!e clear hich column
from hich table you ant to select 6e.g. tablename.columnname7.
Si#>"e ;oi$
select colE$tabE.colB$col@ from tabE$tabB
here tabE.colB:tabB.colB
"his is the most common type of =oin. It returns ros from to tables based on
an e1uality condition$ therefore it is also called an e1ui(=oin.
No$EA8i ;oi$
select tabE.colE$tabB.colB from tabE$tabB
here tabE.colE beteen loval and highval
Since this =oin doesnUt return ros based on a e1uality condition$ it is called a
non(e1ui =oin.
Se"f ;oi$
select aliasE.colE$aliasB.colE Y)eader BY from tabname aliasE$tabname aliasB
here aliasE.colB:aliasB.col@
In this e/ample the table tabname is =oined ith itself. Hsing of to different
alias names for the same table allos you to refer to it tice. Since the names of
the resulting columns in this e/ample are the same$ the second column gets a
ne header.
O8ter ;oi$
select colE$colB from tabE$tabB
here tabE.colE:tabB.colB687
Suppose you ant to retrieve information from to tables here not all ros
match but the result should contain all values from one or more columns. '
simple =oin ill select only matching ros hereas the outer =oin e/tends the
result. 'll matching ros ill be selected and hen you append the outer =oin
operator 687 to a column name$ those ros hich do not match ill also be
selected. In the e/ample the number of ros hich are selected is the number of
ros in table tabB. If ros match$ the outer =oin or!s as a simple =oin$ if not$
the values from tabB.colB and a NH-- value for the non e/isting value of
tabE.colE ill be selected.
!.t. !efi$itio$ L.$)8.)e !!L
&&- commands allo you to create$ alter and delete ob=ects 6e.g tables$
vies7 and also to grant and revo!e privileges.
create table tabname 6colE typeE$colB typeB$...7 creates table tabname
colE ... coln are the column names$ typeE$typeB.. specifies the datatype of a
column hich can be number$ date$ char$ varcharB.
number6p$s7 specifies a fi/ed point number having precision p 6total number of
digits7 and scale s 6number of digits to the right of the decimal point7.
number6p7 specifies a fi/ed point number.
number specifies a floating point number.
char6si2e7 specifies fi/ed length 6ma/ BFF7 character data of length si2e.
varcharBB6si2e7 specifies variable length 6ma/ BDDD7 character string having a
ma/imum length of si2e bytes.
create table tabname as sub1uery creates table tabname
sub1uery inserts ros into the table upon its creation. ' sub1uery is a form of
the select command hich enables you to select columns from an e/isting table.
create vie viename as sub1uery creates vie viename
' vie is a logical table based on one or more tables.
drop table tabname removes table tabname from the database
alter table tabname add 6colE typeE$colB typeB$...7 adds columns to table
tabname
alter table tabname modify 6colE typeE$colB typeB$...7 modifies column
definitions
rename oldname to nename renames table oldname
alter user user identified by nepassordW enables user to change the
passord to nepassord
grant privilege on ob=ect to user grants a privilege to user
revo!e privilege on ob=ect from user revo!es a privilege from user
!.t. M.$i>8".tio$ L.$)8.)e !ML
&.- commands manipulate and 1uery data in e/isting tables. "hese
commands do not commit current actions.
insert into tabname 6colE$colB...7 values 6valE$val B...7 inserts ros into table
tabname
insert into tabname sub1uery inserts ros6selected by a sub1uery7 into
\table tabname
update tabname set colE:e/prE$colB:e/prB... here cond updates ros in table
tabname
columns are set to values of e/pressions if
condition cond is true
update tabname set 6colE$colB...7:6sub1uery7 here condupdates ros in table
tabname
columns are set to selected values if
condition cond is true
delete from tabname ;here cond< either deletes all ros from table tabname
or ros here cond is true
Sche#.
3hen you select data from a table or you insert data into a table then this ob=ect
has to be in your on schema. In other ords$ you must be the oner.
If you are not the oner of the ob=ect$ but the oner granted some privileges to
you$ you have to specify schema.tabname.
E2.#>"e
select 0 from scott.emp
Tr.$0.ctio$ Co$tro" Co##.$30
"ransaction Control Commands manage changes made by &ata
.anipulation -anguage commands. ' transaction 6or logical unit of or!7 is a
se1uence of SP- statements that %R'C-+ treats as a single unit. ' transaction
ends ith a commit$ rollbac! $ e/it$ or any &&- statement hich issues an
implicit commit. In most cases transactions are implicitly controlled.
commit ma!es all changes since the beginning of a transaction permanent
rollbac! rolls bac! 6undoes7 all changes since the beginning of a transaction
rollbac! to savepoint savep rolls bac! to savepoint savep
savepoint savep defines savepoint savep
Stor.)e%
"he %racle R&B.S stores data logically in the form of tablespaces and
physically in the form of data files 6YdatafilesY7. "ablespaces can contain
various types of memory segments$ such as &ata Segments$ Inde/ Segments$
etc. Segments in turn comprise one or more e/tents. +/tents comprise groups of
contiguous data bloc!s. &ata bloc!s form the basic units of data storage.
"here is also a partitioning feature available on neer versions of the
database$ hich allos tables to be partitioned based on different set of !eys.
