8th Grade Number System Notes

8th Grade Math
Numerical Roots &

Radicals
www.njctl.org
2012-12-03
Numerical Roots and Radicals
Approximating Square Roots
Rational & Irrational Numbers
Radical Expressions Containing Variables
Simplifying Non-Perfect Square Radicands
Simplifying Perfect Square Radical Expressions
Simplifying Roots of Variables
Click on topic
to go to that
section.
Squares, Square Roots & Perfect Squares
Squares of Numbers Greater than 20
Properties of Exponents
Solving Equations with Perfect Square & Cube Roots
Common Core Standards: 8.NS.1-2; 8.EE.1-2
Squares, Square Roots and
Perfect Squares
Return to Table
of Contents
Area of a Square
The area of a figure is the number of square units needed
to cover the figure.
The area of the square below is 16 square units because 16
square units are needed to COVER the figure...
A = 4
2
= 4 4
= 16 sq.units
Area of a Square
The area (A) of a square can be found by squaring its side
length, as shown below:
Click to see if the
answer found with
the Area formula is
correct!
A = s
2
4 units
The area (A) of a square is labeled as
square units, or units
2
, because you
cover the figure with squares...
1 What is the area of a square with sides of
5 inches?
A
B
D
C
16 in
2

25 in
2
20 in
2
30 in
2
2 What is the area of a square with sides of
6 inches?
16 in
2
24 in
2
20 in
2
36 in
2
A
B
D
C
3 If a square has an area of 9 ft
2
, what is the
length of a side?
A
B
D
C
2 ft
3 ft
2.25 ft
4.5 ft
4 What is the area of a square with a side
length of 16 in?
5 What is the side length of a square with an
area of 196 square feet?
When you square a number you multiply it by itself.

5
2
= 5 5 = 25 so the square of 5 is 25.

You can indicate squaring a number with an exponent of 2, by
asking for the square of a number, or by asking for a number
squared.

What is the square of seven?

What is nine squared?
49
81
Make a list of the numbers 1-15 and then square each of them.

Your paper should be set up as follows:

Number Square
1 1
2 4
3

(and so on)
Number Square

1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
11 121
12 144
13 169
14 196
15 225
The numbers in the right column are
squares of the numbers in the left
column.

If you want to "undo" squaring a
number, you must take the square
root of the number.

So, the numbers in the left column are
the square roots of the numbers in
the right column.
Square
Root Square
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
11 121
12 144
13 169
14 196
15 225

The square root of a number is found
by undoing the squaring. The symbol
for square root is called a radical sign
and it looks like this:

Using our list, to find the square root of
a number, you find the number in the
right hand column and look to the left.

So, the 81 = 9

What is 169?
Square Perfect
Root Square

1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
11 121
12 144
13 169
14 196
15 225
When the square root of a number
is a whole number, the number is
called a perfect square.

Since all of the numbers in the
right hand column have whole
numbers for their square roots,
this is a list of the first 15 perfect
squares.
Find the following.
You may refer to your chart if you need to.
6 What is ?
1
7 What is ?
81
8 What is the square of 15 ?
9 What is ? 256
10
What is 13
2
?
11 What is ?
196
12 What is the square of 18?
13 What is 11 squared?
14 What is 20 squared?
Squares of Numbers
Greater than 20
Return to Table
of Contents
Think about this...

What about larger numbers?

How do you find ?
It helps to know the squares of larger numbers such as the
multiples of tens.

10
2
= 100
20
2
= 400
30
2
= 900
40
2
= 1600
50
2
= 2500
60
2
= 3600
70
2
= 4900
80
2
= 6400
90
2
= 8100
100
2
= 10000

What pattern do you notice?
For larger numbers, determine between which two multiples
of ten the number lies.

10
2
= 100 1
2
= 1
20
2
= 400 2
2
= 4
30
2
= 900 3
2
= 9
40
2
= 1600 4
2
= 16
50
2
= 2500 5
2
= 25
60
2
= 3600 6
2
= 36
70
2
= 4900 7
2
= 49
80
2
= 6400 8
2
= 64
90
2
= 8100 9
2
= 81
100
2
= 10000 10
2
= 100

Next, look at the ones digit to determine the ones digit of your
square root.
2809
Examples:

Lies between 2500 & 3600 (50 and 60)
Ends in nine so square root ends in 3 or 7
Try 53 then 57
53
2
= 2809

Lies between 6400 and 8100 (80 and 90)
Ends in 4 so square root ends in 2 or 8
Try 82 then 88
82
2
= 6724 NO!
88
2
= 7744
7744
15 Find.
42
16 Find.
17
Find.
18
Find.
19
Find.
20
Find.
21
Find.
22
Find.
23
Find.
Simplifying Perfect Square
Radical Expressions
Return to Table
of Contents
Can you recall the perfect squares from 1 to 400?

