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 15. 16.

The fortress of Bihor in the 15th and 16th centuries

Tatj ana M. Kat i
The fortress of Bihor was built at the time of the medieval Serbian state. The earliest reference to it dates from
1450. Because of its strategic position, it retained military function after the Ottoman conquest in 1455, and
played an important role until the end of the 15th century, by which time the Ottomans had consolidated
their hold over Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the 16th century and later, the role of the fortress was reduced
to safeguarding internal security and controlling the roads intersecting in its immediate vicinity. The fortress
also functioned as the seat of a larger territorial, administrative and judicial subdivision within the sancak of
Prizren the nahiye and the kadilik of Bihor. As a result of its considerable distance from the seat of the sancak,
the fortress commander (dizdar), being the only local representative of central authority apart from the kadi,
took over a number of administrative and executive duties, which inevitably led to his abuse of power and
interference in matters beyond the sphere of his authority.
In the 15th and 16th centuries Bihor was a small fort manned by 25 to 27 soldiers. Apart from accommodation
for the soldiers and the living quarters for the families of the dizdar and his deputy, the enclosure contained
a cistern, an arms storehouse, a granary, a prison and an Islamic place of worship. Being the seat of Ottoman
lower authorities, with an exclusively Muslim garrison, the fort exerted a certain cultural influence on the local
population, which was mostly reflected in conversion to Islam by those who were tied to the fort by business
or in some other way. It is noticeable that the vast majority of the newly-converted Muslims in the Bihor area
in the second half of the 16th century were inhabitants of the surrounding villages. The reason that Islam did
not spread beyond the area was the vicinity of a strong Orthodox centre and episcopal see, the monastery of
Djurdjevi Stupovi, which was active through numerous churches in the Upper Lim Valley (Polimlje).

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