Specific partitions can then be easily added or dropped to help manage large
data sets.
%racle database management trac!s its computer data storage ith the
help of information stored in the S,S"+. tablespace. "he S,S"+. tablespace
contains the data dictionaryTand often 6by default7 inde/es and clusters. ' data
dictionary consists of a special collection of tables that contains information
about all user(ob=ects in the database. Since version Ni$ the %racle R&B.S also
supports Ylocally managedY tablespaces hich can store space management
information in bitmaps in their on headers rather than in the S,S"+.
tablespace 6as happens ith the default Ydictionary(managedY tablespaces7.
*ersion EDg and later introduced the S,S'HA tablespace hich contains some
of the tables formerly in the S,S"+. tablespace.
Proce00 .rchitect8re0%
"he %racle R&B.S typically relies on a group of processes running
simultaneously in the bac!ground and interacting to monitor and e/pedite
database operations. "ypical operating environments might include some
of the folloing individual processes 6shon along ith their abbreviated
nomenclature7>
advanced 1ueueing processes 6Pnnn7
archiver processes 6'RCn7
chec!point process 6CG#"7 0R+PHIR+&0
coordinator(of(=ob(1ueues process 6CQPn7> dynamically spans slave
processes for =ob(1ueues
database riter processes 6&B3n7 0R+PHIR+&0
dispatcher processes 6&nnn7> multiple/ server(processes on behalf of
users
=ob(1ueue slave processes 6Qnnn7
log(riter process 6-G3R7 0R+PHIR+&0
log(rite netor!(server 6-NSn7> transmits redo logs in &ata Guard
environments
logical standby coordinator process 6-S#D7> controls &ata Guard log(
application
media(recovery process 6.R#7> detached recovery(server process
memory(manager process 6..'N7> used for internal database tas!s such
as 'utomatic Shared .emory .anagement
memory(monitor process 6..%N7> process for automatic problem(
detection$ self(tuning and statistics(gathering
memory(monitor light process 6..N-7> gathers and stores 'utomatic
3or!load Repository 6'3R7 data
mmon slaves 6.nnnnT.DDDD$ .DDDE$ etc.7> bac!ground slaves of the
..%N process
process(monitor process 6#.%N7 0R+PHIR+&0
process(spaner 6#S#D7> spans %racle processes
1ueue(monitor coordinator process 6P.NC7> dynamically spans 1ueue
monitor slaves
1ueue(monitor processes 6P.Nn7
recoverer process 6R+C%7
remote file(server process 6R?S7
shared server processes 6Snnn7> serve client(re1uests
system monitor process 6S.%N7 0R+PHIR+&0
!.t.b.0e Bfe.t8re0B
'part from the clearly defined database options$ %racle databases may
include many semi(autonomous softare sub(systems$ hich %racle
Corporation sometimes refers to as YfeaturesY in a sense subtly different
from the normal usage of the ord. ?or e/ample$ %racle &ata Guard
counts officially as a YfeatureY$ but the command(stac! ithin SP-0#lus$
though a usability feature$ does not appear in the list of YfeaturesY in
%racleUs list.;original research4< Such YfeaturesY may include 6for
e/ample7>
'ctive Session )istory 6'S)7$ the collection of data for immediate
monitoring of very recent database activity.
'utomatic 3or!load Repository 6'3R7$ providing monitoring services
to %racle database installations from %racle version ED. #rior to the
release of %racle version ED$ the Statspac! facility provided similar
functionality.
Clusterare
&ata 'ggregation and Consolidation
&ata Guard for high availability
Generic Connectivity for connecting to non(%racle systems.
&ata #ump utilities$ hich aid in importing and e/porting data and
metadata beteen databases.
&atabase Resource .anager 6&R.7$ hich controls the use of
computing resources.
?ast(start parallel rollbac!
?ine(grained auditing 6?G'7 6in %racle +nterprise +dition7 supplements
standard security(auditing features
?lashbac! for selective data recovery and reconstruction
iSP-0#lus$ a eb(broser(based graphical user interface 6GHI7 for
%racle database data(manipulation 6compare SP-0#lus7
%racle &ata 'ccess Components 6%&'C7$ tools hich consist of>
%racle &ata #rovider for .N+" 6%&#.N+"7
%racle &eveloper "ools 6%&"7 for *isual Studio
%racle #roviders for 'S#.N+"
%racle &atabase +/tensions for .N+"
%racle #rovider for %-+ &B
%racle %b=ects for %-+
%racle Services for .icrosoft "ransaction Server
%racle(managed files 6%.?7 (( a feature alloing automated naming$
creation and deletion of datafiles at the operating(system level.
Recovery .anager 6rman7 for database bac!up$ restoration and recovery
SP-0#lus$ a program that allos users to interact ith %racle database6s7
via SP- and #-5SP- commands on a command(line. Compare
iSP-0#lus.
Hniversal Connection #ool 6HC#7$ a connection pool based on Qava and
supporting Q&BC$ -&'#$ and QC'
*irtual #rivate &atabase 6*#&7$ an implementation of fine(grained
access control.
"his list is incompleteW you can help by e/panding it.