1
2
=

8
2
= 15
2
=
2
2
= 9
2
= 16
2
=
3
2
= 10
2
= 17
2
=
4
2
=

11
2
= 18
2
=
5
2
=

12
2
= 19
2
=
6
2
= 13
2
= 20
2
=
7
2
= 14
2 =
Square Root Of A Number

Recall: If b
2
= a, then b is a square root of a.

Example: If 4
2
= 16, then 4 is a square root of 16

What is a square root of 25? 64? 100?
5 8
10
Square Root Of A Number

Square roots are written with a radical symbol

Positive square root: = 4

Negative square root:- = - 4

Positive & negative square roots: = 4
Negative numbers have no real square roots

no real roots because there is no real number
that, when squared, would equal -16.
Is there a difference between

Which expression has no real roots?
&
Evaluate the expressions:
?
is not real
Evaluate the expression
24
? 25
= ? 26
27
28
= ?
29
A
B
C
3
No real roots
-3
From the New York State Education Department. Office of Assessment
Policy, Development and Administration. Internet. Available from
www.nysedregents.org/IntegratedAlgebra; accessed 17, June, 2011.
A
B
D
C
-10
16
64
4
30 The expression equal to is equivalent to
a positive integer when b is
Square Roots of Fractions
a
b
= b 0
16
49
= =
4
7
Try These
31
A
B
D
C
no real solution
32
A
B
D
C
no real solution
33
A
B D
C
no real solution
A
B
D
C
no real solution
34
A
B D
C
no real solution
35
Square Roots of Decimals

Recall:
To find the square root of a decimal, convert the decimal
to a fraction first. Follow your steps for square roots of
fractions.
= .05
= .2
= .3
Evaluate 36
A
B D
C
no real solution
Evaluate 37
A
C D
B
.06
.6
6

No Real Solution
Evaluate 38
A
C D
B
.11
11
1.1

No Real Solution
Evaluate 39
A
C D
B .8
.08
No Real Solution
Evaluate
40
A
C D
B
No Real Solution
Approximating
Square Roots
Return to Table
of Contents
All of the examples so far have
been from perfect squares.

What does it mean to be a perfect square?

The square of an integer is a perfect square.
A perfect square has a whole number square root.
You know how to find the square root of a perfect square.

What happens if the number is not a perfect square?

Does it have a square root?

What would the square root look like?
Think about the square root of 50.

Where would it be on this chart?

What can you say about the square
root of 50?

50 is between the perfect squares 49
and 64 but closer to 49.

So the square root of 50 is between 7
and 8 but closer to 7.
Square Perfect
Root Square
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
11 121
12 144
13 169
14 196
15 225
When estimating square roots of
numbers, you need to determine:

Between which two perfect squares it
lies (and therefore which 2 square roots).

Which perfect square it is closer to (and
therefore which square root).

Example: 110

Lies between 100 & 121, closer to 100.

So 110 is between 10 & 11, closer to 10.
Square Perfect
Root Square
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
11 121
12 144
13 169
14 196
15 225

Estimate the following:

30

200

215

Square Perfect
Root Square

1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
11 121
12 144
13 169
14 196
15 225
Approximating a Square Root
Approximate to the nearest integer
<
<
<
<
6
7
Identify perfect squares closest to 38

Take square root
Answer: Because 38 is closer to 36 than to 49, is closer to 6
than to 7. So, to the nearest integer, = 6
Approximate to the nearest integer
Identify perfect squares closest to
70

Take square root

Identify nearest integer
<
<
< <
Another way to think about it is to use a number line.

Since 8 is closer to 9 than to 4, 8 is closer to 3 than to 2,
so 8 2.8
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9
8
Example:

Approximate
10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0
10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9
A
B
D
C
9 and 16
36 and 49
25 and 36
49 and 64
41
The square root of 40 falls between which two
perfect squares?
Identify perfect squares closest to 40

Take square root

Identify nearest integer
<
<
< <
42 Which whole number is 40 closest to?
A
B
D
C
36 and 49
64 and 84
49 and 64
100 and 121
43
The square root of 110 falls between which two
perfect squares?
44 Estimate to the nearest whole number.