St.$3."o$e too"0%
Hsers can develop their on applications in Qava and #-5SP- using tools such
as>
%racle Q&eveloper
%racle ?orms
%racle Reports
%racle Corporation has started;clarification needed< a drive toard
Yi2ardY(driven environments ith a vie to enabling non(programmers to
produce simple data(driven applications. %racle SP- &eveloper$ a free
graphical tool for database development$ allos developers to brose database
ob=ects$ run SP- statements and SP- scripts$ and edit and debug #-5SP-
statements. It incorporates standard and customi2ed reporting.
5.4 A*OUT 1IN!O1S <P%
3indos A# is an operating system produced by .icrosoft for use on
personal computers$ including home and business des!tops$ laptops and media
centers. ?irst released to computer manufacturers on 'ugust BK$ BDDE$ it is the
second most popular version of 3indos$ based on installed user base. "he
name YA#Y is short for YeA#erience.Y
3indos A#$ the successor to 3indos BDDD and 3indos .e$ as the
first consumer(oriented operating system produced by .icrosoft to be built on
the 3indos N" !ernel. 3indos A# as released orldide for retail sale on
%ctober BF$ BDDE$ and over KDD million copies ere in use in Qanuary BDDC.;M<
It as succeeded by 3indos *ista in Qanuary BDDM. &irect %+. and retail
sales of 3indos A# ceased on Qune @D$ BDDN. .icrosoft continued to sell
3indos A# through their System Builders 6smaller %+.s ho sell assembled
computers7 program until Qanuary @E$ BDDO.
"he N"(based versions of 3indos$ hich are programmed in C$ C88$
and assembly$ are !non for their improved stability and efficiency over the O/
versions of .icrosoft 3indos. 3indos A# presented a significantly
redesigned graphical user interface$ a change .icrosoft promoted as more user(
friendly than previous versions of 3indos. ' ne softare management
facility called Side(by(Side 'ssembly as introduced to ameliorate the Y&--
hellY that plagues O/ versions of 3indos. It is also the first version of
3indos to use product activation to combat illegal copying.
&uring development$ the pro=ect as codenamed Y3histlerY$ after
3histler$ British Columbia$ as many .icrosoft employees s!ied at the 3histler(
Blac!comb s!i resort.
'ccording to eb analytics data generated by 3@Schools$ from
September BDD@ to Quly BDEE$ 3indos A# as the most idely used operating
system for accessing the internet. 's of Qanuary BDEB$ 3indos A# mar!et
share is at @B.C^ after having pea!ed at MC.E^ in Qanuary BDDM.
U0er i$terf.ce%
3indos A# featured a ne tas!(based GHI 6Graphical user interface7.
"he Start menu and "as!bar ere updated and many visual effects ere added$
including>
' translucent blue selection rectangle in 3indos +/plorer
&rop shados for icon labels on the des!top
"as!(based sidebars in +/plorer indos 6Ycommon tas!sY7
"he ability to group the tas!bar buttons of the indos of one
application into one button
"he ability to loc! the tas!bar and other toolbars to prevent
accidental changes
"he highlighting of recently added programs on the Start menu
Shados under menus 63indos BDDD had shados under mouse
pointers$ but not menus7
3indos A# analy2es the performance impact of visual effects and uses
this to determine hether to enable them$ so as to prevent the ne functionality
from consuming e/cessive additional processing overhead. Hsers can further
customi2e these settings. Some effects$ such as alpha compositing 6transparency
and fading7$ are handled entirely by many neer video cards. )oever$ if the
video card is not capable of hardare alpha blending$ performance can be
substantially degraded$ and .icrosoft recommends the feature should be turned
off manually. 3indos A# added the ability for 3indos to use Y*isual StylesY
to change the appearance of the user interface. )oever$ visual styles must be
cryptographically signed by .icrosoft to run. -una is the name of the ne
visual style that ships ith 3indos A#$ and is enabled by default for machines
ith more than CK .iB of R'.. -una refers only to one particular visual style$
not to all of the ne user interface features of 3indos A# as a hole. Some
users YpatchY the u/theme.dll file that restricts the ability to use visual styles$
created by the general public or the user$ on 3indos A#.
In addition to the included 3indos A# themes$ there is one previously
unreleased theme ith a dar! blue tas!bar and indo bars similar to 3indos
*ista titled YRoyale NoirY available as unofficial donload. .icrosoft officially
released a modified version of this theme as the Y_uneY theme$ to celebrate the
launch of its _une portable media player in November BDDC. "he differences are
only visual ith a ne glassy loo! along ith a blac! tas!bar instead of dar!
blue and an orange start button instead of green. 'dditionally$ the .edia Center
Y+nergy BlueY theme$ hich as included in the .edia Center editions$ is also
available to donload for use on all 3indos A# editions.
"he default allpaper$ Bliss$ is a B.# photograph of a landscape in the Napa
*alley outside Napa$ California$ ith rolling green hills and a blue s!y ith
stratocumulus and cirrus clouds.
"he 3indos BDDD YclassicY interface can be used instead if preferred.
Several third party utilities e/ist that provide hundreds of different visual styles.
Ne7 .$3 8>3.te3 fe.t8re0%
3indos A# introduced several ne features to the 3indos line$
including>
G&I8 graphics subsystem and improved image management and
vieing in the shell
&irectA N.E upgradeable to &irectA O.Dc
Start .enu and "as!bar improvements
' number of ne features in 3indos +/plorer including tas!
panes$ tiles and filmstrip vies$ improved sorting and grouping$
searching by document categories$ customi2able infotips$ built(in
C& burning$ 'uto#lay$ Simple ?ile Sharing and 3eb&'* mini(
redirector.
Improved imaging features such as 3indos #icture and ?a/
*ieer$ improved image handling and thumbnail caching in
+/plorer
' number of !ernel enhancements and poer management
improvements.
?aster start(up$ 6due to improved #refetch functions7 logon$ logoff$
hibernation and application launch se1uences.
"he ability to discard a neer device driver in favor of the previous
one 6!non as driver rollbac!7 should a driver upgrade not produce
desirable results.
Numerous improvements to increase the system reliability such as
improved System Restore$ 'utomated System Recovery$ 3indos
+rror Reporting and driver reliability.
' ne$ arguably more user(friendly interface$ including the
frameor! for developing themes for the des!top environment and
richer icons ith alpha transparency
)ardare support improvements such as HSB B.D$ ?ire3ire NDD$
3indos Image 'c1uisition$ .edia "ransfer #rotocol$ &ual*ie
for multi(monitors and audio improvements.
?ast user sitching$ hich allos a user to save the current state
and open applications of their des!top and allo another user to
log on ithout losing that information
"he Clear"ype font rendering mechanism$ hich is designed to
improve te/t readability on li1uid crystal display 6-C&7 and
similar monitors$ especially laptops.
Remote 'ssistance and Remote &es!top features$ hich allo
users to connect to a computer running 3indos A# from across a
netor! or the Internet and access their applications$ files$ printers$
and devices or re1uest help.
Ne netor!ing features ;@B< including 3indos ?ireall$
Internet Connection Sharing integration ith H#n#$ N'" traversal
'#Is$ Puality of Service features$ I#vC and "eredo tunneling$
Bac!ground Intelligent "ransfer Service$ e/tended fa/ features$
netor! bridging$ peer to peer netor!ing$ support for most &S-
modems$ I+++ NDB.EE 63i(?i7 connections ith auto configuration
and roaming$ "'#I @.E$ Bluetooth and netor!ing over ?ire3ire.
Ne security features such as Softare Restriction #olicies$
Credential .anager$ +ncrypting ?ile System improvements$
improved certificate services$ smart card and #GI support.
3indos A# S#B introduced &ata +/ecution #revention$ 3indos
Security Center and 'ttachment .anager.
Side(by(side assemblies and registration(free C%.
Improved media features in 3indos .edia format runtime$
3indos .edia #layer$ 3indos .ovie .a!er$ "*5video capture
and playbac! technologies$ 3indos .edia +ncoder and
introduction of 3indos .edia Center
General improvements to international support such as more
locales$ languages and scripts$ .HI support in "erminal Services$
improved I.+s and National -anguage Support$ "e/t Services
?rameor!
)andriting recognition$ speech recognition and digital in!
support accessible through the "ablet #C Input #anel 6"I#7 in
3indos A# "ablet #C +dition
Numerous improvements to system administration tools such as
3indos Installer$ 3indos Script )ost$ &is! &efragmenter$
3indos "as! .anager$ Group #olicy$ C)G&SG$ N"Bac!up$
.icrosoft .anagement Console$ Shado Copy$ Registry +ditor$
Sysprep and 3.I.
Improved application compatibility and shims compared to
3indos BDDD
Hpdated accessories and games.
Improvements to Intelli.irror features such as %ffline ?iles$
Roaming user profiles and ?older redirection.
Service >.c@0%
.icrosoft occasionally releases service pac!s for its 3indos operating
systems to fi/ problems and add features. +ach service pac! is a superset of all
previous service pac!s and patches so that only the latest service pac! needs to
be installed$ and also includes ne revisions.;KF< )oever if you still have the
earliest version of 3indos A# on Retail C& 6ithout any service pac!s
included7$ you ill need to install S#Ea or S#B$ before S#@ can be installed.
%lder service pac!s need not be manually removed before application of the
most recent one. 3indos Hpdate YnormallyY ta!es care of automatically
removing unnecessary files.
3indos A# as critici2ed by some users for security vulnerabilities$
tight integration of applications such as Internet +/plorer C and 3indos .edia
#layer$ and for aspects of its default user interface.;citation needed< Service
#ac! B$ Service #ac! @$ and Internet +/plorer N addressed some of these
concerns.
"he service pac! details belo only apply to the @B(bit editions. 3indos
A# #rofessional /CK +dition as based on 3indos Server BDD@ Service #ac!
E and claimed to be YS#EY in system properties from the initial release. It is
updated by the same service pac!s and hotfi/es as the /CK edition of 3indos
Server BDD@.
E3itio$0%
"he to ma=or editions are 3indos A# )ome +dition$ designed for
home users$ and 3indos A# #rofessional$ designed for business and poer(
users. A# #rofessional contains advanced features that the average home user
ould not use. )oever$ these features are not necessarily missing from A#
)ome. "hey are simply disabled$ but are there and can become functional.