110

219

90
47 What is the square root of 400?
48 Approximate to the nearest integer.
96 49
Approximate to the nearest integer.
50 Approximate to the nearest integer. 167
A
B
D
C
3 and 9
9 and 10
8 and 9
46 and 47
53 The expression is a number between
Rational & Irrational
Numbers
Return to Table
of Contents
Rational & Irrational Numbers

is rational because the radicand (number under the radical) is
a perfect square

If a radicand is not a perfect square, the root is said to be
irrational.

Ex:
Sort the following numbers.
Rational Irrational
25
36 100 64 200
625
24
1225
0
3600
40
32 52
225
300
1681
A
B
Rational
Irrational
54 Rational or Irrational?
A
B
Rational
Irrational
55 Rational or Irrational?
A
B
Rational
Irrational
56
Rational or Irrational?
A
B
Rational
Irrational
57
A
B
Rational
Irrational
58
From the New York State Education Department. Office of Assessment Policy,
Development and Administration. Internet. Available from
A
B
D
C
p
59 Which is a rational number?
60 Given the statement: If x is a rational number,
then is irrational. Which value of x makes the
statement false?

A
B
D
C 3
2
4
Radical Expressions
Containing Variables
Return to Table
of Contents
To take the square root of a variable rewrite its exponent as the
square of a power.
Square Roots of Variables
=
=
= x
12
(a
8
)
2
= a
8
(x
12
)
2
If the square root of a variable raised to an even power has a
variable raised to an odd power for an answer, the answer must
have absolute value signs. This ensures that the answer will be
positive.
Square Roots of Variables
By Definition...
Examples
Try These.
= |x|
5
= |x|
13
no
no
How many of these expressions will need an absolute
value sign when simplified?
yes
yes
yes
yes
A
B
D
C
61 Simplify
A
B
D
C
62 Simplify
A
B
D
C
63 Simplify
A
B
D
C
64 Simplify
no real solution
A
B D
C
65
Simplifying Non-Perfect
Square Radicands
Return to Table
of Contents
What happens when the radicand is not a perfect
square?

Rewrite the radicand as a product of its largest perfect square
factor.

Simplify the square root of the perfect square.
When simplified form still contains a radical, it is said to
be irrational.
Try These.
Identifying the largest perfect square factor when simplifying
radicals will result in the least amount of work.

Ex:
Not simplified! Keep going!
Finding the largest perfect square factor results in less work:
Note that the answers are the same for both solution processes
already in simplified form
A
B
D
C
66
Simplify
A
B
D
C
67 Simplify
A
B
D
C
68
Simplify
69 Simplify
A
B
D
C
70 Simplify
A
B
D
C
71 Simplify
A
B
D
C
Which of the following does not have an
irrational simplified form?
72
A
B
D
C
Note - If a radical begins with a coefficient before the radicand is
simplified, any perfect square that is simplified will be multiplied by the
existing coefficient. (multiply the outside)
Express in simplest radical form.
73 Simplify
A
B
D
C
74
A
B
D
C
Simplify
75
A
B
D
C
Simplify
76
A
B
D
C
Simplify
77
A
B
D
C
Simplify
20
10
7
4
From the New York State Education Department. Office of Assessment Policy, Development and
Administration. Internet. Available from www.nysedregents.org/IntegratedAlgebra; accessed 17, June, 2011.
78
A
B
D
C
When is written in simplest radical form, the
result is . What is the value of k?
From the New York State Education Department. Office of Assessment Policy, Development and
Administration. Internet. Available from www.nysedregents.org/IntegratedAlgebra; accessed 17, June, 2011.
79
When is expressed in simplest
form, what is the value of a?
6
2
3
8
A
B
D
C
Return to Table
of Contents

Remember, when working with square roots, an absolute
value sign is needed if:
the power of the given variable is even
and
the answer contains a variable raised to an odd power
outside the radical
Examples of when absolute values are needed:

Divide the exponent by 2. The number of times that 2 goes
into the exponent becomes the power on the outside of the
radical and the remainder is the power of the radicand.
Note:
Absolute value signs are not needed because the radicand
had an odd power to start.
Example
Only the y has an odd power on the
outside of the radical.
The x had an odd power under the radical
so no absolute value signs needed.
The m's starting power was odd, so it does
not require absolute value signs.
Simplify
80
A
B
D
C
Simplify
A
B
D
C
81 Simplify
A
B
D
C
82 Simplify
A
B
D
C
83 Simplify
Properties of Exponents
Return to Table
of Contents
Rules of Exponents
Exponential Table Questions.pdf
Exponential Table.pdf
Exponential Test Review.pdf
Materials
There are handouts that can be used along with this section. They
are located under the heading labs on the Exponential page of PMI
Algebra. Documents are linked. Click the name above of the
document.
The Exponential Table
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
Why is 2
4
equivalent to 4
2
? Write the values out in
expanded form and see if you can explain why.
Question 1
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2 16
3 729
4 16
5
6 729
7
8
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
16 x 64 = 1024 4
2
x 4
3
= 4
5
Write the equivalent expressions in expanded form. Attempt to
create a rule for multiplying exponents with the same base.
Question 2
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2 16
3 64
4
5 1024
6
7
8
X X X
X X X X X
X
X
8 x 27 = 216 2
3
x 3
3
= 6
3
create a rule for multiplying exponents with the same power.
Question 3
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3 8 27 216
4
5
6
7
8
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
15625 625 = 25 5
6
5
4
= 5
2
create a rule for dividing exponents with the same base.
Question 4
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
25
3
4
625
5
6
15625
7
8
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
A. 1. Explain why each of the following statements is true.

A. 2
3
x 2
2
= 2
5

(2 x 2 x 2) x (2 x 2) = (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2)

B. 3
4
x 3
3
= 3
7

C. 6
3
x 6
5
= 6
8
a
m
x a
n
= a
m + n
B. 1. Explain why each of the following statements is true.

A. 2
3
x 3
3
= 6
3

(2 x 2 x 2) x (3 x 3 x 3) = (2 x 3)(2 x 3)(2 x 3)

B. 5
3
x 6
3
= 30
3

C. 10
4
x 4
4
= 40
4
a
m
x b
m
= (ab)
m
C. 1. Explain why each of the following statements is true.

A. 4
2
= (2
2
)
2
= 2
4

B. 9
2
= (3
2
)
2
= 3
4

C. 125
2
= (5
3
)
2
= 5
6
(a
m
)
n
= a
mn
D. 1. Explain why each of the following statements is true.

A. 3
5

3
2

4
6
B.

4
5

C. 5
10

5
10
=
=
=
3
3
4
1
5
0
a
m
a
n
=
a
m-n
Operating with Exponents
3
2
x 3
4
= 3
6
5
2
x 3
2
= 15
2
a
m
x a
n
= a
m+n
a
m
x b
m
= (ab)
m
(4
3
)
2
= 4
6
Examples
(a
m
)
n
= a
mn
a
m

= a
m-n
a
n
3
5

= 3
2
3
3
4
15
4
8
4
2
4
7

84
A
B
D
C
Simplify: 4
3
x 4
5

5
2
5
4
5
21
5
10
85
A
B
D
C
Simplify: 5
7
5
3

86
A
B
D
C
Simplify: 4
7
x 5
7

87
A
B
D
C
Simplify:
88
A
B
D
C
Simplify:
x
2
y
2
z
3
x
3
y
3
z
4
x
4
y
2
z
5
89
A
B
D
C
The expression (x
2
z
3
)(xy
2
z) is equivalent to
90
A
B
D
C
Simplify:
simplified
91
A
B
D
C
Simplify:
2w
5
2w
8
20w
5
20w
8
92
A
B
D
C
The expression is equivalent to
-13
-23
-31
-85
93
A
B
D
C
If x = - 4 and y = 3, what is the value of x - 3y
2
?
3x
2
3x
2
27x
15
27x
8
94
A
B
D
C
When -9 x
5
is divided by -3x
3
, x 0, the quotient is
By definition:

x
-1
= , x 0
x
4
-4x
0
95
A
B
D
C
Which expression is equivalent to x
-4
?
-6
-8
96
A
B
D
C
What is the value of 2
-3
?
97
A
B
D
C
Which expression is equivalent to x
-1
y
2
?
xy
2
xy
-2

Solving Equations with Perfect
Square and Cube Roots
Return to Table
of Contents
The product of two equal factors is the "square" of the
number.
The product of three equal factors is the "cube" of the
number.
When we solve equations, the solution sometimes requires
finding a square or cube root of both sides of the equation.

When your equation simplifies to:

x
2
= #

you must find the square root of both sides in order to find the
value of x.

When your equation simplifies to:

x
3
= #

you must find the cube root of both sides in order to find the
value of x.
Example:

Solve.

Divide each side by the coefficient.
Then take the square root of each
side.
Example:

Solve.
Multiply each side by nine, then
take the cube root of each side.
Try These:

Solve.
10 8
9 7
Try These:

Solve.
2
1
4
5
98 Solve.
99 Solve.
100 Solve.
101 Solve.

8th Grade Number System Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

8th Grade Number System Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8th Grade Math

Numerical Roots &

You might also like