"hese releases ere made available at retail outlets that sell computer softare$
and ere preinstalled on computers sold by ma=or computer manufacturers. 's
of mid(BDDN$ both editions continue to be sold. ' third edition$ called 3indos
A# .edia Center +dition$ as introduced in BDDB and as updated every year
until BDDC to incorporate ne digital media$ broadcast television and .edia
Center +/tender capabilities. Hnli!e the )ome and #rofessional edition$ it as
never made available for retail purchase$ and as typically either sold through
%+. channels$ or as preinstalled on computers that ere typically mar!eted
as Ymedia center #CsY.
"o different CK(bit editions ere made available. %ne$ designed
specifically for Itanium(based or!stations$ as introduced in BDDE at around
the same time as the )ome and #rofessional editions$ but as discontinued a
fe years later hen vendors of Itanium hardare stopped selling or!station(
class machines due to lo sales. "he other$ called 3indos A# #rofessional
/CK +dition$ supports the /NC(CK e/tension. /NC(CK as implemented first by
'.& as Y'.&CKY$ found in '.&Us %pteron and 'thlon CK chips$ and later
implemented by Intel as YIntel CKY 6formerly !non as I'(@Be and +.CK"7$
found in some of IntelUs #entium K and later chips.
3indos A# "ablet #C +dition as produced for a class of specially
designed noteboo!5laptop computers called tablet #Cs. It is compatible ith a
pen(sensitive screen$ supporting handritten notes and portrait(oriented screens.
.icrosoft also released 3indos A# +mbedded$ an edition for specific
consumer electronics$ set(top bo/es$ !ios!s5'".s$ medical devices$ arcade
video games$ point(of(sale terminals$ and *oice over Internet #rotocol 6*oI#7
components. In Quly BDDC$ .icrosoft released 3indos ?undamentals for
-egacy #Cs$ a thin client version of 3indos A# +mbedded hich targets
older machines 6as early as the original #entium7. It is only available to
Softare 'ssurance customers. It is intended for corporate customers ho may
ish to upgrade to 3indos A# so they can ta!e advantage of its security and
management capabilities$ but cannot afford to purchase ne hardare.
MO!ULE
!ESCRIPTION
CHAPTER = 6
6.1MO!ULE !ESCRIPTION
.odule 9 E > -ogin ?orm
.odule 9 B> Customer Registration ?orm
.odule 9 @> Item registration form
.odule 9 K> stoc! registration form
.odule 9 F> Staff registration form
.odule 9 C> #urchase details form
.odule 9 M> Sales details form
.odule 9 N> Create user account form
6.- MO!ULE = 1% LO,IN (ORM
"his ?orm contains the attributes of the login information namely$
Hser Name
#assord
6.4 MO!ULE = -% CUSTOMER RE,ISTRATION MO!ULE
"his form consist of attributes
Regno
Name
'ddress
"alu!
)ouseno
Cardno
Category
Gender
&ob
+lectricity
-pg
'dults
Childrens
'Income
6.5 MO!ULE = 4% ITEM RE,ISTRATION MO!ULE
"his form consist of attributes
ItemI&
Name
Hnit
Category
#rice
Pty
5.5 MO!ULE = 5% STOC+ RE,ISTRATION MO!ULE
"his form consist of attributes
Itemcode
Stoc!
6.9 MO!ULE = 6% STA(( RE,ISTRATION MO!ULE
"his form consist of attributes
Staff I&
Name
'ddress
#hone
Gender
&ob
'ge
Salary
6.C MO!ULE = 9% PURCHASE !ETAILS MO!ULE
"his form consist of attributes
Receiptno
#roductid
productname
purchaserate
Salesrate
Pty
"otal
6.D MO!ULE = C% SALES !ETAILS MO!ULE
"his form consist of attributes
Billno
Itemid
Itemname
#rice
'llPty
Re1Pty
Netprice
6.E MO!ULE = D% CREATE USER ACCCOUNT MO!ULE
"his form consist of attributes
Hsername
passord
6.1: TA*LE !ESI,N
-%GIN
C%-H. N'.+ &'"' ",#+ -+NG")
Hsername *archarB FD
#assord *archarB FD
I"+.R+G
C%-H.N N'.+ &'"' ",#+ -+NG")
ItemI& *archarB FD
Name *archarB FD
Hnit *archarB FD
Category *archarB FD
#rice ?loat N
Pty ?loat N


CHS"%.+R
C%-H.N N'.+ &'"' ",#+ -+NG")
Regno *archarB FD
Name *archarB FD
'ddress *archarB BDDD
"alu! *archarB FD
)ouseno *archarB FD
Cardno *archarB FD
Category *archarB FD
Gender *archarB FD
&ob &atetime N
+lectricity *archarB FD
-pg *archarB FD
'dults *archarB FD
Childrens Bigint N
'Income ?loat N


#HRC)'S+&+"'I-S
C%-H.N N'.+ &'"' ",#+ -+NG")
Receiptno *archarB FD
#roductid *archarB FD
productname *archarB FD
purchaserate ?loat N
Salesrate ?loat N
Pty Bigint N
"otal ?loat N
S'-+S&+"'I-S
C%-H.N N'.+ &'"' ",#+ -+NG")
Billno Bigint N
Itemid *archarB FD
Itemname *archarB FD
#rice ?loat N
'llPty Bigint N
Re1Pty Bigint N
Netprice ?loat N
S"%CG

C%-H.N N'.+ &'"' ",#+ -+NG")
Item code *archarB FD
Stoc! Bigint N
S"'??R+G

C%-H.N N'.+ &'"'",#+ -+NG")
Staff I& *archarB FD
Name *archarB FD
'ddress *archarB BDDD
#hone *archarB FD
Gender *archarB FD
&ob *archarB FD
'ge *archarB FD
Salary *archarB FD
SYSTEM !ESI,N
CHAPTER 9
9.1 !ATA (LO1 !IA,RAM
LEVEL 0
LEVEL 1
OUTPUT
USER
RATION
SHOP
USER
REGISTRATION
9.- STATE !IA,RAM
9.4 U0eC.0e !i.)r.#%
9.5 ACTIVITY !IA,RAM%

9.5 Co"".bor.tio$ !i.)r.#
9.9SeA8e$ce 3i.)r.#
9.9 CLASS !IA,RAM
SAMPLE CO!E
CHAPTER = C
AUTHENTICATION
&im username 's String
&im passord 's String
#rivate Sub cmd-oginVClic!67
username : t/tusername."e/t
passord : t/tpassord."e/t
If 'dodcE.Recordset.?ields6YHS+RVN'.+Y7.*alue : username 'nd
'dodcE.Recordset.?ields6Y#'SS3%R&Y7.*alue : passord "hen
mainmenu.Sho
Hnload .e
+lse
.sgBo/ 6Yinvalid username passordY7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmdCloseVClic!67
Hnload .e UCloses the program
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub ?ormV-oad67
t/tusername."e/t : YY
t/tpassord."e/t : YY
+nd Sub
MAIN MENU
#rivate Sub CommandEVClic!67
createuser.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandBVClic!67
customer.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub Command@VClic!67
itemreg.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandKVClic!67
purchase.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandFVClic!67
salesdetails.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandCVClic!67
S"'??R+G.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandMVClic!67
stoc!reg.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandNVClic!67
Hnload .e
Hnload createuser
Hnload customer
Hnload itemreg
Hnload purchase
Hnload salesdetails
Hnload S"'??R+G
Hnload stoc!reg
frmauth.Sho
+nd Sub
CREATE USER ACCOUNT
&im a 's String
&im b 's String
#rivate Sub cmdaddVClic!67
a : t/tp."e/t
b : t/trp."e/t
If 6StrComp6a$ b$ vb"e/tCompare7 : D7 : "rue "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.'ddNe
.sgBo/ 6Yrecord successfully addedY7
t/tuser."e/t : YY
t/tp."e/t : YY
t/trp."e/t : YY
+lse
.sgBo/ 6Y#'SS3%R& &%+S N%" .'"C)Y7
t/tuser."e/t : YY
t/tp."e/t : YY
t/trp."e/t : YY
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmdclrVClic!67
t/tuser."e/t : YY
t/tp."e/t : YY
t/trp."e/t : YY
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmddelVClic!67
a : t/tp."e/t
b : t/trp."e/t
If 6StrComp6a$ b$ vb"e/tCompare7 : D7 : "rue "hen
If .sgBo/6Ysure you ant to deleteY$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.&elete
.sgBo/ 6Yrecord successfuly deletedY7
t/tuser."e/t : YY
t/tp."e/t : YY
t/trp."e/t : YY
+lse
.sgBo/ 6Y#'SS3%R& &%+S N%" .'"C)Y7
+nd If
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmde/itVClic!67
Hnload .e
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmdupdateVClic!67
a : t/tp."e/t
b : t/trp."e/t
If 6StrComp6a$ b$ vb"e/tCompare7 : D7 : "rue "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.Hpdate
.sgBo/ 6Yrecord successfuly deletedY7
t/tuser."e/t : YY
t/tp."e/t : YY
t/trp."e/t : YY
+lse
.sgBo/ 6Y#'SS3%R& &%+S N%" .'"C)Y7
t/tuser."e/t : YY
t/tp."e/t : YY
t/trp."e/t : YY
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandEVClic!67
mainmenu.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub ?ormV-oad67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove-ast
t/tuser."e/t : YY
t/tp."e/t : YY
t/trp."e/t : YY
+nd Sub
CUSTOMER RE,ISTRATION
#rivate Sub CommandEVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset.'ddNe
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, '&&+&Y7
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandEDVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove#revious
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandBVClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to updateY$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.Hpdate
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, H#&'"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub Command@VClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to &+-+"+Y$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.&elete
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, &+-+"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandKVClic!67
"A"R+GN%."e/t : YY
"A"N'.+."e/t : YY
"A"'&&."e/t : YY
"A""'-."e/t : YY
"A")N%."e/t : YY
"A"C'R&."e/t : YY
"A"C"."e/t : YY
"A"G+N."e/t : YY
"A"&%B."e/t : YY
"A"+-+."e/t : YY
"A"-#G."e/t : YY
"A"'&H-."e/t : YY
"A"C)I-."e/t : YY
"A"'I."e/t : YY
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandFVClic!67
Hnload .e
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandCVClic!67
mainmenu.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandMVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove?irst
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandNVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove-ast
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandOVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
+nd Sub
ITEM RE,ISTRATION
#rivate Sub CommandEVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset.'ddNe
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, '&&+&Y7
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandEDVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove#revious
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandBVClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to updateY$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.Hpdate
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, H#&'"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub Command@VClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to &+-+"+Y$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.&elete
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, &+-+"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandFVClic!67
Hnload .e
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandCVClic!67
mainmenu.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandMVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove?irst
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandNVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove-ast
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandOVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
+nd Sub
PURCHASE !ETAILS
#rivate Sub CommandEVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset.'ddNe
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, '&&+&Y7
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandEDVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove#revious
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandBVClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to updateY$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.Hpdate
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, H#&'"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub Command@VClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to &+-+"+Y$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.&elete
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, &+-+"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandFVClic!67
Hnload .e
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandCVClic!67
mainmenu.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandMVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove?irst
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandNVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove-ast
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandOVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
+nd Sub
SALES !ETAILS
#rivate Sub CommandEVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset.'ddNe
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, '&&+&Y7
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandEDVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove#revious
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandBVClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to updateY$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.Hpdate
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, H#&'"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub Command@VClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to &+-+"+Y$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.&elete
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, &+-+"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandFVClic!67
Hnload .e
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandCVClic!67
mainmenu.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandMVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove?irst
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandNVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove-ast
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandOVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
+nd Sub
STA(( RE,ISTRATION
#rivate Sub CommandEVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset.'ddNe
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, '&&+&Y7
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandEDVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove#revious
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandBVClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to updateY$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.Hpdate
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, H#&'"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub Command@VClic!67
If .sgBo/6Ysure yoy ant to &+-+"+Y$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.&elete
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
.sgBo/ 6YR+C%R& SHCC+SS?H--, &+-+"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandFVClic!67
Hnload .e
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandCVClic!67
mainmenu.Sho
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandMVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove?irst
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandNVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..ove-ast
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub CommandOVClic!67
'dodcE.Recordset..oveNe/t
+nd Sub
STOC+ RE,ISTRATION
#rivate Sub cmdaddVClic!67
If .sgBo/6YSHR+ ,%H 3'N" "% '&&Y$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.'ddNe
.sgBo/ 6Yrecord successfully addedY7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmdclrVClic!67
t/tid."e/t : YY
t/tstoc!."e/t : YY
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmddelVClic!67
If .sgBo/6YSHR+ ,%H 3'N" "% &+-+"+ ")+ R+C%R&Y$ vb%GCancel7
: vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.&elete
.sgBo/ 6Yrecord successfully &+-+"+&Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmde/itVClic!67
Hnload .e
+nd Sub
#rivate Sub cmdupdateVClic!67
If .sgBo/6YSHR+ ,%H 3'N" "% H#&'"+Y$ vb%GCancel7 : vb%G "hen
'dodcE.Recordset.Hpdate
.sgBo/ 6Yrecord successfully H#&'"+Y7
+nd If
+nd Sub
SO(T1ARE
TESTIN,
CHAPTER D
D.1 TESTIN, AN! !ELIVERIN,%
"esting is a ma=or consideration in softare development and
maintenance. It is a ma=or 1uality control measure used to the softare
development. It is basic function to detect errors in the softare. "esting
accounts for the largest technical effort in the softare development process.
"esting begins at the module level and or! toards the integration of the entire
computer based system. "he goal of testing is to uncover re1uirement$ design
and coding errors in the system conse1uently different levels of testing are used.
"esting and debugging are different activities that any includes
debugging strategy. Softare testing must accommodate lo level test that are
necessary to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly
implemented as ell as high level test that validate ma=or system functions. No
testing is complete ithout the verification and validation. "he goals of
verification and validation activities are to access and improve the 1uality of
or! products generated during the development and modification of the
softare.
D.- TEST PLAN
"he first step in system testing is to prepare a plan that ill list all
aspect of the system in a ay that promotes its credibility among potential user.
"he test plan includes the folloing items.
%utput e/pected from the system.
Criteria for evaluating the output.
' volume test data.
#rocedure for using the data.
#ersonal and training re1uirements
D.4 Te0t !ATA METHO!
#reparation of test data plays a vital role in the system testing.
'fter preparing the test data$ system under study is tested using test data. +fforts
are uncover and correction are also noted for future.
"he system has been verified and validated by running.
"est data
-ive data
't first system is tested ith some sample data ith !noledge of
possible range of values that are re1uired to hold by the fields. "he system runs
successfully ith the given data. +ven though fe problems arose as a result of
live data testing all e rectified.
D.5 TESTIN, METHO!S
3hile testing the system by using test the data$ errors ere found
corrected. "hus a series of test ere performed for the proposed system before
the system as ready for implementation. "he various methods used for testing
the system are>
Hnit testing
Integration testing
System testing
D.6 U$it Te0ti$)
In this testing a module is tested separately and is often performed
by the coder himself simultaneously along ith the coding of the module. "he
purpose is to e/ercise the different parts of the module code to detect coding$
errors. In the system the e/perimental data and literature data are different
modules each further divided into sub modules. "he sub modules of
e/perimental data and literature data are implemented individual further tested
for synta/ and semantics and obtain the or!ing module$ hich is further
integrated together.
"he ob=ective of unit testing is to verify the individual units the
smallest compliable components. Hnit testing is also called component testing.
)oever$ component testing is some time consider to be a level of testing about
unit testing. "his may be a case ith a system that contains individually testable
components thar are components of multiple units.
'lternatively$ some people distinguish unit testing from
components testing by the degree to hich components are isolated. In unit
testing$ called components are replaced ith stubs$ simulators$ or trusted super
components so that the component being tested is isolated. In component
testing$ all stubs and simulators are replaced ith real implementation.
D.9 INTE,RATION TESTIN,
"he ob=ective of integration testing is to test the integration of and
communication beteen components. 'dditionally$ it may include testing the
integration of subsystems or communication ith e/ternal systems. "he
programmer may do integration testing$ but the build captain$ are the team lead$
the pro=ect manager$ or even a configuration management group may also do it.
%n some pro=ects$ integration testing may be divided into to levels.
'ssembly testing
System integration testing
&uring assembly testing$ the integration of the softare
components is tested. &uring system integration testing$ the communication
ith e/ternal system is tested. 'fter the unit testing the modules are gradually
integrated into subsystems$ hich are then integrated into eventually from the
entire system. &uring integration of modules$ integration testing is performed to
detect design errors by focusing on testing the interconnection beteen
modules. It is very important to see proper lin!s are provided hen assessed.
)aving integrated the modules it as chec!ed and verified
D.CSYSTEM TESTIN,
"he ob=ectives of system testing are to find defects that are
attributable to the behaviors of the system as a hole$ rather than the behavior
of individual components$ and to test that the softare functions as a complete
system. "his level of testing is different from integration testing in that the test
are concerned ith the entire system$ not =ust the interactions beteen the
components . other then functionality and behavior $ security $ resource
utili2ation $ and performance.
"he system testing as tested against the system re1uirements to
see if all the re1uirements are met and hether the system performs as specified
by the re1uirements. "he system as done after designing all the modules and
forms in the system. In the unit testing error may occur due to incompatibility.
't first the NIS as developed independently and then it as added to
the netor!. Since it as netor! related pro=ect the operating system and the
system resources play a ma=or role. "he softare can be under any type of
system ith minimal resources.
D.D I#>"e#e$t.tio$
"he final and the important phase in the system life cycle is the
implementation of ne system. "he term implementation has different meaning
ranging from conversation of basic application to complete replace of computer
system. "he procedures are the virtually the same. Implementation includes all
those motives that ta!e place to convert to old system to ne system
"he ne system may totally replacing e/isting system. "he method of
implementation and time are scale to be adopted is found out initially.
Ne/t the system is tested properly and at the same time the users are trained in
ne procedures. #roper implementation is essentially to provide system to meet
organi2ational.
Re1uirements successful implementation may not guarantee improvement in the
organi2ation using the ne system$ but it ill prevent improper initiali2ation.
Careful planning.
Investigation of the system and constraints.
&esign method to achieve the changeover.
"raining the staff in the phase.
+valuation of the change over methods.
"he method of implementation and the time scale to adopt the ?"#
crunch as found out initially. Ne/t the ?"# crunch as tested
properly and at the same time the user should be trained to use of
softare.

CHAPTER E
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER = E
CONCULSION
E.1 S8##.r/
"he main aim of this pro=ect as to put hat e learnt in our Softare
engineering class into practice. "he payroll system designated to our team
alloed us to fully e/ercise the techni1ues of A#. "he final deliverable as a
simple payroll calculator and e ere able to learn a ne programming
language$ *B.
E.- Overvie7 .$3 I$ter>ret.tio$ of Re08"t0 Att.i$e3
3e ere able to attain our set ob=ectives$ and this helped us gain
confidence in riting our on code and our on applications. In addition$ the
use of seriali2ation as an e/perimentation to cut don the time ta!en in
designing the front(ends and bac!(ends of applications separately. So e did not
spend any time on designing ho to store data. 3e also or!ed as a team$ and
gained some e/perience on ho professional programmers or! in the industry.
E.4 Reco##e$3.tio$0 o$ (8t8re I#>rove#e$t
"here is alays room for imporvement$ and the softare e created can
also be imporved. "his is especially because e had to create it ithin a limited
time. 3ith more time$ the softare can be improved to include security and
different types of users. "his ould be the first step in ma!ing the softare
netor!(enabled$ and eventually eb(enabled. "his as our original after(
thought to programming the softare$ and e had chosen A.-. In addition$ the
softare can also be improved in terms of the calculations it can do$ and more
fle/iblility in the rates used in calculations per employee.
E.5 (UTURE ENHANCEMENT%
"his pro=ect has many future applications li!e it can be used in any of the
Retail %utlet of 'ny "ype companies. "his pro=ect as build !eeping in mind
all the re1uirements of these outlets and they can be implemented in any such
type of organi2ation ith very fe modification. 3ith modifications it can be
possible for +mployee 'ttendance to control all retail outlets by connecting
them through a netor!. Because of this softare all they need is a Server
application and any type of connectivity to that server.
APPEN!ICIES
CHAPTER 1:
OUTPUT SCREENS
(i) 1:.1 Lo)i$ for#
CHAPTERE 11
*I*LIO,RAPHY
I$ter$et Re0o8rce0%
http>55..icrosoft5visual Basic BibleC.D5home.html
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